これらの研究は、GAHにNIH R01 AI36532によって資金によって部分的にサポートされていました。我々は博士ティボーナーダシディが提供する移植病理学の傑出したサポート、およびこの研究の努力を開始するには故チャールズG. Oroszが提供する非常に貴重な指針と先見の明に感謝します。

ドナー臓器の収穫（2）： <ol><li> 65mg/kgペントバルビタールIPを使用してドナーを麻酔、麻酔は、イソフルラン（2-3％）によって維持されています。 </li><li>ドナーの腹部を入力し、右側に横方向に腸を動かして、左腎臓を露出させる胸骨から恥骨まで正中切開を加えます。 </li><li> 8から0絹縫合糸で副腎及び精巣の血管を結紮し、分割して左の腎臓を分離します。 </li><li>腎動脈と静脈との接合上記の大動脈を動員する。 </li><li>上記と下記の下大静脈（IVC）腎動脈と静脈との接合を動員する。 </li><li>出血を最小限に抑えるために8から0絹縫合糸で腎動脈と静脈下大動脈をライゲーションする。 </li><li>腎門部から膀胱へ左尿管を細かく分析。 </li><li>膀胱のドームで尾の方に撤回を使用して尿管膀胱移行部を公開します。 </li><li>膀胱から膀胱吻合を介して尿再建のために使用される左尿管膀胱移行部を含む膀胱の物品小さい、楕円形のパッチ。右尿管は膀胱に含まれていません。 </li><li> 8から0絹縫合糸で腎動脈と静脈の下にIVCをライゲーションする。 </li><li>腎動脈と静脈、上記の大動脈を連結し​​、徐々に0.2〜0.4ミリリットル寒さにその場で移植片を灌流、大動脈大動脈を経由して乳酸リンゲル液ソリューションは、ヘパリン化。 </li><li> 8から0絹縫合糸で腎動脈と静脈の上にIVCをライゲーションする。 </li><li> IVCとの接合部で腎静脈を横に切断する。 </li><li>腎動脈下約2mm、斜めに大動脈を割ります。 </li><li>腎臓と一括して膀胱のパッチに添付された尿管とその血管供給を取り外します。氷の上で乳酸リンゲル液ソリューションで保管してください。 </li><li>麻酔下に頚椎脱臼によりドナーマウスを安楽死させる。 </li></ol>受信者移植（2）： <ol><li> 65 mg / kgのペントバルビタールIPで受信者の麻酔とイソフルランによる麻酔（2-3％）を維持する。 </li><li>正中切開を行う、ぬれたガーゼで腸を覆い、慎重に左側にそれを引っ込める。 </li><li>右尿管、腎動脈と静脈を結紮し、右の腎臓を削除します。 </li><li>慎重に腰枝を結紮した後、2つの4 mmのmicrovasularクランプと大動脈大動脈と下大静脈を分離し、クロスクランプ。 </li><li>大動脈の全層を介して10から0ナイロン縫合糸を配置し、シングルカット（血管の直径の約5分の1）で楕円aortaotomyを作るために引っ込める。 </li><li> 30ゲージの針でIVCを刺すことによって縦静脈切開術を行うとmicroscissorsを使用して適切に拡張する。 </li><li>腔内の血液や血栓をクリアするためにヘパリン生理食塩水で大動脈と下大静脈の両方を灌漑。 </li><li>氷からドナーの腎臓を削除し、マウスの右脇腹に内腹部に置きます。ドナーの腎臓は、冷生理食塩水に浸したガーゼのパッドと湿った保たれます。 </li><li>場所二人はドナーの大動脈カフと受信者のaortaotomyの近位および遠位頂点に縫合糸にてご利用いただけます。 </li><li>大動脈の外側に2〜3連続的な10から0ナイロン縫合糸を使用して、ドナーの大動脈のカフと受信者のaortaotomyの前壁の間に端側吻合を行う。 </li><li>受信者の左脇腹に上のドナーの腎臓の移植を回します。ドナーの大動脈のカフと受信者のaortaotomyの後壁の間に前の手順を繰り返します。 </li><li> IVCの内側に、4〜5連続10から0ナイロン縫合糸を用いて、ドナー腎静脈と受信者IVCの後壁との間のエンドツー側吻合を行います。し、IVCとドナー腎静脈の前壁はIVC外4〜5連続縫合で閉鎖されています。 </li><li>静脈と動脈の両方の吻合は20分以内に完了する必要があります。 </li><li>吻合時の冷たい生理食塩水で数回移植片を洗浄します。 </li><li>レシピエントの膀胱のドームを割る、と焼灼で止血する。 </li><li>ドーム上に小さなカットを行います。 </li><li>受信者の膀胱のドームでドナー小さな膀胱パッチをanastomizeに10から0までナイロンの二つ滞在の縫合糸を置きます。吻合部の各側は、8〜10連続針で縫合する。 </li><li>連続4から0滅菌、合成吸収性vicryl縫合糸で2層に腹部を閉じます。 </li><li>断続的な注入IVによる手術中のレシピエントマウスに0.4ミリリットル温かい生理食塩水を与える。 </li></ol>受信者の術後のケア<ol><li>腹部を閉じた後、ペニシリン（500U/10g）の単回筋肉内注射は、（2）に投与される。 </li><li>さらに、受信者は、0日目と痛みのための1日目手術後に筋肉注射で0.05 mg / kgのブプレノルフィンを受け取ります。実験がTEになるまで手術後、移植のレシピエントはsulfatrim（100mg/kg）を含む水を受けるrminated。 </li><li>第一24の場合は術後のマウスはインキュベーターを制御する温度に保持されています。 </li><li>マウスには、通常の操作の1時間以内に麻酔から回復し、通常の餌と水を自由に摂取されている。 </li><li>皮膚の縫合糸は、2週間、手術後に削除されます。 </li></ol>受信者の腎摘出<ol><li> 65 mg / kgのペントバルビタールIPを持つ受信者4〜7日後に腎臓の移植を麻酔、麻酔は、イソフルラン（2-3％）によって維持されています。 </li><li>正中切開を介して腹部を開きます。 </li><li>生理食塩水に浸したガーゼで腸を覆い、慎重に右側にそれを引っ込める。 </li><li>左尿管、腎静脈と動脈を結紮した後に左腎を削除します。 </li><li>連続4から0合成吸収性vicryl縫合糸で2層に腹部を閉じます。 </li></ol>全血中クレアチニンの測定<ol><li> 0.2未満のccの隔週採血までの週間は、イソフルラン麻酔下麻酔または眼窩なく、どちらのsubmandibularly実行されます。 </li><li>定量的な全血中クレアチニン濃度はI - Statのポータブルクリニカルアナライザー（Heska（株）、フォートコリンズ、CO）を用いて決定されます。 </li><li>従来の単位（mg / dlとは）88.4で、従来の単位を乗じてマイクロモル/ LのSI単位に変換されます。 </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Russell, P. S., Chase, C. M., Colvin, R. B., Plate, J. M. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Kidney+transplants+in+mice.+An+analysis+of+the+immune+status+of+mice+bearing+long-term,+H-2+incompatible+transplants.">Kidney transplants in mice. An analysis of the immune status of mice bearing long-term, H-2 incompatible transplants.</a> JExpMed. 147, 1449-1468 (1978).</li><li>Zhang, Z., Schlachta, C., Duff, J., Stiller, C., Grant, D., Zhong, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Improved+techniques+for+kidney+transplantation+in+mice.">Improved techniques for kidney transplantation in mice.</a> Microsurgery. 16 (2), 103-109 (1995).</li></ol>

