我々はそれぞれ、実験支援のためにポーラコボス博士エヴロスバシリウに感謝し、マウスのマクロファージを提供。また、材料と指導と助けを私たちの研究室マネージャーリチャードCriasiaに感謝します。最後に、著者は、ビデオ制作のヘルプはRamanpreet Kaurさんに感謝します。

1。組織培養<ol><li>コレラ毒素の測定にハツカネズミマクロファージ （BALB / cマウス）を使用します。当初は文化M.のすべてベンダーの指示に従って筋細胞 。 </li><li> 10％ウシ胎児血清で完了L-グルタミンを有するダルベッコ変法イーグル培地中でBALB / cマウス細胞を伝播して、1％の抗生物質/抗真菌剤またはRPMI 1640ベース媒体は、10％ウシ胎児血清、5％L-グルタミン、および1で完了し％抗生物質/抗真菌剤試薬。 </li><li> 37℃でベントキャップ付き75cm 2のコーニングフラスコ中の細胞を増殖°C、95％空気および5％CO 2。 </li><li>脂肪酸の決定の決定のため、メーカーの指示に従って配信の24時間以内にヒト腸上皮細胞を持ち出す。 </li><li> 37℃、10％FBSおよび30 ngの/ mlのヒトEGFで完了HybriCareメディアベントキャップ付75cm 2のコーニングフラスコ、℃で人間の腸管上皮細胞を伝播抗生物質を使用しないでくださいメーカーの指示に従って、/抗真菌薬。 </li><li>密集度約70％で、すべてのセル（1:3）を分割します。 </li><li>フリーズと標準凍結プロトコルを使用して研究を通して、すべてのセルを持ち出す。 </li><li> 注：脂肪酸のより大規模な濃度決定のために、最初は速く成長し、保守が容易にマウスマクロファージを使用しています。細かいスケール脂肪酸濃度の決定のために、ヒト上皮細胞を使用しています。すべてのコレラ毒素治療（説明を参照してください）​​、マウスマクロファージを使用してください。 </li></ol> 2。脂肪酸とコレラ毒素トリートメント<ol><li>オレイン酸は、同社が提供するガラスアンプルから滅菌ガラスバイアルにリノール酸とリノレン酸を転送します。 </li><li>個別滅菌エッペンドルフチュー​​ブに各脂肪酸を転送し、1:6希釈で100％エタノールで最初にそれを溶解した後、10μgの/μlの最終濃度のためにRPMI 1640不完全なメディアである。 </li><li>ボルテックス各ソリューションとTRANSFえーそれは冷凍庫内のストレージ用ガラスバイアル（-20°C）へ。 </li><li> 96ウェル組織培養プレートでよく2,500細胞/皿で細胞。 </li><li> MTTアッセイの準備のために脂肪酸と細胞の治療のために200μlに合計うまくボリュームを持って適切な完全なメディアを追加します。 </li><li> 24時間増殖期間の後、メディアを取り出し、新鮮な培地と交換してください。 </li><li> （結果を参照）ウェルにテストする各脂肪酸の適切な濃度を追加します。 200μlに合計うまくボリュームを持って完全なメディアを追加します。 </li><li> MTTアッセイを開始する前に24時間処理プレートをインキュベートする。 </li><li>クライオバイアルに1 mg / mlのアリコートと溶液の濃度でPBSでコレラ毒素を溶解し、2-8でクライオバイアルを保管℃に</li><li>細胞治療のため、1 ngの/μLの最終作業濃度のどちら滅菌PBS（pH7.4）に、または不完全なDMEM中で毒素1:100に希釈する。 </li><li>におけるコレラ毒素を持つ細胞を治療する上述したようにMTTアッセイプレート電池用製剤。 </li><li> 24時間増殖期間の後、脂肪酸アプリケーション（上）で使用される手順に従って、ウェルにテストする（我々の濃度について、結果を参照）コレラ毒素の適切な濃度を追加します。 </li><li> MTTアッセイを開始する前に24時間処理プレートをインキュベートする。 </li><li>それぞれの脂肪酸及びコレラ毒素治療の両方のための正（紙全体に正c）および陰性対照（負c）は、完全培地および70％エタノールでインキュベートした細胞、など。 </li><li>すべてのサンプルとトリートメントにはポジティブコントロールのためのより多くの複製（本研究ではn = 6）で、3反復（n = 3）での最小値を使用しています。 </li></ol> 3。 MTTアッセイ<ol><li> 2.5 mg / mlの濃度にMTT原液を作る。 </li><li>テストする、96ウェルプレートの各ウェル中の溶液を取り除き、新鮮な完全なメディア溶液200μlと交換してください。 </li><li>広告各ウェルにMTT溶液を10μlのD。 </li><li> 37℃で3-4時間、プレートをインキュベートする。 </li><li>メディアソリューションを捨て、各ウェルにイソプロパノールで0.04 M HClを100μlのを追加します。 </li><li> 5分間室温でプレートをインキュベートする。 </li><li>各ウェルから新しい遠心管にソリューションを移す。 </li><li> 1分間、またはペレットが形成されるまで、室温で、20,000×gで遠心分離します。 </li><li>各サンプルの20〜40μlの間にマイクロプレートリーダーへの転送。 </li><li>分光光度計を用いて570nmで吸光度を読み取る。 </li></ol>

