Bu çalışma Baylor Üniversitesi Araştırma Konseyi tarafından hibe ve Epilepsi Vakfı&#39;nın bir araştırma bursuyla desteklenmektedir.

Aşağıdaki deneyde kullanılan fareler, 14 saat ışık ve 10 saat karanlık (saat 20:00-06:00) günlük döngü ile, 22 ° C&#39;lik bir ortam sıcaklığında oluşturulmuş ve Baylor Üniversitesi barındırılmıştır. Fareler, yiyecek ve su ad libitum erişim verildi. Farelere Tüm prosedürler Laboratuar Hayvanlarının Bakımı ve Kullanımı için Sağlık Rehberi Ulusal Enstitüleri ile uyumlu ve hayvan protokol Baylor Üniversitesi Hayvan Bakımı ve Kullanımı Komitesi tarafından onaylandı. Genel bakış Iz şartlı korku görev Wiltgen ve arkadaşları 9 tarafından açıklanan prosedürlere dayanmaktadır. 1.. Ekipman hazırlanması Korku şartlandırma aygıtı bölme (26 cm x 22 cm x 18 cm) olan akrilik iki tarafında, metal, iki taraf ve hafif bir ayak şoku uygulamak için kullanılan bir ızgara alt kat oluşur. Test odası evsağlıklı bir zayıflatılmış odası içinde d. Odası da hareket algılama yazılımı etkileyen dışarıdan ışık önlemek için hafif sıkı. <ol><li> Test odası için şok seviyelerini, ışık seviyeleri ve ses şiddeti seviyesini ayarlayın. Test odasının arka plan düzeyi ölçün. Bu odasında arka plan gürültü 65 dB. Bu düzeyini ölçmek için bir ses ölçeri kullanın. Metre, 70 dB için ayarlanmış yavaş ayarı C, ve algılama ayarlanmış olmalıdır. <ol><li> 0,5 mA şok seviyesini ayarlayın. Doğru şok seviyesini (Malzeme bkz. Tablo) kalibre harici kalibrasyon cihazı kullanın. Şok jeneratörün iç ölçümü doğru değildir. Şok jeneratörü doğru bir standart amper metre ile ölçülen edilemez bir şifreli şoku. </li><li> Izgara çubukları birer kurşun koyun ve diğer kurşun 3 veya 4 bar üzerine yerleştirin. Ürkütmek için şok jeneratör kullanın. Doğru seviyesi elde edilinceye kadar şok seviyesini ayarlayın. Ea için yapınch klima odasına korkuyorum. </li><li> Odanın ışık seviyesini ölçerken odasına kapıyı kapatın. Yaklaşık 1.0 ışık seviyesini ayarlayın. Bu, bu deneyde kullanılan freezeframe yazılımına özel bir sayıdır. Harici bir ışık ölçer 2 lux olarak okuyacaktır. Işık seviyesi, ev ışığı konumunu taşıyarak ya da lensin kondansatör ayarlanması ile ayarlanabilir. Ayarladıktan sonra lens için ayarlama vidalarını sıkmak için emin olun. </li><li> 85 dB ses desibel seviyesini ayarlayın. Desibel seviyesini (Malzeme bkz. Tablo) kalibre için test kafes içinde harici bir desibel ölçer kullanabilirsiniz. Sunulan ses 2,700 Hz sesi olacaktır. Not: 6 aylık daha yaşlı fareler kullanılarak ise eski farenin açıklarını işitme gelmiş olabilir çünkü beyaz gürültü kullanmak daha iyi olabilir. </li></ol></li><li> Aparatı ayrı tutma odaya konular almak hazır olduktan sonra. Not: test odası olarak aynı odada fare ev yapmayın. </li><li> Etiket incitest sırasına göre test edilecektir farelerin kuyruk e. Bu test önce aşırı kullanımı azaltmak için en iyisidir. Alternatif olarak, kuyrukları deneyden önce bir gün stresi ele azaltmak için etiketli olabilir. Fareler, onları, 30 dakika boyunca oda gelmesini sağlayacak etiketlendi sonra. Test tamamlandıktan sonra fareler konut için ekstra temiz kafesleri var. </li></ol> 2. Klima Gün 1 Trace <ol><li> Kafesin her fare çıkarın ve korku klima odasına taşınması için tek tek kafeslere yerleştirin. Her kafes için temiz yatak kullanın. Fareler doğru test düzeni sağlamak için transfer kafes bir yapışkan not yerleştirin. Not: fareler tek başına ev sahipliği varsa o onların evde kafes içinde taşınabilir. </li><li> Test odasında fare yerleştirin ve kapağını kapatın. Yazılım programını başlatın. </li><li> Eğitim günde, fareler, 