この作品は、研究のためのヒト組織を利用できるようになり、ヒト組織および細胞研究財団、によって可能になりました。そしてHepacult社、この仕事のための財政支援は、連邦教育研究省（：バーチャル肝ネットワーク、助成金番号0315759助成名）から受信されました。私たちのおかげで、また肝灌流および肝細胞の分離を実施するための肝臓サンプルおよび細胞単離基盤施設からの技術的なアシスタントの収集のためGrosshadern病院組織バンクからの技術的なアシスタントにアクセスしてください。特に、我々はビデオでこの手順を実証するためのNataljaレーヴェンに感謝したいと思います。最後に、我々は、ビデオの概略の図1のためのイラストや図形を作成するためのNataljaレーヴェンとEdeltraud Haneschに感謝したいと思います。

1。灌流および分離された溶液の調製<ol><li>肝臓片と、表1によると、肝細胞の単離灌流のために必要なソリューションを準備します。溶液は使用時まで4℃で保存することができる。 </li><li>無菌フィルター0.22μmのフィルターを使用して、すべてのソリューションを提供しています。 </li><li>肝臓と接触するすべてのソリューションは無菌でなければならない。 </li></ol> 2。灌流機器とソリューションの作成<ol><li> 図1に示すように、肝臓片の灌流のための機器は、セットアップする必要があります。 </li><li>水浴は、それらが肝臓片に到達したときに溶液が37℃の温度であるように、各特定の実験設定で異なる適切な温度に設定されるべきである。この場合には、水浴を溶液1,2および3とジャケット付きガラス凝縮器を温めるために41°Cに設定されている。溶液4に温めべきであるコラゲナーゼ活性の損失を低減するために使用するための別個の水浴中で37℃で。 </li><li>まもなく肝灌流の前に、酸素化装置（ 図1E）をガスに95％のO 2/5％CO 2を含むガスのタンクのレギュレータをオンにします。 </li></ol> 3。肝臓の灌流<ol><li>肝臓ピースできるだけ多くそのままグリソン鞘と、理想的には唯一の1切断面には、灌流のための病理学者から入手する必要があります。 </li><li>有孔フィルターディスク（ 図1B）が含まれてブフナー漏斗上、この肝臓ピースを置きます。 </li><li>灌流システムは、ソリューション1で下塗りする必要があります。 </li><li>低流量で、オリーブ先端を有する湾曲灌注カニューレは、肝臓片の切断面に大きな血管内に挿入されるべきである。血液が肝臓から洗い流すように、組織はよい潅流地域で軽くなる。様々なサイズのために使用さカニューレの数肝臓の図2Aに示されている。選択されたゲージのサイズが所定の位置にカニューレを保持するぴったりフィットをもたらすべきである。小さい血管が肝臓片の外に排出する灌流液のためオープンにしてください。 </li><li>肝臓（ 図2B）のサイズに応じて、ml /分110-460の間に蠕動ポンプでの流量を増加させる。これは、カニューレあたり44±16 ml /分（ 図2C）の平均流量をもたらす。選択した速度は、肝臓片に依存し、肝臓片のわずかにプランピングアップにつながるはずです。いくつかの場合においては、上述したわずかなプランピングを達成するために、微小血管クランプを備えた開放血管の一部を遮断クランプする必要があるかもしれない。肝臓片は全体を通して明るい色である場合に良好な灌流を観察することができる。 </li><li>生理食塩水に浸したガーゼで覆うことにより、灌流中の湿った肝作品を保管してください。 </li><li>任意のRを洗い流すためのソリューション1 1Lで灌流肝臓枚で血をemaining。 </li><li>解決策2に灌流液を変更し、10分間灌流する。 </li><li>解決策3に潅流液を切り替えて、0.5 Lで灌流</li><li>コラゲナーゼ（ 表2）の0.1から0.15パーセントを含む溶液4に灌流液を変更します。 </li><li>肝臓が十分に消化されるまで、このステップでは、灌流は9月12日分の再循環方法で実施あるいはすべきである肝組織はグリソン鞘の下に離れて少し破っての鈍側でプローブ時に軟化感じるように表示されます小刀。 </li></ol> 4。肝細胞を単離する<ol><li>蠕動ポンプの電源を切り、肝臓片からカニューレを取り外します。 </li><li>ソリューション5 100〜200 mlを含む結晶皿で肝ピースを置きます。 </li><li>慎重にグリソン鞘を外し、静かにセルを横に振る。よく灌流されていない領域がある場合は、外科用メスを介して切断するために使用することができるこれらの領域は、中に含まれる細胞を放出する。プロセス中に必要に応じてより多くのソリューション5を追加します。 </li><li> 500ミリリットルの最終体積に達するまで、より多くのソリューションの追加5。 </li><li>二回細胞懸濁液をフィルタリング、最初の70ミクロンのナイロンメッシュに続いて210ミクロンのナイロンメッシュ。次に、30mlを200ml遠心管に細胞懸濁液を注ぐ。 </li><li> 4℃で5分間、72 gで細胞懸濁液を遠心分離上清を吸引し、ゆっくりと溶液5の200ミリリットル中に静かに細胞ペレットを再懸濁します。 </li><li>洗浄工程数4.6 3回繰り返します。最後の遠心分離ステップで、（材料のリストを参照）低温貯蔵溶液中で細胞を再懸濁。細胞は血球計数器ベースのトリパンブルー排除アッセイを用いて収量と生存性の評価のためのミリリットル当たり約2から5000000肝細胞である必要があります。 </li><li>トリパンブルー排除アッセイを実施するために、パンブルーsolutiの0.5ミリリットルを含む微量遠心管に（≈2から5000000 / ml）を適切に希釈した細胞の0.1ミリリットルを追加オン（リン酸緩衝生理食塩水（PBS）に溶解し、0.4％トリパンブルー）と0.4mlのPBS。完全に細胞懸濁液を混合した後、懸濁液を血球計数器をロードし、100Xの倍率で顕微鏡下で調べる。生きた細胞は染色されていない表示されている間、顕微鏡下では、死んだ細胞が青く染色されます。血球計数器上にマークさ1ミリメートル2のグリッドのそれぞれに住んでいて、全細胞の数を数える。生存率（％）、生細胞（中低温貯蔵溶液あたり百万肝細胞（CSS）又はg肝臓肝細胞あたり百万）の収率は以下の式を用いて計算することができる。 </li></ol><img alt="式（1）" fo:src="/files/ftp_upload/50615/50615eq1highres.jpg" src="/files/ftp_upload/50615/50615eq1.jpg" /> 注：この場合には、トリパンブルー希釈係数は10であり、血球計係数は、10,000である。