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この研究の著者らは、この研究の結果からの経済的利害関係を持っていません。この研究のための資金はキーン大学がFTに提供されたが、FTは、現在Kingsboroughコミュニティカレッジの従業員です。

脂肪酸とコレラ毒素の濃度の提案脂肪酸は粘膜免疫を高める方法の正確なメカニズムは不明であるが、いくつかの研究は、それらの有益な効果を調べることを試みた。我々の研究は、細胞が細胞は細胞の生存に重要な影響を及ぼすことなく耐えることができるだけでなく、コレラ毒素の最大濃度に耐えることができる脂肪酸の​​最大濃度を決定する方法を提供することを...

オレイン酸、リノール酸やリノレン酸などの脂肪酸の健康上の利点は、き、文書化され続けてきた。例えば、オレイン酸は、ボディ1,2における親油性薬物の浸透を促進するのに役立ち飽和脂肪酸3に代入するとき24％冠状動脈性心臓病を低減し、X-連結されるよう副腎4などの代謝性疾患を治療するために使用される脂肪酸代謝の遺伝性疾患。 。哺乳類におけるアラキドン酸、リノール酸（オレイン酸とは異なります）のために必要な前駆体は、体内で合成されず、そのような亜麻の種子の消費などによって外部ソースを介して取得する必要がありますが5つの研究は、次のようなリノール酸のいくつかの有益な健康への影響を示しています。肌のためのアンチエイジングの特性、6抗炎症作用、大腸と前立腺癌細胞の増殖が減少7、8、肥満と戦うための能力と昇進Ofの心臓血管の健康。9 ​​リノレン酸が歯周炎症、10および変調トロンボキサンとプロスタサイクリン合成を減少させる役割を果たしています11 Arpita 12 V.に胆汁脂肪酸とコレステロールの影響を検討病原因子と運動性のコレラ菌の表現。山崎13は、赤唐辛子、およびその他の天然抽出物、メタノール抽出物から、潜在的にコレラ毒素産生を減少させることができることが示された。これは、粘膜免疫を提供する介して、例えばコレラなどの感染症の予防及び緩和上記脂肪酸（例えば、亜麻種子など）に富んだ食品の使用を検討することも考えられる。我々は、細胞増殖アッセイ、ヒト腸管上皮細胞は、セリウムに有害な影響を与えることなく許容できる脂肪酸の​​最大濃度を用いて、脂肪酸を可溶化し、決定するために検討を重ねLL生存能力。我々は、オレイン酸、リノール酸及びリノレン酸は、低濃度で細胞生存度に有益な効果を提供すると仮定したが、より高い濃度では、それらは細胞に対して毒性であること。我々はまた、コレラ毒素を可溶化し、BALB / Cマウスのマクロファージ細胞生存率の有意な減少なしに耐えることができるコレラ毒素の最大濃度を決定した。私たちも、非常に低レベルでの細胞生存率にコレラ毒素の毒性効果を仮定する。コレラ毒素を可溶化し、細胞の生存性を大幅に低下させることなく耐えることができる毒素の最大量を決定するためにそれを使用する方法は、将来の研究のための利点を提供する。例えば、上記の方法の組み合わせが脂肪酸がコレラ感染に対する粘膜免疫細胞を提供するかどうかを決定するために使用することができる。我々の知る限り、これは合理的手法が検討されていない。 私たちは、ジ我々の予備的データはオレインかどうかを判断するために後で調査で使用することができますscuss方法、リノール酸とリノレン酸がコレラ感染に対する粘膜免疫で細胞を提供する。