3 dakika için bölmeyi araştırmak için izin verir. Yazılım daha sonra 20 saniye sesi (85 dB, 2700 Hz) t sunuyorHayvan o. 20 saniyelik bir süre sonra, bir iz hafif şok (2 saniye, 0.5 mA) hayvana tatbik edilmektedir. </li><li> Bu videoyu görüntülerken tarafından caydırıcı uyaranları aldığını onaylamak için konunun reaksiyonu kaydedin. A 200 sn arası deneme aralığı 5 klima denemeler ayırır. Her deneme sonra bir 20 saniye gecikme bir şok ardından 20 saniye ses oluşur. </li><li> Test hayvan test kafesine çıkarmadan önce, 1 dakika boyunca test odası içinde kalmasına izin tamamlandıktan sonra. </li><li> Geri transferi kafeste hayvan koyun ve onun ev kafesine geri. Ek fareler evlerine kafes varsa o zaman tek tek bütün fareler tam test kadar fareyi ev. Bu test edilmemiştir diğer farelerin stresi azaltacaktır. Alternatif bir çözüm tek başına sürekli olarak bir kafes fareleri kaldırma etkisini azaltmak için testten önce bir hafta tüm fareleri ev olacaktır. </li><li> EAC sonra% 30 izopropanol ile test odası temizh hayvan test edilmiştir. </li><li> Tekrar test kohort tüm fareler için 2,2-2,7 adımları. </li><li> Kohorttaki son fare test edildikten sonra onların koloni odasına tüm fareleri dönün. </li></ol> 3. Trace Fear Klima 2. Gün: İz Hafıza Testi <ol><li> Trace bellek test 2. günde ortaya çıkar. Bu protokolde 3 ton sunumları vardır. Iz klima testi için yeni bir bağlamda fareler yerleştirin. </li><li> Üç 20 sn ton sunumlar ardından 2 dk temel dönemi ile bir programı çalıştırmak için yazılım hazırlayın. Her sesi sunum arasındaki sa 220 sn ITI vardır. </li><li> Yeni bağlam durum için, şekil, doku ve iyileştirme odasının rengi değiştirmek için bölmenin kat açık akrilik ekler yerleştirin. </li><li> Taban elemanının altında bir ağırlık teknesi vanilya özü yerleştirerek odacık içinde koku değiştirin. </li><li> % 70 etanol yerine% 30 izopropanol ile odası temizleyin. Not: Bu yardımcı olacaktıryeni bir bağlam oluşturmak için. </li><li> Tutma odaya fareler getirin ve gerekirse test için kuyruklarını yeniden isimlendirmekte. </li><li> Parçalanmış kağıt ile yatak değiştirerek yeni içerik transferi kafesleri hazırlayın. Not: Bu bir roman bağlamı oluşturmada yardımcı olacaktır. </li><li> Daha sonra programı başlatmak test odasında fareler yerleştirin. Test tamamlandıktan sonra% 70 etanol ile odası temizleyin. </li><li> Iz klima tamamlandıktan sonra evlerine kafesine fareler dönün. Tüm fareler test edildiğinde onların koloni odasına tüm fareleri dönün. </li></ol> 4. Trace Fear Klima 3. Gün: İçerik Bellek Testi <ol><li> Üçüncü gün içeriksel klima yapılır. 8 dakika boyunca donma davranışı kaydetmek için bir programı çalıştırmak için yazılım hazırlayın. </li><li> Test etmeden önce ve her bir fare test edildikten sonra% 30 izopropanol ile odası temizleyin. Bağlam Gün 1 ile özdeş olmalıdır. Transfer kafesler günde 1 ile aynı olmalıdır. </li><li&gt; Tutma odasına fareler getirin ve test için kuyruklarını etiket. </li><li> Daha sonra programı başlatmak test odasında her fare yerleştirin. Test tamamlandıktan sonra% 30 izopropanol ile odası temizleyin. </li><li> Tamamlandığında onların koloni odasına tüm fareleri dönün. </li></ol>

<ol>
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S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+accurate+measurement+of+fear+memory+in+Pavlovian+conditioning:+Resolving+the+baseline+issue.">The accurate measurement of fear memory in Pavlovian conditioning: Resolving the baseline issue.</a> J. Neurosci. Methods. 190, 235-239 (2010).</li></ol>

Yazarlar ifşa hiçbir şey yok.

