我々はCF1βに対する抗血清に対してオリビエヴァロンに感謝します。この作品は、マックス·プランク協会とドイツ学術振興（SCHR 617/5-1）とBundesministeriumエリーゼのためBildung undのForschung（システムバイオロジーイニシアティブFORSYS、プロジェクトGoFORSYS）からの補助金によって支えられている。

<ol>
	<li>Perrakis, A., Musacchio, A., Cusack, S., Petosa, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Investigating+a+macromolecular+complex:+the+toolkit+of+methods.">Investigating a macromolecular complex: the toolkit of methods.</a> J. Struct. Biol. 175, 106-112 (2011).</li><li>Gavin, A. C., Maeda, K., Kuhner, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recent+advances+in+charting+protein-protein+interaction:+mass+spectrometry-based+approaches.">Recent advances in charting protein-protein interaction: mass spectrometry-based approaches.</a> Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 22, 42-49 (2011).</li><li>Markham, K., Bai, Y., Schmitt-Ulms, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Co-immunoprecipitations+revisited:+an+update+on+experimental+concepts+and+their+implementation+for+sensitive+interactome+investigations+of+endogenous+proteins.">Co-immunoprecipitations revisited: an update on experimental concepts and their implementation for sensitive interactome investigations of endogenous proteins.</a> Anal. Bioanal. 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M., Muhlhaus, T., Schroda, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=New+insights+into+the+roles+of+molecular+chaperones+in+Chlamydomonas+and+Volvox.">New insights into the roles of molecular chaperones in Chlamydomonas and Volvox.</a> International review of cell and molecular biology. 285, 75-113 (2010).</li><li>Mayer, M. P., Bukau, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hsp70+chaperones:+cellular+functions+and+molecular+mechanism.">Hsp70 chaperones: cellular functions and molecular mechanism.</a> Cell Mol. Life Sci. 62, 670-684 (2005).</li><li>Schroda, M., Vallon, O., Whitelegge, J. P., Beck, C. F., Wollman, F. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+chloroplastic+GrpE+homolog+of+Chlamydomonas:+two+isoforms+generated+by+differential+splicing.">The chloroplastic GrpE homolog of Chlamydomonas: two isoforms generated by differential splicing.</a> The Plant Cell. 13, 2823-2839 (2001).</li><li>Willmund, F., Schroda, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=HEAT+SHOCK+PROTEIN+90C+is+a+bona+fide+Hsp90+that+interacts+with+plastidic+HSP70B+in+Chlamydomonas+reinhardtii.">HEAT SHOCK PROTEIN 90C is a bona fide Hsp90 that interacts with plastidic HSP70B in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.</a> Plant Physiol. 138, 2310-2322 (2005).</li><li>Harris, E. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> The Chlamydomonas Sourcebook: Introduction to Chlamydomonas and Its Laboratory Use. , (2008).</li><li>Mortensen, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=MSQuant,+an+open+source+platform+for+mass+spectrometry-based+quantitative+proteomics.">MSQuant, an open source platform for mass spectrometry-based quantitative proteomics.</a> J. Proteome Res. 9, 393-403 (2010).</li><li>M?hlhaus, T., Weiss, J., Hemme, D., Sommer, F., Schroda, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitative+Shotgun+Proteomics+Using+a+Uniform+15N-Labeled+Standard+to+Monitor+Proteome+Dynamics+in+Time+Course+Experiments+Reveals+New+Insights+into+the+Heat+Stress+Response+of+Chlamydomonas+reinhardtii.">Quantitative Shotgun Proteomics Using a Uniform 15N-Labeled Standard to Monitor Proteome Dynamics in Time Course Experiments Reveals New Insights into the Heat Stress Response of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.</a> Mol. Cell Proteomics. 10, (2011).</li><li>Bukau, B., Horwich, A. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Hsp70+and+Hsp60+chaperone+machines.">The Hsp70 and Hsp60 chaperone machines.</a> Cell. 92, 351-366 (1998).</li><li>Wandinger, S. K., Richter, K., Buchner, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Hsp90+chaperone+machinery.">The Hsp90 chaperone machinery.</a> J. Biol. Chem. 283, 18473-18477 (2008).</li></ol>

