この作品は、ベイラー大学研究評議会の助成金によっててんかん財団からの研究助成金からサポートされています。

以下の実験で使用したマウスは、14時間の明および10時間の暗時（6時00分時間20:00）日周サイクル、22℃の周囲温度でベイラー大学で生成され、収容した。マウスは食餌および水を自由摂取のアクセス権が与えられた。マウスへのすべての手順は、実験動物の管理と使用に関する健康ガイドラインの国立研究所を遵守していた動物のプロトコルは、ベイラー大学動物実験委員会によって承認された。 概要トレース付きの恐怖タスクがWiltgenと同僚9で説明した手順に基づいています。 1。機材の準備恐怖条件付け装置室（26センチ×22センチ×18センチメートル）はアクリル2辺、金属である2辺と穏やかなフットショックを配信するために使用されている格子床底から構成されています。検査室は、家です音減衰されたチャンバー内のD。チャンバはまた、動き検出ソフトウェアに影響を与える外光を防止するための遮光ある。 <ol><li>検査室用の衝撃レベル、光レベル、音の強さのレベルを校正します。検査室のバックグラウンドレベルを測定します。このチャンバー内のバックグラウンドノイズは65デシベルです。このレベルを測定するために、サウンドメーターを使用してください。メーターは、70デシベルに設定され、Cに、そしてゆっくりと設定検出に設定する必要があります。 <ol><li> 0.5ミリアンペアに衝撃レベルを校正します。正しく衝撃レベル（材料表を参照）を校正するために外部校正装置を使用してください。ショック発生器の内部の測定は正確ではない。ショック発生器は、正確に標準電流計により測定することができないスクランブルショックを投与する。 </li><li>グリッドバーのいずれか1のリードを配置し、他方のリード3または4のバーの上に置きます。ショックを管理する衝撃波発生装置を使用してください。正しいレベルが達成されるまで、ショックレベルを調整します。 EAのためにこれを行うCH調整チャンバーを恐れている。 </li><li>室内の光レベルを測定する際室にドアを閉めます。約1.0への光レベルを校正します。これは、この実験で使用FreezeFrameソフトウェアに固有の番号である。外光計は2ルクスとしてこれを読みます。光レベルはハウスライトの位置を移動させることにより、レンズの凝縮器を調整することによって調整することができる。調整後のレンズのための調整ネジはしっかり締めてください。 </li><li> 85デシベルにサウンドデシベルレベルのキャリブレーションを行います。デシベルレベル（材料表を参照）を校正するためにテストケージの中に外部デシベルメーターを使用してください。提示音が2,700 Hzのトーンになります。注：6ヶ月よりも古いマウスを用いた場合は、それ以上の年齢のマウスが赤字を聞いて持つことができるので、ホワイトノイズを使用する方がよい場合があります。 </li></ol></li><li>この装置は、別々の保持室に科目を取る準備ができていた後。注：試験室と同じ部屋にマウスを収納しないでください。 </li><li>ラベル番目テストのためにテストされたマウスのE尾。それは、テストの前に、過剰な処理を減らすことが最善です。代替的に、尾部は、実験前日には、ストレスを扱う低減するために標識することができる。マウスは、それらを30分間室温に順応することを可能に標識された後。テストが完了した後のマウスを収容するための余分なきれいなケージを持っています。 </li></ol> 2。エアコンデイ1トレース<ol><li>ケージから各マウスを削除し、恐怖条件付け室に輸送するための個々のケージに入れます。各ケージのためのクリーンな寝具を使用してください。正しいテストをマウスの秩序を維持するために、転送ケージに付箋紙を置きます。注：マウスを単独で収容されている場合、それらはそれらのホームケージに搬送することができる。 </li><li>試験チャンバー内にマウスを置き、ドアを閉めます。