動物実験は、オハイオ州立大学IACUCによって定められたガイドラインおよび規制に準拠して行った。

我々は、&gt; 90％の技術的な成功率とマウスで腎移植の約1200ケースを実行している。心臓移​​植に比べて、腎臓の移植の成功率は通常低いです。しかし、私たちの研究室では、腎臓移植の高い成功率（&gt; 90％）を維持している。成功のキーポイントは、ドナーの腎臓と受信者の両方に再灌流傷害を軽減し、手順や手術後に全体に出血や血栓症を最小限に抑えるためです。次の要素が最も重?...

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<td>i-STAT</td>
<td>Other</td>
<td>HESKA</td>
<td>Cat 5101</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
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<td>i-STAT Cartridge</td>
<td>Other</td>
<td>HESKA</td>
<td>CAT 5110-CREA</td>
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<td>Sulfatrim</td>
<td>Other</td>
<td>Actavis</td>
<td>R02109</td>
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<td>Isoflurane</td>
<td>Other</td>
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murine renal transplantation procedure

マウスの腎同所移植は技術的に困難な手順です。マウスの最初の腎移植は（2）30年以上前にラッセルらによって行われる（1）以降Zhangら数年で洗練されたが、世界でも少数の人々は、この手順をマスターしている。私たちのラボでは、正常に&gt; 90％の生存率は1200同所腎臓移植を実施した。成功のキーポイントは、再灌流障害の厳格な制御、出血や血栓症、手続き中および移植後の両方を含んで、および吻合のための11から0縫合糸の代わりに、10から0を使用してください。 受信者の術後のケアと治療は成功と評価を移植することが極めて重要である。すべての腎移植レシピエントは、継続的に飲料水の後の移植とsulfatrimすぐにペニシリンの注射剤の形で抗生物質を受け取る。全体的な動物の健康は、毎日、全血中クレアチニンの分析は移植片機能を評価するためのポータブルI - STATのマシンで日常的に行われて評価されます。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Murine Renal Transplantation Procedure at JoVE.com

Murine Renal Transplantation Procedure

マウスの腎移植は、成功のための慎重な術後ケアと治療を必要とする技術的に困難な手順です。

マウス腎移植の手順

Renal orthotopic transplantation in mice is a technically challenging procedure. Although the first kidney transplants in mice were performed by Russell ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

29.5K ビュー.  The Ohio State University. マウスの腎移植は、成功のための慎重な術後ケアと治療を必要とする技術的に困難な手順です。

ビデオ: Murine Renal Transplantation Procedure

Heterotopic Heart Transplantation in Mice

The mouse heterotopic heart transplantation has been used widely since it was introduced by Drs. Corry and Russell in 1973. It is particularly valuable for studying rejection and immune response now that newer transgenic and gene knockout mice are available, and a large number of immunologic reagents have been developed. The heart transplant model is less stringent than the skin transplant models, although technically more challenging. We have developed a modified technique and have completed over 1000 successful cases of heterotopic heart transplantation in mice. When making anastomosis of the ascending aorta and abdominal aorta, two stay sutures are placed at the proximal and distal apexes of recipient abdominal aorta with the donor s ascending aorta, then using 11-0 suture for anastomosis on both side of aorta with continuing sutures. The stay sutures make the anastomosis easier and 11-0 is an ideal suture size to avoid bleeding and thrombosis.
When making anastomosis of pulmonary artery and inferior vena cava, two stay sutures are made at the proximal apex and distal apex of the recipient s inferior vena cava with the donor s pulmonary artery. The left wall of the inferior vena cava and donor s pulmonary artery is closed with continuing sutures in the inside of the inferior vena cava after, one knot with the proximal apex stay suture the right wall of the inferior vena cava and the donor s pulmonary artery are closed with continuing sutures outside the inferior vena cave with 10-0 sutures. This method is easier to perform because anastomosis is made just on the one side of the inferior vena cava and 10-0 sutures is the right size to avoid bleeding and thrombosis. In this article, we provide details of the technique to supplement the video.

The mouse heterotopic heart transplantation model has been proven by many investigators to be an important method for studying mechanisms of rejection and immune response. However, the techniques involved are still challenging. By modifying standard techniques we have had success with more than 1000 transplants.

マウスにおける異所心臓移植

The mouse heterotopic heart transplantation has been used widely since it was introduced by Drs. Corry and Russell in 1973. It is particularly valuable ...

生物学

Small Bowel Transplantation In Mice

Since 1990, the development of tacrolimus-based immunosuppression and improved surgical techniques, the increased array of potent immunosuppressive medications, infection prophylaxis, and suitable patient selection helped improve actuarial graft and patient survival rates for all types of intestine transplantation. Patients with irreversible intestinal failure and complications of parenteral nutrition should now be routinely considered for small intestine transplantation. However, Survival rates for small intestinal transplantation have been slow to improve compares increasingly favorably with renal, liver, heart and lung. The small bowel transplantation is still unsatisfactory compared with other organs. Further progress may depend on better understanding of immunology and physiology of the graft and can be greatly facilitated by animal models. A wider use of mouse small bowel transplantation model is needed in the study of immunology and physiology of the transplantation gut as well as efficient methods in diagnosing early rejection. However, this model is limited to use because the techniques involved is an extremely technically challenging. We have developed a modified technique. When making anastomosis of portal vein and inferior vena cava, two stay sutures are made at the proximal apex and distal apex of the recipient s inferior vena cava with the donor s portal vein. The left wall of the inferior vena cava and donor s portal vein is closed with continuing sutures in the inside of the inferior vena cava after, after one knot with the proximal apex stay suture the right wall of the inferior vena cava and the donor s portal vein are closed with continuing sutures outside the inferior vena cave with 10-0 sutures. This method is easier to perform because anastomosis is made just on the one side of the inferior vena cava and 10-0 sutures is the right size to avoid bleeding and thrombosis.  In this article, we provide details of the technique to supplement the video.