特別な利害関係は宣言されません。

一過性のタンパク質-タンパク質相互作用（QUICK-X）を捕捉するための架橋工程、及び不平等降水効率6を標準化するための制御降水量：我々は最近、2つの簡単なアプローチへの改良を導入しています。ここでは、クイックの2以上の改善が含まれているプロトコル提示します：最初に、我々は、15 Nの代謝標識用SILAC 5を交換してください 。利点は、15 Nは単純な無機塩として提供されている場合は、15 N代謝標識は、SILACよりもはるかに安価であるということです。更に、早い15 N代謝標識で最も植物、菌類やバクテリアのように、すべてのアミノ酸のための生物の原栄養に適用することができます。そして最後に、SILAC 5,6に固有アルギニン·ツー·プロリン相互変換は、15 N標識ペプチドの定量化のための問題を提示しません。 15 Nプロテオミクスデータを定量的に評価するのに適したツールの例としては、12アールMSQUANTまたはIOMIQS 13。 第二に、我々は、特に別の対つのサンプル内の指定された標的タンパク質と相互作用するタンパク質の量を減らすための手段として、親和性の変調をご紹介します。このアプローチの利点は、それはいくつかのモデル·システムのために生成することが困難であるか、すべての本質的な標的タンパク質の場合では生成されませんノックダウン変異体の建設を回避することである。また、それは潜在的に標的タンパク質をノックダウンに対する細胞の応答として発生する差動タンパク質発現によって引き起こされる誤解を避けることができます他のタンパク質も同様にダウンレギュレートされ、免疫沈降に使用する抗血清と交差反応するなら、それらは解釈されてしまう標的タンパク質の真の相互作用パートナーとして。最後に、親和性の変調は、適切な抗体に抗原比を見つけることの必要性を消失させる。 我々は、モデル生物としてクラミドモナスに我々のプロトコルを適用していますが、それは容易に細胞培養で増殖させ、窒素源としてアンモニアや硝酸を使用することができますすることができる任意の他の生物に適応させることができます。 ATP / ADPによるタンパク質複合体の親和性は、直接変調GroEL/HSP60/Cpn60またはHSP90シャペロンシステム14,15のように、場所や他のシステムに、その相互作用基質およびコホートタンパク質とATPの状態に依存する他のシャペロンにも適用することができる結合親和性は、ATPによって変調される。親和性調節は、タンパク質間相互作用の間の親和性は、HSP90システム15の場合ラディシコールまたはゲルダナマイシンのような特定の薬によって変更される場合のために働く必要があります。 我々のプロトコルの明確な制限は、パートナータンパク質に対する親和性を調節する特定の治療/薬物に敏感であることが知られている標的タンパク質に対してアフィニティー精製抗体を必要とするということです。したがって、それはハイスループット法ではありません。

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> 試薬の名称 </td><td> 会社 </td><td> カタログ番号 </td><td> コメント（オプション） </td></tr><tr><td>プロテインAセファロース</td><td>シグマアルドリッチ</td><td> P3391 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> DMP（ジメチルpimelimidate） </td><td>シグマアルドリッチ</td><td> D8388 </td><td> -20℃で乾燥保管し、使用する前に直接溶かす</td></tr><tr><td>プロテアーゼ阻害剤（完全、EDTAを含まない） </td><td>ロシュ·ダイアグノスティックス</td><td> 11873580001 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> ATP（アデノシン-5&#39;-triphosphat） </td><td>カール·ロート</td><td> K054 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td>クレアチンリン酸</td><td>シグマアルドリッチ</td><td> 27920 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td>クレアチンホスホキナーゼ</td><td>シグマアルドリッチ</td><td> C7886 </td><td>; </td></tr><tr><td> DSPジチオビス[スクシンイミジルプロピオネート] </td><td> Sientificサーモ</td><td> 22585 </td><td> 4で乾燥℃で保存</td></tr><tr><td> 15 NH 4 Clを </td><td>ケンブリッジアイソトープラボラトリーズ、アンドーバー、マサチューセッツ州</td><td> NLM-467 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td>のLys-C（エンドプロテイナーゼ のLys-C） </td><td>ロシュ·ダイアグノスティックス</td><td> 11047825001 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td>トリプシンビーズ（Poroszymeはトリプシンを固定化） </td><td>アプライドバイオシステムズ</td><td> 2-3127-00 </td><td>直接使用する前に、精力的に混ぜる</td></tr><tr><td> C 18 47ミリメートルディスクをEmpore </td><td>バリアン</td><td> 12145004 </td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

a protocol for the identification of protein-protein interactions based on 15n metabolic labeling, immunoprecipitation, quantitative mass spectrometry and affinity modulation