Iz korku klima altında yatan sinir devresi aydınlatmıştır çeşitli çalışmalar olmuştur. Trace korku klima hipokampus 12-14 CA1 oluştuğuna inanılır. Kanıt medial prefrontal korteks (Mpfc) iz göz kırpma klima 15 büyük bir rol oynar ve Mpfc iz korku klima dahil olmak üzere tespit edilmiştir ki de vardır. Bir çalışma, böylece iz aralığı 17 sırasında hafızayı sürdürmek bir yapı sağlayarak, Mpfc nöronlar iz döneminde sürekli etkinlik sağlamak bulundu. <...

Korku klima nötr uyarıcı (NS) caydırıcı bir koşulsuz uyarıcı (US) ile eşleştirilmiş. NS normal bir sesi olduğunu ve ABD ile tekrarlanan eşleşmeleri aracılığıyla şartlı uyaran (CS) olur. CS sonra caydırıcı ABD yokluğunda, örneğin dondurma gibi bir şartlı yanıt (CR) ortaya çıkarabilir. Yaygın olarak kullanılan bir korku klima protokol gecikme klima olduğunu. Bu protokolde NS ve ABD&#39;nin başlangıcı bitişik veya uyaran sunum bazı örtüşme ile. Eşzamanlı klima, geriye klima, ve iz Klima 1: gecikme korku klima zamansal birleşmeli klima en sık kullanılan türlerinden biri olmasına rağmen, çağrışımlı klima geçici düzenlemeler diğer bazı türleri vardır. Iz korku klima bir &quot;iz&quot; döneminde sonuçlanan birkaç saniye NS ve ABD arasında bir uyarıcı-interval var. Çeşitli çalışmalarda açığı bildirdiiz korku şartlandırma s nörotoksik lezyonlar yapılar üretilmektedir zaman bu hipokampta 2-5 ya da farmakolojik maddeler, hipokampta reseptör fonksiyonunu bloke etmek için kullanılan girdi. Iz klima ve bağlamsal şartlandırma açıklarının hipokampus sonuçlarına lezyon, ancak gecikme korku klima 8 bozmaz. Iz korku klima kullanmanın birçok faydası vardır. Korku şartlandırma protokolü üç günlük bir test süresi boyunca elde ve mekansal olarak bağlı değildir hipokampusa bağlı bellek sağlar edilebilir. Trace korku klima Morris su labirenti, roman nesne tanıma testi, ya da hipokampus bağımlı bellek araştıran diğer labirent testlere tamamlayıcı bir test olarak kullanılabilir.

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trace fear conditioning in mice

Bu deneyde öğrenme ve hafıza ölçmek için bir tekniği mevcut. Burada sunulan iz korku klima protokolde nötr uyarıcı ve koşulsuz uyarıcı arasındaki beş eşleşmeleri vardır. Her klima deneme ayıran bir 20 saniye iz süresi vardır. Ertesi gün dondurma üzerinde koşullandırılmış uyarıcı (CS) ve eser süresinin sunumu sırasında ölçülür. Üçüncü gün bağlamsal hafızayı ölçmek için 8 dk test yoktur. Temsilcisi sonuçları koşulsuz uyarıcı olmadan sesi sunumları alınan farelere kıyasla caydırıcı koşulsuz uyarıcı (şok) ile sunuldu fareler vardır. Trace korku klima başarıyla diğer korku klima yöntemlerle bulunmayan farelerde ince öğrenme ve bellek açıkları ve geliştirmeler tespit etmek için kullanılır olmuştur. Korku şartlandırma Bu tür medyal prefrontal korteks ve hipokampus arasındaki bağlantılara bağlı olduğu düşünülmektedir. Bir akım tartışma bu yöntem, amigdal ile bağımsız olduğuna inanılmaktadır olmadığıdır. Bu nedenle, diğer korku klima test bu gecikme korku şartlandırma aracılığıyla gibi amigdala bağımlı öğrenme ve bellek etkisini incelemek için gereklidir.