<table><tbody><tr><td colspan="4">&lt;strong&gt;Cells/Reagent&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;em&gt;Mus musculus&lt;/em&gt; macrophages</td><td>ATCC</td><td>ATCC RAW 264.7</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dulbecco&#039;s Modified Eagle&#039;s Medium</td><td>ATCC</td><td>30-2002</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>L-glutamine</td><td>ATCC</td><td>30-2115</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fetal bovine serum </td><td>Bio-west</td><td>S0250</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Antibiotic/antimycotic </td><td>Hyclone</td><td>SV3007901</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Human intestinal epithelial cells </td><td>ATCC</td><td>ATTC CCL-241</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>HybriCare media </td><td>ATCC</td><td>46-X</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Oleic Acid</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>O1008</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Linoleic Acid</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>L-1376</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Linolenic Acid</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>L-2376</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cholera toxin</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>C8052</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">&lt;strong&gt;Equipment&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>BD Falcon 96-Well Cell Culture Plates</td><td>BD Biosciences</td><td>351172</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Spectrophotometer with Dynex Revelations 4.22 software</td><td>Dynex</td><td>91000101</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

determination of tolerable fatty acids and cholera toxin concentrations using human intestinal epithelial cells and balb/c mouse macrophages

非ヒトとヒトの疾患の予防や緩和に脂肪酸の積極的な役割があっと広範囲に文書化され続けてきた。これらの役割は、炎症の予防だけでなく、感染症に対する粘膜免疫を含む感染と非感染性疾患への影響が含まれています。コレラは細菌コレラ菌によって引き起こされる急性の腸の病気です。それは発展途上国で発生し、放置すれば、死に至ることができます。コレラのためのワクチンは存在するが、それらは必ずしも有効と他の予防方法が必要とされているではありません。我々はそれぞれ、マウスBALB / Cマクロファージおよびヒト腸上皮細胞を使用して、3つの脂肪酸（オレインリノール酸およびリノレン酸）とコレラ毒素の許容濃度を決定するために設定してください。我々は、濃度範囲であると無脂肪酸の特定の濃度を決定するために、上記の脂肪酸および使用される細胞増殖アッセイを可溶化ヒト腸管上皮細胞の生存率に有害トン。我々は、コレラ毒素を可溶化し、統計的にBALB / Cマクロファージにおける細胞生存率を低下させない濃度範囲およびコレラ毒素の特定の濃度を決定するためのアッセイでそれを使用した。 我々は1-5 ngの/μlの間になるように最適な脂肪酸濃度を発見し、そして、それは、コレラ毒素の治療あたり&lt;30 ngのように。このデータは、予防またはコレラ感染の緩和中の脂肪酸の保護粘膜の役割を見つけることを目指して今後の研究を支援することがあります。

脂肪酸の最適濃度の決定脂肪酸の最適な濃度は、細胞増殖に匹敵するか、または結果のばらつきが比較的低いと、コントロール細胞とを超えた最大濃度として定義される。オレイン酸の最適濃度を決定するために、リノール酸およびリノレン酸の細胞は、最初は少しずつで大きな増分以降では、各脂肪酸の濃度を変化させることで処理した。 図1は、使用する?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Determination of Tolerable Fatty Acids and Cholera Toxin Concentrations Using Human Intestinal Epithelial Cells and BALB/c Mouse Macrophages at JoVE.com

Determination of Tolerable Fatty Acids and Cholera Toxin Concentrations Using Human Intestinal Epithelial Cells and BALB/c Mouse Macrophages

我々は大幅な悪影響脂肪酸と毒素を可溶化し、細胞生存率アッセイでそれらを使用することによって、細胞の生存に影響を及ぼさなかった3脂肪酸（オレインリノール酸およびリノレン酸）とコレラ毒素の許容濃度を決定するために設定してください。

ヒト腸管上皮細胞およびBALB / cマウスのマクロファージを用いた耐容脂肪酸とコレラ毒素の濃度の測定

The positive role of fatty acids in the prevention and alleviation of non-human and  human diseases have been and continue to be extensively documented. ...