タンパク質 - タンパク質相互作用は、細胞内の多くの生物学的プロセスのための基本となります。したがって、それらの特性は、現在の研究に重要な役割を果たしており、その調査のための方法の茄多が1利用可能です。タンパク質-タンパク質相互作用は、しばしば非常に動的であり、細胞内局在、翻訳後修飾と局所的なタンパク質の環境2に依存するかもしれません。したがって、これらは共免疫沈降アプローチは選択肢3の方法であるため、それらの自然環境の中で検討すべきである。共沈相互作用パートナーが関連性の低い方法でターゲットを絞ったアプローチで、または質量分析（LC-MS/MS）によるイムノブロッティングのいずれかで識別されています。後者の戦略は、しばしば悪影響を自信を持って、主に非特異的にタンパク質を沈殿させるの痕跡を検出現代の質量分析計の高感度に由来する偽陽性発見、大量の数に影響されます。 recenこの問題を克服するためのtのアプローチが考えに基づいている非特異的に沈殿するタンパク質の量は影響を受けなければならないときに、特定の相互作用パートナーの減少量は、細胞内濃度RNAiにより低減され与えられた標的タンパク質と共沈すること。このアプローチは、ノック4と組み合わせることで定量的な免疫沈降のためのクイックと呼ばれる野生型およびノックダウン株から免疫沈降したタンパク質の量を定量化するための安定同位体細胞培養におけるアミノ酸のラベリング（SILAC）5とMSを採用しています。 1:1の比率で見つかったタンパク質は、汚染物質、標的タンパク質の特異的な相互作用パートナーとして野生型から沈殿に富んだものとみなすことができる。革新が、QUICKは、いくつかの制限を負います：まず最初に、SILACはコストがかかり、理想的にはアルギニン及び/またはリジン要求性である生物に制限されています。 ADDITでまた、重いアルギニンが供給され、アルギニンからプロリン相互変換の結果ペプチドの各プロリンionalマスのシフトと若干5,6定量がもっと退屈であまり正確になり光アルギニン、と重い薄め。第二に、QUICKは、抗体は、彼らがノックダウン変異体からの抽出物中の標的タンパク質で飽和しないように滴定されている必要があります。 ここでは、15 Nの代謝標識用SILACを置き換えることにより、タンパク質-タンパク質相互作用の親和性の変調のためにRNAiによるノックダウンを置き換えることにより、QUICK上記の限界を克服する修正されたクイックプロトコルを紹介します。我々は、単細胞緑藻クラミドモナスのモデル生物と標的タンパク質7（ 図1）のような葉緑体HSP70Bシャペロンとしてクラミドモナス使用して、このプロトコルの適用性を実証する。 HSP70sのみのADP状態8で特定の共同シャペロンと基質と相互作用することが知られている。我々は、特定性を確認する手段として、この性質を利用そのヌクレオチド交換因子CGE1 9とHSP70Bの相互作用。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Protocol for the Identification of Protein-protein Interactions Based on 15N Metabolic Labeling, Immunoprecipitation, Quantitative Mass Spectrometry and Aff

A Protocol for the Identification of Protein-protein Interactions Based on 15N Metabolic Labeling, Immunoprecipitation, Quantitative Mass Spectrometry and Affinity Modulation

私たちは、真と偽のタンパク質 - タンパク質相互作用を区別する以前に導入されたクイック（ノックダウンと組み合わせる定量免疫沈降）アプローチのバリエーションを提示します。私たちのアプローチはに基づいている<sup&gt; 15N</sup&gt;代謝標識ATPの存在/不在によるタンパク質 - タンパク質相互作用の親和性の調節、免疫沈降、および定量的質量分析。

に基づいて、タンパク質 - タンパク質相互作用の同定のためのプロトコル<sup&gt; 15</sup&gt; Nの代謝標識、免疫沈降法、定量的質量分析法と親和性調節

Protein-protein interactions are fundamental for many biological processes in the cell. Therefore, their characterization plays an important role in ...