ソフトウェア·プログラムを起動します。 </li><li>訓練日に、マウスに3分間チャンバを探索することを可能にする。ソフトウェアは、20秒の音（85デシベル、2700ヘルツ）Tを提示動物O。 20秒の痕跡期間の後、軽度の衝撃（2秒、0.5ミリアンペア）が、動物に投与される。 </li><li>彼らはビデオを見ることで、嫌悪刺激を受けたことを確認するために、被験者の反応を記録します。 200秒試行間の間隔は5コンディショニング試験を分離している。各試験は、20秒遅れの衝撃に続いて20秒のトーンで構成されています。 </li><li>テストが完了した後に動物は、試験ケージから取り外す前に、1分間の試験室に残ることができます。 </li><li>バック転送ケージに動物を配置し、そのホームケージに戻します。追加のマウスは彼らのホームケージに存在する場合は、個別にすべてのマウス完全なテストするまで、マウスを収容する。これはテストされていない他のマウスにストレスを軽減します。別の解決策は、単独で連続的に1ケージからマウスを除去する影響を低減するために、試験前1週間、すべてのマウスを収容するであろう。 </li><li> EAC後、30％イソプロパノールで検査室を清掃してくださいH動物は、テストされています。 </li><li>繰り返します、試験コホートにおけるすべてのマウスのための2.2から2.7を繰り返します。 </li><li>コホート内の最後のマウスがテストされた後に、そのコロニーの部屋にすべてのマウスを返します。 </li></ol> 3。トレース恐怖条件付け2日目：トレースメモリテスト<ol><li>トレースメモリテストは2日目に行われます。このプロトコルでは3トーンの発表があります。トレース条件付け試験のための新しいコンテキストにマウスを置きます。 </li><li> 3 20秒トーンのプレゼンテーションに続いて2分のベースライン期間でプログラムを実行するためのソフトウェアを準備します。各トーン·プレゼンテーションの間にSA 220秒のITIがあります。 </li><li>新しいコンテキスト条件については、形状、質感、および空調室の色を変更するために、チャンバの床の上に透明なアクリルインサートを配置します。 </li><li>床の下に挿入量るボートにバニラエッセンスを配置することによって、チャンバー内の臭気を変更します。 </li><li> 70％エタノールの代わりに30％イソプロパノールで室内を清掃します。注：これは役立ちます小説コンテキストを作成する。 </li><li>保持室にマウスを持って、必要に応じてテストのために自分の尾を再ラベル。 </li><li>シュレッダー紙でベッドを置き換えることにより、新たなコンテキスト転送ケージを準備します。注意：これは小説コンテキストを作成するのに役立つだろう。 </li><li>プログラムを起動して、試験チャンバー内にマウスを置きます。テストが完了した後、70％エタノールでチャンバーを清掃します。 </li><li>痕跡条件が完了した後にホームケージにマウスを返します。すべてのマウスがテストされたとき、そのコロニーの部屋にすべてのマウスを返します。 </li></ol> 4。トレース恐怖条件3日目：コンテキストメモリテスト<ol><li>三日目に文脈条件付けが行われる。 8分間の凍結挙動を記録するプログラムを実行するためのソフトウェアを準備します。 </li><li>テストする前に、各マウスをテストした後、30％イソプロパノールで室内を清掃します。コンテキストは、1日目のものと同一である必要があります。転送ケージは1日目と同じでなければなりません。 </li><li&gt;保持の部屋にマウスを持参し、テストのために彼らの尾にラベルを付ける。 </li><li>プログラムを起動して、試験室において、各マウスを置きます。テストが完了した後、30％イソプロパノールで室内を清掃します。 </li><li>完成したときに彼らのコロニーの部屋にすべてのマウスを返します。 </li></ol>

