Ringraziamo Jozsef cicogna, Mitchel Richmond, Jarrad Gollihue e Andrea Sanchez per la discussione costruttiva e critica. Dr. Sharyn Perry per le fotografie fenotipiche. Questo materiale si basa su lavori sostenuta dalla National Science Foundation sotto cooperativa contratto n. 1355438.

1. creazione di una libreria di diluizione
<ol><li>Etichetta 625 piastre di diluizione biblioteca a mano, garantendo che essi corrispondono alla loro piastra corrispondente dalla biblioteca chimica. Inoltre, connettersi in flusso e out tubi di flusso per il multicanale suggerimento lavaggio automatizzato Labware posizionatore (ALP) passando attraverso l'unità di Console per il serbatoio da 5 galloni (Vedi Tabella materiali).</li>
	<li>Accedere al computer e accendere la pompa di lavaggio attraverso la connessione del Controller del dispositivo per il multicanale suggerimento Wash ALP al fine di far circolare l'acqua. Questo si spegne automaticamente alla fine del protocollo.</li>
	<li>Carico, a mano, il 10 di Stacker fissato al carosello Stacker, nel seguente ordine in Alberghi A - D (Figura 4, Stacker); una scatola di AP96 P20 puntali in camera 1, quattro V 96 pozzetti-piastre di fondo in camere a 2-5 con le due piastre superiore contenenti concentrazioni d'archivio dalla libreria di ordinato e le due piastre inferiore vuoto (Figura 5, impilatore). Inoltre, caricare una scatola di AP96 P20 puntali in camera 6 e quattro 96 pozzetti V-piastre inferiori nelle camere: 7-9 con le due piastre superiore contenenti concentrazioni d'archivio della biblioteca ordinata e le due piastre inferiore vuoto (Figura 5, impilatore).</li>
	<li>Istituire, a mano, il ponte con un serbatoio di acqua 300 mL su P3, un 300 mL 70% EtOH bagno il P7, suggerimento Loader ALP (TL1) e multicanale suggerimento Wash ALP (TW1) (Figura 4, Deck e Figura 5, ponte).</li>
	<li>Utilizzando il software operativo, presentare AP96 P20 puntali da 10 Stacker e spostarli all'Alpe Loader Tip. Nota: 1.5 tramite 1.12 tutte sono fatte con il liquido gestione software operativo del robot; Vedi Tabella materiali.</li>
	<li>Presentiamo 2 camera da Hotel A e separare tutti i quattro 96 pozzetti V-fondo piastre sul ponte, mettendo sul fondo due su P4 e P8 e le prime due su P5 e P9 (Figura 4).</li>
	<li>Caricare AP96 P20 puntali con il caricatore di punta ALP sulla testa con 96 canali a 200 µ l. 90 µ l del serbatoio di acqua di 300 mL di aspirare e dispensare al v 96-Well-piastra di diluizione inferiore su P4. Ripetere questo passaggio per la piastra su P8.</li>
	<li>Mescolare la piastra libreria chimica su P5 ripetutamente aspirazione e il dosaggio 15 µ l tre volte. Inoltre, aspirare 10 µ l dalla cassa della libreria chimica su P5 e Pipettare 10 µ l nella piastra diluizione su P4.</li>
	<li>Mescolare le soluzioni della piastra sul P4 da ripetutamente aspirazione e il dosaggio 50 µ l di un totale di tre volte. Una volta miscelato, pulire le punte di pipetta P20 AP96 di aspirazione e il dosaggio di 70 µ l di 70% EtOH da P7, poi lavarli in multicanale suggerimento Wash Alpe di aspirazione e il dosaggio di un 110% del volume di acqua quattro volte.</li>
	<li>Ripetere i passaggi da 1.8-1.9 per la seconda coppia di piastre su P8 e P9. Al momento di creare il secondo V 96-Well-piastra inferiore diluizione, stack le piastre nel seguente ordine dal basso verso l'alto: P4, P5, P8 e P9. Quindi, posizionare la risma un vuoto statico ALP; P1, P2, P6, P10, P11, P12 o P13.</li>
	<li>Ripetere i passaggi 1.6-1.10 5 camera in Hotel A è vuoto. Ripetere il passaggio 1.5 su raggiungendo la camera 6, spostando nuovo AP96 P20 puntali all'Alpe Loader Tip e mettendo i puntali per pipette usate AP96 P20 su un vuoto statico ALP.</li>
	<li>Ripetere i passaggi 1.6-1.10 9 camera di Hotel A è vuoto. Tuttavia, al fine di procedere all'Hotel B, le piastre e suggerimenti sul ponte devono essere ricaricati in a Hotel.</li>
	<li>A mano, ri-riempire il serbatoio di acqua di 300 mL. Questo passaggio è cruciale, e il programma del computer può incorporare una pausa dettagliare questo messaggio, che richiede l'utente a premere 'continua', prima di eseguire il passaggio successivo.</li>
	<li>Ripetere i passaggi da 1.5-1.13 per i rimanenti Hotel, garantendo un serbatoio dell'acqua pieno 300 mL ogni volta prima di procedere all'hotel successivo.</li>
</ol>2. aggiunta di miscela di Media-semi per piastre di Screening
<ol><li>Fare ½ Murashige e Skoog (MS) Media con 0,1% Agar con l'aggiunta di 4,3 g MS Salts, 0,50 g MES, 1,0 g Agar a 1 L DI H2O. regolare il pH a 5.7 però l'aggiunta di 5 M di idrossido di potassio durante il monitoraggio con una sonda di pH.</li>