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Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

A Protocol for the Identification of Protein-protein Interactions Based on 15N Metabolic Labeling, Immunoprecipitation, Quantitative Mass Spectrometry and Affinity Modulation

20.4K ビュー.  Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology. 私たちは、真と偽のタンパク質 - タンパク質相互作用を区別する以前に導入されたクイック（ノックダウンと組み合わせる定量免疫沈降）アプローチのバリエーションを提示します。私たちのアプローチはに基づいている 15N代謝標識ATPの存在/不在によるタンパク質 - タンパク質相互作用の親和性の調節、免疫沈降、および定量的質量分析。

ビデオ: A Protocol for the Identification of Protein-protein Interactions Based on 15N Metabolic Labeling, Immunoprecipitation, Quantitative Mass Spectrometry and Affinity Modulation

MALDI Sample Preparation: the Ultra Thin Layer Method

This video demonstrates the preparation of an ultra-thin matrix/analyte layer for analyzing peptides and proteins by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-MS) 1,2. The ultra-thin layer method involves the production of a substrate layer of matrix crystals (alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid) on the sample plate, which serves as a seeding ground for subsequent crystallization of a matrix/analyte mixture. Advantages of the ultra-thin layer method over other sample deposition approaches (e.g. dried droplet) are that it provides (i) greater tolerance to impurities such as salts and detergents, (ii) better resolution, and (iii) higher spatial uniformity. This method is especially useful for the accurate mass determination of proteins. The protocol was initially developed and optimized for the analysis of membrane proteins and used to successfully analyze ion channels, metabolite transporters, and receptors, containing between 2 and 12 transmembrane domains 2. Since the original publication, it has also shown to be equally useful for the analysis of soluble proteins. Indeed, we have used it for a large number of proteins having a wide range of properties, including those with molecular masses as high as 380 kDa 3. It is currently our method of choice for the molecular mass analysis of all proteins. The described procedure consistently produces high-quality spectra, and it is sensitive, robust, and easy to implement.

This video demonstrates the preparation of an ultra-thin matrix/analyte layer for analyzing peptides and proteins by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-MS).

MALDIサンプル調製：超薄層法

This video demonstrates the preparation of an ultra-thin matrix/analyte layer for analyzing peptides and proteins by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption ...

生物学

A Quantitative Assessment of The Yeast Lipidome using Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry

Lipids are one of the major classes of biomolecules and play important roles membrane dynamics, energy storage, and signalling1-4. The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a genetically and biochemically manipulable unicellular eukaryote with annotated genome and very simple lipidome, is a valuable model for studying biological functions of various lipid species in multicellular eukaryotes2,3,5. S. cerevisiae has 10 major classes of lipids with chain lengths mainly of 16 or 18 carbon atoms and either zero or one degree of unsaturation6,7. Existing methods for lipid identification and quantification - such as high performance liquid chromatography, thin-layer chromatography, fluorescence microscopy, and gas chromatography followed by MS - are well established but have low sensitivity, insufficiently separate various molecular forms of lipids, require lipid derivitization prior to analysis, or can be quite time consuming. Here we present a detailed description of our experimental approach to solve these inherent limitations by using survey-scan ESI/MS for the identification and quantification of the entire complement of lipids in yeast cells. The described method does not require chromatographic separation of complex lipid mixtures recovered from yeast cells, thereby greatly accelerating the process of data acquisition. This method enables lipid identification and quantification at the concentrations as low as g/ml and has been successfully applied to assessing lipidomes of whole yeast cells and their purified organelles. Lipids extraction from whole yeast cells for using this method of lipid analysis takes two to three hours. It takes only five to ten minutes to run each sample of extracted and dried lipids on a Q-TOF mass spectrometer equipped with a nano-electrospray source.

We describe a new quantitative lipidomics method for identifying numerous lipid species in yeast using survey-scan electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI/MS). This method exceeds currently available methods for lipid identification and quantification in the ability to resolve various molecular forms of lipids, sensitivity, and speed.

エレクトロスプレーイオン化質量分析法を用いて酵母Lipidomeの定量評価

Lipids are one of the major classes of biomolecules and play important roles membrane dynamics, energy storage, and signalling1-4. The budding yeast ...

