彼女の継続的なヘルプと、この作業で建設的な批判のために博士とドナL.ハモンド、我々は、マウス足底パンチ生検の免疫染色の共焦点顕微鏡/イメージングの初期の標準化で彼の助けのための博士ユーリーM. Usachevに感謝。この作品は、NINDS / NIH（NS069898）からの補助金、およびDPMへの防衛前立腺がんの研究プログラムの国防総省（DoD - PCRP - 101096）からのアイデアの開発グラント賞によって資金を供給された

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	<li>Hoffman, E. M., Schechter, R., Miller, K. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fixative+Composition+Alters+Distributions+of+Immunoreactivity+for+Glutaminase+and+Two+Markers+of+Nociceptive+Neurons,+Nav+1.8+and+TRPV1,+in+the+Rat+Dorsal+Root+Ganglion.">Fixative Composition Alters Distributions of Immunoreactivity for Glutaminase and Two Markers of Nociceptive Neurons, Nav 1.8 and TRPV1, in the Rat Dorsal Root Ganglion.</a> Journal of Histochemistry &#38; Cytochemistry. 58, 329-344 (2010).</li><li>Neves, J. D. S., Omar, N. F., Narvaes, E. A. O., Gomes, J. R., Novaes, P. 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J., Ribeiro-da-Silva, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sympathetic+sprouting+and+changes+in+nociceptive+sensory+innervation+in+the+glabrous+skin+of+the+rat+hind+paw+following+partial+peripheral+nerve+injury.">Sympathetic sprouting and changes in nociceptive sensory innervation in the glabrous skin of the rat hind paw following partial peripheral nerve injury.</a> The Journal of Comparative Neurology. 495, 679-690 (2006).</li><li>Boyette-Davis, J., Xin, W., Zhang, H., Dougherty, P. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intraepidermal+nerve+fiber+loss+corresponds+to+the+development+of+Taxol-induced+hyperalgesia+and+can+be+prevented+by+treatment+with+minocycline.">Intraepidermal nerve fiber loss corresponds to the development of Taxol-induced hyperalgesia and can be prevented by treatment with minocycline.</a> Pain. 152, 308-313 (2011).</li><li>Bloom, A. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Breast+Cancer-Induced+Bone+Remodeling,+Skeletal+Pain,+and+Sprouting+of+Sensory+Nerve+Fibers.">Breast Cancer-Induced Bone Remodeling, Skeletal Pain, and Sprouting of Sensory Nerve Fibers.</a> The Journal of Pain. 12, 698-711 (2011).</li><li>Constantin, C. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Endogenous+Tumor+Necrosis+Factor+&#945;+(TNF&#945;)+Requires+TNF+Receptor+Type+2+to+Generate+Heat+Hyperalgesia+in+a+Mouse+Cancer+Model.">Endogenous Tumor Necrosis Factor &#945; (TNF&#945;) Requires TNF Receptor Type 2 to Generate Heat Hyperalgesia in a Mouse Cancer Model.</a> J. Neurosci. 28, 5072-5081 (2008).</li><li>Jankowski, M. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sensitization+of+Cutaneous+Nociceptors+after+Nerve+Transection+and+Regeneration:+Possible+Role+of+Target-Derived+Neurotrophic+Factor+Signaling.">Sensitization of Cutaneous Nociceptors after Nerve Transection and Regeneration: Possible Role of Target-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Signaling.</a> The Journal of Neuroscience. 29, 1636-1647 (2009).</li><li>Jimenez-Andrade, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pathological+Sprouting+of+Adult+Nociceptors+in+Chronic+Prostate+Cancer-Induced+Bone+Pain.">Pathological Sprouting of Adult Nociceptors in Chronic Prostate Cancer-Induced Bone Pain.</a> J. Neurosci. 30, 14649-14656 (2010).</li><li>Persson, A. -. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sodium-calcium+exchanger+and+multiple+sodium+channel+isoforms+in+intra-epidermal+nerve+terminals.">Sodium-calcium exchanger and multiple sodium channel isoforms in intra-epidermal nerve terminals.</a> Molecular Pain. 6, 84-84 (2010).</li><li>Ohshima, M., Miyake, M., Takeda, M., Kamijima, M., Sakamoto, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Staphylococcal+Enterotoxin+B+Causes+Proliferation+of+Sensory+C-Fibers+and+Subsequent+Enhancement+of+Neurogenic+Inflammation+in+Rat+Skin.">Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B Causes Proliferation of Sensory C-Fibers and Subsequent Enhancement of Neurogenic Inflammation in Rat Skin.</a> Journal of Infectious Diseases. 203, 862-869 (2011).</li><li>Johnson, M. S., Ryals, J. M., Wright, D. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Early+loss+of+peptidergic+intraepidermal+nerve+fibers+in+an+STZ-induced+mouse+model+of+insensate+diabetic+neuropathy.">Early loss of peptidergic intraepidermal nerve fibers in an STZ-induced mouse model of insensate diabetic neuropathy.</a> Pain. 140, 35-47 (2008).</li></ol>