<ol>
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L., Matsuo, N., Mayford, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Localization+of+a+stable+neural+correlate+of+associative+memory.">Localization of a stable neural correlate of associative memory.</a> Science. 317, 1230-1233 (2007).</li><li>Huerta, P. T., Sun, L. D., Wilson, M. A., Tonegawa, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Formation+of+temporal+memory+requires+NMDA+receptors+within+CA1+pyramidal+neurons.">Formation of temporal memory requires NMDA receptors within CA1 pyramidal neurons.</a> Neuron. 25, 473-480 (2000).</li><li>Jacobs, N. S., Cushman, J. D., Fanselow, M. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+accurate+measurement+of+fear+memory+in+Pavlovian+conditioning:+Resolving+the+baseline+issue.">The accurate measurement of fear memory in Pavlovian conditioning: Resolving the baseline issue.</a> J. Neurosci. Methods. 190, 235-239 (2010).</li></ol>

著者らは、開示することは何もありません。

痕跡恐怖条件付けの基礎となる神経回路を解明したいくつかの研究が行われている。トレース恐怖条件付けは、海馬CA1 12月14日のに関与すると考えられている。証拠は、内側前頭前皮質（のmPFC）は、トレースまばたき空調15に大きな役割を果たし、のmPFCを痕跡恐怖条件付けに関与することが見出されていることもある。ある研究では、このようにトレース期間17中に?...

恐怖条件付けでは中性刺激（NS）は、嫌悪無条件刺激（米国）と対になっている。 NSは普通のトーンであり、米国での反復のペアリングを通じて条件刺激（CS）となります。 CSは次に嫌悪米国の非存在下で、例えば凍結などの馴化応答（CR）を誘発することができる。一般的に使用される恐怖条件プロトコルは遅延条件付けである。このプロトコルでは、NSと米国の発症は、連続または刺激提示中に一部重複しています。同時エアコン、後方コンディショニング、および痕跡条件1：遅延恐怖条件が時間的連想コンディショニングの最も一般的に使用されるタイプの一つであっても、連想コンディショニング時間的配置の他のいくつかの種類があります。痕跡恐怖条件付けでは「トレース」の期間に生じた数秒のNSと米国の間で刺激のない区間があります。 いくつかの研究では、財政赤字を報告している痕跡恐怖条件におけるS神経毒性病変は構造で生産されていたときに海馬2-5または薬理学的薬剤は、海馬内受容体機能をブロックするために使用されているに入力。海馬の病変は痕跡条件と文脈条件における赤字になりますが、遅延恐怖条件8を損なわない。痕跡恐怖条件付けを使用するいくつかの利点があります。恐怖条件付けプロトコルは、三日間の試験期間にわたって達成かつ空間依存しない海馬依存性記憶を可能にすることができる。トレース恐怖条件付けは、モリス水迷路、新規物体認識試験、または海馬依存性記憶を調査中の他の迷路試験に相補的試験として使用することができる。

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trace fear conditioning in mice

この実験において、我々は、学習及び記憶を測定するための手法を提示する。ここで紹介する痕跡恐怖条件プロトコルでは中性刺激と無条件刺激の間に5ペアがあります。各空調トライアルを分離20秒トレース期間があります。翌日の凍結を条件刺激（CS）と、トレース期間のプレゼンテーション中に測定される。三日目に文脈記憶を測定するために、8分間の試験があります。代表的な結果は、無条件刺激することなく、音のプレゼンテーションを受けたマウスと比較して嫌悪無条件刺激（ショック）で発表されたマウスからである。痕跡恐怖条件付けに成功し、他の恐怖条件付けの方法で見つからないマウスでは微妙な学習と記憶の欠損や機能強化を検出するために使用されています。恐怖条件付けこのタイプの内側前頭前皮質及び海馬の間の接続に依存すると考えられている。一つは、現在の論争は、このメソッドは扁桃体に依存しないように考えられているかどうかである。そのため、他の恐怖条件付け試験は、このような遅延の恐怖条件付けを介するなど扁桃体依存学習と記憶の効果を調べるために必要とされる。

代表的な結果のために我々は中立的な刺激を受けたが、無条件刺激（無ショック状態）を受信しなかったマウスと比較して無条件刺激（ショック状態）と中性刺激のペアを受信した制御のC57BL/6J成体マウスからのデータを提示。それは、第1のプロトコルが正しく行われたか否かを決定するために、この行動試験をセットアップするとき、この条件を実行することが重要である。 <p class="jove...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Trace Fear Conditioning in Mice at JoVE.com

Trace Fear Conditioning in Mice

以下の実験では、マウスでの痕跡恐怖条件付けのためのプロトコルを記述します。連想記憶のこのタイプは、中立的な刺激と無条件刺激を分離し、トレース期間を含む。

マウスにおける恐怖条件付けをトレース

In this experiment we present a technique to measure learning and memory. In the trace fear conditioning protocol presented here there are five pairings ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