determination-tolerable-fatty-acids-cholera-toxin-concentrations

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Immunology and Infection

9.9K ビュー.  Kingsborough Community College. 我々は大幅な悪影響脂肪酸と毒素を可溶化し、細胞生存率アッセイでそれらを使用することによって、細胞の生存に影響を及ぼさなかった3脂肪酸（オレインリノール酸およびリノレン酸）とコレラ毒素の許容濃度を決定するために設定してください。

ビデオ: Determination of Tolerable Fatty Acids and Cholera Toxin Concentrations Using Human Intestinal Epithelial Cells and BALB/c Mouse Macrophages

Isolation and Characterization of Dendritic Cells and Macrophages from the Mouse Intestine

Within the intestine reside unique populations of innate and adaptive immune cells that are involved in promoting tolerance towards commensal flora and food antigens while concomitantly remaining poised to mount inflammatory responses toward invasive pathogens1,2. Antigen presenting cells, particularly DCs and macrophages, play critical roles in maintaining intestinal immune homeostasis via their ability to sense and appropriately respond to the microbiota3-14. Efficient isolation of intestinal DCs and macrophages is a critical step in characterizing the phenotype and function of these cells. While many effective methods of isolating intestinal immune cells, including DCs and macrophages, have been described6,10,15-24, many rely upon long digestions times that may negatively influence cell surface antigen expression, cell viability, and/or cell yield. Here, we detail a methodology for the rapid isolation of large numbers of viable, intestinal DCs and macrophages. Phenotypic characterization of intestinal DCs and macrophages is carried out by directly staining isolated intestinal cells with specific fluorescence-labeled monoclonal antibodies for multi-color flow cytometric analysis. Furthermore, highly pure DC and macrophage populations are isolated for functional studies utilizing CD11c and CD11b magnetic-activated cell sorting beads followed by cell sorting.

Here, we detail a methodology for the rapid isolation of mouse intestinal dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages. Phenotypic characterization of intestinal DCs and macrophages is performed using multi-color flow cytometric analysis while magnetic bead enrichment followed by cell sorting is used to yield highly pure populations for functional studies.

マウスの腸からの樹状細胞およびマクロファージの単離とキャラクタリゼーション

Within the intestine reside unique populations of innate and adaptive immune cells that are involved in promoting tolerance towards commensal flora and ...

免疫・感染学

High-throughput Assay to Phenotype Salmonella enterica Typhimurium Association, Invasion, and Replication in Macrophages

Salmonella species are zoonotic pathogens and leading causes of food borne illnesses in humans and livestock1. Understanding the mechanisms underlying Salmonella-host interactions are&#160;important to elucidate the molecular pathogenesis of Salmonella infection. The Gentamicin protection assay to phenotype Salmonella association, invasion and replication in phagocytic cells was adapted to allow high-throughput screening to define the roles of deletion mutants of Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium in host interactions using RAW 264.7 murine macrophages. Under this protocol, the variance in measurements is significantly reduced compared to the standard protocol, because wild-type and multiple mutant strains can be tested in the same culture dish and at the same time. The use of multichannel pipettes increases the throughput and enhances precision. Furthermore, concerns related to using less host cells per well in 96-well culture dish were addressed. Here, the protocol of the modified in vitro Salmonella invasion assay using phagocytic cells was successfully employed to phenotype 38 individual Salmonella deletion mutants for association, invasion and intracellular replication. The in vitro phenotypes are presented, some of which were subsequently confirmed to have in vivo phenotypes in an animal model. Thus, the modified, standardized assay to phenotype Salmonella association, invasion and replication in macrophages with high-throughput capacity could be utilized more broadly to study bacterial-host interactions.

High-throughput Assay to Phenotype Salmonella enterica Typhimurium Association, Invasion, and Replication in Macrophages

A high-throughput assay to in vitro phenotype Salmonella or other bacterial association, invasion, and replication in phagocytic cells with high-throughput capacity was developed. The method was employed to evaluate Salmonella gene knockout mutant strains for their involvements in host-pathogen interactions.

表現型のハイスループットアッセイ<em&gt;サルモネラ菌</em&gt;ネズミチフス菌協会、侵略、およびマクロファージにおける複製

Salmonella species are zoonotic pathogens and leading causes of food borne illnesses in humans and livestock1. Understanding the mechanisms underlying ...