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このプロトコルの最適化は、部分的にHepacult社からの助成金によって賄われていた。博士ヴォルフガングThaslerはHepacult社の創設者の1であり、この会社では取締役会のメンバーの一つである。 Maresa Demmelの雇用がHepacultにより部分的にである。マリアHaunerはHepacult GmbHが採用されている。 Hepacultは同意と研究目的のためのオープンアクセスをヒト肝細胞を提供しています大学からスピンオフバイオテクノロジー会社である。

このプロトコルは、高い生存率および純度のヒト肝細胞を単離することになる。これらの結果を達成するためには、肝臓の適切な個数で開始することが重要である。肝臓の一部は、1切断面を除くすべての表面上でそのままグリソン鞘を持つ必要があります。別の重要な要因は、異なるバッチの消化後11肝細胞の生存率の著しい違いをもたらすことができるように、使用されるコラゲ?...

A correction was made to: <a href="http://www.jove.com/video/50615/isolation-human-hepatocytes-two-step-collagenase-perfusion">Isolation of Human Hepatocytes by a Two-step Collagenase Perfusion Procedure </a>
The changes listed below have been made to Table 1.
1). In the recipe for Solution 2, the Final Concentration of EGTA has been changed from:
<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td>EGTA&#160;</td>
			<td>0.1mM</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>
to:
<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td>EGTA&#160;</td>
			<td>1mM</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>
2). In the recipes for Solution 3 and 4, the Final Concentration of Calcium chloride dihydrate has been changed from:
<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td>Calcium chloride dihydrate&#160;</td>
			<td>0.5&#181;M</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>
to:
<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td>Calcium chloride dihydrate&#160;</td>
			<td>5mM</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

A correction was made to: Isolation of Human Hepatocytes by a Two-step Collagenase Perfusion Procedure.
The Final Concentration of EGTA in Solution 2 and the Final Concentration of Calcium chloride dihydrate in solutions 3 and 4 have been updated in Table 1.