The mouse small bowel transplantation model has been recognized as an important tool to study mechanismes of immune rejection and screen new immunosuppressive drugs. However, this model is limited to use because the techniques involved is an extremely technically challenge. Now we introduce the modified technique.

マウスにおける小腸移植

Since 1990, the development of tacrolimus-based immunosuppression and improved surgical techniques, the increased array of potent immunosuppressive ...

Murine Skin Transplantation

As one of the most stringent and least technically challenging models, skin transplantation is a standard method to assay host T cell responses to MHC-disparate donor antigens. The aim of this video-article is to provide the viewer with a step-by-step visual demonstration of skin transplantation using the mouse model. The protocol is divided into 5 main components: 1) harvesting donor skin; 2) preparing recipient for transplant; 3) skin transplant; 4) bandage removal and monitoring graft rejection; 5) helpful hints. Once proficient, the procedure itself should take &lt;10 min to perform.

Allogeneic skin transplantation is a standard model to assay host T cell responses to MHC-disparate donor antigens. This video-article provides a visual tutorial of each step involved in performing a BALB/c--&gt;C57BL/6 skin transplant.

マウス皮膚移植

As one of the most stringent and least technically challenging models, skin transplantation is a standard method to assay host T cell responses to ...

Generation of Human CD40-activated B cells

CD40-activated B cells (CD40-B cells) have been identified as an alternative source of immuno-stimulatory antigen-presenting cells (APC) for cancer immunotherapy 1-3. Compared to Dendritic cells (DCs), the best characterized APC, CD40-B cells have several distinct biological and technical properties. Similar to DCs, B cells show an increased expression of MHC and co-stimulatory molecules (Fig.1b), exhibit a strong migratory capacity and present antigen presentation efficiently to T cells, after stimulation with interleukin-4 and CD40 ligand (CD40L). However, in contrast to immature or mature DCs, CD40-B cells express the full lymph node homing triad consisting of CD62L, CCR7/CXCR4, and leukocyte function antigen-1 (LFA1, CD11a/CD18), necessary for homing to secondary lymphoid organs (Fig.1a) 3. CD40-B cells can be generated without difficulties from very small amounts of peripheral blood which can be further expanded in vitro to very large amounts of highly-pure CD40-B cells (&gt;109 cells per patient) from healthy donors as well as cancer patients (Fig.1c,d) 1,4. 
In this protocol we demonstrate how to obtain fully activated CD40-B cells from human PBMC. Key molecules for the cell culture are CD40 ligand, interleukin-4 (IL-4) and cyclosporin A (CsA), which are replenished in a 3-4 day culture cycle. For laboratory purposes CD40-stimulation is provided by NIH/3T3 cells expressing recombinant human CD40 ligand (tCD40L NIH/3T3) 5. To avoid contamination with non-transfected cells, expression of the human CD40 ligand on the transfectants has to be checked regularly (Fig.2). 
After 14 days CD40-B cell cultures consist of more than 95% pure B cells and an expansion of CD40-B cells over 65 days is frequently possible without any loss of function 1, 4. CD40-B cells efficiently take up, process and present antigens to T cells 6. They do not only prime na&#970;ve, but also expand memory T cells 7,8. CD40-activated B cells can be used to study B-cell activation, differentiation and function. Moreover, they represent a promising tool for therapeutic or preventive vaccination against tumors 9.

In this video we present the ex vivo generation and expansion of human CD40-activated B cells (CD40-B) from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) by stimulation with CD40 ligand and interleukin-4.

ヒトCD40活性化B細胞の生成

CD40-activated B cells (CD40-B cells) have been identified as an alternative source of immuno-stimulatory antigen-presenting cells (APC) for cancer ...