	<li>Sterilizzare i semi agitando in 1% candeggina e SDS tra 15 e 30 min e poi lavare 4 volte con un volume uguale di acqua mediante centrifugazione. Una volta che i semi sono sterili, metterli a 4 ° C da 24 ore a 7 giorni per vernilization. Il centro di risorse biologiche di Arabidopsis descrive ulteriori metodi di sterilizzazione, vernilization e crescita22.</li>
	<li>Aggiungere i semi ai media a mano ad una densità di 0,1 g/100 mL. Questa densità si traduce in una media di 3-10 semi per pozzetto di una piastra a 96 pozzetti.</li>
	<li>Luogo, a mano, quattro 96 pozzetti piatto-piastre di fondo in camere 1 e 2 di Hotel A (Figura 6, A Hotel). Inserire una casella di AP96 P250 puntali sull'Alpe Loader Tip, un serbatoio 300ml riempito con la miscela di semi di media creata nei passaggi da 2.1-2.3 in P3 e un serbatoio 300 mL riempita con 70% EtOH sul P7 (Figura 4, Deck e Figura 6 Ponte). Nota: 2.5 tramite 2.8 sono fatto con il software operativo.</li>
	<li>Presentare le camere 1 e 2 in Hotel A e separare le pile di quattro piastre. Posizionare una piastra su ciascuna delle Alpi vuoto statico (P4, P5, P6, P8, P9, P10, P11 e P12). Caricare AP96 P250 puntali sulla testa con 96 canali a 200 µ l.</li>
	<li>90 µ l dal serbatoio 300ml media-seme su P3 di aspirare e dispensare nel primo appartamento di 96 pozzetti-piastra inferiore. Ripetere questo processo fino a quando tutte le otto tavole contengono la miscela di semi di media.</li>
	<li>Pulizia delle punte di pipetta P250 AP96 di aspirazione e il dosaggio di 70 µ l dal serbatoio 300 mL riempito con 70% EtOH sul P7. Lavare le punte in multicanale suggerimento lavare Alpe di aspirazione e il dosaggio di un 110% del volume di acqua quattro volte, scaricare le punte presso TL1 e raccogliere i piatti a mano.</li>
</ol>3. aggiunta di piccole molecole per piastre di Screening
<ol><li>Carico, a mano, una scatola di AP96 P250 puntali in 1 camera di Hotel A, due V 96 pozzetti-piastre inferiori del libreria di diluizione in camere da 2, 4, 6 e 8 e due 96 ben piatto-Screening piastre inferiori in camere 3, 5, 7 e 9 (Figura 4 Fascicolatore e Figura 7, un Hotel). Inoltre, collegare i tubi flessibili da e verso l'Alpe di Wash suggerimento multicanale per il serbatoio da 5 galloni. Nota: 3.2 al 3.10 sono fatto con il software operativo.</li>
	<li>Configurare il mazzo per contenere un serbatoio di lavaggio 300 mL 70% EtOH presso P7; il serbatoio di media-seme può essere lasciato sul ponte a P3 (Figura 4, Deck e Figura 7, ponte). Inoltre, accendere l'unità di Console tramite connessione del dispositivo Controller per far circolare l'acqua attraverso l'Alpe Wash suggerimento multicanale. Questo si spegne automaticamente alla fine del protocollo.</li>
	<li>Presentiamo la scatola di Tip pipetta AP96 P250 da Hotel A e spostarlo all'Alpe Loader Tip.</li>
	<li>Presentare il V 96 pozzetti-piastre di diluizione biblioteca inferiori da 2 camera di Hotel al ponte e posto uno statico ALP P4 e uno su P8. Presentare il piatto di 96 pozzetti-piastre di Screening di fondo da camera 3 di Hotel al ponte e posizionare uno statico ALP P5 e uno su P9.</li>
	<li>Caricare AP96 P250 puntali con il caricatore di punta ALP sulla testa con 96 canali a 200 µ l.</li>
	<li>Mescolare il V 96-Well-piastra di diluizione inferiore su P4 di aspirazione e il dosaggio 50 µ l tre volte. In seguito, aspirare 10 µ l da questo piatto e versare nel piatto 96-Well-piastra di Screening inferiore su P5.</li>
	<li>Mescolare le soluzioni nella piastra a P5 di aspirazione e il dosaggio 50 µ l tre volte. Pulire le punte di pipetta AP96 P250 con etanolo di aspirazione e il dosaggio di 70 µ l di 70% EtOH dal serbatoio a P7 e poi lavare i suggerimenti in multicanale suggerimento Wash Alpe di aspirazione e il dosaggio di un 110% del volume di acqua quattro volte.</li>
	<li>Ripetere i passaggi da 3.5 e 3.6 per il secondo V 96-Well-piastra di fondo diluizione biblioteca (P8) e 96 pozzetti piatto-piastra inferiore Screening (P9).</li>
	<li>Stack due 96 pozzetti V-piastre di diluizione biblioteca inferiori insieme e le due piastre di fondo Screening 96 pozzetti piatto insieme. Spostare le piastre statico Alpi P1, P2, P6, P10, P11, P12 o P13.</li>
	<li>Ripetere i passaggi da 3.4-3.9 tre volte, l'aggiunta di prodotti chimici diluiti allo screening piatti un totale di otto volte. Infine, controllare il numero di semi in ciascun pozzetto delle piastre di screening attraverso visual conformazione e integrare tali pozzetti con meno di tre semi per ulteriori seme vernalizzato e sterilizzato.</li>
</ol>4. incubazione e visualizzazione delle piastre di Screening
<ol><li>Incubare le piastre a 96 pozzetti a fondo piatto di Screening per quattro giorni in una camera climatica a 22 ° C su un ciclo luce/buio di 16/8 in un contenitore di prova di essiccazione. Visualizzare le piastre da 96 pozzetti a fondo piatto Vagli sotto un microscopio per dissezione. Registrare tutti i fenotipi aberranti per ulteriori indagini.</li>
</ol>