Quantification of Cytosolic vs. Vacuolar Salmonella in Primary Macrophages by Differential Permeabilization

Intracellular bacterial pathogens can replicate in the cytosol or in specialized pathogen-containing vacuoles (PCVs). To reach the cytosol, bacteria like Shigella flexneri and Francisella novicida need to induce the rupture of the phagosome. In contrast, Salmonella typhimurium replicates in a vacuolar compartment, known as Salmonella-containing vacuole (SCV). However certain mutants of Salmonella fail to maintain SCV integrity and are thus released into the cytosol. The percentage of cytosolic vs. vacuolar bacteria on the level of single bacteria can be measured by differential permeabilization, also known as phagosome-protection assay. The approach makes use of the property of detergent digitonin to selectively bind cholesterol. Since the plasma membrane contains more cholesterol than other cellular membranes, digitonin can be used to selectively permeabilize the plasma membrane while leaving intracellular membranes intact. In brief, following infection with the pathogen expressing a fluorescent marker protein (e.g. mCherry among others), the plasma membrane of host cells is permeabilized with a short incubation in digitonin containing buffer. Cells are then washed and incubated with a primary antibody (coupled to a fluorophore of choice) directed against the bacterium of choice (e.g. anti-Salmonella-FITC) and washed again. If unmarked bacteria are used, an additional step can be done, in which all membranes are permeabilized and all bacteria stained with a corresponding antibody. Following the staining, the percentage of vacuolar and cytosolic bacteria can be quantified by FACS or microscopy by counting single or double-positive events. Here we provide experimental details for use of this technique with the bacterium Salmonella typhimurium. The advantage of this assay is that, in contrast to other assay, it provides a quantification on the level of single bacteria, and if analyzed by microscopy provides the exact number of cytosolic and vacuolar bacteria in a given cell.

Quantification of Cytosolic vs. Vacuolar Salmonella in Primary Macrophages by Differential Permeabilization

We describe the quantification of cytosolic and vacuolar Salmonella typhimurium in bone-marrow derived macrophages using differential digitonin permeabilization.

液胞対細胞質の定量化<em&gt;サルモネラ</em&gt;差動透過化初代マクロファージで

Intracellular bacterial pathogens can replicate in the cytosol or in specialized pathogen-containing vacuoles (PCVs). To reach the cytosol, bacteria like ...

Cefoperazone-treated Mouse Model of Clinically-relevant Clostridium difficile Strain R20291

Clostridium difficile is an anaerobic, gram-positive, spore-forming enteric pathogen that is associated with increasing morbidity and mortality and consequently poses an urgent threat to public health. Recurrence of a C. difficile infection (CDI) after successful treatment with antibiotics is high, occurring in 20-30% of patients, thus necessitating the discovery of novel therapeutics against this pathogen. Current animal models of CDI result in high mortality rates and thus do not approximate the chronic, insidious disease manifestations seen in humans with CDI. To evaluate therapeutics against C. difficile, a mouse model approximating human disease utilizing a clinically-relevant strain is needed. This protocol outlines the cefoperazone mouse model of CDI using a clinically-relevant and genetically-tractable strain, R20291. Techniques for clinical disease monitoring, C. difficile bacterial enumeration, toxin cytotoxicity, and histopathological changes throughout CDI in a mouse model are detailed in the protocol. Compared to other mouse models of CDI, this model is not uniformly lethal at the dose administered, allowing for the observation of a prolonged clinical course of infection concordant with the human disease. Therefore, this cefoperazone mouse model of CDI proves a valuable experimental platform to assess the effects of novel therapeutics on the amelioration of clinical disease and on the restoration of colonization resistance against C. difficile.

Cefoperazone-treated Mouse Model of Clinically-relevant Clostridium difficile Strain R20291

This protocol outlines the cefoperazone mouse model of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) using a clinically-relevant and genetically-tractable strain, R20291. Emphasis on clinical disease monitoring, C. difficile bacterial enumeration, toxin cytotoxicity, and histopathological changes throughout CDI in a mouse model are detailed in the protocol.

臨床的に関連のセフォペラゾン処理されたマウスモデル<em&gt;クロストリジウム・ディフィシル</em&gt;ひずみR20291

Clostridium difficile is an anaerobic, gram-positive, spore-forming enteric pathogen that is associated with increasing morbidity and mortality and ...