利害の競合が宣言されない。

ここでは、末梢感覚神経線維の免疫染色と検出のためのマウスの皮膚と骨の組織切片の調製のための方法を紹介しています。足底パンチ生検から生成セクションは、両方の無毛と有毛皮膚を含む、これはプロトコルがどんな肌タイプに使用できることを意味します。これらの技術はまた、これらの組織内の他の細胞型（例えば、白血球、血管内皮、特に平滑筋）を染色するために用いること?...

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> 材料名 </td><td> タイプ </td><td> 会社 </td><td> カタログ番号 </td><td> コメント </td></tr><tr><td> 3ミリメートルハリスマイクロパンチ</td><td>材</td><td>テッドペラ</td><td> 15094 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td>注入ポンプ</td><td>材</td><td> VWRインターナショナル</td><td> 23609-170 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td>パラホルムアルデヒド</td><td>試薬</td><td>フィッシャーサイエンティフィック</td><td> T353 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ピクリン酸</td><td>試薬</td><td>シグマアルドリッチ</td><td> 239801 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> OCTの埋め込み化合物</td><td>試薬</td><td>組織- Tek社</td><td> 4583 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> CYTO凍結低温エアゾールスプレー</td><td>材</td><td>制御カンパニー</td><td> 3118 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ヤギ血清</td><td>試薬</td><td>シグマアルドリッチ</td><td> G9023 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td>免疫染色のためのインキュベーショントレイと蓋（大） </td><td>材</td><td> RPI社</td><td> 248270（トレイ） 248270 -（蓋） </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> ImmEdge疎水性障壁のペン</td><td>材</td><td>ベクターラボラトリーズ</td><td> H - 4000 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ラクダの毛のブラシ（＃1厚さ） </td><td>材</td><td>テッドペラ</td><td> 11859 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td>メディアをマウントするプロロングゴールド</td><td>試薬</td><td>インビトロジェン</td><td> P36930 </td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

tissue preparation and immunostaining of mouse sensory nerve fibers innervating skin and limb bones