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Gli autori dichiarano di non avere nessun concorrenti interessi finanziari.

Questo protocollo è progettato per aiutare i ricercatori nella realizzazione di uno schermo in avanti genetica chimica su Arabidopsis. Forniamo risultati rappresentativi da uno schermo di 50.000 composti (Figura 2 e Figura 3), uno dei più grandi schermi avanti genetica chimica eseguita su Arabidopsis ad oggi9,13,23. L'utilizzo di un robot di manipolazione dei liquidi ...

Negli ultimi 20 anni i ricercatori nel campo della biologia vegetale hanno compiuto grandi progressi utilizzando approcci di genetica chimica, sia avanti e indietro, migliorando la nostra comprensione della biosintesi della parete cellulare, il citoscheletro, la biosintesi dell'ormone e di segnalazione, gravitropismo, patogenesi, biosintesi delle purine ed endomembrane traffico1,2,3,4,5. L'impiego di tecniche di genetica chimica in avanti permettendo l'identificazione di fenotipi di interesse e permette ai ricercatori di capire i fondamenti genotipici di particolari processi. Al contrario, genetica chimica inversa Cerca prodotti chimici che interagiscono con un pre-determinata proteina bersaglio6. Arabidopsis è stato all'avanguardia di queste scoperte in biologia vegetale, perché il suo genoma è piccolo, mappato e annotati. Ha un tempo di generazione breve, e sono presenti più righe di mutante/reporter disponibili per facilitare l'identificazione di macchinari subcellulare aberrante7.
Ci sono due principali colli di bottiglia che rallentano i progressi degli schermi genetici chimici in avanti, l'iniziale processo di screening e determinare l'obiettivo del composto di interesse8. Un aiuto importante nell'aumentare la velocità di selezione piccola molecola è l'uso di apparecchiatura automatizzata9e automazione. Robot di manipolazione dei liquidi sono un ottimo strumento per la gestione delle grandi biblioteche di piccole molecole e hanno contribuito a guidare il progresso nelle scienze biologiche10. Il protocollo qui presentato è stato progettato per alleviare il collo di bottiglia associato con il processo di screening, che consentano l'identificazione di piccole molecole bioattive a ritmo veloce. Questa tecnica riduce il carico di lavoro e il tempo per conto dell'operatore, anche diminuendo il costo economico per il ricercatore di principio.
Finora, le librerie più chimiche analizzate hanno tenuto tra 10.000 e 20.000 composti, alcuni con oltre 150.000 ed alcuni con minor come 709,11,12,13,14, 15 , 16. il protocollo introdotto nel presente documento è stato implementato su una libreria piccola molecola di 50.000 composti (Vedi Tabella materiali), uno della più grande genetica chimica avanti schermi condotti su Arabidopsis fino ad oggi. Questo protocollo si adatta con l'attuale tendenza verso una maggiore efficienza e velocità per quanto riguarda la genetica chimica in avanti, soprattutto per quanto riguarda erbicida scoperta, scoperta di insetticida, fungicida scoprire, drug discovery e biologia del cancro17 ,18,19,20,21. Anche se qui implementato con Arabidopsis, questo protocollo, potrebbe facilmente essere adattato alle colture cellulari, spore e potenzialmente anche gli insetti in mezzo liquido all'interno di 96, 384- o 1536 pozzetti. Grazie alle sue piccole dimensioni, Arabidopsis è favorevole alla proiezione a 96 pozzetti. Tuttavia, distribuendo uniformemente tra pozzi è una sfida. Mano il seeding è accurata, ma ad alta intensità di manodopera, e anche se ci sono dispositivi progettati per erogare semi in piastre da 96 pozzetti, essi sono costosi da acquistare. Qui, ci mostrano come questo passaggio può essere aggirato con solo una piccola perdita in precisione.
L'obiettivo generale di questo metodo era per fare lo screening di una grande biblioteca chimica contro Arabidopsis più gestibile, senza compromettere la precisione, tramite l'utilizzo di un robot di manipolazione dei liquidi. L'utilizzo di questo metodo migliora l'efficienza del ricercatore di diminuire il tempo necessario per completare la gestione di serie di diluizione iniziale e schermate successive fenotipiche, consentendo una visualizzazione rapida dei campioni sotto un microscopio per dissezione e rapida identificazione di nuove piccole molecole bioattive. Figura 1 illustra i risultati chiave di questo protocollo in 4 passi.
<img alt="Figure 1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/57393/57393fig1.jpg"> Figura 1: flusso di lavoro complessivo dello schermo in avanti genetica chimica. Una panoramica del protocollo per essere descritto con qualche dettaglio per ciascuno dei 4 passaggi chiave. 1: ricevendo la biblioteca chimica, 2: rendere la libreria di diluizione, 3: rendendo le piastre di Screening e 4: incubazione e visualizzare le piastre di Screening. <a href="/files/ftp_upload/57393/57393fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">Clicca qui per visualizzare una versione più grande di questa figura.</a>