Identification of Protein Complexes in Escherichia coli using Sequential Peptide Affinity Purification in Combination with Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Since most cellular processes are mediated by macromolecular assemblies, the systematic identification of protein-protein interactions (PPI) and the identification of the subunit composition of multi-protein complexes can provide insight into gene function and enhance understanding of biological systems1, 2. Physical interactions can be mapped with high confidence vialarge-scale isolation and characterization of endogenous protein complexes under near-physiological conditions based on affinity purification of chromosomally-tagged proteins in combination with mass spectrometry (APMS). This approach has been successfully applied in evolutionarily diverse organisms, including yeast, flies, worms, mammalian cells, and bacteria1-6. In particular, we have generated a carboxy-terminal Sequential Peptide Affinity (SPA) dual tagging system for affinity-purifying native protein complexes from cultured gram-negative Escherichia coli, using genetically-tractable host laboratory strains that are well-suited for genome-wide investigations of the fundamental biology and conserved processes of prokaryotes1, 2, 7. Our SPA-tagging system is analogous to the tandem affinity purification method developed originally for yeast8, 9, and consists of a calmodulin binding peptide (CBP) followed by the cleavage site for the highly specific tobacco etch virus (TEV) protease and three copies of the FLAG epitope (3X FLAG), allowing for two consecutive rounds of affinity enrichment. After cassette amplification, sequence-specific linear PCR products encoding the SPA-tag and a selectable marker are integrated and expressed in frame as carboxy-terminal fusions in a DY330 background that is induced to transiently express a highly efficient heterologous bacteriophage lambda recombination system10. Subsequent dual-step purification using calmodulin and anti-FLAG affinity beads enables the highly selective and efficient recovery of even low abundance protein complexes from large-scale cultures. Tandem mass spectrometry is then used to identify the stably co-purifying proteins with high sensitivity (low nanogram detection limits).
Here, we describe detailed step-by-step procedures we commonly use for systematic protein tagging, purification and mass spectrometry-based analysis of soluble protein complexes from E. coli, which can be scaled up and potentially tailored to other bacterial species, including certain opportunistic pathogens that are amenable to recombineering. The resulting physical interactions can often reveal interesting unexpected components and connections suggesting novel mechanistic links. Integration of the PPI data with alternate molecular association data such as genetic (gene-gene) interactions and genomic-context (GC) predictions can facilitate elucidation of the global molecular organization of multi-protein complexes within biological pathways. The networks generated for E. coli can be used to gain insight into the functional architecture of orthologous gene products in other microbes for which functional annotations are currently lacking.

Identification of Protein Complexes in Escherichia coli using Sequential Peptide Affinity Purification in Combination with Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Affinity purification of tagged proteins in combination with mass spectrometry (APMS) is a powerful method for the systematic mapping of protein interaction networks and for investigating the mechanistic basis of biological processes. Here, we describe an optimized sequential peptide affinity (SPA) APMS procedure developed for the bacterium Escherichia coli that can be used to isolate and characterize stable multi-protein complexes to near homogeneity even starting from low copy numbers per cell.

のタンパク質複合体の同定<em&gt;大腸菌</em&gt;タンデム質量分析との組み合わせでシーケンシャルペプチドアフィニティ精製を用いた

Since most cellular processes are mediated by macromolecular assemblies, the systematic identification of protein-protein interactions (PPI) and the ...

A New Approach for the Comparative Analysis of Multiprotein Complexes Based on 15N Metabolic Labeling and Quantitative Mass Spectrometry

The introduced protocol provides a tool for the analysis of multiprotein complexes in the thylakoid membrane, by revealing insights into complex composition under different conditions. In this protocol the approach is demonstrated by comparing the composition of the protein complex responsible for cyclic electron flow (CEF) in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, isolated from genetically different strains. The procedure comprises the isolation of thylakoid membranes, followed by their separation into multiprotein complexes by sucrose density gradient centrifugation, SDS-PAGE, immunodetection and comparative, quantitative mass spectrometry (MS) based on differential metabolic labeling (14N/15N) of the analyzed strains. Detergent solubilized thylakoid membranes are loaded on sucrose density gradients at equal chlorophyll concentration. After ultracentrifugation, the gradients are separated into fractions, which are analyzed by mass-spectrometry based on equal volume. This approach allows the investigation of the composition within the gradient fractions and moreover to analyze the migration behavior of different proteins, especially focusing on ANR1, CAS, and PGRL1. Furthermore, this method is demonstrated by confirming the results with immunoblotting and additionally by supporting the findings from previous studies (the identification and PSI-dependent migration of proteins that were previously described to be part of the CEF-supercomplex such as PGRL1, FNR, and cyt f). Notably, this approach is applicable to address a broad range of questions for which this protocol can be adopted and e.g. used for comparative analyses of multiprotein complex composition isolated from distinct environmental conditions.