末梢感覚神経線維によって検出し、物理的、化学的および熱的感覚刺激の主な処理は、動物とヒトの知覚に重要です。これらの末梢感覚神経線維は、特定の感覚刺激を検出し、開始する受容体やイオンチャネルタンパク質の茄多を表現する。方法はまた、これらの繊維の特定のイオンチャネルタンパク質の機能発現を同定するために利用することができる、皮膚を支配する末梢感覚神経線維の電気的特性を、特徴付けるために使用可能です。しかしながら、類似の電気生理学的手法は、骨などの最も挑戦的な組織を含む他の内臓器官を、支配する末梢感覚神経線維の受容体とイオンチャネルタンパク質の機能発現の検出のために（そしてまた、開発するのが難しい）は使用できません。さらに、そのような電気生理学的手法は、非興奮性タンパク質の発現を決定するために利用することはできない末梢感覚神経線維内のS。したがって、感覚神経のfivers用周辺/内臓の組織サンプルの免疫染色では、これらの神経線維に関心のある特定のタンパク質の発現を決定する最良の方法を提供します。これまでのところ、感覚ニューロンにおける蛋白質発現の研究​​のほとんどは、情報が特定のタイプまたは感覚ニューロンのサブセットの細胞体における特定のタンパク質の発現に限定されている知覚神経節、の手順を免疫染色に利用している。ここでは、末梢感覚神経線維の免疫染色のための周辺機器/内臓の組織サンプルの調製のための詳細な方法/プロトコルを報告する。我々は末梢感覚神経線維の免疫染色のためのマウスからの皮膚や足底のパンチ生検と骨（大腿骨）のセクションの準備のための具体的詳細の方法。これらのメソッドは、唯一の末梢感覚神経細胞におけるタンパク質発現の定性測定に重要なものではありませんが、またのための定量的なアッセイ方法を提供する感覚線維の特定のタイプまたはサブセットのタンパク質発現レベルの変化を決定するだけでなく、様々な病態時の感覚線維の数と密度の形態学的および/または解剖学的変化を決定するための。さらに、これらのメソッドは、感覚神経線維の染色に限定されないが、皮膚、骨や他の内臓組織における神経線維のいずれかのタイプの染色にも使用できます。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Tissue Preparation and Immunostaining of Mouse Sensory Nerve Fibers Innervating Skin and Limb Bones at JoVE.com

Tissue Preparation and Immunostaining of Mouse Sensory Nerve Fibers Innervating Skin and Limb Bones

末梢感覚神経線維のサブタイプの免疫細胞化学的同定（とそこにタンパク質発現の検出）が末梢感覚の分子メカニズムの理解の鍵となります。ここでは、末梢感覚神経線維の特異的免疫染色のための皮膚や四肢骨などの周辺/内臓の組織サンプル、、の調製のための方法を説明します。

スキンと四肢骨の神経支配マウス感覚神経線維の組織の調製と免疫染色

Detection and primary processing of physical, chemical and thermal sensory stimuli by peripheral sensory nerve fibers is key to sensory perception in ...

tissue-preparation-immunostaining-mouse-sensory-nerve-fibers

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

23.0K ビュー.  The University of Iowa. 末梢感覚神経線維のサブタイプの免疫細胞化学的同定（とそこにタンパク質発現の検出）が末梢感覚の分子メカニズムの理解の鍵となります。ここでは、末梢感覚神経線維の特異的免疫染色のための皮膚や四肢骨などの周辺/内臓の組織サンプル、、の調製のための方法を説明します。

ビデオ: Tissue Preparation and Immunostaining of Mouse Sensory Nerve Fibers Innervating Skin and Limb Bones

Preparation of Mouse Brain Tissue for Immunoelectron Microscopy

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is extremely useful for visualizing microglial, oligodendrocytic, astrocytic, and neuronal subcellular compartments (dendrite, dendritic spine, axon, axon terminal, perikaryon), as well as their intracellular organelles and cytoskeleton, in the central nervous system at high spatial resolution. Combined with TEM, pre-embedding immunocytochemistry allows the discrimination of cellular elements with few distinctive features and identification criteria (e.g., microglial perikarya and processes, when using an antibody against the microglia-specific marker Iba1 (ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1; as presented here)), identifying the neurotransmitter contents of cellular elements (e.g., serotonergic) and their ultrastructural localization of soluble or membrane-bound proteins (e.g., 5 HT1A and EphA4 receptors). Here, we describe a protocol for transcardiac perfusion of mice with acrolein fixative, removal and sectioning of the brain, as well as immunoperoxidase-diaminobenzidine (DAB) staining, resin embedding, and ultrathin sectioning of the brain sections. Upon completion of these procedures, the immunostained material is ready for examination with TEM. When rigorously performed, this technique provides an excellent compromise between optimal ultrastructural preservation and immunocytochemical detection.

We describe a protocol for transcardiac perfusion of mice, removal and sectioning of the brain, as well as immunoperoxidase staining, resin embedding, and ultrathin sectioning of the brain sections. Upon completion of these procedures, the immunostained material is ready for examination with transmission electron microscopy.

