著者は、技術支援のためにホセ·ルイス·デ·ラ·ベガ、エリカMelchy博士拓也西垣に感謝します。 Dirección一般デAsuntosデルパーソナルAcadémico/国立大学自治デ·メヒコ（CTへIN202212-3）;この作品はConsejoナシオナルデCiencia YTecnología（CONACyT·メキシコ）（CTに99333と128566）によってサポートされていました。

<ol>
	<li>Bouschet, T., Henley, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Calcium+as+an+extracellular+signalling+molecule:+perspectives+on+the+Calcium+Sensing+Receptor+in+the+brain.">Calcium as an extracellular signalling molecule: perspectives on the Calcium Sensing Receptor in the brain.</a> Comptes Rendus Biologies. 328, 691-700 (2005).</li><li>Darszon, A., Nishigaki, T., Beltran, C., Trevino, C. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Calcium+channels+in+the+development,+maturation,+and+function+of+spermatozoa.">Calcium channels in the development, maturation, and function of spermatozoa.</a> Physiol. Rev. 91, 1305-1355 (2011).</li><li>Esposito, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mice+deficient+for+soluble+adenylyl+cyclase+are+infertile+because+of+a+severe+sperm-motility+defect.">Mice deficient for soluble adenylyl cyclase are infertile because of a severe sperm-motility defect.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 101, 2993-2998 (2004).</li><li>Avenarius, M. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+male+infertility+caused+by+mutations+in+the+CATSPER1+channel+protein.">Human male infertility caused by mutations in the CATSPER1 channel protein.</a> American Journal of Human Genetics. 84, 505-510 (2009).</li><li>Carlson, A. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pharmacological+targeting+of+native+CatSper+channels+reveals+a+required+role+in+maintenance+of+sperm+hyperactivation.">Pharmacological targeting of native CatSper channels reveals a required role in maintenance of sperm hyperactivation.</a> PLoS ONE. 4, e6844 (2009).</li><li>Brokaw, C. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Calcium+and+flagellar+response+during+the+chemotaxis+of+bracken+spermatozoids.">Calcium and flagellar response during the chemotaxis of bracken spermatozoids.</a> J. Cell. Physiol. 83, 151-158 (1974).</li><li>Visconti, P. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Capacitation+of+mouse+spermatozoa.+II.+Protein+tyrosine+phosphorylation+and+capacitation+are+regulated+by+a+cAMP-dependent+pathway.">Capacitation of mouse spermatozoa. II. Protein tyrosine phosphorylation and capacitation are regulated by a cAMP-dependent pathway.</a> Development. 121, 1139-1150 (1995).</li><li>Svahn, H. A., van den Berg, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Single+cells+or+large+populations.">Single cells or large populations.</a> Lab on a chip. 7, 544-546 (2007).</li><li>Pepperkok, R., Ellenberg, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-throughput+fluorescence+microscopy+for+systems+biology.">High-throughput fluorescence microscopy for systems biology.</a> Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 7, 690-696 (2006).</li><li>Strunker, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+CatSper+channel+mediates+progesterone-induced+Ca2++influx+in+human+sperm.">The CatSper channel mediates progesterone-induced Ca2+ influx in human sperm.</a> Nature. 471, 382-386 (2011).</li><li>Lishko, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Control+of+Male+Fertility+by+Spermatozoan+Ion+Channels.">The Control of Male Fertility by Spermatozoan Ion Channels.</a> Annu. Rev. Physiol. , (2011).</li><li>Kao, J. P., Harootunian, A. T., Tsien, R. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Photochemically+generated+cytosolic+calcium+pulses+and+their+detection+by+fluo-3.">Photochemically generated cytosolic calcium pulses and their detection by fluo-3.</a> J. Biol. Chem. 264, 8179-8184 (1989).</li><li>Kilic, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Caged+progesterone:+a+new+tool+for+studying+rapid+nongenomic+actions+of+progesterone.">Caged progesterone: a new tool for studying rapid nongenomic actions of progesterone.</a> Journal of the American Chemical Society. 131, 4027-4030 (2009).</li><li>Lishko, P. V., Botchkina, I. L., Kirichok, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Progesterone+activates+the+principal+Ca2++channel+of+human+sperm.">Progesterone activates the principal Ca2+ channel of human sperm.</a> Nature. 471, 387-391 (2011).</li><li>Xia, J., Ren, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+BSA-induced+Ca2++influx+during+sperm+capacitation+is+CATSPER+channel-dependent.">The BSA-induced Ca2+ influx during sperm capacitation is CATSPER channel-dependent.</a> Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol. 7, 119 (2009).</li><li>Galantino-Homer, H. L., Florman, H. M., Storey, B. T., Dobrinski, I., Kopf, G. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bovine+sperm+capacitation:+assessment+of+phosphodiesterase+activity+and+intracellular+alkalinization+on+capacitation-associated+protein+tyrosine+phosphorylation.">Bovine sperm capacitation: assessment of phosphodiesterase activity and intracellular alkalinization on capacitation-associated protein tyrosine phosphorylation.</a> Mol. Reprod. Dev. 67, 487-500 (2004).</li><li>Baldi, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intracellular+calcium+accumulation+and+responsiveness+to+progesterone+in+capacitating+human+spermatozoa.">Intracellular calcium accumulation and responsiveness to progesterone in capacitating human spermatozoa.</a> J. Androl. 12, 323-330 (1991).</li></ol>

我々は、開示することは何もありません。

細胞内シグナル伝達は、ほとんどの細胞の活動のために不可欠であり、Ca 2 +の受精で、その起源から、そのライフサイクルの終わりに、彼らの全体の寿命を通して、哺乳動物細胞に伴うユビキタスメッセンジャーです。別の刺激に応答して、[のCa 2 +] iの増加、発振と時空成文とともに減少、それに応じて、多様なプロセスが起動され、変調された又はCa 2 +でエンコー...