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Keyboard</td>
			<td>Local Provider</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Used for protocol design and operating the Biomek FX</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mouse</td>
			<td>Local Provider</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Used for protocol design and operating the Biomek FX</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Computer Screen</td>
			<td>Local Provider</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Used for protocol design and operating the Biomek FX</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Computer</td>
			<td>Local Provider</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Used for protocol design and operating the Biomek FX</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DIVERSet Diverse Screening Library</td>
			<td>ChemBridge</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Chemical library</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Biomek Software</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Runs and designs the Biomek FX</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Device Controller</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td>719366</td>
			<td>Operates the water pump/tip washing station</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stacker Carousel Pendent</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td>148240</td>
			<td>Manual operation of Biomek Stacker Carousel</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Biomek Stacker Carousel</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td>148520</td>
			<td>Rotary unit that houses all FX Stacker 10&#39;s</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FX Stacker 10</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td>148522</td>
			<td>Elevator unit that houses components for screen</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FX Stacker 10</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td>148522</td>
			<td>Elevator unit that houses components for screen</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FX Stacker 10</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td>148522</td>
			<td>Elevator unit that houses components for screen</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FX Stacker 10</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td>148522</td>
			<td>Elevator unit that houses components for screen</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Biomek FX</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td>https://www.beckman.com/liquid-handlers</td>
			<td>Robot that performs the desired operations</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Accuframe</td>
			<td>Artisan Technology Group</td>
			<td>76853-4</td>
			<td>Frames arm to place components corretly</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Framing Fixture</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td>719415</td>
			<td>Centers arm in the Accuframe</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Multichannel Tip Wash ALP</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td>719662</td>
			<td>Washes the tips after the ethanol bath</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tip Loader ALP</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td>719356</td>
			<td>Pneumatically loads tips onto the arm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Air Compressor</td>
			<td>Local Provider</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Provides air for pneumatic tip loading</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MasterFlex Console Drive</td>
			<td>Cole-Parmer</td>
			<td>77200-65</td>
			<td>Pump used to circulate water through the Multichannel Tip Washer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Air Hose</td>
			<td>Local Provider</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Provides air from air compressor to Tip Loader</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Water Hose</td>
			<td>Local Provider</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Provides water from 5 Gallon Reserviour to Tip Washer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Static ALP&#39;s</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td>Comes with Biomek FX</td>
			<td>Supports equipment for the Screen</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5 Gallon Reserviour</td>
			<td>Local Provider</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Recirculates the dirty water from cleaning the tips</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Grippers</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td>Comes with Biomek FX</td>
			<td>Grabs and moves the equipment to the correct places</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>96-Channel 200 &#181;L Head</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td>Comes with Biomek FX</td>
			<td>Holds the 96 tips used within the screen</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AP96 P200 Pipette Tips</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td>717251</td>
			<td>Used to make the screening library</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>96 Well Flat Bottom Plate</td>
			<td>Costar</td>
			<td>9018</td>
			<td>Aids in visulization of screen</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>96 Well V-Bottom Plate</td>
			<td>Costar</td>
			<td>3897</td>
			<td>Aids in storing of dilution library</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AlumaSeal 96 Sealing Film</td>
			<td>MedSci</td>
			<td>F-96-100</td>
			<td>Seals for storage both the chemicle library and dilution library</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plastic ziplock sandwich bags</td>
			<td>Local Provider</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Used to ensure a humid environment for screen</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AP96 P20 Pipette Tips</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td>717254</td>
			<td>Used in the dilution library creation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Growth Chamber</td>
			<td>Percival</td>
			<td>AR36L3</td>
			<td>Germinates seeds for phenotypic visulization</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Spatula</td>
			<td>Local Provider</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Holds seeds to add into wells where liquid seeding failed seed adequatly</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Toothpick</td>
			<td>Local Provider</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Pushes seeds from spatula to wells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Murashige and Skoog Basal Salt Mixture</td>
			<td>PhytoTechnology Laboratories</td>
			<td>M524</td>
			<td>Add to MS media mixture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MES Free Acid Monohydrate</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>ICN19483580</td>
			<td>Added to MS media to decrease pH</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Agar Powder</td>
			<td>Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td>9002-18-0</td>
			<td>Increases thickness of media to support seed suspension</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5M KOH</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>484016</td>
			<td>Increases pH to adequate levels</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1L Media Storage Bottle</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>1395-1L</td>
			<td>Holds enough media for a screen</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polypropylene Centrifuge Tubes</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>431470</td>
			<td>Sterilizes seeds prior to vernilization</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pH Probe</td>
			<td>Davis Instruments</td>
			<td>YX-58825-26</td>
			<td>Used for making media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ALPs (Automated Labware Positioners) Users Manual</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td>PN 987836</td>
			<td>Aids in setting up the accompaning equipment for the Biomek FX</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Biomek 2000 Stacker Carousel Users Guide</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td>609862-AA</td>
			<td>Aids in setting up the Stacker Carousel</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Biomek FX and FXP Laboratory Automation Workstations Users Manual</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td>PN 987834</td>
			<td>Used to frame the Multichannel Pod</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Biomek FXP Laboratory Automation Workstation Customer Startup Guide</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td>PN B32335AB</td>
			<td>Used to aid in setting up the Biomek FX</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Biomek Software User&#39;s Manual</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td>PN 987835</td>
			<td>Used to set up and understand the Software</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

optimizing the use of a liquid handling robot to conduct a high throughput forward chemical genetics screen of arabidopsis thaliana

Genetica chimica sempre più è stata impiegata per decodificare tratti in piante che possono essere recalcitranti alla tradizionale genetica a causa della ridondanza genica o letalità. Tuttavia, la probabilità di una piccola molecola sintetica essendo bioactive è bassa; di conseguenza, migliaia di molecole dovrà essere testati al fine di trovare quelli di interesse. Gestione robotica sistemi sono progettati per gestire un numero elevato di campioni, aumentando la velocità con cui una biblioteca chimica può essere proiettata oltre a minimizzare/standardizzazione errore di liquidi. Per ottenere una schermata di alto-rendimento avanti genetica chimica di una biblioteca di 50.000 piccole molecole su Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis), protocolli usando un liquido multicanale banco manipolazione robot sono stati sviluppati che richiedono minima coinvolgimento tecnico. Con questi protocolli, 3.271 piccole molecole sono state scoperte che ha causato alterazioni fenotipiche visibile. 1.563 composti indotto brevi radici, 1.148 composti alterate colorazione, 383 composti causati radice dei capelli e altre, non categorizzata, alterazioni e germinazione 177 composti hanno inibiti.

La capacità di esattamente ed efficientemente caratterizzare fenotipi basati sull'aggiunta di piccole molecole alle concentrazioni sotto un microscopio per dissezione di screening è l'obiettivo finale di questo metodo di inoltro genetica chimica su Arabidopsis. I fenotipi osservati quando tutti i 50.000 composti erano stati proiettati era vari e può essere suddiviso in diverse classi distinte (Figura 2). Figura 3A <st...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Optimizing the Use of a Liquid Handling Robot to Conduct a High Throughput Forward Chemical Genetics Screen of Arabidopsis thaliana at JoVE.com

Optimizing the Use of a Liquid Handling Robot to Conduct a High Throughput Forward Chemical Genetics Screen of Arabidopsis thaliana

Ottimizzare l'utilizzo di un Robot di manipolazione liquido per condurre un alto Throughput avanti chimica genetica schermo di Arabidopsis thaliana

Una schermata di throughput elevato di piccole molecole sintetiche è stato condotto su specie modello, Arabidopsis thaliana. Questo protocollo, sviluppato per un robot di manipolazione dei liquidi, aumenta la velocità degli schermi genetica chimica avanti, accelerando la scoperta di nuove molecole piccole che riguardano la fisiologia vegetale.