Temsilcisi sonuçlar için nötr uyarıcı aldı ama koşulsuz uyaran (hayır şok koşul) almadım farelere kıyasla koşulsuz uyarıcı (şok durumu) ile nötr uyarıcı eşleşmeleri alınan kontrol C57BL/6J yetişkin farelerin veri sunmak. İlk protokol doğru yapılmış olup olmadığını belirlemek için bu davranış testi kurarken bu durumu çalıştırmak için önemlidir. Şekil 1 &#39;in veri izi korku şartlandırma testinde C57BL/6J fareler eğitim gün temsil...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Trace Fear Conditioning in Mice at JoVE.com

Trace Fear Conditioning in Mice

Aşağıdaki deneyde farelerde iz korku şartlandırma için bir protokol açıklar. Çağrışımlı bellek Bu tür nötr uyarıcı ve koşulsuz uyaran ayıran bir iz dönemini kapsıyor.

Farelerde Korku Yastıkları Trace

In this experiment we present a technique to measure learning and memory. In the trace fear conditioning protocol presented here there are five pairings ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

32.6K Görüntüleme.  Baylor University.  Aşağıdaki deneyde farelerde iz korku şartlandırma için bir protokol açıklar. Çağrışımlı bellek Bu tür nötr uyarıcı ve koşulsuz uyaran ayıran bir iz dönemini kapsıyor. 

Video: Trace Fear Conditioning in Mice

Contextual and Cued Fear Conditioning Test Using a Video Analyzing System in Mice

The contextual and cued fear conditioning test is one of the behavioral tests that assesses the ability of mice to learn and remember an association between environmental cues and aversive experiences. In this test, mice are placed into a conditioning chamber and are given parings of a conditioned stimulus (an auditory cue) and an aversive unconditioned stimulus (an electric footshock). After a delay time, the mice are exposed to the same conditioning chamber and a differently shaped chamber with presentation of the auditory cue. Freezing behavior during the test is measured as an index of fear memory. To analyze the behavior automatically, we have developed a video analyzing system using the ImageFZ application software program, which is available as a free download at http://www.mouse-phenotype.org/. Here, to show the details of our protocol, we demonstrate our procedure for the contextual and cued fear conditioning test in C57BL/6J mice using the ImageFZ system. In addition, we validated our protocol and the video analyzing system performance by comparing freezing time measured by the ImageFZ system or a photobeam-based computer measurement system with that scored by a human observer. As shown in our representative results, the data obtained by ImageFZ were similar to those analyzed by a human observer, indicating that the behavioral analysis using the ImageFZ system is highly reliable. The present movie article provides detailed information regarding the test procedures and will promote understanding of the experimental situation.

This article presents a protocol for a contextual and cued fear conditioning test using a video analyzing system to assess fear learning and memory in mice.

Farelerde Video Analiz Sistemi kullanma ve bağlamsal cued Korku Klima Testi

The contextual and cued fear conditioning test is one of the behavioral tests that assesses the ability of mice to learn and remember an association ...

Davranış

Disrupting Reconsolidation of Fear Memory in Humans by a Noradrenergic &#946;-Blocker

The basic design used in our human fear-conditioning studies on disrupting reconsolidation includes testing over different phases across three consecutive days. On day 1 - the fear acquisition phase, healthy participants are exposed to a series of picture presentations. One picture stimulus (CS1+) is repeatedly paired with an aversive electric stimulus (US), resulting in the acquisition of a fear association, whereas another picture stimulus (CS2-) is never followed by an US. On day 2 - the memory reactivation phase, the participants are re-exposed to the conditioned stimulus without the US (CS1-), which typically triggers a conditioned fear response. After the memory reactivation we administer an oral dose of 40 mg of propranolol HCl, a &#946;-adrenergic receptor antagonist that indirectly targets the protein synthesis required for reconsolidation by inhibiting the noradrenaline-stimulated CREB phosphorylation. On day 3 - the test phase, the participants are again exposed to the unreinforced conditioned stimuli (CS1- and CS2-) in order to measure the fear-reducing effect of the manipulation. This retention test is followed by an extinction procedure and the presentation of situational triggers to test for the return of fear. Potentiation of the eye blink startle reflex is measured as an index for conditioned fear responding. Declarative knowledge of the fear association is measured through online US expectancy ratings during each CS presentation. In contrast to extinction learning, disrupting reconsolidation targets the original fear memory thereby preventing the return of fear. Although the clinical applications are still in their infancy, disrupting reconsolidation of fear memory seems to be a promising new technique with the prospect to persistently dampen the expression of fear memory in patients suffering from anxiety disorders and other psychiatric disorders.