Erratum: Isolation of Human Hepatocytes by a Two-step Collagenase Perfusion Procedure

肝細胞懸濁液を機械的または酵素的方法によって肝臓から調製することができる。全体の肝細胞を調製するために使用される機械的な方法は、チーズクロス2を介して肝臓を強制カーンシェーカー3におけるガラスビーズの肝臓片を振盪、長年にわたりなど緩い乳棒4,5有するガラスホモジナイザーを用いて、機械的な方法は、外に落ちて含むにより、細胞膜の損傷と単離肝細胞6,7の機能喪失に有利に働く。したがって、酵素的方法の使用は、現在、肝細胞の単離のための主要な方法である。 ベリーと友達8は 、ラットにおける門脈経由で肝臓をコラゲナーゼおよびヒアルロニダーゼを灌流したとき、酵素法を用いて肝細胞の単離は大きく改善されました。この灌流過程を導く、酵素は細胞の大部分に密着できるようにするために血管系を利用した肝細胞8の収量の6倍の増加。さらに、この方法は、事実上孤立小胞への小胞体の変換なしなしミトコンドリア損傷8で、その構造的完全性を保持された細胞が得られた。 この方法は、肝細胞の単離のために二段階灌流手順を開拓Seglen 1によって改変した。この手順では、ラットの肝臓のCa 2 +を含有する1コラゲナーゼ緩衝液で灌流、続いてのCa 2 +を含まない緩衝液で灌流される。第二工程におけるCa 2 +の添加は、最適なコラゲナーゼ活性1,9に必要とされている間第一工程におけるCa 2 +の除去は、デスモソームを破壊するのに役立つ。 上記の発表された研究は、ラットで行われたことを考えると、この記事では、ハムから高い生存して肝細胞の単離に使用することができます変更された手順を実証することを目的と肝臓。ヒト肝細胞の使用は、トランスレーショナル研究のための動物モデルを用いた実験を検証するための重要なままです。本研究で用いたヒト肝臓片を、ヒト組織および細胞研究基金、国営の非営利財団10を通じてガバナンスの同意を得て取得した。病理学者は、診断のために必要であったものを除去した後、肝臓片を残りの組織から採取した。病理学者によって区画さ組織は、形態学的に肝切除後の切除縁から得た健康な組織だった。

<table border="1">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Name of Reagent/Material</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bubble trap</td>
			<td>Ga&szlig;ner Glastechnik</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass jacketed condenser</td>
			<td>Ga&szlig;ner Glastechnik</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>41 &deg;C Water bath</td>
			<td>Julabo</td>
			<td>35723-H24/EG</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>37 &deg;C Water bath</td>
			<td>GFL</td>
			<td>1083</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Compressed gas cylinder (95 % O2/5 % CO2)</td>
			<td>Linde</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gas permeable tubing</td>
			<td>Neolab</td>
			<td>2-4440</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Peristaltic pump</td>
			<td>Ismatec</td>
			<td>IP65</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scalpel</td>
			<td>Feather</td>
			<td>320010</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Forceps</td>
			<td>Omnilab</td>
			<td>5171014</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Conical flasks 1 L</td>
			<td>Schott Duran</td>
			<td>2121654</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Conical flasks 5 L</td>
			<td>Schott Duran</td>
			<td>2121673</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Beakers</td>
			<td>Schott Duran</td>
			<td>2110654</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>200 ml centrifuge tubes</td>
			<td>Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td>352075</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Crystallizing dish</td>
			<td>Omnilab</td>
			<td>5144063</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Curved irrigation cannulae with ball tips</td>
			<td>Ernst Kratz GmbH</td>
			<td>1464LL/ 1465LL A+B/ 1472LL</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micro vascular clamps</td>
			<td>Ernst Kratz GmbH</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>B&uuml;chner funnel</td>
			<td>Carl Roth</td>
			<td>HT38.1</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nylon mesh 210 &mu;m</td>
			<td>Neolab</td>
			<td>4-1413</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nylon mesh 70 &mu;m</td>
			<td>Neolab</td>
			<td>4-1419</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.22 &mu;m sterile filters</td>
			<td>Peske</td>
			<td>99505</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>500 ml bottles</td>
			<td>Schott Duran</td>
			<td>2180144</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1 L bottles</td>
			<td>Schott Duran</td>
			<td>2180154</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hemocytometer</td>
			<td>Peske</td>
			<td>06-0001</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1.5 ml tubes</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>0030 120,086</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>50 ml conical tubes</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>352070</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ice bucket</td>
			<td>Neolab</td>
			<td>1508454</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sterile Pasteur pipettes</td>
			<td>Brand</td>
			<td>747715</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Motorised pipette filler (Pipette boy acu)</td>
			<td>Integra</td>
			<td>155017</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Refridgerated centrifuge</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>5810R</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Laminar flow</td>
			<td>Kendro</td>
			<td>Hera safe-KS9</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Aspirator (Low-flow surgical suction pump)</td>
			<td>Atmos</td>
			<td>C361</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Laboratory Gas Burner</td>
			<td>Integra</td>
			<td>Fire Boy eco</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Disposable laboratory coat</td>
			<td>Paperlynen GmbH</td>
			<td>MD0202414</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Surgical mask with visor</td>
			<td>Kimberly-Clark</td>
			<td>48247</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Surgical hood</td>
			<td>Barrier</td>
			<td>42072</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Latex gloves</td>
			<td>Semper Care</td>
			<td>CE0321</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Collagenase (Batch number NB 4G)</td>
			<td>Serva</td>
			<td>17465</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Calcium chloride dihydrate</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>2382</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EGTA</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>E4378</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium chloride</td>
			<td>Roth</td>
			<td>9265.2</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hepes</td>
			<td>Roth</td>
			<td>9105.3</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium chloride</td>
			<td>Serva</td>
			<td>26868</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Albumin</td>
			<td>Biomol</td>
			<td>01400-2</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glucose</td>
			<td>Serva</td>
			<td>22700</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium hydrogen carbonate</td>
			<td>Serva</td>
			<td>30180</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.4% Trypan blue solution</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>17-942E</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cold storage solution</td>
			<td>Hepacult GmbH</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