Analyzing Beneficial Effects of Nutritional Supplements on Intestinal Epithelial Barrier Functions During Experimental Colitis

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), including Crohn&#39;s disease and ulcerative colitis, are chronic relapsing disorders of the intestines. They cause severe problems, such as abdominal cramping, bloody diarrhea, and weight loss, in affected individuals. Unfortunately, there is no cure yet, and treatments only aim to alleviate symptoms. Current treatments include anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive drugs that may cause severe side effects. This warrants the search for alternative treatment options, such as nutritional supplements, that do not cause side effects. Before their application in clinical studies, such compounds must be rigorously tested for effectiveness and security in animal models. A reliable experimental model is the dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) colitis model in mice, which reproduces many of the clinical signs of ulcerative colitis in humans. We recently applied this model to test the beneficial effects of a nutritional supplement containing vitamins C and E, L-arginine, and &#969;3-polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). We analyzed various disease parameters and found that this supplement was able to ameliorate edema formation, tissue damage, leukocyte infiltration, oxidative stress, and the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, leading to an overall improvement in the disease activity index. In this article, we explain in detail the correct application of nutritional supplements using the DSS colitis model in C57Bl/6 mice, as well as how disease parameters such as histology, oxidative stress, and inflammation are assessed. Analyzing the beneficial effects of different diet supplements may then eventually open new avenues for the development of alternative treatment strategies that alleviate IBD symptoms and/or that prolong the phases of remission without causing severe side effects.

Current treatments of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) aim at alleviating disease symptoms but may cause severe side effects. Thus, alternative strategies are being investigated in animal colitis models. Here, we explain how the beneficial effects of diet supplements on clinical IBD signs are analyzed in such a colitis model.

実験的大腸炎の間、腸上皮バリア機能に栄養補助食品の有益な効果を分析

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), including Crohn&#39;s disease and ulcerative colitis, are chronic relapsing disorders of the intestines. They cause ...

医学

Functional Assessment of Intestinal Permeability and Neutrophil Transepithelial Migration in Mice using a Standardized Intestinal Loop Model

The intestinal mucosa is lined by a single layer of epithelial cells that forms a dynamic barrier allowing paracellular transport of nutrients and water while preventing passage of luminal bacteria and exogenous substances. A breach of this layer results in increased permeability to luminal contents and recruitment of immune cells, both of which are hallmarks of pathologic states in the gut including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). 
Mechanisms regulating epithelial barrier function and transepithelial migration (TEpM) of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) are incompletely understood due to the lack of experimental in vivo methods allowing quantitative analyses. Here, we describe a robust murine experimental model that employs an exteriorized intestinal segment of either ileum or proximal colon. The exteriorized intestinal loop (iLoop) is fully vascularized and offers physiological advantages over ex vivo chamber-based approaches commonly used to study permeability and PMN migration across epithelial cell monolayers.
We demonstrate two applications of this model in detail: (1) quantitative measurement of intestinal permeability through detection of fluorescence-labeled dextrans in serum after intraluminal injection, (2) quantitative assessment of migrated PMN across the intestinal epithelium into the gut lumen after intraluminal introduction of chemoattractants. We demonstrate feasibility of this model and provide results utilizing the iLoop in mice lacking the epithelial tight junction-associated protein JAM-A compared to controls. JAM-A has been shown to regulate epithelial barrier function as well as PMN TEpM during inflammatory responses. Our results using the iLoop confirm previous studies and highlight the importance of JAM-A in regulation of intestinal permeability and PMN TEpM in vivo during homeostasis and disease. 
The iLoop model provides a highly standardized method for reproducible in vivo studies of intestinal homeostasis and inflammation and will significantly enhance understanding of intestinal barrier function and mucosal inflammation in diseases such as IBD.

Dysregulated intestinal epithelial barrier function and immune responses are hallmarks of inflammatory bowel disease that remain poorly investigated due to a lack of physiological models. Here, we describe a mouse intestinal loop model that employs a well-vascularized and exteriorized bowel segment to study mucosal permeability and leukocyte recruitment in vivo.

標準化腸ループモデルを用いたマウスにおける腸透過性と好中球経上皮移動の機能評価

The intestinal mucosa is lined by a single layer of epithelial cells that forms a dynamic barrier allowing paracellular transport of nutrients and water ...