Disrupting Reconsolidation of Fear Memory in Humans by a Noradrenergic &amp;#946;-Blocker

Disrupting reconsolidation is a promising approach to dampen the behavioral expression of fear memory in patients with anxiety disorders or posttraumatic stress disorder. In a series of human fear conditioning studies we showed that disrupting reconsolidation by the noradrenergic &#946;-blocker propranolol is very effective in erasing conditioned fear responding.

Bir Noradrenerjik β-Blocker tarafından İnsanlarda Korku Bellek toparlamalarına bozarak

The basic design used in our human fear-conditioning studies on disrupting reconsolidation includes testing over different phases across three consecutive ...

Protocol for Studying Extinction of Conditioned Fear in Naturally Cycling Female Rats

Extinction of conditioned fear has been extensively studied in male rodents. Recently, there have been an increasing number of studies indicating that neural mechanisms for certain behavioral tasks and response behaviors are different in females and males. Using females in research studies can represent a challenge because of the variation of gonadal hormones during their estrous cycle. This protocol describes well-established procedures that are useful in investigating the role of estrogen in fear extinction memory consolidation in female rats. Phase of the estrous cycle and exogenous estrogen administration prior to extinction training can influence extinction recall 24 hr later. The vaginal swabbing technique for estrous phase identification described here aids the examination and manipulation of naturally cycling gonadal hormones. The use of this basic rodent model may further delineate the mechanisms by which estrogen can modulate fear extinction memory in females.

Gonadal hormones such as estrogen modulate memory formation in a number of experimental paradigms including fear extinction memory. This protocol describes a set of methods for investigating the influence of gonadal hormones specifically during extinction in naturally cycling females, including estrous cycle monitoring and exogenous estrogen administration.

Doğal Kadın Rats Bisiklet içinde Koşullandırılmışlıktan Korku Extinction incelenmesi için Protokol

Extinction of conditioned fear has been extensively studied in male rodents. Recently, there have been an increasing number of studies indicating that ...

Quantifying Social Motivation in Mice Using Operant Conditioning

In this protocol, social motivation is measured in mice through a pair of operant conditioning paradigms. To conduct the experiments, two-chambered shuttle boxes were equipped with two operant levers (left and right) and a food receptacle in one chamber, which was then divided from the second chamber by an automated guillotine door covered by a wire grid. Different stimulus mice, rotated across testing days, served as a social stimulus behind the wire grid, and were only visible following the opening of the guillotine door. Test mice were trained to lever press in order to open the door and gain access to the stimulus partner for 15 sec. The number of lever presses required to obtain the social reward progressively increased on a fixed schedule of 3. Testing sessions ended after test mice stopped lever pressing for 5 consecutive minutes. The last reinforced ratio or breakpoint can be used as a quantitative measure of social motivation. For the second paradigm, test mice were trained to discriminate between left and right lever presses in order to obtain either a food reward or the social reward. Mice were rewarded for every 3 presses of each respective lever. The number of food and social rewards can be compared as a measurement of the value placed upon each reward. The ratio of each reward type can also be compared between mouse strains and the change in this ratio can be monitored within testing sessions to measure satiation with a given reward type. Both of these operant conditioning paradigms are highly useful for the quantification of social motivation in mouse models of autism and other disorders of social behavior.

This article describes a new protocol for the quantitative measurement of social motivation in mice using operant conditioning for a social reward. The protocol is useful for the measurement of social motivation in mouse models of autism and other disorders of social behavior.

Edimsel Conditioning kullanma Farelerde Sosyal Motivasyon miktarının

In this protocol, social motivation is measured in mice through a pair of operant conditioning paradigms. To conduct the experiments, two-chambered ...

Whisker-signaled Eyeblink Classical Conditioning in Head-fixed Mice

Eyeblink conditioning is a common paradigm for investigating the neural mechanisms underlying learning and memory. To better utilize the extensive repertoire of scientific techniques available to study learning and memory at the cellular level, it is ideal to have a stable cranial platform. Because mice do not readily tolerate restraint, they are usually trained while moving about freely in a chamber. Conditioned stimulus (CS) and unconditioned stimulus (US) information are delivered and eyeblink responses recorded via a tether connected to the mouse's head. In the head-fixed apparatus presented here, mice are allowed to run as they desire while their heads are secured to facilitate experimentation. Reliable conditioning of the eyeblink response is obtained with this training apparatus, which allows for the delivery of whisker stimulation as the CS, a periorbital electrical shock as the US, and analysis of electromyographic (EMG) activity from the eyelid to detect blink responses.