32.6K ビュー.  Baylor University. 以下の実験では、マウスでの痕跡恐怖条件付けのためのプロトコルを記述します。連想記憶のこのタイプは、中立的な刺激と無条件刺激を分離し、トレース期間を含む。 

ビデオ: Trace Fear Conditioning in Mice

Contextual and Cued Fear Conditioning Test Using a Video Analyzing System in Mice

The contextual and cued fear conditioning test is one of the behavioral tests that assesses the ability of mice to learn and remember an association between environmental cues and aversive experiences. In this test, mice are placed into a conditioning chamber and are given parings of a conditioned stimulus (an auditory cue) and an aversive unconditioned stimulus (an electric footshock). After a delay time, the mice are exposed to the same conditioning chamber and a differently shaped chamber with presentation of the auditory cue. Freezing behavior during the test is measured as an index of fear memory. To analyze the behavior automatically, we have developed a video analyzing system using the ImageFZ application software program, which is available as a free download at http://www.mouse-phenotype.org/. Here, to show the details of our protocol, we demonstrate our procedure for the contextual and cued fear conditioning test in C57BL/6J mice using the ImageFZ system. In addition, we validated our protocol and the video analyzing system performance by comparing freezing time measured by the ImageFZ system or a photobeam-based computer measurement system with that scored by a human observer. As shown in our representative results, the data obtained by ImageFZ were similar to those analyzed by a human observer, indicating that the behavioral analysis using the ImageFZ system is highly reliable. The present movie article provides detailed information regarding the test procedures and will promote understanding of the experimental situation.

This article presents a protocol for a contextual and cued fear conditioning test using a video analyzing system to assess fear learning and memory in mice.

マウスにおけるビデオ解析システムを用いた文脈と手掛り恐怖条件付け試験

The contextual and cued fear conditioning test is one of the behavioral tests that assesses the ability of mice to learn and remember an association ...

行動学

Disrupting Reconsolidation of Fear Memory in Humans by a Noradrenergic &#946;-Blocker

The basic design used in our human fear-conditioning studies on disrupting reconsolidation includes testing over different phases across three consecutive days. On day 1 - the fear acquisition phase, healthy participants are exposed to a series of picture presentations. One picture stimulus (CS1+) is repeatedly paired with an aversive electric stimulus (US), resulting in the acquisition of a fear association, whereas another picture stimulus (CS2-) is never followed by an US. On day 2 - the memory reactivation phase, the participants are re-exposed to the conditioned stimulus without the US (CS1-), which typically triggers a conditioned fear response. After the memory reactivation we administer an oral dose of 40 mg of propranolol HCl, a &#946;-adrenergic receptor antagonist that indirectly targets the protein synthesis required for reconsolidation by inhibiting the noradrenaline-stimulated CREB phosphorylation. On day 3 - the test phase, the participants are again exposed to the unreinforced conditioned stimuli (CS1- and CS2-) in order to measure the fear-reducing effect of the manipulation. This retention test is followed by an extinction procedure and the presentation of situational triggers to test for the return of fear. Potentiation of the eye blink startle reflex is measured as an index for conditioned fear responding. Declarative knowledge of the fear association is measured through online US expectancy ratings during each CS presentation. In contrast to extinction learning, disrupting reconsolidation targets the original fear memory thereby preventing the return of fear. Although the clinical applications are still in their infancy, disrupting reconsolidation of fear memory seems to be a promising new technique with the prospect to persistently dampen the expression of fear memory in patients suffering from anxiety disorders and other psychiatric disorders.

Disrupting Reconsolidation of Fear Memory in Humans by a Noradrenergic &amp;#946;-Blocker

Disrupting reconsolidation is a promising approach to dampen the behavioral expression of fear memory in patients with anxiety disorders or posttraumatic stress disorder. In a series of human fear conditioning studies we showed that disrupting reconsolidation by the noradrenergic &#946;-blocker propranolol is very effective in erasing conditioned fear responding.