のCa 2 +は、真核細胞内シグナル伝達経路の普遍的な二次メッセンジャーである。細胞内Ca 2 +（Ca 2 +のi）は興奮性と非興奮性細胞の両方で多くの基本的な生理的過程の調節に関与する。シグナル伝達事象中のセカンドメッセンジャーとしてのCa 2の重要性と普遍+は、セル内の情報の伝送における時空間汎用性に由来する。のCa 2 + のde novo又は細胞内で分解さ合成することはできないが、その細胞内濃度（[Ca 2 +] i）が連続的にバッファ、封鎖、区分化、および/ ​​またはカルシウム2を蓄積するさまざまな細胞機構を介して非常に厳格な限度内に維持される+。このイオンの濃度の変化は、セル1内に高度にローカライズされた地域で発生し、このような変動を解読すると、デを得るために不可欠であることができますEPERのシグナル伝達機構（1）の役割を理解すること、（2）それらの生理的重要性、および細胞シグナル伝達の（3）一般的なメカニズム。のCa 2 +を介するシグナル伝達は、精子生理学2において特に重要である。精子の運動性は、受精の成功のための最も重要な機能の一つであり、実際には、いくつかの精子の運動性の欠陥は不妊3-5を引き起こす可能性があります。のCa 2の重要性+鞭毛運動には長い間、6を認識されてきたが、どのようにのCa 2メカニズムは+鞭毛曲げ特定の形が完全に理解されていない制御します。 卵と融合する前に、精子は能、雌の管の内部の精子の住居に依存する複雑なプロセスを経る必要があります。能中、精子膜の脂質アーキテクチャおよび組織は、主に形質膜からコレステロール除去の結果として、変更される。さらに、いくつかのタンパク質はチロシン蛍光体であるylated 7。重要なことは、受精能の間に細胞内のpHの上昇液（i）との[Ca 2 +] iの 、膜電位はいくつかの種に含ま過分極でもある。能では、精子の集団（20〜40％）で行われのみ、そして、これらすべての細胞の変化に関与するメカニズムは、はるかに明確にしています。これは、一般的に生理的なインダクタにさらされたときに受精能の唯一の集団は先体反応（AR）を受けることが認められている。 ARはまた、（外側と内側の膜と特殊なオルガネラ）先体を所有しているすべての種で受精に必要なCa 2 +の調節イベントです。このプロセス中に精子の形質膜と外側の先体膜ヒューズは、精子細胞は、卵（透明帯、またはZP）を取り囲む糖タンパク質性マトリックスに浸透できるようにする加水分解酵素を放出する。また、ARと相互作用する新規融合精子の細胞表面を露出させる両方の配偶子の最終的な融合のための卵形質膜。 AR、ほとんどのそれらの間研究の一つであるプロゲステロンを誘発するいくつかの細胞リガンドがあります。 本研究で我々は〔Ca 2を測定するフローサイトメトリーを除いてプロゲステロン（によって引き起こされるヒト精子での[Ca 2 +] iの変化を測定するためのCa 2 +感受性蛍光色素の使用を含む四つの異なる手法を提示+ ] i）が 体外受精能プロセスの間に誘導増加。この特定のケースで我々はフルオ-3のAM（ライフテクノロジーズ、グランドアイランド、NY）、K D = 325 nMのと膜透過性染料を使用していましたin vitroでは 、我々は、方法論の3との時間の関数としての蛍光の変化をモニターしたそして第四の技術で我々は時間の単一の特定の時点での蛍光値を測定した。完全にそれらが空間的および時間的解像度を提供するので、これらの異なるアプローチは、互いに補完単一細胞及び細胞集団の両方のレベルでolution。 細胞集団またはバルク実験彼らは十分に確立され、シンプルであり、単一の実験で細胞の数百万人上で実行される測定からの情報の平均化を可能にするので、彼らが必要とする楽器でも容易に入手可能であるが、あるため、バルクの技術が広範囲にだけ使用されています。 テクニック＃1。従来の蛍光測定 この技術は、時間の関数としての蛍光の変化を監視し、実験は、200〜1,000μlに至るまでサンプル量を有するガラスキュベットで行われる。追加された試薬の適切な混合は、磁気攪拌を必要とし、従って、得られた時間分解能は秒のオーダーである。分析されたサンプルの典型的な細胞濃度範囲は、10 5〜10 8細胞/ mlである。 テクニック＃2。停止フロー蛍光測定 Tその手法は、時間の関数としての蛍光の変化を監視したが、試薬が急速に非常に少量のサンプルボリューム（25-100μlの範囲）を含有する記録キュベットに（圧力を使用して）一緒に混合する。したがって、試薬の均質化は、ミリ秒のオーダーで高い時間分解能を可能に瞬間的である。得られた蛍光対時間トレースの分析は、分析試料の一般的な細胞濃度の範囲は短命反応中間体等に関する情報を取得し、反応機構の複雑さを解明、反応速度を決定するのに適している10 5〜10 7細胞/ ml。 単一細胞実験バルク実験は、多数のセルの平均的挙動を報告しているが、人口が頻繁に測定のようなタイプの中に見過ごされている異種の性質を示すことができる。単一セル技術は、このように目を補完するために使用される電子情報は、細胞集団実験で得られた。 テクニック＃3。フローサイトメトリー 単一セル測定に起因する情報の重要性にもかかわらず、全人口のセル固有のプロパティの誤外挿を防止するために多数のセルを分析することが重要である。このため、高スループット技術が好まれている、最も一般的な方法は、条件あたり10,000細胞は、従来、分析された、フローサイトメトリーである。それは彼らの大きさ（前方散乱（FSC））、粒度（側方散乱（SSC））と蛍光強度（抗体との特異的標識、生存マーカーなど）に応じて細胞を分類し、この方法では、異種の個体群のマルチパラメトリック分析を可能に、したがって、セルのグループのパラメータ &#39;分布に関する情報を提供する。フローサイトメトリーは、インスタントではなく、時間に依存した情報を提供しています8。前方と側方散乱値AR細胞が含まれていますが、蛍光測定、負と正の蛍光コントロールの細胞破片、ほこりなどを判別ゲートを選択するためにも有用電子も含まれている必要があります。複数の蛍光チャネルが使用される場合、補償として知られている処理（詳細は参照のために実行しなければならない<a href="http://www.bdbiosciences.com/resources/protocols/setting_compensation.jsp" target="_blank">http://www.bdbiosciences.com/resources/protocols/setting_compensation.jspを</a> ）。補償は、フルオロフォア間のスペクトルの重なり弁別が可能になります。フローサイトメトリーはまた、ヨウ化プロピジウム染色によって一般的に、死細胞の識別を可能にする。 技術＃4。単一細胞イメージング 顕微鏡法は、単一の細胞の挙動を研究するための別の一般的な方法であり、それは十分に時間依存性の研究に適しており、それはまた、空間分解能を提供する。主な欠点は、ハイスループット分析は現時点ではまだ揺籃期に唯一であるということです<s9&gt;まで。