Generating Chimeric Zebrafish Embryos by Transplantation

One of the most powerful tools used to gain insight into complex developmental processes is the analysis of chimeric embryos. A chimera is defined as an organism that contains cells from more than one animal; mosaics are one type of chimera in which cells from more than one genotype are mixed, usually wild-type and mutant. In the zebrafish, chimeras can be readily made by transplantation of cells from a donor embryo into a host embryo at the appropriate embryonic stage. Labeled donor cells are generated by injection of a lineage marker, such as a fluorescent dye, into the one-cell stage embryo. Labeled donor cells are removed from donor embryos and introduced into unlabeled host embryos using an oil-controlled glass pipette mounted on either a compound or dissecting microscope. Donor cells can in some cases be targeted to a specific region or tissue of the developing blastula or gastrula stage host embryo by choosing a transplantation site in the host embryo based on well-established fate maps.

A step-by-step guide to generating targeted chimeric zebrafish embryos by transplantation at the blastula or gastrula stage.

移植によるキメラゼブラフィッシュ胚の生成

One of the most powerful tools used to gain insight into complex developmental processes is the analysis of chimeric embryos. A chimera is defined as an ...

Mammary Epithelial Transplant Procedure

This article describes and compares the fat pad clearance procedure developed by DeOme KB et al.1 and the sparing procedure developed by Brill B et al.2, followed by the mammary epithelial transplant procedure. The mammary transplant procedure is widely used by mammary biologists because it takes advantage of the fact that significant development of the mammary epithelium doesn't occur until after puberty. At 3 weeks of age, growth of the mammary epithelial tree is confined to the vicinity of the nipple and the fat pad is largely devoid of mammary epithelium, but by 7 weeks of age the epithelial ductal tree extends throughout the entire fat pad. Therefore, if this small portion of the fat pad containing epithelium, the region between the nipple and the lymph node, is removed at 3 weeks of age, the endogenous epithelium will never populate the mammary fat pad and the fat pad is described as "cleared". At this time, mammary epithelium from another source can be transplanted in the cleared fat pad where it has the potential to extend mammary ductal trees through out the fat pad. This procedure has been utilized in many experimental models including the examination of tumor phenotype in transgenic mammary epithelial tissue without the confounding effects of genotype on the entire animal3, in the identification of mammary stem cells by transplanting cells in limited dilution4,5, determining if hyperplastic nodules proceed to mammary tumors6, and to assess the effect of prior hormone exposure on the behavior of the mammary epithelium7,8.
Three week old host mice are anesthetized, cleaned and restrained on a surgical stage. A mid-sagittal incision is made through the skin, but not the peritoneum, extending from the pubis to the sternum. Oblique cuts are made through the skin from the mid-sagittal incision across the pelvis toward each leg. The skin is pulled away from the peritoneum to expose the 4th inguinal mammary gland. The fat pad is cleared by removing the fat pad tissue anterior to the lymph node. Epithelium fragments or epithelial cells are transplanted into the remaining cleared fat pad and the mouse is closed.

This article demonstrates the procedure developed by DeOme KB et al. (1959) and the sparing procedure developed by Brill B et al. (2008) for clearing the 4th inguinal mammary fat pad of a pubescent mouse in preparation for transplantation of mammary fragments, mammary epithelial cells, or mammary tumor cells.

乳腺上皮移植の手順

This article describes and compares the fat pad clearance procedure developed by DeOme KB et al.1 and the sparing procedure developed by Brill B et al.2, ...

Laser Ablation of the Zebrafish Pronephros to Study Renal Epithelial Regeneration