ノルアドレナリンβ遮断薬によるヒトにおける恐怖記憶の再固定を乱す

The basic design used in our human fear-conditioning studies on disrupting reconsolidation includes testing over different phases across three consecutive ...

Protocol for Studying Extinction of Conditioned Fear in Naturally Cycling Female Rats

Extinction of conditioned fear has been extensively studied in male rodents. Recently, there have been an increasing number of studies indicating that neural mechanisms for certain behavioral tasks and response behaviors are different in females and males. Using females in research studies can represent a challenge because of the variation of gonadal hormones during their estrous cycle. This protocol describes well-established procedures that are useful in investigating the role of estrogen in fear extinction memory consolidation in female rats. Phase of the estrous cycle and exogenous estrogen administration prior to extinction training can influence extinction recall 24 hr later. The vaginal swabbing technique for estrous phase identification described here aids the examination and manipulation of naturally cycling gonadal hormones. The use of this basic rodent model may further delineate the mechanisms by which estrogen can modulate fear extinction memory in females.

Gonadal hormones such as estrogen modulate memory formation in a number of experimental paradigms including fear extinction memory. This protocol describes a set of methods for investigating the influence of gonadal hormones specifically during extinction in naturally cycling females, including estrous cycle monitoring and exogenous estrogen administration.

当然の雌ラットをサイクリングで馴化恐怖の消滅を研究するためのプロトコル

Extinction of conditioned fear has been extensively studied in male rodents. Recently, there have been an increasing number of studies indicating that ...

Quantifying Social Motivation in Mice Using Operant Conditioning

In this protocol, social motivation is measured in mice through a pair of operant conditioning paradigms. To conduct the experiments, two-chambered shuttle boxes were equipped with two operant levers (left and right) and a food receptacle in one chamber, which was then divided from the second chamber by an automated guillotine door covered by a wire grid. Different stimulus mice, rotated across testing days, served as a social stimulus behind the wire grid, and were only visible following the opening of the guillotine door. Test mice were trained to lever press in order to open the door and gain access to the stimulus partner for 15 sec. The number of lever presses required to obtain the social reward progressively increased on a fixed schedule of 3. Testing sessions ended after test mice stopped lever pressing for 5 consecutive minutes. The last reinforced ratio or breakpoint can be used as a quantitative measure of social motivation. For the second paradigm, test mice were trained to discriminate between left and right lever presses in order to obtain either a food reward or the social reward. Mice were rewarded for every 3 presses of each respective lever. The number of food and social rewards can be compared as a measurement of the value placed upon each reward. The ratio of each reward type can also be compared between mouse strains and the change in this ratio can be monitored within testing sessions to measure satiation with a given reward type. Both of these operant conditioning paradigms are highly useful for the quantification of social motivation in mouse models of autism and other disorders of social behavior.

This article describes a new protocol for the quantitative measurement of social motivation in mice using operant conditioning for a social reward. The protocol is useful for the measurement of social motivation in mouse models of autism and other disorders of social behavior.

オペラント条件付けを使用したマウスにおける社会的モチベーションを定量化します

In this protocol, social motivation is measured in mice through a pair of operant conditioning paradigms. To conduct the experiments, two-chambered ...

Whisker-signaled Eyeblink Classical Conditioning in Head-fixed Mice

Eyeblink conditioning is a common paradigm for investigating the neural mechanisms underlying learning and memory. To better utilize the extensive repertoire of scientific techniques available to study learning and memory at the cellular level, it is ideal to have a stable cranial platform. Because mice do not readily tolerate restraint, they are usually trained while moving about freely in a chamber. Conditioned stimulus (CS) and unconditioned stimulus (US) information are delivered and eyeblink responses recorded via a tether connected to the mouse's head. In the head-fixed apparatus presented here, mice are allowed to run as they desire while their heads are secured to facilitate experimentation. Reliable conditioning of the eyeblink response is obtained with this training apparatus, which allows for the delivery of whisker stimulation as the CS, a periorbital electrical shock as the US, and analysis of electromyographic (EMG) activity from the eyelid to detect blink responses.