<table border="1">
 <tbody>
 <tr>
 <td>Name of Reagent/Material</td>
 <td>Company</td>
 <td>Catalog Number</td>
 <td>Comments</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Ham's F-10</td>
 <td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
 <td>N-6013</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Bovine Serum Albumin</td>
 <td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
 <td>A-7906</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Calcium Chloride Dihydrate approx. 99%</td>
 <td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
 <td>C-3881</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Makler Counting Chamber</td>
 <td>SEFI Medical Insruments LTD</td>
 <td>SEF-MAKL</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Fluo-3 AM</td>
 <td>Invitrogen</td>
 <td>F-1242</td>
 <td>20 vials/50 &mu;g each</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Ionomycin</td>
 <td>Alomone</td>
 <td>I-700</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Progesterone</td>
 <td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
 <td>P0130</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Sodium chloride</td>
 <td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
 <td>S-9888</td>
 <td>Reagents for human sperm medium (HSM)</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Potassium chloride</td>
 <td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
 <td>P-3911</td>
 <td>Reagents for human sperm medium (HSM)</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Sodium bicarbonate</td>
 <td>JT Baker</td>
 <td>3506</td>
 <td>Reagents for human sperm medium (HSM)</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Magnesium chloride</td>
 <td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
 <td>M-2670</td>
 <td>Reagents for human sperm medium (HSM)</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Calcium chloride anhydrous</td>
 <td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
 <td>C-1016</td>
 <td>Reagents for human sperm medium (HSM)</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>HEPES</td>
 <td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
 <td>H-3125</td>
 <td>Reagents for human sperm medium (HSM)</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>D-Glucose</td>
 <td>JT Baker</td>
 <td>1906-01</td>
 <td>Reagents for human sperm medium (HSM)</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Sodium pyruvate</td>
 <td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
 <td>P-2256</td>
 <td>Reagents for human sperm medium (HSM)</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Sodium L-lactate (aprox. 99%)</td>
 <td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
 <td>L- 7022</td>
 <td>Reagents for human sperm medium (HSM)</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Propidium Iodide </td>
 <td>Invitrogen</td>
 <td>L-7011 </td>
 <td>Component B</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Triton X-100 (t-Octylphenoxypolyethoxyethanol)</td>
 <td>Sigma- Aldrich</td>
 <td>X-100</td>
 <td>2.4 mM solution in water </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Round coverslip </td>
 <td>VWR</td>
 <td>48380 080</td>
 <td>25 mm diameter</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Poly-L-lysine solution </td>
 <td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
 <td>P8920</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Manganese chloride</td>
 <td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
 <td>M-3634</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Attofluor; Cell Chamber, for microscopy</td>
 <td>Life technologies</td>
 <td>A-7816</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Dimethyl Sulphoxide</td>
 <td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
 <td>D2650</td>
 <td>5x5 ml</td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
</table>

measuring intracellular ca2+ changes in human sperm using four techniques: conventional fluorometry, stopped flow fluorometry, flow cytometry and single cell imaging