A New Approach for the Comparative Analysis of Multiprotein Complexes Based on 15N Metabolic Labeling and Quantitative Mass Spectrometry

The described comparative, quantitative proteomic approach aims at obtaining insights into the composition of multiprotein complexes&#160;under different conditions and is demonstrated by comparing genetically different strains. For quantitative analysis equal volumes of different fractions from a sucrose density gradient are mixed and analyzed by mass spectrometry.

に基づいた多タンパク質複合体の比較分析のための新たなアプローチ<sup&gt; 15</sup&gt; N代謝標識および定量的質量分析

The introduced protocol provides a tool for the analysis of multiprotein complexes in the thylakoid membrane, by revealing insights into complex ...

Investigating Protein-protein Interactions in Live Cells Using Bioluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer

Assays based on Bioluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer (BRET) provide a sensitive and reliable means to monitor protein-protein interactions in live cells. BRET is the non-radiative transfer of energy from a 'donor' luciferase enzyme to an 'acceptor' fluorescent protein. In the most common configuration of this assay, the donor is Renilla reniformis luciferase and the acceptor is Yellow Fluorescent Protein (YFP). Because the efficiency of energy transfer is strongly distance-dependent, observation of the BRET phenomenon requires that the donor and acceptor be in close proximity. To test for an interaction between two proteins of interest in cultured mammalian cells, one protein is expressed as a fusion with luciferase and the second as a fusion with YFP. An interaction between the two proteins of interest may bring the donor and acceptor sufficiently close for energy transfer to occur. Compared to other techniques for investigating protein-protein interactions, the BRET assay is sensitive, requires little hands-on time and few reagents, and is able to detect interactions which are weak, transient, or dependent on the biochemical environment found within a live cell. It is therefore an ideal approach for confirming putative interactions suggested by yeast two-hybrid or mass spectrometry proteomics studies, and in addition it is well-suited for mapping interacting regions, assessing the effect of post-translational modifications on protein-protein interactions, and evaluating the impact of mutations identified in patient DNA.

Interactions between proteins are fundamental to all cellular processes. Using Bioluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer, the interaction between a pair of proteins can be monitored in live cells and in real time. Furthermore, the effects of potentially pathogenic mutations can be assessed.

生物発光共鳴エネルギー転移を用いて生細胞中のタンパク質 - タンパク質相互作用を調査する

Assays based on Bioluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer (BRET) provide a sensitive and reliable means to monitor protein-protein interactions in live ...

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Assay for the Identification of Arabidopsis Protein-DNA Interactions In Vivo

Intricate gene regulatory networks orchestrate biological processes and developmental transitions in plants. Selective transcriptional activation and silencing of genes mediate the response of plants to environmental signals and developmental cues. Therefore, insights into the mechanisms that control plant gene expression are essential to gain a deep understanding of how biological processes are regulated in plants. The chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) technique described here is a procedure to identify the DNA-binding sites of proteins in genes or genomic regions of the model species Arabidopsis thaliana. The interactions with DNA of proteins of interest such as transcription factors, chromatin proteins or posttranslationally modified versions of histones can be efficiently analyzed with the ChIP protocol. This method is based on the fixation of protein-DNA interactions in vivo, random fragmentation of chromatin, immunoprecipitation of protein-DNA complexes with specific antibodies, and quantification of the DNA associated with the protein of interest by PCR techniques. The use of this methodology in Arabidopsis has contributed significantly to unveil transcriptional regulatory mechanisms that control a variety of plant biological processes. This approach allowed the identification of the binding sites of the Arabidopsis chromatin protein EBS to regulatory regions of the master gene of flowering FT. The impact of this protein in the accumulation of particular histone marks in the genomic region of FT was also revealed through ChIP analysis.