Chemical genetics is increasingly being employed to decode traits in plants that may be recalcitrant to traditional genetics due to gene redundancy or ...

optimizing-use-liquid-handling-robot-to-conduct-high-throughput

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

Optimizing the Use of a Liquid Handling Robot to Conduct a High Throughput Forward Chemical Genetics Screen of Arabidopsis thaliana

6.6K Views.  University of Kentucky. Una schermata di throughput elevato di piccole molecole sintetiche è stato condotto su specie modello, Arabidopsis thaliana. Questo protocollo, sviluppato per un robot di manipolazione dei liquidi, aumenta la velocità degli schermi genetica chimica avanti, accelerando la scoperta di nuove molecole piccole che riguardano la fisiologia vegetale.

Video: Optimizing the Use of a Liquid Handling Robot to Conduct a High Throughput Forward Chemical Genetics Screen of Arabidopsis thaliana

Adaptation of a Haptic Robot in a 3T fMRI

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) provides excellent functional brain imaging via the BOLD signal 1 with advantages including non-ionizing radiation, millimeter spatial accuracy of anatomical and functional data 2, and nearly real-time analyses 3. Haptic robots provide precise measurement and control of position and force of a cursor in a reasonably confined space. Here we combine these two technologies to allow precision experiments involving motor control with haptic/tactile environment interaction such as reaching or grasping. The basic idea is to attach an 8 foot end effecter supported in the center to the robot 4 allowing the subject to use the robot, but shielding it and keeping it out of the most extreme part of the magnetic field from the fMRI machine (Figure 1).
The Phantom Premium 3.0, 6DoF, high-force robot (SensAble Technologies, Inc.) is an excellent choice for providing force-feedback in virtual reality experiments 5, 6, but it is inherently non-MR safe, introduces significant noise to the sensitive fMRI equipment, and its electric motors may be affected by the fMRI's strongly varying magnetic field. We have constructed a table and shielding system that allows the robot to be safely introduced into the fMRI environment and limits both the degradation of the fMRI signal by the electrically noisy motors and the degradation of the electric motor performance by the strongly varying magnetic field of the fMRI. With the shield, the signal to noise ratio (SNR: mean signal/noise standard deviation) of the fMRI goes from a baseline of &tilde;380 to &tilde;330, and &tilde;250 without the shielding. The remaining noise appears to be uncorrelated and does not add artifacts to the fMRI of a test sphere (Figure 2). The long, stiff handle allows placement of the robot out of range of the most strongly varying parts of the magnetic field so there is no significant effect of the fMRI on the robot. The effect of the handle on the robot's kinematics is minimal since it is lightweight (&tilde;2.6 lbs) but extremely stiff 3/4" graphite and well balanced on the 3DoF joint in the middle. The end result is an fMRI compatible, haptic system with about 1 cubic foot of working space, and, when combined with virtual reality, it allows for a new set of experiments to be performed in the fMRI environment including naturalistic reaching, passive displacement of the limb and haptic perception, adaptation learning in varying force fields, or texture identification 5, 6.

The adaptation and use of a haptic robot in a 3T fMRI is described.

Adattamento di un robot tattile in un fMRI 3T

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) provides excellent functional brain imaging via the BOLD signal 1 with advantages including non-ionizing ...

Ricerca

Bioingegneria

High-throughput Protein Expression Generator Using a Microfluidic Platform

Rapidly increasing fields, such as systems biology, require the development and implementation of new technologies, enabling high-throughput and high-fidelity measurements of large systems. Microfluidics promises to fulfill many of these requirements, such as performing high-throughput screening experiments on-chip, encompassing biochemical, biophysical, and cell-based assays1. Since the early days of microfluidics devices, this field has drastically evolved, leading to the development of microfluidic large-scale integration2,3. This technology allows for the integration of thousands of micromechanical valves on a single device with a postage-sized footprint (Figure 1). We have developed a high-throughput microfluidic platform for generating in vitro expression of protein arrays (Figure 2) named PING (Protein Interaction Network Generator). These arrays can serve as a template for many experiments such as protein-protein 4, protein-RNA5 or protein-DNA6 interactions.
The device consist of thousands of reaction chambers, which are individually programmed using a microarrayer. Aligning of these printed microarrays to microfluidics devices programs each chamber with a single spot eliminating potential contamination or cross-reactivity Moreover, generating microarrays using standard microarray spotting techniques is also very modular, allowing for the arraying of proteins7, DNA8, small molecules, and even colloidal suspensions. The potential impact of microfluidics on biological sciences is significant. A number of microfluidics based assays have already provided novel insights into the structure and function of biological systems, and the field of microfluidics will continue to impact biology.

We present a microfluidic approach for the expression of protein arrays. The device consists of thousands of reaction chambers controlled by micro-mechanical valves. The microfluidic device is mated to a microarray-printed gene library. These genes are then transcribed and translated on-chip, resulting in a protein array ready for experimental use.

High-throughput generatore di espressione delle proteine ​​Utilizzando una piattaforma microfluidica

Rapidly increasing fields, such as systems biology, require the development and implementation of new technologies, enabling high-throughput and ...