精子は、特に、到達認識し、卵と融合するように設計された男性の生殖細胞である。これらのタスクを実行するには、精子細胞は、絶えず変化する環境に直面して、いくつかの物理的な障壁を克服するために準備しなければなりません。転写と翻訳サイレント本質にある、これらの運動性の細胞は自分自身の向きに多様なシグナル伝達機構に深く依存しており、監督のファッションで泳ぎ、そして卵を見つけるために彼らの旅の間に環境条件に挑戦すると競合する。具体的には、Ca 2 +の媒介シグナル伝達は、いくつかの精子の機能のための極めて重要です：運動の活性化能（先体反応のために精子を準備する複雑なプロセス）と、先体反応（精子卵の融合を可能にしますエキソサイトーシスイベント）。このイオンの細胞内変動を追跡するための蛍光色素の使用は、アプリケーション、感度の容易さのために顕著に重要である、とDETの汎用性ECTION。一つの染料ローディングプロトコルを用いて、我々は、精子のCa 2 +動態を監視するために4つの異なる蛍光技術を利用。各手法は、シングルセル及び細胞集団レベルでデータを生成し、空間的および/または時間分解能を可能にする明確な情報を提供する。

<img alt="図1" fo:content-width="6in" fo:src="/files/ftp_upload/50344/50344fig1highres.jpg" src="/files/ftp_upload/50344/50344fig1.jpg" /> 図1。スイムアップ法による精子サンプル調製のための実験プロトコールの概略図。精子の分離およびそれらの濃度を調整するための主要なステップが示されている。能が必要とされるときに最後インキュベーション工程にのみ実行される。 </...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measuring Intracellular Ca2+ Changes in Human Sperm using Four Techniques: Conventional Fluorometry, Stopped Flow Fluorometry, Flow Cytometry and Single Cell 

Measuring Intracellular Ca2+ Changes in Human Sperm using Four Techniques: Conventional Fluorometry, Stopped Flow Fluorometry, Flow Cytometry and Single Cell Imaging

細胞内Ca<sup&gt; 2 +</sup&gt;ダイナミクスは、精子生理学およびCaで非常に重要である<sup&gt; 2 +</sup&gt;感受性蛍光色素は、それらを研究するための多彩なツールを構成する。集団実験（蛍光法およびフロー蛍​​光停止）し、単一細胞実験（フローサイトメトリーおよび単一細胞イメージング）は、時空間の[Caを追跡するために使用され<sup&gt; 2 +</supヒト精子細胞で&gt;]変化。

細胞内Ca測定<sup&gt; 2 +</sup4つの方法を使用して人間の精子で&gt;変更：従来の蛍光測定、停止フロー蛍光法、フローサイトメトリーおよび単一細胞イメージング

Spermatozoa  are male reproductive cells especially designed to reach, recognize and fuse  with the egg. To perform these tasks, sperm cells must be ...

measuring-intracellular-ca2-changes-human-sperm-using-four-techniques

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Measuring Intracellular Ca2+ Changes in Human Sperm using Four Techniques: Conventional Fluorometry, Stopped Flow Fluorometry, Flow Cytometry and Single Cell Imaging

20.1K ビュー.  Instituto de Biotecnología-Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. 細胞内Ca 2 +ダイナミクスは、精子生理学およびCaで非常に重要である 2 +感受性蛍光色素は、それらを研究するための多彩なツールを構成する。集団実験（蛍光法およびフロー蛍​​光停止）し、単一細胞実験（フローサイトメトリーおよび単一細胞イメージング）は、時空間の[Caを追跡するために使用され 2 +

ビデオ: Measuring Intracellular Ca2+ Changes in Human Sperm using Four Techniques: Conventional Fluorometry, Stopped Flow Fluorometry, Flow Cytometry and Single Cell Imaging

Techniques for Imaging Ca2+ Signaling in Human Sperm

Fluorescence microscopy of cells loaded with fluorescent, Ca2+-sensitive dyes is used for measurement of spatial and temporal aspects of Ca2+ signaling in live cells. Here we describe the method used in our laboratories for loading suspensions of human sperm with Ca2+-reporting dyes and measuring the fluorescence signal during physiological stimulation. Motile cells are isolated by direct swim-up and incubated under capacitating conditions for 0-24 h, depending upon the experiment. The cell-permeant AM (acetoxy methyl ester) ester form of the Ca2+-reporting dye is then added to a cell aliquot and a period of 1 h is allowed for loading of the dye into the cytoplasm. We use visible wavelength dyes to minimize photo-damage to the cells, but this means that ratiometric recording is not possible. Advantages and disadvantages of this approach are discussed. During the loading period cells are introduced into an imaging chamber and allowed to adhere to a poly-D-lysine coated coverslip. At the end of the loading period excess dye and loose cells are removed by connection of the chamber to the perfusion apparatus. The chamber is perfused continuously, stimuli and modified salines are then added to the perfusion header. Experiments are recorded by time-lapse acquisition of fluorescence images and analyzed in detail offline, by manually drawing regions of interest. Data are normalized to pre-stimulus levels such that, for each cell (or part of a cell), a graph showing the Ca2+ response as % change in fluorescence is obtained.