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Assay for the Identification of Arabidopsis Protein-DNA Interactions In Vivo

Chromatin immunoprecipitation is a powerful technique for the identification of DNA binding sites of Arabidopsis proteins in vivo. This procedure includes chromatin cross-linking and fragmentation, immunoprecipitation with selective antibodies against the protein of interest, and qPCR analysis of bound DNA. We describe a simple ChIP assay optimized for Arabidopsis plants.

シロイヌナズナタンパク質-DNA相互作用の同定のための免疫沈降アッセイクロマチン<em&gt;インビボ</em

Intricate gene regulatory networks orchestrate biological processes and developmental transitions in plants. Selective transcriptional activation and ...

Identification of MyoD Interactome Using Tandem Affinity Purification Coupled to Mass Spectrometry

Skeletal muscle terminal differentiation starts with the commitment of pluripotent mesodermal precursor cells to myoblasts. These cells have still the ability to proliferate or they can differentiate and fuse into multinucleated myotubes, which maturate further to form myofibers. Skeletal muscle terminal differentiation is orchestrated by the coordinated action of various transcription factors, in particular the members of the Muscle Regulatory Factors or MRFs (MyoD, Myogenin, Myf5, and MRF4), also called the myogenic bHLH transcription factors family. These factors cooperate with chromatin-remodeling complexes within elaborate transcriptional regulatory network to achieve skeletal myogenesis. In this, MyoD is considered the master myogenic transcription factor in triggering muscle terminal differentiation. This notion is strengthened by the ability of MyoD to convert non-muscle cells into skeletal muscle cells. Here we describe an approach used to identify MyoD protein partners in an exhaustive manner in order to elucidate the different factors involved in skeletal muscle terminal differentiation. The long-term aim is to understand the epigenetic mechanisms involved in the regulation of skeletal muscle genes, i.e., MyoD targets. MyoD partners are identified by using Tandem Affinity Purification (TAP-Tag) from a heterologous system coupled to mass spectrometry (MS) characterization, followed by validation of the role of relevant partners during skeletal muscle terminal differentiation. Aberrant forms of myogenic factors, or their aberrant regulation, are associated with a number of muscle disorders: congenital myasthenia, myotonic dystrophy, rhabdomyosarcoma and defects in muscle regeneration. As such, myogenic factors provide a pool of potential therapeutic targets in muscle disorders, both with regard to mechanisms that cause disease itself and regenerative mechanisms that can improve disease treatment. Thus, the detailed understanding of the intermolecular interactions and the genetic programs controlled by the myogenic factors is essential for the rational design of efficient therapies.

MyoD is a myogenic transcription factor with a strong capacity to induce myogenic transdifferentiation of many fully differentiated non-muscle cell lines. The epigenetic mechanisms involved in this transdifferentiation are largely unknown. Here we describe a double-affinity purification method followed by mass spectrometry to exhaustively characterize MyoD partners.

タンデムアフィニティー精製を使用してのMyoDインタラクトームの同定は、質量分析に結合します

Skeletal muscle terminal differentiation starts with the commitment of pluripotent mesodermal precursor cells to myoblasts. These cells have still the ...

Study of Protein-protein Interactions in Autophagy Research

Protein-protein interactions are important for understanding cellular signaling cascades and identifying novel pathway components and protein dynamics. The majority of cellular activities require physical interactions between proteins. To analyze and map these interactions, various experimental techniques as well as bioinformatics tools were developed. Autophagy is a cellular recycling mechanism that allows the cells to cope with different stressors, including nutrient deprivation, chemicals, and hypoxia. In order to better understand autophagy-related signaling events and to discover novel factors that regulate protein complexes in autophagy, we performed protein-protein interaction screens. Validation of these screening results requires the use of immunofluorescence and immunoprecipitation techniques. In this system, specific autophagy-related protein-protein interactions that we discovered were tested in Neuro2A (N2A) and HEK293T cell lines. Details of the technical procedures used are explained in this visualized experiment paper.

Presented here are two antibody-based protein-protein interaction research techniques: immunofluorescence and immunoprecipitation. These techniques are suitable for studying physical interactions between proteins for the discovery of novel components of cellular signaling pathways and for understanding protein dynamics.