The preparation presented here for whisker-signaled eyeblink conditioning in head-fixed mice precisely stimulates specific whiskers while allowing mice to ambulate on a cylindrical treadmill. A whisker stimulation conditioned stimulus (CS) paired with a periorbital shock unconditioned stimulus (US) results in reliable associative learning on this apparatus.

ヘッド固定マウスのヒゲ合図瞬目古典的条件

Eyeblink conditioning is a common paradigm for investigating the neural mechanisms underlying learning and memory. To better utilize the extensive ...

Reducing State Anxiety Using Working Memory Maintenance

The purpose of this protocol is to explain how to examine the relationship between working memory processes and anxiety by combining the Sternberg Working Memory (WM) and the threat of shock paradigms. In the Sternberg WM paradigm, subjects are required to maintain a series of letters in the WM for a brief interval and respond by identifying whether the position of a given letter in the series matches a numerical prompt. In the threat of shock paradigm, subjects are exposed to alternating blocks where they are either at risk of receiving unpredictable presentations of a mild electric shock or are safe from the shock. Anxiety is probed throughout the safe and threat blocks using the acoustic startle reflex, which is potentiated under threat (Anxiety-Potentiated Startle (APS)). By conducting the Sternberg WM paradigm during the threat of shock and probing the startle response during either the WM maintenance interval or the intertrial interval, it is possible to determine the effect of WM maintenance on APS.

This protocol demonstrates how to measure anxiety-potentiated startle during the Sternberg Working Memory paradigm.

ワーキングメモリメンテナンスによる状態不安の軽減

The purpose of this protocol is to explain how to examine the relationship between working memory processes and anxiety by combining the Sternberg Working ...

Classical Short-Delay Eyeblink Conditioning in One-Year-Old Children

Classical eyeblink conditioning (EBC) refers to the learned association between a conditioned stimulus (an auditory tone) and an unconditioned stimulus (a puff of air to the cornea). Eyeblink conditioning is often used experimentally to detect abnormalities in cerebellar-dependent learning and memory that underlies this type of associative learning. While experiments in adults and older children are relatively simple to administer using commercial equipment, eyeblink conditioning in infants is more challenging due to their poor compliance, which makes correct positioning of the equipment difficult. To achieve conditioning in one-year-old infants, a custom-made or an adapted commercial system can be used to deliver the air puff to the infant's cornea. The main challenge lies in successfully detecting and classifying the behavioral responses. We report that automated blink detection methods are unreliable in this population, and that conditioning experiments should be analyzed using frame-by-frame analysis of supplementary video camera recordings. This method can be applied to study developmental changes in eyeblink conditioning and to examine whether this paradigm can detect children with neurological disorders.

This protocol describes an eyeblink conditioning paradigm appropriate for experiments with one-year-old infants. Commercial or custom-made equipment can be used to deliver the stimuli, and data collection and analysis should be performed on the video recordings.

1 歳児の古典的な短い遅延瞬

Classical eyeblink conditioning (EBC) refers to the learned association between a conditioned stimulus (an auditory tone) and an unconditioned stimulus (a ...

Stress-Enhanced Fear Learning, a Robust Rodent Model of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

Fear behaviors are important for survival, but disproportionately high levels of fear can increase the vulnerability for developing psychiatric disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). To understand the biological mechanisms of fear dysregulation in PTSD, it is important to start with a valid animal model of the disorder. This protocol describes the methodology required to conduct stress-enhanced fear learning (SEFL) experiments, a preclinical model of PTSD, in both rats and mice. SEFL was developed to recapitulate critical aspects of PTSD, including long-term sensitization of fear learning caused by an acute stressor. SEFL uses aspects of Pavlovian fear conditioning but produces a distinct and robust sensitized fear response far greater than normal conditional fear responses. The trauma procedure involves placing a rodent in a conditioning chamber and administering 15 unsignaled shocks randomly distributed over 90 minutes (for rat experiments; for mouse experiments, 10 unsignaled shocks randomly distributed over 60 minutes are used). On day 2, rodents are placed in a novel conditioning context where they receive a single shock; then, on day 3 they are placed back in the same context as on day 2 and tested for changes in freezing levels. Rodents that previously received the trauma display enhanced levels of freezing on the test day compared to those that received no shocks on the first day. Thus, with this model, a single highly stressful experience (the trauma) produces extreme fear of the stimuli associated with the traumatic event.