Techniques for Imaging Ca2+ Signaling in Human Sperm

Stimulus-evoked [Ca2+]i signals of individual human sperm are assessed. Motile cells are loaded with Ca2+-sensitive fluorescent dye (AM-ester method) and immobilised in a perfusable chamber. Cells are imaged by time-lapse fluorescence microscopy and stimulated via the perfusing medium. Responses of single cells (or regions) are analysed offline using Excel.

イメージングカルシウムのためのテクニック 2 +人間の精子でシグナリング

Fluorescence microscopy of cells loaded with fluorescent, Ca2+-sensitive dyes is used for measurement of spatial and temporal aspects of Ca2+ signaling in ...

生物学

Flow Cytometry Purification of Mouse Meiotic Cells

The heterogeneous nature of cell types in the testis and the absence of meiotic cell culture models have been significant hurdles to the study of the unique differentiation programs that are manifest during meiosis. Two principal methods have been developed to purify, to varying degrees, various meiotic fractions from both adult and immature animals: elutriation or Staput (sedimentation) using BSA and/or percoll gradients. Both of these methods rely on cell size and density to separate meiotic cells1-5. Overall, except for few cell populations6, these protocols fail to yield sufficient purity of the numerous meiotic cell populations that are necessary for detailed molecular analyses. Moreover, with such methods usually one type of meiotic cells can be purified at a given time, which adds an extra level of complexity regarding the reproducibility and homogeneity when comparing meiotic cell samples.
Here, we describe a refined method that allows one to easily visualize, identify, and purify meiotic cells, from germ cells to round spermatids, using FACS combined with Hoechst 33342 staining7,8. This method provides an overall snapshot of the entire meiotic process and allows one to highly purify viable cells from most stage of meiosis. These purified cells can then be analyzed in detail for molecular changes that accompany progression through meiosis, for example changes in gene expression9,10and the dynamics of nucleosome occupancy at hotspots of meiotic recombination11.

An efficient method to obtain highly purified viable meiotic fractions from mouse testis is described, which combines a refined cell dissociation protocol with fluorescent activated cell sorting (FACS). This method takes advantage of differences in the DNA content and nuclear density of discrete meiotic fractions.

マウス減数分裂細胞のフローサイトメトリーの精製

The heterogeneous nature of cell types in the testis and the absence of meiotic cell culture models have been significant hurdles to the study of the ...

Measuring Cell Cycle Progression Kinetics with Metabolic Labeling and Flow Cytometry

Precise control of the initiation and subsequent progression through the various phases of the cell cycle are of paramount importance in proliferating cells. Cell cycle division is an integral part of growth and reproduction and deregulation of key cell cycle components have been implicated in the precipitating events of carcinogenesis 1,2. Molecular agents in anti-cancer therapies frequently target biological pathways responsible for the regulation and coordination of cell cycle division 3. Although cell cycle kinetics tend to vary according to cell type, the distribution of cells amongst the four stages of the cell cycle is rather consistent within a particular cell line due to the consistent pattern of mitogen and growth factor expression. Genotoxic events and other cellular stressors can result in a temporary block of cell cycle progression, resulting in arrest or a temporary pause in a particular cell cycle phase to allow for instigation of the appropriate response mechanism. 
The ability to experimentally observe the behavior of a cell population with reference to their cell cycle progression stage is an important advance in cell biology. Common procedures such as mitotic shake off, differential centrifugation or flow cytometry-based sorting are used to isolate cells at specific stages of the cell cycle 4-6. These fractionated, cell cycle phase-enriched populations are then subjected to experimental treatments. Yield, purity and viability of the separated fractions can often be compromised using these physical separation methods. As well, the time lapse between separation of the cell populations and the start of experimental treatment, whereby the fractionated cells can progress from the selected cell cycle stage, can pose significant challenges in the successful implementation and interpretation of these experiments.
Other approaches to study cell cycle stages include the use of chemicals to synchronize cells. Treatment of cells with chemical inhibitors of key metabolic processes for each cell cycle stage are useful in blocking the progression of the cell cycle to the next stage. For example, the ribonucleotide reductase inhibitor hydroxyurea halts cells at the G1/S juncture by limiting the supply of deoxynucleotides, the building blocks of DNA. Other notable chemicals include treatment with aphidicolin, a polymerase alpha inhibitor for G1 arrest, treatment with colchicine and nocodazole, both of which interfere with mitotic spindle formation to halt cells in M phase and finally, treatment with the DNA chain terminator 5-fluorodeoxyridine to initiate S phase arrest 7-9. Treatment with these chemicals is an effective means of synchronizing an entire population of cells at a particular phase. With removal of the chemical, cells rejoin the cell cycle in unison. Treatment of the test agent following release from the cell cycle blocking chemical ensures that the drug response elicited is from a uniform, cell cycle stage-specific population. However, since many of the chemical synchronizers are known genotoxic compounds, teasing apart the participation of various response pathways (to the synchronizers vs. the test agents) is challenging. 
Here we describe a metabolic labeling method for following a subpopulation of actively cycling cells through their progression from the DNA replication phase, through to the division and separation of their daughter cells. Coupled with flow cytometry quantification, this protocol enables for measurement of kinetic progression of the cell cycle in the absence of either mechanically- or chemically- induced cellular stresses commonly associated with other cell cycle synchronization methodologies 10. In the following sections we will discuss the methodology, as well as some of its applications in biomedical research.