The preparation presented here for whisker-signaled eyeblink conditioning in head-fixed mice precisely stimulates specific whiskers while allowing mice to ambulate on a cylindrical treadmill. A whisker stimulation conditioned stimulus (CS) paired with a periorbital shock unconditioned stimulus (US) results in reliable associative learning on this apparatus.

Baş-sabit Farelerde bıyık-sinyalini eyeblink Klasik Koşullanma

Eyeblink conditioning is a common paradigm for investigating the neural mechanisms underlying learning and memory. To better utilize the extensive ...

Reducing State Anxiety Using Working Memory Maintenance

The purpose of this protocol is to explain how to examine the relationship between working memory processes and anxiety by combining the Sternberg Working Memory (WM) and the threat of shock paradigms. In the Sternberg WM paradigm, subjects are required to maintain a series of letters in the WM for a brief interval and respond by identifying whether the position of a given letter in the series matches a numerical prompt. In the threat of shock paradigm, subjects are exposed to alternating blocks where they are either at risk of receiving unpredictable presentations of a mild electric shock or are safe from the shock. Anxiety is probed throughout the safe and threat blocks using the acoustic startle reflex, which is potentiated under threat (Anxiety-Potentiated Startle (APS)). By conducting the Sternberg WM paradigm during the threat of shock and probing the startle response during either the WM maintenance interval or the intertrial interval, it is possible to determine the effect of WM maintenance on APS.

This protocol demonstrates how to measure anxiety-potentiated startle during the Sternberg Working Memory paradigm.

Çalışma Bellek Bakımını Kullanarak Durum Kaygısını Azaltma

The purpose of this protocol is to explain how to examine the relationship between working memory processes and anxiety by combining the Sternberg Working ...

Classical Short-Delay Eyeblink Conditioning in One-Year-Old Children

Classical eyeblink conditioning (EBC) refers to the learned association between a conditioned stimulus (an auditory tone) and an unconditioned stimulus (a puff of air to the cornea). Eyeblink conditioning is often used experimentally to detect abnormalities in cerebellar-dependent learning and memory that underlies this type of associative learning. While experiments in adults and older children are relatively simple to administer using commercial equipment, eyeblink conditioning in infants is more challenging due to their poor compliance, which makes correct positioning of the equipment difficult. To achieve conditioning in one-year-old infants, a custom-made or an adapted commercial system can be used to deliver the air puff to the infant's cornea. The main challenge lies in successfully detecting and classifying the behavioral responses. We report that automated blink detection methods are unreliable in this population, and that conditioning experiments should be analyzed using frame-by-frame analysis of supplementary video camera recordings. This method can be applied to study developmental changes in eyeblink conditioning and to examine whether this paradigm can detect children with neurological disorders.

This protocol describes an eyeblink conditioning paradigm appropriate for experiments with one-year-old infants. Commercial or custom-made equipment can be used to deliver the stimuli, and data collection and analysis should be performed on the video recordings.

Bir yaşındaki çocuklarda klasik kısa gecikme Eyeblink Klima

Classical eyeblink conditioning (EBC) refers to the learned association between a conditioned stimulus (an auditory tone) and an unconditioned stimulus (a ...

Stress-Enhanced Fear Learning, a Robust Rodent Model of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

Fear behaviors are important for survival, but disproportionately high levels of fear can increase the vulnerability for developing psychiatric disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). To understand the biological mechanisms of fear dysregulation in PTSD, it is important to start with a valid animal model of the disorder. This protocol describes the methodology required to conduct stress-enhanced fear learning (SEFL) experiments, a preclinical model of PTSD, in both rats and mice. SEFL was developed to recapitulate critical aspects of PTSD, including long-term sensitization of fear learning caused by an acute stressor. SEFL uses aspects of Pavlovian fear conditioning but produces a distinct and robust sensitized fear response far greater than normal conditional fear responses. The trauma procedure involves placing a rodent in a conditioning chamber and administering 15 unsignaled shocks randomly distributed over 90 minutes (for rat experiments; for mouse experiments, 10 unsignaled shocks randomly distributed over 60 minutes are used). On day 2, rodents are placed in a novel conditioning context where they receive a single shock; then, on day 3 they are placed back in the same context as on day 2 and tested for changes in freezing levels. Rodents that previously received the trauma display enhanced levels of freezing on the test day compared to those that received no shocks on the first day. Thus, with this model, a single highly stressful experience (the trauma) produces extreme fear of the stimuli associated with the traumatic event.