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is characterized by high mortality rates from deterioration of renal function over a period of hours or days that culminates in renal failure1. AKI can be caused by a number of factors including ischemia, drug-based toxicity, or obstructive injury1. This results in an inability to maintain fluid and electrolyte homeostasis. While AKI has been observed for decades, effective clinical therapies have yet to be developed. Intriguingly, some patients with AKI recover renal functions over time, a mysterious phenomenon that has been only rudimentally characterized1,2. Research using mammalian models of AKI has shown that ischemic or nephrotoxin-injured kidneys experience epithelial cell death in nephron tubules1,2, the functional units of the kidney that are made up of a series of specialized regions (segments) of epithelial cell types3. Within nephrons, epithelial cell death is highest in proximal tubule cells. There is evidence that suggests cell destruction is followed by dedifferentiation, proliferation, and migration of surrounding epithelial cells, which can regenerate the nephron entirely1,2. However, there are many unanswered questions about the mechanisms of renal epithelial regeneration, ranging from the signals that modulate these events to reasons for the wide variation of abilities among humans to regenerate injured kidneys.
The larval zebrafish provides an excellent model to study kidney epithelial regeneration as its pronephric kidney is comprised of nephrons that are conserved with higher vertebrates including mammals4,5. The nephrons of zebrafish larvae can be visualized with fluorescence techniques because of the relative transparency of the young zebrafish6. This provides a unique opportunity to image cell and molecular changes in real-time, in contrast to mammalian models where nephrons are inaccessible because the kidneys are structurally complex systems internalized within the animal. Recent studies have employed the aminoglycoside gentamicin as a toxic causative agent for study of AKI and subsequent renal failure: gentamicin and other antibiotics have been shown to cause AKI in humans, and researchers have formulated methods to use this agent to trigger kidney damage in zebrafish7,8. However, the effects of aminoglycoside toxicity in zebrafish larvae are catastrophic and lethal, which presents a difficulty when studying epithelial regeneration and function over time. Our method presents the use of targeted cell ablation as a novel tool for the study of epithelial injury in zebrafish. Laser ablation gives researchers the ability to induce cell death in a limited population of cells. Varying areas of cells can be targeted based on morphological location, function, or even expression of a particular cellular phenotype. Thus, laser ablation will increase the specificity of what researchers can study, and can be a powerful new approach to shed light on the mechanisms of renal epithelial regeneration. This protocol can be broadly applied to target cell populations in other organs in the zebrafish embryo to study injury and regeneration in any number of contexts of interest.

Acute kidney injury (AKI) in humans is a common clinical problem caused by damage to the epithelial cells that comprise kidney nephrons, and AKI is associated with high mortality rates of 50-70%1. Following epithelial cell destruction, nephrons have a limited ability to regenerate, though the mechanisms and limitations that guide this phenomenon remain poorly understood. In this video article, we describe our technique for targeted laser ablation of kidney nephron cells in the zebrafish embryo kidney, or pronephros. Our new method can be used to complement nephrotoxicity-induced models of AKI and gain a high-resolution understanding of the cell and molecular alterations that are associated with epithelial regeneration in the kidney nephron.

腎上皮再生を研究するためにゼブラフィッシュの前腎のレーザーアブレーション

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is characterized by high mortality rates from deterioration of renal function over a period of hours or days that culminates in ...

Studying Proteolysis of Cyclin B at the Single Cell Level in Whole Cell Populations

Equal distribution of chromosomes between the two daughter cells during cell division is a prerequisite for guaranteeing genetic stability 1. Inaccuracies during chromosome separation are a hallmark of malignancy and associated with progressive disease 2-4. The spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) is a mitotic surveillance mechanism that holds back cells at metaphase until every single chromosome has established a stable bipolar attachment to the mitotic spindle1. The SAC exerts its function by interference with the activating APC/C subunit Cdc20 to block proteolysis of securin and cyclin B and thus chromosome separation and mitotic exit. Improper attachment of chromosomes prevents silencing of SAC signaling and causes continued inhibition of APC/CCdc20 until the problem is solved to avoid chromosome missegregation, aneuploidy and malignant growths1.
Most studies that addressed the influence of improper chromosomal attachment on APC/C-dependent proteolysis took advantage of spindle disruption using depolymerizing or microtubule-stabilizing drugs to interfere with chromosomal attachment to microtubules. Since interference with microtubule kinetics can affect the transport and localization of critical regulators, these procedures bear a risk of inducing artificial effects 5.
To study how the SAC interferes with APC/C-dependent proteolysis of cyclin B during mitosis in unperturbed cell populations, we established a histone H2-GFP-based system which allowed the simultaneous monitoring of metaphase alignment of mitotic chromosomes and proteolysis of cyclin B 6.
To depict proteolytic profiles, we generated a chimeric cyclin B reporter molecule with a C-terminal SNAP moiety 6 (Figure 1). In a self-labeling reaction, the SNAP-moiety is able to form covalent bonds with alkylguanine-carriers (SNAP substrate) 7,8 (Figure 1). SNAP substrate molecules are readily available and carry a broad spectrum of different fluorochromes. Chimeric cyclin B-SNAP molecules become labeled upon addition of the membrane-permeable SNAP substrate to the growth medium 7 (Figure 1). Following the labeling reaction, the cyclin B-SNAP fluorescence intensity drops in a pulse-chase reaction-like manner and fluorescence intensities reflect levels of cyclin B degradation 6 (Figure 1). Our system facilitates the monitoring of mitotic APC/C-dependent proteolysis in large numbers of cells (or several cell populations) in parallel. Thereby, the system may be a valuable tool to identify agents/small molecules that are able to interfere with proteolytic activity at the metaphase to anaphase transition. Moreover, as synthesis of cyclin B during mitosis has recently been suggested as an important mechanism in fostering a mitotic block in mice and humans by keeping cyclin B expression levels stable 9,10, this system enabled us to analyze cyclin B proteolysis as one element of a balanced equilibrium 6.