isolation of human hepatocytes by a two-step collagenase perfusion procedure

肝臓、例外的な再生能力を有する器官は、解毒、代謝及び恒常性などの機能の広い範囲を実行する。このように、肝細胞は、研究課題の多種多様のための重要なモデルである。特に、ヒト肝細胞の使用は、薬物動態、毒性、肝再生および翻訳研究の分野で特に重要である。したがって、この方法は、Seglen 1によって記載されるように肝細胞を単離するために2段階コラゲナーゼ灌流手順の修正版を提示する。 以前に、肝細胞は、機械的な方法によって単離されている。しかし、酵素法は、肝細胞が分離した後にその構造的完全性と機能を保持するように優れていることが示されている。ここで紹介するこの方法は、77±10％の生存と肝細胞の大規模な収率でヒトの肝臓片と結果に対するラットの肝臓のために以前に設計された方法を適応させる。メインこの手順の違いは、血管のカニューレ挿入するプロセスである。また、ここで説明する方法はまた、匹敵する肝臓または血管サイズを有する他の種由来の肝臓に適用することができる。

灌流セットアップ肝灌流に必要な機器は、 図1に応じて設定する必要があります。 単離されたヒト肝細胞の生存率および収量単離されたヒト肝細胞の平均生存率は77±10％であった肝細胞の平均収量は、平均値±標準偏差として表される値を使用して、13±1100万肝細胞/ g肝臓であった。肝細胞の単離の数は、648アイソレーシ?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation of Human Hepatocytes by a Two-step Collagenase Perfusion Procedure at JoVE.com

Isolation of Human Hepatocytes by a Two-step Collagenase Perfusion Procedure

ヒト肝細胞の単離のための修飾された二工程コラゲナーゼ灌流手順が記載されている。この方法はまた、他の哺乳動物の肝臓にも適用することができる。単離された肝細胞は、それらのような肝臓の再生、薬物動態および毒物学などの分野での科学的研究に適したモデル作り、高い収率および生存度で提供されています。

二段階コラゲナーゼ灌流手順によって、ヒト肝細胞の分離

The liver, an organ with an exceptional regeneration capacity, carries out a wide range of functions, such as detoxification, metabolism and homeostasis. ...

isolation-human-hepatocytes-two-step-collagenase-perfusion

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

30.8K ビュー.  Grosshadern Hospital, Munich. ヒト肝細胞の単離のための修飾された二工程コラゲナーゼ灌流手順が記載されている。この方法はまた、他の哺乳動物の肝臓にも適用することができる。単離された肝細胞は、それらのような肝臓の再生、薬物動態および毒物学などの分野での科学的研究に適したモデル作り、高い収率および生存度で提供されています。 

ビデオ: Isolation of Human Hepatocytes by a Two-step Collagenase Perfusion Procedure

Derivation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells by Immunosurgery

The ability of human embryonic stem cells to self-renew and differentiate into all cell types of 
the body suggests that they hold great promise for both medical applications and as a research 
tool for addressing fundamental questions in development and disease. Here, we provide a 
concise, step-by-step protocol for the derivation of human embryonic stem cells from embryos 
by immunosurgical isolation of the inner cell mass. 