Here we describe the detailed methodology required to conduct stress-enhanced fear learning (SEFL) experiments, a preclinical model of post-traumatic stress disorder, in both rats and mice. The model utilizes aspects of Pavlovian fear conditioning and freezing as an index of enhanced fear in rodents.

Stres gelişmiş korku öğrenme, travma sonrası stres bozukluğu güçlü bir kemirgen modeli

Fear behaviors are important for survival, but disproportionately high levels of fear can increase the vulnerability for developing psychiatric disorders ...

Visual Classical Conditioning in Wood Ants

Several species of insects have become model systems for studying learning and memory formation. Although many studies focus on freely moving animals, studies implementing classical conditioning paradigms with harnessed insects have been important for investigating the exact cues that individuals learn and the neural mechanisms underlying learning and memory formation. Here we present a protocol for evoking visual associative learning in wood ants through classical conditioning. In this paradigm, ants are harnessed and presented with a visual cue (a blue cardboard), the conditional stimulus (CS), paired with an appetitive sugar reward, the unconditional stimulus (US). Ants perform a Maxilla-Labium Extension Reflex (MaLER), the unconditional response (UR), which can be used as a readout for learning. Training consists of 10 trials, separated by a 5-minute intertrial interval (ITI). Ants are also tested for memory retention 10 minutes or 1 hour after training. This protocol has the potential to allow researchers to analyze, in a precise and controlled manner, the details of visual memory formation and the neural basis of learning and memory formation in wood ants.

We present a protocol for the classical conditioning of harnessed ants that permits researchers to study visual learning and memory formation at a level of analysis not possible with freely moving individuals.

Ahşap karıncalar görsel klasik koşullanma

Several species of insects have become model systems for studying learning and memory formation. Although many studies focus on freely moving animals, ...

Fear Incubation Using an Extended Fear-Conditioning Protocol for Rats

Emotional memory has been primarily studied with fear-conditioning paradigms. Fear conditioning is a form of learning through which individuals learn the relationships between aversive events and otherwise neutral stimuli. The most-widely utilized procedures for studying emotional memories entail fear conditioning in rats. In these tasks, the unconditioned stimulus (US) is a footshock presented once or several times across single or several sessions, and the conditioned response (CR) is freezing. In a version of these procedures, called cued fear conditioning, a tone (conditioned stimulus, CS) is paired with footshocks (US) during the training phase. During the first test, animals are exposed to the same context in which training took place, and freezing responses are tested in the absence of footshocks and tones (i.e., a context test). During the second test, freezing is measured when the context is changed (e.g., by manipulating the smell and walls of the experimental chamber) and the tone is presented in the absence of footshocks (i.e., a cue test). Most cued fear conditioning procedures entail few tone-shock pairings (e.g., 1-3 trials in a single session). There is a growing interest in less common versions involving an extensive number of pairings (i.e., overtraining) related to the long-lasting effect called fear incubation (i.e., fear responses increase over time without further exposure to aversive events or conditioned stimuli). Extended fear-conditioning tasks have been key to the understanding of fear incubation&#8217;s behavioral and neurobiological aspects, including its relationship with other psychological phenomena (e.g., post-traumatic stress disorder). Here, we describe an extended fear-conditioning protocol that produces overtraining and fear incubation in rats. This protocol entails a single training session with 25 tone-shock pairings (i.e., overtraining) and a comparison of conditioned freezing responses during context and cue tests 48 h (short-term) and 6 weeks (long-term) after training.

We describe an extended fear-conditioning protocol that produces overtraining and fear incubation in rats. This protocol entails a single training session with 25 tone-shock pairings (i.e., overtraining) and a comparison of conditioned freezing responses during context and cue tests 48 h (short-term) and 6 weeks (long-term) after training.

Korku Kuluçka Fareler için Genişletilmiş Fear-Klima Protokolü kullanma

Emotional memory has been primarily studied with fear-conditioning paradigms. Fear conditioning is a form of learning through which individuals learn the ...