Here we describe the detailed methodology required to conduct stress-enhanced fear learning (SEFL) experiments, a preclinical model of post-traumatic stress disorder, in both rats and mice. The model utilizes aspects of Pavlovian fear conditioning and freezing as an index of enhanced fear in rodents.

恐怖のストレス強化学習、心的外傷後ストレス障害の堅牢な齧歯動物モデル

Fear behaviors are important for survival, but disproportionately high levels of fear can increase the vulnerability for developing psychiatric disorders ...

Visual Classical Conditioning in Wood Ants

Several species of insects have become model systems for studying learning and memory formation. Although many studies focus on freely moving animals, studies implementing classical conditioning paradigms with harnessed insects have been important for investigating the exact cues that individuals learn and the neural mechanisms underlying learning and memory formation. Here we present a protocol for evoking visual associative learning in wood ants through classical conditioning. In this paradigm, ants are harnessed and presented with a visual cue (a blue cardboard), the conditional stimulus (CS), paired with an appetitive sugar reward, the unconditional stimulus (US). Ants perform a Maxilla-Labium Extension Reflex (MaLER), the unconditional response (UR), which can be used as a readout for learning. Training consists of 10 trials, separated by a 5-minute intertrial interval (ITI). Ants are also tested for memory retention 10 minutes or 1 hour after training. This protocol has the potential to allow researchers to analyze, in a precise and controlled manner, the details of visual memory formation and the neural basis of learning and memory formation in wood ants.

We present a protocol for the classical conditioning of harnessed ants that permits researchers to study visual learning and memory formation at a level of analysis not possible with freely moving individuals.

木蟻で visual の古典的条件付け

Several species of insects have become model systems for studying learning and memory formation. Although many studies focus on freely moving animals, ...

Fear Incubation Using an Extended Fear-Conditioning Protocol for Rats

Emotional memory has been primarily studied with fear-conditioning paradigms. Fear conditioning is a form of learning through which individuals learn the relationships between aversive events and otherwise neutral stimuli. The most-widely utilized procedures for studying emotional memories entail fear conditioning in rats. In these tasks, the unconditioned stimulus (US) is a footshock presented once or several times across single or several sessions, and the conditioned response (CR) is freezing. In a version of these procedures, called cued fear conditioning, a tone (conditioned stimulus, CS) is paired with footshocks (US) during the training phase. During the first test, animals are exposed to the same context in which training took place, and freezing responses are tested in the absence of footshocks and tones (i.e., a context test). During the second test, freezing is measured when the context is changed (e.g., by manipulating the smell and walls of the experimental chamber) and the tone is presented in the absence of footshocks (i.e., a cue test). Most cued fear conditioning procedures entail few tone-shock pairings (e.g., 1-3 trials in a single session). There is a growing interest in less common versions involving an extensive number of pairings (i.e., overtraining) related to the long-lasting effect called fear incubation (i.e., fear responses increase over time without further exposure to aversive events or conditioned stimuli). Extended fear-conditioning tasks have been key to the understanding of fear incubation&#8217;s behavioral and neurobiological aspects, including its relationship with other psychological phenomena (e.g., post-traumatic stress disorder). Here, we describe an extended fear-conditioning protocol that produces overtraining and fear incubation in rats. This protocol entails a single training session with 25 tone-shock pairings (i.e., overtraining) and a comparison of conditioned freezing responses during context and cue tests 48 h (short-term) and 6 weeks (long-term) after training.

We describe an extended fear-conditioning protocol that produces overtraining and fear incubation in rats. This protocol entails a single training session with 25 tone-shock pairings (i.e., overtraining) and a comparison of conditioned freezing responses during context and cue tests 48 h (short-term) and 6 weeks (long-term) after training.

ラットの拡張恐怖調節プロトコルを用いた恐怖インキュベーション

Emotional memory has been primarily studied with fear-conditioning paradigms. Fear conditioning is a form of learning through which individuals learn the ...