Tracking subtle changes in the progression and kinetics of cell cycle stages can be accomplished by use of a combination of metabolic labeling of nucleic acids with BrdU and total genomic DNA staining via Propidium Iodide. This method avoids the need of chemical synchronization of cycling cells, thereby preventing the introduction of non-specific DNA damage, which in turn affects cell cycle progression.

代謝標識とフローサイトメトリーで細胞周期の進行速度を測定

Precise control of the initiation and subsequent progression through the various phases of the cell cycle are of paramount importance in proliferating ...

Optimized Staining and Proliferation Modeling Methods for Cell Division Monitoring using Cell Tracking Dyes

Fluorescent cell tracking dyes, in combination with flow and image cytometry, are powerful tools with which to study the interactions and fates of different cell types in vitro and in vivo.1-5 Although there are literally thousands of publications using such dyes, some of the most commonly encountered cell tracking applications include monitoring of:
<ol>
	<li>stem and progenitor cell quiescence, proliferation and/or differentiation6-8</li>
	<li>antigen-driven membrane transfer9 and/or precursor cell proliferation3,4,10-18 and</li>
	<li>immune regulatory and effector cell function1,18-21.</li>
</ol>
Commercially available cell tracking dyes vary widely in their chemistries and fluorescence properties but the great majority fall into one of two classes based on their mechanism of cell labeling. "Membrane dyes", typified by PKH26, are highly lipophilic dyes that partition stably but non-covalently into cell membranes1,2,11. "Protein dyes", typified by CFSE, are amino-reactive dyes that form stable covalent bonds with cell proteins4,16,18. Each class has its own advantages and limitations. The key to their successful use, particularly in multicolor studies where multiple dyes are used to track different cell types, is therefore to understand the critical issues enabling optimal use of each class2-4,16,18,24.
The protocols included here highlight three common causes of poor or variable results when using cell-tracking dyes. These are:
<ol>
	<li>Failure to achieve bright, uniform, reproducible labeling. This is a necessary starting point for any cell tracking study but requires attention to different variables when using membrane dyes than when using protein dyes or equilibrium binding reagents such as antibodies.</li>
	<li>Suboptimal fluorochrome combinations and/or failure to include critical compensation controls. Tracking dye fluorescence is typically 102 - 103 times brighter than antibody fluorescence. It is therefore essential to verify that the presence of tracking dye does not compromise the ability to detect other probes being used.</li>
	<li>Failure to obtain a good fit with peak modeling software. Such software allows quantitative comparison of proliferative responses across different populations or stimuli based on precursor frequency or other metrics. Obtaining a good fit, however, requires exclusion of dead/dying cells that can distort dye dilution profiles and matching of the assumptions underlying the model with characteristics of the observed dye dilution profile.</li>
</ol>
Examples given here illustrate how these variables can affect results when using membrane and/or protein dyes to monitor cell proliferation.

Successful use of cell tracking dyes to monitor immune cell function and proliferation involves several critical steps. We describe methods for: 1) obtaining bright, uniform, reproducible label-ing with membrane dyes; 2) selecting fluorochromes and data acquisition conditions; and 3) choosing a model to quantify cell proliferation based on dye dilution.

細胞トラッキング染料を使用して細胞分裂監視のための最適化された染色と増殖モデリング方法

Fluorescent cell tracking dyes, in combination with flow and image cytometry, are powerful tools with which to study the interactions and fates of ...

The Xenopus Oocyte Cut-open Vaseline Gap Voltage-clamp Technique With Fluorometry

The cut-open oocyte Vaseline gap (COVG) voltage clamp technique allows for analysis of electrophysiological and kinetic properties of heterologous ion channels in oocytes. Recordings from the cut-open setup are particularly useful for resolving low magnitude gating currents, rapid ionic current activation, and deactivation. The main benefits over the two-electrode voltage clamp (TEVC) technique include increased clamp speed, improved signal-to-noise ratio, and the ability to modulate the intracellular and extracellular milieu.
Here, we employ the human cardiac sodium channel (hNaV1.5), expressed in Xenopus oocytes, to demonstrate the cut-open setup and protocol as well as modifications that are required to add voltage clamp fluorometry capability.
The properties of fast activating ion channels, such as hNaV1.5, cannot be fully resolved near room temperature using TEVC, in which the entirety of the oocyte membrane is clamped, making voltage control difficult. However, in the cut-open technique, isolation of only a small portion of the cell membrane allows for the rapid clamping required to accurately record fast kinetics while preventing channel run-down associated with patch clamp techniques.
In conjunction with the COVG technique, ion channel kinetics and electrophysiological properties can be further assayed by using voltage clamp fluorometry, where protein motion is tracked via cysteine conjugation of extracellularly applied fluorophores, insertion of genetically encoded fluorescent proteins, or the incorporation of unnatural amino acids into the region of interest1. This additional data yields kinetic information about voltage-dependent conformational rearrangements of the protein via changes in the microenvironment surrounding the fluorescent molecule.