High-throughput Synthesis of Carbohydrates and Functionalization of Polyanhydride Nanoparticles

Transdisciplinary approaches involving areas such as material design, nanotechnology, chemistry, and immunology have to be utilized to rationally design efficacious vaccines carriers. Nanoparticle-based platforms can prolong the persistence of vaccine antigens, which could improve vaccine immunogenicity1. Several biodegradable polymers have been studied as vaccine delivery vehicles1; in particular, polyanhydride particles have demonstrated the ability to provide sustained release of stable protein antigens and to activate antigen presenting cells and modulate immune responses2-12.
The molecular design of these vaccine carriers needs to integrate the rational selection of polymer properties as well as the incorporation of appropriate targeting agents. High throughput automated fabrication of targeting ligands and functionalized particles is a powerful tool that will enhance the ability to study a wide range of properties and will lead to the design of reproducible vaccine delivery devices.
The addition of targeting ligands capable of being recognized by specific receptors on immune cells has been shown to modulate and tailor immune responses10,11,13 C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) are pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that recognize carbohydrates present on the surface of pathogens. The stimulation of immune cells via CLRs allows for enhanced internalization of antigen and subsequent presentation for further T cell activation14,15. Therefore, carbohydrate molecules play an important role in the study of immune responses; however, the use of these biomolecules often suffers from the lack of availability of structurally well-defined and pure carbohydrates. An automation platform based on iterative solution-phase reactions can enable rapid and controlled synthesis of these synthetically challenging molecules using significantly lower building block quantities than traditional solid-phase methods16,17.
Herein we report a protocol for the automated solution-phase synthesis of oligosaccharides such as mannose-based targeting ligands with fluorous solid-phase extraction for intermediate purification. After development of automated methods to make the carbohydrate-based targeting agent, we describe methods for their attachment on the surface of polyanhydride nanoparticles employing an automated robotic set up operated by LabVIEW as previously described10. Surface functionalization with carbohydrates has shown efficacy in targeting CLRs10,11 and increasing the throughput of the fabrication method to unearth the complexities associated with a multi-parametric system will be of great value (Figure 1a).

In this article, a high throughput method is presented for the synthesis of oligosaccharides and their attachment to the surface of polyanhydride nanoparticles for further use in targeting specific receptors on antigen presenting cells.

High-throughput sintesi dei carboidrati e funzionalizzazione di nanoparticelle polianidride

Transdisciplinary approaches involving areas such as material design, nanotechnology, chemistry, and immunology have to be utilized to rationally design ...

Designing a Bio-responsive Robot from DNA Origami

Nucleic acids are astonishingly versatile. In addition to their natural role as storage medium for biological information1, they can be utilized in parallel computing2,3 , recognize and bind molecular or cellular targets4,5 , catalyze chemical reactions6,7 , and generate calculated responses in a biological system8,9. Importantly, nucleic acids can be programmed to self-assemble into 2D and 3D structures10-12, enabling the integration of all these remarkable features in a single robot linking the sensing of biological cues to a preset response in order to exert a desired effect.
Creating shapes from nucleic acids was first proposed by Seeman13, and several variations on this theme have since been realized using various techniques11,12,14,15 . However, the most significant is perhaps the one proposed by Rothemund, termed scaffolded DNA origami16. In this technique, the folding of a long (&gt;7,000 bases) single-stranded DNA 'scaffold' is directed to a desired shape by hundreds of short complementary strands termed 'staples'. Folding is carried out by temperature annealing ramp. This technique was successfully demonstrated in the creation of a diverse array of 2D shapes with remarkable precision and robustness. DNA origami was later extended to 3D as well17,18 .
 
The current paper will focus on the caDNAno 2.0 software19 developed by Douglas and colleagues. caDNAno is a robust, user-friendly CAD tool enabling the design of 2D and 3D DNA origami shapes with versatile features. The design process relies on a systematic and accurate abstraction scheme for DNA structures, making it relatively straightforward and efficient.
In this paper we demonstrate the design of a DNA origami nanorobot that has been recently described20. This robot is 'robotic' in the sense that it links sensing to actuation, in order to perform a task. We explain how various sensing schemes can be integrated into the structure, and how this can be relayed to a desired effect. Finally we use Cando21 to simulate the mechanical properties of the designed shape. The concept we discuss can be adapted to multiple tasks and settings.

DNA origami is a powerful method for fabricating precise nanoscale objects by programming the self-assembly of DNA molecules. Here, we describe how DNA origami can be utilized to design a robotic robot capable of sensing biological cues and responding by shape shifting, subsequently relayed to a desired effect.

Progettazione di un robot bio-sensibile da DNA Origami

Nucleic acids are astonishingly versatile. In addition to their natural role as storage medium for biological information1, they can be utilized in ...

High-throughput, Automated Extraction of DNA and RNA from Clinical Samples using TruTip Technology on Common Liquid Handling Robots

TruTip is a simple nucleic acid extraction technology whereby a porous, monolithic binding matrix is inserted into a pipette tip. The geometry of the monolith can be adapted for specific pipette tips ranging in volume from 1.0 to 5.0 ml. The large porosity of the monolith enables viscous or complex samples to readily pass through it with minimal fluidic backpressure. Bi-directional flow maximizes residence time between the monolith and sample, and enables large sample volumes to be processed within a single TruTip. The fundamental steps, irrespective of sample volume or TruTip geometry, include cell lysis, nucleic acid binding to the inner pores of the TruTip monolith, washing away unbound sample components and lysis buffers, and eluting purified and concentrated nucleic acids into an appropriate buffer. The attributes and adaptability of TruTip are demonstrated in three automated clinical sample processing protocols using an Eppendorf epMotion 5070, Hamilton STAR and STARplus liquid handling robots, including RNA isolation from nasopharyngeal aspirate, genomic DNA isolation from whole blood, and fetal DNA extraction and enrichment from large volumes of maternal plasma (respectively).

TruTip is a simple nucleic acid extraction technology whereby a porous, monolithic binding matrix is inserted into a pipette tip. Consequently, the sample preparation format is compatible with most liquid handling instruments, and can be used for many medium to high-throughput clinical applications and sample types.

Ad alta velocità, l&#39;estrazione automatizzata di DNA e RNA da campioni clinici utilizzando la tecnologia TruTip su Robot Gestione liquidi comuni

TruTip is a simple nucleic acid extraction  technology whereby a porous, monolithic binding matrix is inserted into a  pipette tip. The geometry of the ...