The ability of human embryonic stem cells to self-renew and differentiate into all cell types of 
the body suggests that they hold great promise for both medical applications and as a research 
tool for addressing fundamental questions in development and disease. Here, we provide a 
concise, step-by-step protocol for the derivation of human embryonic stem cells from embryos 
by immunosurgical isolation of the inner cell mass.

免疫手術でヒト胚性幹細胞の導出

The ability of human embryonic stem cells to self-renew and differentiate into all cell types of 
the body suggests that they hold great promise for both ...

生物学

Isolation of Rat Portal Fibroblasts by In situ Liver Perfusion

Liver fibrosis is defined by the excessive deposition of extracellular matrix by activated myofibroblasts. There are multiple precursors of hepatic myofibroblasts, including hepatic stellate cells, portal fibroblasts and bone marrow derived fibroblasts 1. Hepatic stellate cells have been the best studied, but portal fibroblasts are increasingly recognized as important contributors to the myofibroblast pool, particularly in biliary fibrosis 2. Portal fibroblasts undergo proliferation in response to biliary epithelial injury, potentially playing a key role in the early stages of biliary scarring 3-5. A method of isolating portal fibroblasts would allow in vitro study of this cell population and lead to greater understanding of the role portal fibroblasts play in biliary fibrosis.
Portal fibroblasts have been isolated using various techniques including outgrowth 6, 7 and liver perfusion with enzymatic digestion followed by size selection 8. The advantage of the digestion and size selection technique compared to the outgrowth technique is that cells can be studied without the necessity of passage in culture. Here, we describe a modified version of the original technique described by Kruglov and Dranoff 8 for isolation of portal fibroblasts from rat liver that results in a relatively pure population of primary cells.

Isolation of Rat Portal Fibroblasts by In situ Liver Perfusion

A technique for isolating portal fibroblasts from rat liver is described. Livers are perfused and digested in situ with collagenase, followed by ex vivo digestion of the liver slurry and size selection of cells. This method provides a pure population of portal fibroblasts without the need for passage in culture.

ラットポータル線維芽細胞の分離により、<em&gt;その場</em&gt;肝灌流

Liver fibrosis is defined  by the excessive deposition of extracellular matrix by activated  myofibroblasts. There are multiple precursors of hepatic ...

Mouse Islet of Langerhans Isolation using a Combination of Purified Collagenase and Neutral Protease

The interrogation of beta cell gene expression and function in vitro has squarely shifted over the years from the study of rodent tumorigenic cell lines to the study of isolated rodent islets. Primary islets offer the distinct advantage that they more faithfully reflect the biology of intracellular signaling pathways and secretory responses. Whereas the method of islet isolation using tissue dissociating enzyme (TDE) preparations has been well established in many laboratories1-4, variations in the consistency of islet yield and quality from any given rodent strain limit the extent and feasibility of primary islet studies. These variations often occur as a result of the crude partially purified TDEs used in the islet isolation procedure; TDEs frequently exhibit lot-to-lot variations in activity and often require adjustments to the dose of enzyme used. A small number of reports have used purified TDEs for rodent cell isolations5, 6, but the practice is not widespread despite the routine use and advantages of purified TDEs for human islet isolations. In collaboration with VitaCyte, LLC (Indianapolis, IN), we developed a modified mouse islet isolation protocol based on that described by Gotoh7, 8, in which the TDEs are perfused directly into the pancreatic duct of mice, followed by crude tissue fractionation through a Histopaque gradient9, and isolation of purified islets. A significant difference in our protocol is the use of purified collagenase (CIzyme MA) and neutral protease (CIzyme BP) combination. The collagenase was characterized by the use of a6 fluorescence collagen degrading activity (CDA) assay that utilized fluorescently labeled soluble calf skin fibrils as substrate6. This substrate is more predictive of the kinetics of collagen degradation in the tissue matrix because it relies on native collagen as the substrate. The protease was characterized with a sensitive fluorescent kinetic assay10. Utilizing these improved assays along with more traditional biochemical analysis enable the TDE to be manufactured more consistently, leading to improved performance consistency between lots. The protocol described in here was optimized for maximal islet yield and optimal islet morphology using C57BL/6 mice. During the development of this protocol, several combinations of collagenase and neutral proteases were evaluated at different concentrations, and the final ratio of collagenase:neutral protease of 35:10 represents enzyme performance comparable to Sigma Type XI. Because significant variability in average islet yields from different strains of rats and mice have been reported, additional modifications of the TDE composition should be made to improve the yield and quality of islets recovered from different species and strains.