A Fluorescence-based Assay for Characterization and Quantification of Lipid Droplet Formation in Human Intestinal Organoids

Dietary lipids are taken up as free fatty acids (FAs) by the intestinal epithelium. These FAs are intracellularly converted into triglyceride (TG) molecules, before they are packaged into chylomicrons for transport to the lymph or into cytosolic lipid droplets (LDs) for intracellular storage. A crucial step for the formation of LDs is the catalytic activity of diacylglycerol acyltransferases (DGAT) in the final step of TG synthesis. LDs are important to buffer toxic lipid species and regulate cellular metabolism in different cell types. Since the human intestinal epithelium is regularly confronted with high concentrations of lipids, LD formation is of great importance to regulate homeostasis. Here we describe a simple assay for the characterization and quantification of LD formation (LDF) upon stimulation with the most common unsaturated fatty acid, oleic acid, in human intestinal organoids. The LDF assay is based on the LD-specific fluorescent dye LD540, which allows for quantification of LDs by confocal microscopy, fluorescent plate reader, or flow cytometry. The LDF assay can be used to characterize LD formation in human intestinal epithelial cells, or to study human (genetic) disorders that affect LD metabolism, such as DGAT1 deficiency. Furthermore, this assay can also be used in a high-throughput pipeline to test novel therapeutic compounds, which restore defects in LD formation in intestinal or other types of organoids.

This protocol describes an assay for the characterization of lipid droplet (LD) formation in human intestinal organoids upon stimulation with fatty acids. We discuss how this assay is used for quantification of LD formation, and how it can be used for high throughput screening for drugs that affect LD formation.

ヒト腸オルガノイドにおける脂質液滴形成の特徴付けと定量化のための蛍光ベースアッセイ

Dietary lipids are taken up as free fatty acids (FAs) by the intestinal epithelium. These FAs are intracellularly converted into triglyceride (TG) ...

Assessment of Intestinal Transcytosis of Neonatal Escherichia coli Bacteremia Isolates

Newborns ingest maternal E. coli strains that colonize their intestinal tract around the time of delivery. E. coli strains with the ability to translocate across the gut invade the newborn's bloodstream, causing life-threatening bacteremia. The methodology presented here utilizes polarized intestinal epithelial cells grown on semipermeable inserts to assess the transcytosis of neonatal E. coli bacteremia isolates in vitro. This method uses the established T84 intestinal cell line that has the ability to grow to confluence and form tight junctions and desmosomes. After reaching confluence, mature T84 monolayers develop transepithelial resistance (TEER), which can be quantified using a voltmeter. The TEER values are inversely correlated with the paracellular permeability of extracellular components, including bacteria, across the intestinal monolayer. The transcellular passage of bacteria (transcytosis), on the other hand, does not necessarily alter the TEER measurements. In this model, bacterial passage across the intestinal monolayer is quantified for up to 6 h post-infection, and repeated measurements of TEER are made to monitor the paracellular permeability. In addition, this method facilitates the use of techniques such as immunostaining to study the structural changes in tight junctions and other cell-to-cell adhesion proteins during bacterial transcytosis across the polarized epithelium. The use of this model contributes to the characterization of the mechanisms by which neonatal E. coli transcytose across the intestinal epithelium to produce bacteremia.

Assessment of Intestinal Transcytosis of Neonatal Escherichia coli Bacteremia Isolates

Escherichia coli&#160;causes sepsis in neonates who ingest the bacteria around the time of birth. The process involved in&#160;E. coli&#8217;s&#160;ability to travel from the enteric tract to the bloodstream is poorly understood. This&#160;in vitro&#160;model assesses the ability of&#160;E. coli&#160;strains to travel through the intestinal epithelial cells.

新生児大腸 菌 分離株の腸管トランスサイトーシスの評価

Newborns ingest maternal E. coli strains that colonize their intestinal tract around the time of delivery. E. coli strains with the ability to translocate ...

Using Caco-2 Cells to Study Lipid Transport by the Intestine

Studies of dietary fat absorption are generally conducted by using an animal model equipped with a lymph cannula. Although this animal model is widely accepted as the in vivo model of dietary fat absorption, the surgical techniques involved are challenging and expensive. Genetic manipulation of the animal model is also costly and time consuming. The alternative in vitro model is arguably more affordable, timesaving, and less challenging. Importantly, the in vitro model allows investigators to examine the enterocytes as an isolated system, reducing the complexity inherent in the whole organism model. This paper describes how human colon carcinoma cells (Caco-2) can serve as an in vitro model to study the enterocyte transport of lipids, and lipid-soluble drugs and vitamins. It explains the proper maintenance of Caco-2 cells and the preparation of their lipid mixture; and it further discusses the valuable option of using the permeable membrane system. Since differentiated Caco-2 cells are polarized, the main advantage of using the permeable membrane system is that it separates the apical from the basolateral compartment. Consequently, the lipid mixture can be added to the apical compartment while the lipoproteins can be collected from the basolateral compartment. In addition, the effectiveness of the lentivirus expression system in upregulating gene expression in Caco-2 cells is discussed. Lastly, this paper describes how to confirm the successful isolation of intestinal lipoproteins by transmission electron microscopy (TEM).