The Xenopus Oocyte Cut-open Vaseline Gap Voltage-clamp Technique With Fluorometry

The cut-open Vaseline gap approach is used to obtain low noise recordings of ionic and gating currents from voltage-dependent ion channels expressed in Xenopus oocytes with high resolution of fast channel kinetics. With minor modification, voltage clamp fluorometry can be coupled to the cut-open oocyte protocol.

ザ·<em&gt;アフリカツメガエル</em蛍光測定で&gt;卵母細胞のカットオープンワセリンギャップ電圧クランプ法

The cut-open oocyte Vaseline gap (COVG) voltage clamp technique allows for analysis of electrophysiological and kinetic properties of heterologous ion ...

Techniques for the Analysis of Extracellular Vesicles Using Flow Cytometry

Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) are small, membrane-derived vesicles found in bodily fluids that are highly involved in cell-cell communication and help regulate a diverse range of biological processes. Analysis of EVs using flow cytometry (FCM) has been notoriously difficult due to their small size and lack of discrete populations positive for markers of interest. Methods for EV analysis, while considerably improved over the last decade, are still a work in progress. Unfortunately, there is no one-size-fits-all protocol, and several aspects must be considered when determining the most appropriate method to use. Presented here are several different techniques for processing EVs and two protocols for analyzing EVs using either individual detection or a bead-based approach. The methods described here will assist with eliminating the antibody aggregates commonly found in commercial preparations, increasing signal&#8211;to-noise ratio, and setting gates in a rational fashion that minimizes detection of background fluorescence. The first protocol uses an individual detection method that is especially well suited for analyzing a high volume of clinical samples, while the second protocol uses a bead-based approach to capture and detect smaller EVs and exosomes.

Many different methods exist for the measurement of extracellular vesicles (EVs) using flow cytometry (FCM). Several aspects should be considered when determining the most appropriate method to use. Two protocols for measuring EVs are presented, using either individual detection or a bead-based approach.

フローサイトメトリーを用いて細胞外小胞の分析のための技術

Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) are small, membrane-derived vesicles found in bodily fluids that are highly involved in cell-cell communication and help ...

Analysis of Cell Suspensions Isolated from Solid Tissues by Spectral Flow Cytometry

Flow cytometry has been used for the past 40 years to define and analyze the phenotype of lymphoid and other hematopoietic cells. Initially restricted to the analysis of a few fluorochromes, currently there are dozens of different fluorescent dyes, and up to 14-18 different dyes can be combined at a time. However, several limitations still impair the analytical capabilities. Because of the multiplicity of fluorescent probes, data analysis has become increasingly complex due to the need of large, multi-parametric compensation matrices. Moreover, mutant mouse models carrying fluorescent proteins to detect and trace specific cell types in different tissues have become available, so the analysis (by flow cytometry) of auto-fluorescent cell suspensions obtained from solid organs is required. Spectral flow cytometry, which distinguishes the shapes of emission spectra along a wide range of continuous wavelengths, addresses some of these problems. The data is analyzed with an algorithm that replaces compensation matrices and treats auto-fluorescence as an independent parameter. Thus, spectral flow cytometry should be capable of discriminating fluorochromes with similar emission peaks and can provide a multi-parametric analysis without compensation requirements.
This protocol describes the spectral flow cytometry analysis, allowing for a 21-parameter (19 fluorescent probes) characterization and the management of an auto-fluorescent signal, providing high resolution in minor population detection. The results presented here show that spectral flow cytometry presents advantages in the analysis of cell populations from tissues difficult to characterize in conventional flow cytometry, such as the heart and the intestine. Spectral flow cytometry thus demonstrates the multi-parametric analytical capacity of high-performing conventional flow cytometry without the requirement for compensation and enables auto-fluorescence management.

This article describes spectral cytometry, a new approach in flow cytometry that uses the shapes of emission spectra to distinguish fluorochromes. An algorithm replaces compensations and can treat auto-fluorescence as an independent parameter. This new approach allows for the proper analysis of cells isolated from solid organs.

スペクトラルフローサイトメトリーにより固形組織から単離された細胞懸濁液の分析

Flow cytometry has been used for the past 40 years to define and analyze the phenotype of lymphoid and other hematopoietic cells. Initially restricted to ...