A detailed description of mouse islet isolation is described using the technique of in situ pancreatic ductal cannulation and perfusion of a combination of purified collagenase and neutral protease.

コラゲナーゼと中性プロテアーゼの精製の組合せを用いて単離ランゲルハンスマウスの膵島

The interrogation of beta cell gene expression and function in vitro has squarely shifted over the years from the study of rodent tumorigenic cell lines ...

GST-His purification: A Two-step Affinity Purification Protocol Yielding Full-length Purified Proteins

Key assays in enzymology for the biochemical characterization of proteins in vitro necessitate high concentrations of the purified protein of interest. Protein purification protocols should combine efficiency, simplicity and cost effectiveness1. Here, we describe the GST-His method as a new small-scale affinity purification system for recombinant proteins, based on a N-terminal Glutathione Sepharose Tag (GST)2,3 and a C-terminal 10xHis tag4, which are both fused to the protein of interest. The latter construct is used to generate baculoviruses, for infection of Sf9 infected cells for protein expression5. GST is a rather long tag (29 kDa) which serves to ensure purification efficiency. However, it might influence physiological properties of the protein. Hence, it is subsequently cleaved off the protein using the PreScission enzyme6. In order to ensure maximum purity and to remove the cleaved GST, we added a second affinity purification step based on the comparatively small His-Tag. Importantly, our technique is based on two different tags flanking the two ends of the protein, which is an efficient tool to remove degraded proteins and, therefore, enriches full-length proteins. The method presented here does not require an expensive instrumental setup, such as FPLC. Additionally, we incorporated MgCl2 and ATP washes to remove heat shock protein impurities and nuclease treatment to abolish contaminating nucleic acids. In summary, the combination of two different tags flanking the N- and the C-terminal and the capability to cleave off one of the tags, guaranties the recovery of a highly purified and full-length protein of interest.

In the present protocol, we demonstrate a highly efficient and cost-effective small-scale protein purification method, which allows purification of recombinant proteins by uniquely combining a cleavable GST-tag and a small His-tag.

GST-Hisの精製：全長精製タンパク質を降伏二段階アフィニティー精製プロトコル

Key assays in enzymology for the biochemical characterization of proteins in vitro necessitate high concentrations of the purified protein of interest. ...

Examination of Drosophila Larval Tracheal Terminal Cells by Light Microscopy

Cell shape is critical for cell function. However, despite the importance of cell morphology, little is known about how individual cells generate specific shapes. Drosophila tracheal terminal cells have become a powerful genetic model to identify and elucidate the roles of genes required for generating cellular morphologies. Terminal cells are a component of a branched tubular network, the tracheal system that functions to supply oxygen to internal tissues. Terminal cells are an excellent model for investigating questions of cell shape as they possess two distinct cellular architectures. First, terminal cells have an elaborate branched morphology, similar to complex neurons; second, terminal cell branches are formed as thin tubes and contain a membrane-bound intracellular lumen. Quantitative analysis of terminal cell branch number, branch organization and individual branch shape, can be used to provide information about the role of specific genetic mechanisms in the making of a branched cell. Analysis of tube formation in these cells can reveal conserved mechanisms of tubulogenesis common to other tubular networks, such as the vertebrate vasculature. Here we describe techniques that can be used to rapidly fix, image, and analyze both branching patterns and tube formation in terminal cells within Drosophila larvae. These techniques can be used to analyze terminal cells in wild-type and mutant animals, or genetic mosaics. Because of the high efficiency of this protocol, it is also well suited for genetic, RNAi-based, or drug screens in the Drosophila tracheal system.

Examination of Drosophila Larval Tracheal Terminal Cells by Light Microscopy

Here, we present a method for light microscopy analysis of tracheal terminal cells in Drosophila larvae. This method allows for quick examination of branch and lumen morphology in whole animals and would be useful for analysis of individual mutants or screens for mutations affecting terminal cell development.

の検討<em&gt;ショウジョウバエ</em光学顕微鏡で&gt;幼虫気管ターミナルセル

Cell shape is critical for cell function. However, despite the importance of cell morphology, little is known about how individual cells generate specific ...