免疫電子顕微鏡のためのマウスの脳組織の準備

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is extremely useful for visualizing microglial, oligodendrocytic, astrocytic, and neuronal subcellular compartments ...

神経科学

Imaging Pheromone Sensing in a Mouse Vomeronasal Acute Tissue Slice Preparation

Peter Karlson and Martin L&uuml;scher used the term pheromone for the first time in 19591 to describe chemicals used for intra-species communication. Pheromones are volatile or non-volatile short-lived molecules2 secreted and/or contained in biological fluids3,4, such as urine, a liquid known to be a main source of pheromones3. Pheromonal communication is implicated in a variety of key animal modalities such as kin interactions5,6, hierarchical organisations3 and sexual interactions7,8 and are consequently directly correlated with the survival of a given species9,10,11. In mice, the ability to detect pheromones is principally mediated by the vomeronasal organ (VNO)10,12, a paired structure located at the base of the nasal cavity, and enclosed in a cartilaginous capsule. Each VNO has a tubular shape with a lumen13,14 allowing the contact with the external chemical world. The sensory neuroepithelium is principally composed of vomeronasal bipolar sensory neurons (VSNs)15. Each VSN extends a single dendrite to the lumen ending in a large dendritic knob bearing up to 100 microvilli implicated in chemical detection16. Numerous subpopulations of VSNs are present. They are differentiated by the chemoreceptor they express and thus possibly by the ligand(s) they recognize17,18. Two main vomeronasal receptor families, V1Rs and V2Rs19,20,21,22, are composed respectively by 24023 and 12024 members and are expressed in separate layers of the neuroepithelium. Olfactory receptors (ORs)25 and formyl peptide receptors (FPRs)26,27 are also expressed in VSNs.
Whether or not these neuronal subpopulations use the same downstream signalling pathway for sensing pheromones is unknown. Despite a major role played by a calcium-permeable channel (TRPC2) present in the microvilli of mature neurons28 TRPC2 independent transduction channels have been suggested6,29. Due to the high number of neuronal subpopulations and the peculiar morphology of the organ, pharmacological and physiological investigations of the signalling elements present in the VNO are complex.
Here, we present an acute tissue slice preparation of the mouse VNO for performing calcium imaging investigations. This physiological approach allows observations, in the natural environment of a living tissue, of general or individual subpopulations of VSNs previously loaded with Fura-2AM, a calcium dye. This method is also convenient for studying any GFP-tagged pheromone receptor and is adaptable for the use of other fluorescent calcium probes. As an example, we use here a VG mouse line30, in which the translation of the pheromone V1rb2 receptor is linked to the expression of GFP by a polycistronic strategy.

In mice, the ability to detect pheromones is principally mediated by the vomeronasal organ (VNO). Here, an acute tissue slice preparation of VNO for performing calcium imaging is described. This physiological approach allows observations of subpopulations and/or individual neurons in a living tissue and is convenient for receptor-ligand identification.

マウス鋤鼻急性組織スライス標本のイメージングフェロモンセンシング

Peter Karlson and Martin L&uuml;scher used the term pheromone for the first time in 19591 to describe chemicals used for intra-species communication. ...

Selective Tracing of Auditory Fibers in the Avian Embryonic Vestibulocochlear Nerve

The embryonic chick is a widely used model for the study of peripheral and central ganglion cell projections. In the auditory system, selective labeling of auditory axons within the VIIIth cranial nerve would enhance the study of central auditory circuit development. This approach is challenging because multiple sensory organs of the inner ear contribute to the VIIIth nerve 1. Moreover, markers that reliably distinguish auditory versus vestibular groups of axons within the avian VIIIth nerve have yet to be identified. Auditory and vestibular pathways cannot be distinguished functionally in early embryos, as sensory-evoked responses are not present before the circuits are formed. Centrally projecting VIIIth nerve axons have been traced in some studies, but auditory axon labeling was accompanied by labeling from other VIIIth nerve components 2,3. Here, we describe a method for anterograde tracing from the acoustic ganglion to selectively label auditory axons within the developing VIIIth nerve. First, after partial dissection of the anterior cephalic region of an 8-day chick embryo immersed in oxygenated artificial cerebrospinal fluid, the cochlear duct is identified by anatomical landmarks. Next, a fine pulled glass micropipette is positioned to inject a small amount of rhodamine dextran amine into the duct and adjacent deep region where the acoustic ganglion cells are located. Within thirty minutes following the injection, auditory axons are traced centrally into the hindbrain and can later be visualized following histologic preparation. This method provides a useful tool for developmental studies of peripheral to central auditory circuit formation.