Caco-2 cells can serve as an in vitro model to study the enterocyte transport of lipids, and lipid-soluble drugs/vitamins. The permeable membrane system separates the apical from the basolateral compartment, while the lentivirus expression system offers an effective gene overexpression method. The isolation of lipoproteins is confirmed by TEM.

腸によって脂質輸送を研究するためのCaco-2細胞を用いました

Studies of dietary fat absorption are generally conducted by using an animal model equipped with a lymph cannula. Although this animal model is widely ...

生物学

In Vitro and In Vivo Approaches to Determine Intestinal Epithelial Cell Permeability

The intestinal barrier defends against pathogenic microorganism and microbial toxin. Its function is regulated by tight junction permeability and epithelial cell integrity, and disruption of the intestinal barrier function contributes to progression of gastrointestinal and systemic disease. Two simple methods are described here to measure the permeability of intestinal epithelium. In vitro, Caco-2BBe cells are plated in tissue culture wells as a monolayer and transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) can be measured by an epithelial (volt/ohm) meter. This method is convincing because of its user-friendly operation and repeatability. In vivo, mice are gavaged with 4 kDa fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran, and the FITC-dextran concentrations are measured in collected serum samples from mice to determine the epithelial permeability. Oral gavage provides an accurate dose, and therefore is the preferred method to measure the intestinal permeability in vivo. Taken together, these two methods can measure the permeability of the intestinal epithelium in vitro and in vivo, and hence be used to study the connection between diseases and barrier function.

In Vitro and In Vivo Approaches to Determine Intestinal Epithelial Cell Permeability

Two methods are presented here to determine intestinal barrier function. An epithelial meter (volt/ohm) is used for measurements of transepithelial electrical resistance of cultured epithelia directly in tissue culture wells. In mice, the FITC-dextran gavage method is used to determine the intestinal permeability in vivo.

ヒト腸管上皮細胞およびBALB / cマウスのマクロファージを用いた耐容脂肪酸とコレラ毒素の濃度の測定

要約

さらに動画を探す

この動画の章

マウスの腸からの樹状細胞およびマクロファージの単離とキャラクタリゼーション

表現型のハイスループットアッセイ

液胞対細胞質の定量化

臨床的に関連のセフォペラゾン処理されたマウスモデル

実験的大腸炎の間、腸上皮バリア機能に栄養補助食品の有益な効果を分析

標準化腸ループモデルを用いたマウスにおける腸透過性と好中球経上皮移動の機能評価

ヒト腸オルガノイドにおける脂質液滴形成の特徴付けと定量化のための蛍光ベースアッセイ

新生児大腸菌分離株の腸管トランスサイトーシスの評価

腸によって脂質輸送を研究するためのCaco-2細胞を用いました

腸管上皮細胞の透磁率を決定する体外と体内アプローチ

ヒト腸管上皮細胞およびBALB / cマウスのマクロファージを用いた耐容脂肪酸とコレラ毒素の濃度の測定

要約

さらに動画を探す

この動画の章

マウスの腸からの樹状細胞およびマクロファージの単離とキャラクタリゼーション

表現型のハイスループットアッセイ

液胞対細胞質の定量化

臨床的に関連のセフォペラゾン処理されたマウスモデル

実験的大腸炎の間、腸上皮バリア機能に栄養補助食品の有益な効果を分析

標準化腸ループモデルを用いたマウスにおける腸透過性と好中球経上皮移動の機能評価

ヒト腸オルガノイドにおける脂質液滴形成の特徴付けと定量化のための蛍光ベースアッセイ

新生児大腸 菌 分離株の腸管トランスサイトーシスの評価

腸によって脂質輸送を研究するためのCaco-2細胞を用いました

腸管上皮細胞の透磁率を決定する体外と体内アプローチ

新生児大腸菌分離株の腸管トランスサイトーシスの評価