Protocol for Isolation of Primary Human Hepatocytes and Corresponding Major Populations of Non-parenchymal Liver Cells

Beside parenchymal hepatocytes, the liver consists of non-parenchymal cells (NPC) namely Kupffer cells (KC), liver endothelial cells (LEC) and hepatic Stellate cells (HSC). Two-dimensional (2D) culture of primary human hepatocyte (PHH) is still considered as the &#34;gold standard&#34; for in vitro testing of drug metabolism and hepatotoxicity. It is well-known that the 2D monoculture of PHH suffers from dedifferentiation and loss of function. Recently it was shown that hepatic NPC play a central role in liver (patho-) physiology and the maintenance of PHH functions. Current research focuses on the reconstruction of in vivo tissue architecture by 3D- and co-culture models to overcome the limitations of 2D monocultures. Previously we published a method to isolate human liver cells and investigated the suitability of these cells for their use in cell cultures in Experimental Biology and Medicine1. Based on the broad interest in this technique the aim of this article was to provide a more detailed protocol for the liver cell isolation process including a video, which will allow an easy reproduction of this technique.
Human liver cells were isolated from human liver tissue samples of surgical interventions by a two-step EGTA/collagenase P perfusion technique. PHH were separated from the NPC by an initial centrifugation at 50 x g. Density gradient centrifugation steps were used for removal of dead cells. Individual liver cell populations were isolated from the enriched NPC fraction using specific cell properties and cell sorting procedures. Beside the PHH isolation we were able to separate KC, LEC and HSC for further cultivation.
Taken together, the presented protocol allows the isolation of PHH and NPC in high quality and quantity from one donor tissue sample. The access to purified liver cell populations could allow the creation of in vivo like human liver models.

A technique to isolate human hepatocytes and non-parenchymal liver cells from the same donor is described. The different liver cell types build the basis for functional liver models and tissue engineering. This new method aims to isolate liver cells in a high yield and viability.

初代ヒト肝細胞と非実質肝細胞の対応する主な集団の単離のためのプロトコル

Beside parenchymal hepatocytes, the liver consists of non-parenchymal cells (NPC) namely Kupffer cells (KC), liver endothelial cells (LEC) and hepatic ...

Microbiota Analysis Using Two-step PCR and Next-generation 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing

The human gut is colonized by trillions of bacteria that support physiologic functions such as food metabolism, energy harvesting, and regulation of the immune system. Perturbation of the healthy gut microbiome has been suggested to play a role in the development of inflammatory diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS). Environmental and genetic factors can influence the composition of the microbiome; therefore, identification of microbial communities linked with a disease phenotype has become the first step towards defining the microbiome&#8217;s role in health and disease. Use of 16S rRNA metagenomic sequencing for profiling bacterial community has helped in advancing microbiome research. Despite its wide use, there is no uniform protocol for 16S rRNA-based taxonomic profiling analysis. Another limitation is the low resolution of taxonomic assignment due to technical difficulties such as smaller sequencing reads, as well as use of only forward (R1) reads in the final analysis due to low quality of reverse (R2) reads. There is need for a simplified method with high resolution to characterize bacterial diversity in a given biospecimen. Advancements in sequencing technology with the ability to sequence longer reads at high resolution have helped to overcome some of these challenges. Present sequencing technology combined with a publicly available metagenomic analysis pipeline such as R-based Divisive Amplicon Denoising Algorithm-2 (DADA2) has helped advance microbial profiling at high resolution, as DADA2 can assign sequence at the genus and species levels. Described here is a guide for performing bacterial profiling using two-step amplification of the V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene, followed by analysis using freely available analysis tools (i.e., DADA2, Phyloseq, and METAGENassist). It is believed that this simple and complete workflow will serve as an excellent tool for researchers interested in performing microbiome profiling studies.

Described here is a simplified standard operating procedure for microbiome profiling using 16S rRNA metagenomic sequencing and analysis using freely available tools. This protocol will help researchers who are new to the microbiome field as well as those requiring updates on methods to achieve bacterial profiling at a higher resolution.

2段階PCRと次世代16S rRNA遺伝子シーケンシングを用いての微生物叢解析

The human gut is colonized by trillions of bacteria that support physiologic functions such as food metabolism, energy harvesting, and regulation of the ...