Metaphase to anaphase transition is triggered through anaphase-promoting complex (APC/C)-dependent ubiquitination and subsequent destruction of cyclin B. Here, we established a system which, following pulse-chase labeling, allows monitoring cyclin B proteolysis in entire cell populations and facilitates the detection of interference by the mitotic checkpoint.

全細胞集団の単一細胞レベルでサイクリンBの分解を勉強

Equal distribution of chromosomes between the two daughter cells during cell division is a prerequisite for guaranteeing genetic stability 1. Inaccuracies ...

Application of Retinoic Acid to Obtain Osteocytes Cultures from Primary Mouse Osteoblasts

The need for osteocyte cultures is well known to the community of bone researchers; isolation of primary osteocytes is difficult and produces low cell numbers. Therefore, the most widely used cellular system is the osteocyte-like MLO-Y4 cell line.
The method here described refers to the use of retinoic acid to generate a homogeneous population of ramified cells with morphological and molecular osteocyte features.
After isolation of osteoblasts from mouse calvaria, all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) is added to cell medium, and cell monitoring is conducted daily under an inverted microscope. First morphological changes are detectable after 2 days of treatment and differentiation is generally complete in 5 days, with progressive development of dendrites, loss of the ability to produce extracellular matrix, down-regulation of osteoblast markers and up-regulation of osteocyte-specific molecules.
Daily cell monitoring is needed because of the inherent variability of primary cells, and the protocol can be adapted with minimal variation to cells obtained from different mouse strains and applied to transgenic models. 
The method is easy to perform and does not require special instrumentation, it is highly reproducible, and rapidly generates a mature osteocyte population in complete absence of extracellular matrix, allowing the use of these cells for unlimited biological applications.

Treatment of primary mouse osteoblasts with retinoic acid produces a homogeneous population of ramified cells bearing morphological and molecular features of osteocytes. The method overcomes the difficulty of obtaining and maintaining primary osteocytes in culture, and can be advantageous to study cells derived from transgenic models.&#160;

初代マウス骨芽細胞から骨細胞培養物を入手するレチノイン酸のアプリケーション

The need for osteocyte cultures is well known to the community of bone researchers; isolation of primary osteocytes is difficult and produces low cell ...

Cytosolic Calcium Measurements in Renal Epithelial Cells by Flow Cytometry

A variety of cellular processes, both physiological and pathophysiological, require or are governed by calcium, including exocytosis, mitochondrial function, cell death, cell metabolism and cell migration to name but a few. Cytosolic calcium is normally maintained at low nanomolar concentrations; rather it is found in high micromolar to millimolar concentrations in the endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondrial matrix and the extracellular compartment. Upon stimulation, a transient increase in cytosolic calcium serves to signal downstream events. Detecting changes in cytosolic calcium is normally performed using a live cell imaging set up with calcium binding dyes that exhibit either an increase in fluorescence intensity or a shift in the emission wavelength upon calcium binding. However, a live cell imaging set up is not freely accessible to all researchers. Alternative detection methods have been optimized for immunological cells with flow cytometry and for non-immunological adherent cells with a fluorescence microplate reader. Here, we describe an optimized, simple method for detecting changes in epithelial cells with flow cytometry using a single wavelength calcium binding dye. Adherent renal proximal tubule epithelial cells, which are normally difficult to load with dyes, were loaded with a fluorescent cell permeable calcium binding dye in the presence of probenecid, brought into suspension and calcium signals were monitored before and after addition of thapsigargin, tunicamycin and ionomycin.

Calcium is involved in numerous physiological and pathophysiological signaling pathways. Live cell imaging requires specialized equipment and can be time consuming. A quick, simple method using a flow cytometer to determine relative changes in cytosolic calcium in adherent epithelial cells brought into suspension was optimized.

フローサイトメトリーによる腎上皮細胞における細胞質ゾルカルシウム測定

A variety of cellular processes, both physiological and pathophysiological, require or are governed by calcium, including exocytosis, mitochondrial ...