Here we describe a microdissection technique followed by fluorescent dye injection into the acoustic ganglion of early chick embryos for selective tracing of auditory axon fibers in the nerve and hindbrain.

鳥類胚性内耳神経における聴覚繊維の選択的なトレース

The embryonic chick is a widely used model for the study of peripheral and central ganglion cell projections. In the auditory system, selective labeling ...

An Isolated Semi-intact Preparation of the Mouse Vestibular Sensory Epithelium for Electrophysiology and High-resolution Two-photon Microscopy

Understanding vestibular hair cells function under normal conditions, or how trauma, disease, and aging disrupt this function is a vital step in the development of preventative approaches and/or novel therapeutic strategies. However, the majority of studies looking at abnormal vestibular function have not been at the cellular level but focused primarily on behavioral assays of vestibular dysfunction such as gait analyses and vestibulo-ocular reflex performance. While this work has yielded valuable data about what happens when things go wrong, little information is gleaned regarding the underlying causes of dysfunction. Of the studies that focus on the cellular and subcellular processes that underlie vestibular function, most have relied on acutely isolated hair cells, devoid of their synaptic connections and supporting cell environment. Therefore, a major technical challenge has been access to the exquisitely sensitive vestibular hair cells in a preparation that is least disrupted, physiologically. Here we demonstrate a semi-intact preparation of the mouse vestibular sensory epithelium that retains the local micro-environment including hair cell/primary afferent complexes.

Analysis of vestibular hair cell function is complicated by their location deep within the hardest part of the skull, the petrous temporal bone. Most functional hair cell studies have used acutely isolated hair cells. Here we describe a semi-intact preparation of mouse vestibular epithelium for electrophysiological and two-photon microscopy studies.

電気生理学および高分解能二光子顕微鏡用マウス前庭感覚上皮の切り抜き半無傷準備

Understanding vestibular hair cells function  under normal conditions, or how trauma, disease, and aging disrupt this  function is a vital step in the ...

Flat Mount Imaging of Mouse Skin and Its Application to the Analysis of Hair Follicle Patterning and Sensory Axon Morphology

Skin is a highly heterogeneous tissue. Intra-dermal structures include hair follicles, arrector pili muscles, epidermal specializations (such as Merkel cell clusters), sebaceous glands, nerves and nerve endings, and capillaries. The spatial arrangement of these structures is tightly controlled on a microscopic scale - as seen, for example, in the orderly arrangement of cell types within a single hair follicle - and on a macroscopic scale - as seen by the nearly identical orientations of thousands of hair follicles within a local region of skin. Visualizing these structures without physically sectioning the skin is possible because of the 2-dimensional geometry of this organ. In this protocol, we show that mouse skin can be dissected, fixed, permeabilized, stained, and clarified as an intact two dimensional object, a flat mount. The protocol allows for easy visualization of skin structures in their entirety through the full thickness of large areas of skin by optical sectioning and reconstruction. Images of these structures can also be integrated with information about position and orientation relative to the body axes.

Mammalian skin contains a diverse array of structures - such as hair follicles and nerve endings - that exhibit distinctive patterns of spatial organization. Analyzing skin as a flat mount takes advantage of the 2-dimensional geometry of this tissue to produce full-thickness high-resolution images of skin structures.

マウス皮膚や毛包パターニングおよび感覚軸索形態の解析への応用のフラットマウントイメージング

Skin is a highly heterogeneous tissue. Intra-dermal structures include hair follicles, arrector pili muscles, epidermal specializations (such as Merkel ...