A Two-Step Strategy that Combines Epigenetic Modification and Biomechanical Cues to Generate Mammalian Pluripotent Cells

Cell phenotype can be reversed or modified with different methods, with advantages and limitations that are specific for each technique. Here we describe a new strategy that combines the use of chemical epigenetic erasing with mechanosensing-related cues, to generate mammalian pluripotent cells. Two main steps are required. In the first step, adult mature (terminally differentiated) cells are exposed to the epigenetic eraser 5-aza-cytidine to drive them into a pluripotent state. This part of the protocol was developed, based on the increasing understanding of the epigenetic mechanisms controlling cell fate and differentiation, and involves the use of the epigenetic modifier to erase cell differentiated state and then drive into a transient high plasticity window.
In the second step, erased cells are encapsulated in polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) micro-bioreactors, also known as Liquid Marbles, to promote 3D cell rearrangement to extend and stably maintain the acquired high plasticity. PTFE is a non-reactive hydrophobic synthetic compound and its use permits the creation of a cellular microenvironment, which cannot be achieved in traditional 2D culture systems. This system encourages and boosts the maintenance of pluripotency though bio-mechanosensing-related cues.
The technical procedures described here are simple strategies to allow for the induction and maintenance of a high plasticity state in adult somatic cells. The protocol allowed the derivation of high plasticity cells in all mammalian species tested. Since it does not involve the use of gene transfection and is free of viral vectors, it may represent a notable technological advance for translational medicine applications. Furthermore, the micro-bioreactor system provides a notable advancement in stem cell organoid technology by in vitro re-creating a specific micro-environment that allows for the long-term culture of high plasticity cells, namely as ESCs, iPSCs, epigenetically erased cells and MSCs.

We here present a method that combines the use of chemical epigenetic erasing with mechanosensing-related cues to efficiently generate mammalian pluripotent cells, without the need of gene transfection or retroviral vectors. This strategy is, therefore, promising for translational medicine and represents a notable advancement in stem cell organoid technology.

エピジェネティック修飾と生体力学的手がかりを組み合わせて哺乳類多能性細胞を生成する2段階戦略

Cell phenotype can be reversed or modified with different methods, with advantages and limitations that are specific for each technique. Here we describe ...

Isolation of Primary Rat Hepatocytes with Multiparameter Perfusion Control

Primary hepatocytes are widely used in basic research on liver diseases and for toxicity testing in vitro. The two-step collagenase perfusion procedure for primary hepatocyte isolation is technically challenging, especially in portal vein cannulation. The procedure is also prone to occasional contamination and variations in perfusion conditions due to difficulties in the assembly, optimization, or maintenance of the perfusion setup. Here, a detailed protocol for an improved two-step collagenase perfusion procedure with multiparameter perfusion control is presented. Primary rat hepatocytes were successfully and reliably isolated by taking the necessary technical precautions at critical steps of the procedure, and by reducing the operational difficulty and mitigating the variability of perfusion parameters through the adoption of a special intravenous catheter, standardized sterile disposable tubing, temperature control, and real-time monitoring and alarm system. The isolated primary rat hepatocytes consistently exhibit high cell viability (85%-95%), yield (2-5 x 108 cells per 200-300 g rat) and functionality (albumin, urea and CYP activity). The procedure was complemented by an integrated perfusion system, which is compact enough to be set up in the laminar flow hood to ensure aseptic operation.

This protocol details the use of a special intravenous catheter, standardized sterile disposable tubing, temperature control complemented by real-time monitoring, and an alarm system for two-step collagenase perfusion procedure to improve the consistency in the viability, yield, and functionality of isolated primary rat hepatocytes.

多パラメータ灌流制御による原発性ラット肝細胞の単離

Primary hepatocytes are widely used in basic research on liver diseases and for toxicity testing in vitro. The two-step collagenase perfusion procedure ...

2ステップミトコンドリア単離によるタンパク質定量の改善

Two-Step Tag-Free Isolation of Mitochondria for Improved Protein Discovery and Quantification

Most physiological and disease processes, from central metabolism to immune response to neurodegeneration, involve mitochondria. The mitochondrial proteome is composed of more than 1,000 proteins, and the abundance of each can vary dynamically in response to external stimuli or during disease progression. Here, we describe a protocol for isolating high-quality mitochondria from primary cells and tissues. The two-step procedure comprises (1) mechanical homogenization and differential centrifugation to isolate crude mitochondria, and (2) tag-free immune capture of mitochondria to isolate pure organelles and eliminate contaminants. Mitochondrial proteins from each purification stage are analyzed by quantitative mass spectrometry, and enrichment yields are calculated, allowing the discovery of novel mitochondrial proteins by subtractive proteomics. Our protocol provides a sensitive and comprehensive approach to studying mitochondrial content in cell lines, primary cells, and tissues.

著者スポットライト:タンパク質の発見と定量を改善するためのミトコンドリアの2ステップタグフリー単離(英語)  

We present a two-step protocol for high-quality mitochondria isolation that is compatible with protein discovery and quantification at a proteome scale. Our protocol does not require genetic engineering and is thus suitable for studying mitochondria from any primary cells and tissues.