オートファジー研究でタンパク質間相互作用の研究

Protein-protein interactions are important for understanding cellular signaling cascades and identifying novel pathway components and protein dynamics. ...

Quantification of Site-specific Protein Lysine Acetylation and Succinylation Stoichiometry Using Data-independent Acquisition Mass Spectrometry

Post-translational modification (PTM) of protein lysine residues by N&#400;-acylation induces structural changes that can dynamically regulate protein functions, for example, by changing enzymatic activity or by mediating interactions. Precise quantification of site-specific protein acylation occupancy, or stoichiometry, is essential for understanding the functional consequences of both global low-level stoichiometry and individual high-level acylation stoichiometry of specific lysine residues. Other groups have reported measurement of lysine acetylation stoichiometry by comparing the ratio of peptide precursor isotopes from endogenous, natural abundance acylation and exogenous, heavy isotope-labeled acylation introduced after quantitative chemical acetylation of proteins using stable isotope-labeled acetic anhydride. This protocol describes an optimized approach featuring several improvements, including: (1) increased chemical acylation efficiency, (2) the ability to measure protein succinylation in addition to acetylation, and (3) improved quantitative accuracy due to reduced interferences using fragment ion quantification from data-independent acquisitions (DIA) instead of precursor ion signal from data-dependent acquisition (DDA). The use of extracted peak areas from fragment ions for quantification also uniquely enables differentiation of site-level acylation stoichiometry from proteolytic peptides containing more than one lysine residue, which is not possible using precursor ion signals for quantification. Data visualization in Skyline, an open source quantitative proteomics environment, allows for convenient data inspection and review. Together, this workflow offers unbiased, precise, and accurate quantification of site-specific lysine acetylation and succinylation occupancy of an entire proteome, which may reveal and prioritize biologically relevant acylation sites.

Here, we present unbiased quantification of site-specific protein acetylation and/or succinylation occupancy (stoichiometry) of an entire proteome through a ratiometric analysis of endogenous modifications to modifications introduced after quantitative chemical acylation using stable isotope-labeled anhydrides. In combination with sensitive data-independent acquisition mass spectrometry, accurate site occupancy measurements are obtained.

部位特異的タンパク質のリジンのアセチル化のサクシニル化化学量論組成データに依存しない取得質量分析法による定量

Post-translational modification (PTM) of protein lysine residues by N&#400;-acylation induces structural changes that can dynamically regulate protein ...

SA-&#946;-Galactosidase-Based Screening Assay for the Identification of Senotherapeutic Drugs

Cell senescence is one of the hallmarks of aging known to negatively influence a healthy lifespan. Drugs able to kill senescent cells specifically in cell culture, termed senolytics, can reduce the senescent cell burden in vivo and extend healthspan. Multiple classes of senolytics have been identified to date including HSP90 inhibitors, Bcl-2 family inhibitors, piperlongumine, a FOXO4 inhibitory peptide and the combination of Dasatinib/Quercetin. Detection of SA-&#946;-Gal at an increased lysosomal pH is one of the best characterized markers for the detection of senescent cells. Live cell measurements of senescence-associated &#946;-galactosidase (SA-&#946;-Gal) activity using the fluorescent substrate C12FDG in combination with the determination of the total cell number using a DNA intercalating Hoechst dye opens the possibility to screen for senotherapeutic drugs that either reduce overall SA-&#946;-Gal activity by killing of senescent cells (senolytics) or by suppressing SA-&#946;-Gal and other phenotypes of senescent cells (senomorphics). Use of a high content fluorescent image acquisition and analysis platform allows for the rapid, high throughput screening of drug libraries for effects on SA-&#946;-Gal, cell morphology and cell number.

SA-&amp;#946;-Galactosidase-Based Screening Assay for the Identification of Senotherapeutic Drugs

Cellular senescence is the key factor in the development of chronic age-related pathologies. Identification of therapeutics that target senescent cells show promise for extending healthy aging. Here, we present a novel assay to screen for the identification of senotherapeutics based on measurement of senescence associated &#946;-Galactosidase activity in single cells.

セノ治療薬同定のためのSA-β-ガラクトーシダーゼベーススクリーニングアッセイ

Cell senescence is one of the hallmarks of aging known to negatively influence a healthy lifespan. Drugs able to kill senescent cells specifically in cell ...