Whole-mount Imaging of Mouse Embryo Sensory Axon Projections

The visualization of full-length neuronal projections in embryos is essential to gain an understanding of how mammalian neuronal networks develop. Here we describe a method to label in situ a subset of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) axon projections to assess their phenotypic characteristics using several genetically manipulated mouse lines. The TrkA-positive neurons are nociceptor neurons, dedicated to the transmission of pain signals. We utilize a TrkAtaulacZ mouse line to label the trajectories of all TrkA-positive peripheral axons in the intact mouse embryo. We further breed the TrkAtaulacZ line onto a Bax null background, which essentially abolishes neuronal apoptosis, in order to assess growth-related questions independently of possible effects of genetic manipulations on neuronal survival. Subsequently, genetically modified mice of interest are bred with the TrkAtaulacZ/Bax null line and are then ready for study using the techniques described herein. This presentation includes detailed information on mouse breeding plans, genotyping at the time of dissection, tissue preparation, staining and clearing to allow for visualization of full-length axonal trajectories in whole-mount preparation.

We present here an optimized protocol to genotype, stain and prepare fetal mice for the imaging of peripheral nociceptor axon projections in the whole animal, as an effective method to assess sensory axon growth phenotypes in developing genetically engineered mice.

マウスの胚感覚軸索投影のホールマウントイメージング

The visualization of full-length neuronal projections in embryos is essential to gain an understanding of how mammalian neuronal networks develop. Here we ...

Three-dimensional Imaging and Analysis of Mitochondria within Human Intraepidermal Nerve Fibers

The goal of this protocol is to study mitochondria within intraepidermal nerve fibers. Therefore, 3D imaging and analysis techniques were developed to isolate nerve-specific mitochondria and evaluate disease-induced alterations of mitochondria in the distal tip of sensory nerves. The protocol combines fluorescence immunohistochemistry, confocal microscopy and 3D image analysis techniques to visualize and quantify nerve-specific mitochondria. Detailed parameters are defined throughout the procedures in order to provide a concrete example of how to use these techniques to isolate nerve-specific mitochondria. Antibodies were used to label nerve and mitochondrial signals within tissue sections of skin punch biopsies, which was followed by indirect immunofluorescence to visualize nerves and mitochondria with a green and red fluorescent signal respectively. Z-series images were acquired with confocal microscopy and 3D analysis software was used to process and analyze the signals. It is not necessary to follow the exact parameters described within, but it is important to be consistent with the ones chosen throughout the staining, acquisition and analysis steps. The strength of this protocol is that it is applicable to a wide variety of circumstances where one fluorescent signal is used to isolate other signals that would otherwise be impossible to study alone.

This protocol uses three-dimensional (3D) imaging and analysis techniques to visualize and quantify nerve-specific mitochondria. The techniques are applicable to other situations where one fluorescent signal is used to isolate a subset of data from another fluorescent signal.

三次元画像と人間の表皮内神経線維内のミトコンドリアの解析

The goal of this protocol is to study mitochondria within intraepidermal nerve fibers. Therefore, 3D imaging and analysis techniques were developed to ...

A Method to Target and Isolate Airway-innervating Sensory Neurons in Mice

Somatosensory nerves transduce thermal, mechanical, chemical, and noxious stimuli caused by both endogenous and environmental agents. The cell bodies of these afferent neurons are located within the sensory ganglia. Sensory ganglia innervate a specific organ or portion of the body. For instance, the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) are located in the vertebral column and extend processes throughout the body and limbs. The trigeminal ganglia are located in the skull and innervate the face, and upper airways. Vagal afferents of the nodose ganglia extend throughout the gut, heart, and lungs. The nodose neurons control a diverse array of functions such as: respiratory rate, airway irritation, and cough reflexes. Thus, to understand and manipulate their function, it is critical to identify and isolate airway specific neuronal sub-populations. In the mouse, the airways are exposed to a fluorescent tracer dye, Fast Blue, for retrograde tracing of airway-specific nodose neurons. The nodose ganglia are dissociated and fluorescence activated cell (FAC) sorting is used to collect dye positive cells. Next, high quality ribonucleic acid (RNA) is extracted from dye positive cells for next generation sequencing. Using this method airway specific neuronal gene expression is determined.