Optimizing Attachment of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells on Poly(&#949;-caprolactone) Electrospun Yarns

Research into biomaterials and tissue engineering often includes cell-based in vitro investigations, which require initial knowledge of the starting cell number. While researchers commonly reference their seeding density this does not necessarily indicate the actual number of cells that have adhered to the material in question. This is particularly the case for materials, or scaffolds, that do not cover the base of standard cell culture well plates. This study investigates the initial attachment of human mesenchymal stem cells seeded at a known number onto electrospun poly(&#949;-caprolactone) yarn after 4 hr in culture. Electrospun yarns were held within several different set-ups, including bioreactor vessels rotating at 9 rpm, cell culture inserts positioned in low binding well plates and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) troughs placed within petri dishes. The latter two were subjected to either static conditions or positioned on a shaker plate (30 rpm). After 4 hr incubation at 37&#160;oC, 5% CO2, the location of seeded cells was determined by cell DNA assay. Scaffolds were removed from their containers and placed in lysis buffer. The media fraction was similarly removed and centrifuged &#8211; the supernatant discarded and pellet broken up with lysis buffer. Lysis buffer was added to each receptacle, or well, and scraped to free any cells that may be present. The cell DNA assay determined the percentage of cells present within the scaffold, media and well fractions. Cell attachment was low for all experimental set-ups, with greatest attachment (30%) for yarns held within cell culture inserts and subjected to shaking motion. This study raises awareness to the actual number of cells attaching to scaffolds irrespective of the stated cell seeding density.

This article describes a range of set-ups for seeding human mesenchymal stem cells onto materials, in this case electrospun yarns, that do not cover the base of standard culture well plates in order to maximize and quantify the number of cells that initially attach compared to the known seeding density.

Ottimizzare Allegato di cellule staminali mesenchimali umane su Poli (ε-caprolattone) elettrofilate Filati

Research into biomaterials and tissue engineering often includes cell-based in vitro investigations, which require initial knowledge of the starting cell ...

Use of a High-throughput In Vitro Microfluidic System to Develop Oral Multi-species Biofilms

There are few high-throughput in vitro systems which facilitate the development of multi-species biofilms that contain numerous species commonly detected within in vivo oral biofilms. Furthermore, a system that uses natural human saliva as the nutrient source, instead of artificial media, is particularly desirable in order to support the expression of cellular and biofilm-specific properties that mimic the in vivo communities. We describe a method for the development of multi-species oral biofilms that are comparable, with respect to species composition, to supragingival dental plaque, under conditions similar to the human oral cavity. Specifically, this methods article will describe how a commercially available microfluidic system can be adapted to facilitate the development of multi-species oral biofilms derived from and grown within pooled saliva. Furthermore, a description of how the system can be used in conjunction with a confocal laser scanning microscope to generate 3-D biofilm reconstructions for architectural and viability analyses will be presented. Given the broad diversity of microorganisms that grow within biofilms in the microfluidic system (including Streptococcus, Neisseria, Veillonella, Gemella, and Porphyromonas), a protocol will also be presented describing how to harvest the biofilm cells for further subculture&#160;or DNA extraction and analysis. The limits of both the microfluidic biofilm system and the current state-of-the-art data analyses will be addressed. Ultimately, it is envisioned that this article will provide a baseline technique that will improve the study of oral biofilms and aid in the development of additional technologies that can be integrated with the microfluidic platform.

Use of a High-throughput In Vitro Microfluidic System to Develop Oral Multi-species Biofilms

The goal of this methods paper is to describe the use of a microfluidic system for the development of multi-species biofilms that contain species typically identified in human supragingival dental plaque.&#160;Methods to describe biofilm architecture, biofilm viability, and an approach to harvest biofilm for culture-dependent or culture-independent analyses are highlighted.

L&#39;uso di un high-throughput<em&gt; In Vitro</em&gt; Microfluidic sistema per sviluppare orale biofilm Multi-specie

There are few high-throughput in vitro systems which facilitate the development of multi-species biofilms that contain numerous species commonly detected ...

Generation of Scalable, Metallic High-Aspect Ratio Nanocomposites in a Biological Liquid Medium

The goal of this protocol is to describe the synthesis of two novel biocomposites with high-aspect ratio structures. The biocomposites consist of copper and cystine, with either copper nanoparticles (CNPs) or copper sulfate contributing the metallic component. Synthesis is carried out in liquid under biological conditions (37 &#176;C) and the self-assembled composites form after 24 hr. Once formed, these composites are highly stable in both liquid media and in a dried form. The composites scale from the nano- to micro- range in length, and from a few microns to 25 nm in diameter. Field emission scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) demonstrated that sulfur was present in the NP-derived linear structures, while it was absent from the starting CNP material, thus confirming cystine as the source of sulfur in the final nanocomposites. During synthesis of these linear nano- and micro-composites, a diverse range of lengths of structures is formed in the synthesis vessel. Sonication of the liquid mixture after synthesis was demonstrated to assist in controlling average size of the structures by diminishing the average length with increased time of sonication. Since the formed structures are highly stable, do not agglomerate, and are formed in liquid phase, centrifugation may also be used to assist in concentrating and segregating formed composites.

Here we present a protocol to synthesize novel, high-aspect ratio biocomposites under biological conditions and in liquid media. The biocomposites scale from nanometers to micrometers in diameter and length, respectively. Copper nanoparticles (CNPs) and copper sulfate combined with cystine are the key components for the synthesis.

Generazione di scalabili, Metallic Tacchi-Aspect nanocompositi Rapporto in un Biologica Liquid Media

The goal of this protocol is to describe the synthesis of two novel biocomposites with high-aspect ratio structures. The biocomposites consist of copper ...