Assessing Autophagic Flux by Measuring LC3, p62, and LAMP1 Co-localization Using Multispectral Imaging Flow Cytometry

Autophagy is a catabolic pathway in which normal or dysfunctional cellular components that accumulate during growth and differentiation are degraded via the lysosome and are recycled. During autophagy, cytoplasmic LC3 protein is lipidated and recruited to the autophagosomal membranes. The autophagosome then fuses with the lysosome to form the autolysosome, where the breakdown of the autophagosome vesicle and its contents occurs. The ubiquitin-associated protein p62, which binds to LC3, is also used to monitor autophagic flux. Cells undergoing autophagy should demonstrate the co-localization of p62, LC3, and lysosomal markers. Immunofluorescence microscopy has been used to visually identify LC3 puncta, p62, and/or lysosomes on a per-cell basis. However, an objective and statistically rigorous assessment can be difficult to obtain. To overcome these problems, multispectral imaging flow cytometry was used along with an analytical feature that compares the bright detail images from three autophagy markers (LC3, p62 and lysosomal LAMP1) and quantifies their co-localization, in combination with LC3 spot counting to measure autophagy in an objective, quantitative, and statistically robust manner.

Here, multispectral imaging flow cytometry with an analytical feature that compares bright detail images of 3 autophagy markers and quantifies their co-localization, along with LC3 spot counting, was used to measure autophagy in an objective, quantitative, and statistically robust manner.

マルチスペクトルイメージングフローサイトメトリーを用いたLC3、p62、およびLAMP1共局在の測定によるオートファジーフラックスの評価

Autophagy is a catabolic pathway in which normal or dysfunctional cellular components that accumulate during growth and differentiation are degraded via ...

Measuring Endoreduplication by Flow Cytometry of Isolated Tuber Protoplasts

Endoreduplication, the replication of a cell's nuclear genome without subsequent cytokinesis, yields cells with increased DNA content and is associated with specialization, development and increase in cellular size. In plants, endoreduplication seems to facilitate the growth and expansion of certain tissues and organs. Among them is the tuber of potato (Solanum tuberosum), which undergoes considerable cellular expansion in fulfilling its function of carbohydrate storage. Thus, endoreduplication may play an important role in how tubers are able to accommodate this abundance of carbon. However, the cellular debris resulting from crude nuclear isolation methods of tubers, methods that can be used effectively with leaves, precludes the estimation of the tuber endoreduplication index (EI). This article presents a technique for assessing tuber endoreduplication through the isolation of protoplasts while demonstrating representative results obtained from different genotypes and compartmentalized tuber tissues. The major limitations of the protocol are the time and reagent costs required for sample preparation as well as relatively short lifespan of samples after lysis of protoplasts. While the protocol is sensitive to technical variation, it represents an improvement over traditional methods of nuclear isolation from these large specialized cells. Possibilities for improvements to the protocol such as recycling enzyme, the use of fixatives, and other alterations are proposed.

The protocol described herein is a method for measuring endoreduplication within tubers of potato (Solanum tuberosum). It includes plasmolysis and protoplast extraction steps to decrease the noise and debris in downstream flow cytometric analysis.

孤立した塊茎プロトプ ラストのフローサイトメトリーによる表現を測定

Endoreduplication, the replication of a cell's nuclear genome without subsequent cytokinesis, yields cells with increased DNA content and is associated ...

Applications of Spatio-temporal Mapping and Particle Analysis Techniques to Quantify Intracellular Ca2+ Signaling In Situ

Ca2+ imaging of isolated cells or specific types of cells within intact tissues often reveals complex patterns of Ca2+ signaling. This activity requires careful and in-depth analyses and quantification to capture as much information about the underlying events as possible. Spatial, temporal and intensity parameters intrinsic to Ca2+ signals such as frequency, duration, propagation, velocity and amplitude may provide some biological information required for intracellular signalling. High-resolution Ca2+ imaging typically results in the acquisition of large data files that are time consuming to process in terms of translating the imaging information into quantifiable data, and this process can be susceptible to human error and bias. Analysis of Ca2+ signals from cells in situ typically relies on simple intensity measurements from arbitrarily selected regions of interest (ROI) within a field of view (FOV). This approach ignores much of the important signaling information contained in the FOV. Thus, in order to maximize recovery of information from such high-resolution recordings obtained with Ca2+dyes or optogenetic Ca2+ imaging, appropriate spatial and temporal analysis of the Ca2+ signals is required. The protocols outlined in this paper will describe how a high volume of data can be obtained from Ca2+ imaging recordings to facilitate more complete analysis and quantification of Ca2+ signals recorded from cells using a combination of spatiotemporal map (STM)-based analysis and particle-based analysis. The protocols also describe how different patterns of Ca2+ signaling observed in different cell populations in situ can be analyzed appropriately. For illustration, the method will examine Ca2+ signaling in a specialized population of cells in the small intestine, interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC), using GECIs.

Applications of Spatio-temporal Mapping and Particle Analysis Techniques to Quantify Intracellular Ca2+ Signaling In Situ

Genetically encoded Ca2+ indicators (GECIs) have radically changed how in situ Ca2+ imaging is performed. To maximize data recovery from such recordings, appropriate analysis of Ca2+ signals is required. The protocols in this paper facilitate the quantification of Ca2+ signals recorded in situ using spatiotemporal mapping and particle-based analysis.

その場で細胞内 Ca2 +シグナル伝達を定量化する時空マッピングと粒子分析技術の応用

Ca2+ imaging of isolated cells or specific types of cells within intact tissues often reveals complex patterns of Ca2+ signaling. This activity requires ...