Organ specific sensory neurons are difficult to identify. Fast Blue tracing is used to identify nodose neurons innervating the airways for cell sorting. Sorted nodose neurons are used to extract high quality ribonucleic acid (RNA) for sequencing. Using this protocol, gene expression of airway specific neurons is determined.

方法は、標的とマウスにおけるアイソ気道-神経支配感覚ニューロンへ

Somatosensory nerves transduce thermal, mechanical, chemical, and noxious stimuli caused by both endogenous and environmental agents. The cell bodies of ...

Physiological Preparation of Hair Cells from the Sacculus of the American Bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana)

The study of hearing and balance rests upon insights drawn from biophysical studies of model systems. One such model, the sacculus of the American bullfrog, has become a mainstay of auditory and vestibular research. Studies of this organ have revealed how sensory cells hair can actively detect signals from the environment. Because of these studies, we now better understand the mechanical gating and localization of a hair cell&#39;s transduction channels, calcium&#39;s role in mechanical adaptation, and the identity of hair cell currents. This highly accessible organ continues to provide insight into the workings of hair cells. Here we describe the preparation of the bullfrog&#39;s sacculus for biophysical studies on its hair cells. We include the complete dissection procedure and provide specific protocols for the preparation of the sacculus in specific contexts. We additionally include representative results using this preparation, including the calculation of a hair bundle&#39;s instantaneous force-displacement relation and measurement of a bundle&#39;s spontaneous oscillation.

Physiological Preparation of Hair Cells from the Sacculus of the American Bullfrog Rana catesbeiana

The American bullfrog&#39;s (Rana catesbeiana) sacculus permits direct examination of hair-cell physiology. Here the dissection and preparation of the bullfrog&#39;s sacculus for biophysical studies is described. We show representative experiments from these hair cells, including the calculation of a bundle&#39;s force-displacement relation and measurement of its unforced motion.

ウシガエルの球形嚢（からの有毛細胞の生理的な準備<em&gt;ウシガエル</em&gt;）

The study of hearing and balance rests upon insights drawn from biophysical studies of model systems. One such model, the sacculus of the American ...

Quadruple Immunostaining of the Olfactory Bulb for Visualization of Olfactory Sensory Axon Molecular Identity Codes

The mouse olfactory system is often used to study mechanisms of neural circuit formation&#12288;because of its simple anatomical structure. An Olfactory Sensory Neuron (OSN) is a bipolar cell with a single dendrite and a single unbranched axon. An OSN expresses only one Olfactory Receptor (OR) gene, OSNs expressing a given type of OR converge their axons to a few sets of invariant glomeruli in the Olfactory Bulb (OB). A remarkable feature of OSN projection is that the expressed ORs play instructive roles in axonal projection. ORs regulate the expression of multiple axon-sorting molecules and generate the combinatorial molecular code of axon-sorting molecules at the OSN axon termini. Thus, to understand the molecular mechanisms of OR-specific axon guidance mechanisms, it is vital to characterize their expression profiles at the OSN axon termini within the same glomerulus. The aim of this article was to introduce methods for collecting as many glomeruli as possible on a single OB section and for performing immunostaining using multiple antibodies. This would allow the comparison and analysis of the expression patterns of axon-sorting molecules without staining variation between OB sections.

Olfactory sensory neurons express a wide variety of axon-sorting molecules to establish proper neural circuitry. This protocol describes an immunohistochemical staining method to visualize combinatorial expressions of axon-sorting molecules at the axon termini of olfactory sensory neurons.

嗅覚神経軸索分子識別コードの視覚化のための嗅球の四重免疫染色

The mouse olfactory system is often used to study mechanisms of neural circuit formation&#12288;because of its simple anatomical structure. An Olfactory ...