Automated Robotic Liquid Handling Assembly of Modular DNA Devices

Recent advances in modular DNA assembly techniques have enabled synthetic biologists to test significantly more of the available &#34;design space&#34; represented by &#34;devices&#34; created as combinations of individual genetic components. However, manual assembly of such large numbers of devices is time-intensive, error-prone, and costly. The increasing sophistication and scale of synthetic biology research necessitates an efficient, reproducible way to accommodate large-scale, complex, and high throughput device construction.
Here, a DNA assembly protocol using the Type-IIS restriction endonuclease based Modular Cloning (MoClo) technique is automated on two liquid-handling robotic platforms. Automated liquid-handling robots require careful, often times tedious optimization of pipetting parameters for liquids of different viscosities (e.g. enzymes, DNA, water, buffers), as well as explicit programming to ensure correct aspiration and dispensing of DNA parts and reagents. This makes manual script writing for complex assemblies just as problematic as manual DNA assembly, and necessitates a software tool that can automate script generation. To this end, we have developed a web-based software tool, http://mocloassembly.com, for generating combinatorial DNA device libraries from basic DNA parts uploaded as Genbank files. We provide access to the tool, and an export file from our liquid handler software which includes optimized liquid classes, labware parameters, and deck layout. All DNA parts used are available through Addgene, and their digital maps can be accessed via the Boston University BDC ICE Registry. Together, these elements provide a foundation for other organizations to automate modular cloning experiments and similar protocols.
The automated DNA assembly workflow presented here enables the repeatable, automated, high-throughput production of DNA devices, and reduces the risk of human error arising from repetitive manual pipetting. Sequencing data show the automated DNA assembly reactions generated from this workflow are ~95% correct and require as little as 4% as much hands-on time, compared to manual reaction preparation.

Here, an automated workflow to perform modular DNA &#34;device&#34; assembly using a modular cloning DNA assembly method on liquid-handling robots is presented. The protocol uses an intuitive software tool for generating liquid handler picklists for combinatorial DNA device library generation, which we demonstrate using two liquid handling platforms.

Automatizzato robot Liquid Handling Assembly di dispositivi modulari del DNA

Recent advances in modular DNA assembly techniques have enabled synthetic biologists to test significantly more of the available &#34;design space&#34; ...

Synthesis of Biocompatible Liquid Crystal Elastomer Foams as Cell Scaffolds for 3D Spatial Cell Cultures

Here, we present a step-by-step preparation of a 3D, biodegradable, foam-like cell scaffold. These scaffolds were prepared by cross-linking star block co-polymers featuring cholesterol units as side-chain pendant groups, resulting in smectic-A (SmA) liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs). Foam-like scaffolds, prepared using metal templates, feature interconnected microchannels, making them suitable as 3D cell culture scaffolds. The combined properties of the regular structure of the metal foam and of the elastomer result in a 3D cell scaffold that promotes not only higher cell proliferation compared to conventional porous templated films, but also better management of mass transport (i.e., nutrients, gases, waste, etc.). The nature of the metal template allows for the easy manipulation of foam shapes (i.e., rolls or films) and for the preparation of scaffolds of different pore sizes for different cell studies while preserving the interconnected porous nature of the template. The etching process does not affect the chemistry of the elastomers, preserving their biocompatible and biodegradable nature. We show that these smectic LCEs, when grown for extensive time periods, enable the study of clinically relevant and complex tissue constructs while promoting the growth and proliferation of cells.

This study presents a methodology to prepare 3D, biodegradable, foam-like cell scaffolds based on biocompatible side-chain liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs). Confocal microscopy experiments show that foam-like LCEs allow for cell attachment, proliferation, and the spontaneous alignment of C2C12s myoblasts.

Sintesi di biocompatibili a cristalli liquidi in elastomero Schiume come impalcature cellulari per 3D spaziali colture cellulari

Here, we present a step-by-step preparation of a 3D, biodegradable, foam-like cell scaffold. These scaffolds were prepared by cross-linking star block ...

Ottimizzare l'utilizzo di un Robot di manipolazione liquido per condurre un alto Throughput avanti chimica genetica schermo di Arabidopsis thaliana

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Progettazione di un robot bio-sensibile da DNA Origami

Ad alta velocità, l'estrazione automatizzata di DNA e RNA da campioni clinici utilizzando la tecnologia TruTip su Robot Gestione liquidi comuni

Ottimizzare Allegato di cellule staminali mesenchimali umane su Poli (ε-caprolattone) elettrofilate Filati

L'uso di un high-throughput

Generazione di scalabili, Metallic Tacchi-Aspect nanocompositi Rapporto in un Biologica Liquid Media

Automatizzato robot Liquid Handling Assembly di dispositivi modulari del DNA

Sintesi di biocompatibili a cristalli liquidi in elastomero Schiume come impalcature cellulari per 3D spaziali colture cellulari

Ottimizzare l'utilizzo di un Robot di manipolazione liquido per condurre un alto Throughput avanti chimica genetica schermo di Arabidopsis thaliana

Riepilogo

Esplora Altri Video

Capitoli in questo video

Adattamento di un robot tattile in un fMRI 3T

High-throughput generatore di espressione delle proteine ​​Utilizzando una piattaforma microfluidica

High-throughput sintesi dei carboidrati e funzionalizzazione di nanoparticelle polianidride

Progettazione di un robot bio-sensibile da DNA Origami

Ad alta velocità, l'estrazione automatizzata di DNA e RNA da campioni clinici utilizzando la tecnologia TruTip su Robot Gestione liquidi comuni

Ottimizzare Allegato di cellule staminali mesenchimali umane su Poli (ε-caprolattone) elettrofilate Filati

L'uso di un high-throughput

Generazione di scalabili, Metallic Tacchi-Aspect nanocompositi Rapporto in un Biologica Liquid Media

Automatizzato robot Liquid Handling Assembly di dispositivi modulari del DNA

Sintesi di biocompatibili a cristalli liquidi in elastomero Schiume come impalcature cellulari per 3D spaziali colture cellulari

High-throughput generatore di espressione delle proteine Utilizzando una piattaforma microfluidica