Ce travail est soutenu par une subvention du Conseil de recherche de l&#39;Université Baylor et d&#39;une subvention de la Fondation de recherche de l&#39;épilepsie.

Les souris utilisées dans l&#39;expérience suivante ont été générées et logés à l&#39;Université Baylor à une température ambiante de 22 ° C, avec une lumière 14 h et 10 h foncé (20:00-06:00 h) de cycle diurne. Les souris ont reçu un accès ad libitum à la nourriture et de l&#39;eau. Toutes les procédures aux souris étaient en conformité avec les Instituts nationaux de la santé Lignes directrices pour le soin et l&#39;utilisation des animaux de laboratoire et le protocole des animaux a été approuvé par l&#39;Université Baylor de protection des animaux et l&#39;utilisation Comité. Vue d&#39;ensemble La tâche de la peur de trace conditionné repose sur des procédures décrites par Wiltgen et ses collègues 9. Une. Préparation de l&#39;équipement La chambre d&#39;un appareil de conditionnement de peur (26 cm x 22 cm x 18 cm) se compose de deux parties qui sont en acrylique, de deux côtés qui sont en métal, et une partie inférieure du plancher de la grille qui est utilisée pour délivrer un choc à la patte doux. La chambre d&#39;essai est la maisond dans une chambre atténué son. La chambre est également étanche à la lumière pour empêcher la lumière extérieure d&#39;influencer le logiciel de détection de mouvement. <ol><li> Calibrer les niveaux de chocs, les niveaux de lumière, et les niveaux d&#39;intensité sonore pour la chambre d&#39;essai. Mesurer le niveau de la chambre de contrôle de fond. Le bruit de fond dans cette chambre est de 65 dB. Utilisez un sonomètre pour mesurer ce niveau. L&#39;appareil doit être fixé à 70 dB, la valeur C, et à la détection à prise lente. <ol><li> Calibrer le niveau de choc de 0,5 mA. Utilisez un dispositif de calibrage externe pour calibrer le niveau de choc (voir le tableau des matériaux). La mesure interne du générateur de choc n&#39;est pas exact. Le générateur de choc administre un choc brouillé qui ne peut être mesurée avec précision par un ampèremètre standard. </li><li> Placer une tête sur l&#39;un des barreaux de la grille et de placer les autres plomb 3 ou 4 bars au-dessus de. Utilisez le générateur de choc à administrer le choc. Réglez le niveau de choc jusqu&#39;à ce que le niveau correct soit atteint. Pour ce faire, pour each craindre chambre de conditionnement. </li><li> Fermer la porte de la chambre lors de la mesure du niveau de la chambre de lumière. Calibrer le niveau de lumière à environ 1,0. Il s&#39;agit d&#39;un numéro spécifique au logiciel FreezeFrame utilisé dans cette expérience. Un compteur de lumière externe va lire ce que 2 lux. Le niveau de luminosité peut être réglé en déplaçant la position de la lumière de la maison ou en réglant le condenseur de la lentille. Assurez-vous de serrer les vis de réglage pour la lentille après ajustement. </li><li> Calibrer le niveau sonore en décibels à 85 dB. Utilisez un mètre de décibel externe à l&#39;intérieur de la cage de test pour étalonner le niveau de décibels (voir le tableau des matériaux). Le son sera présenté une tonalité Hz 2700. Remarque: Si vous utilisez la souris âgés de plus de 6 mois, il peut être préférable d&#39;utiliser un bruit blanc puisque les souris plus âgées peuvent avoir entendu les déficits. </li></ol></li><li> Après l&#39;appareil est prêt de prendre les sujets à une salle d&#39;attente séparée. Note: Ne pas loger la souris dans la même pièce que la salle d&#39;examen. </li><li> e d&#39;étiquetagee la queue des souris qui seront testés pour des tests. Il est préférable de réduire la manipulation excessive avant le test. Alternativement, les queues peuvent être marqués la veille de l&#39;expérience pour réduire le stress de manipulation. Après les souris ont été marqué leur permettre de s&#39;acclimater à l&#39;ambiante pendant 30 min. Avoir cages supplémentaires propres pour loger la souris une fois le test terminé. </li></ol> 2. Trace conditionné Jour 1 <ol><li> Retirez les souris de la cage et placez-les dans des cages individuelles pour le transport à la chambre de conditionnement de la peur. Utiliser de la litière propre pour chaque cage. Placez une note collante sur la cage de transfert de garder l&#39;ordre de souris test correct. Remarque: Si les souris sont logés individuellement ils peuvent être transportés dans leur cage. </li><li> Placez la souris dans la chambre d&#39;essai et fermer la porte. Démarrez le logiciel. </li><li> Le jour de la formation, permettent aux souris pour explorer la chambre pour 3 min. Le logiciel présente alors une tonalité sec 20 (85 dB, 2700 Hz) to l&#39;animal. Après une période d&#39;aller de 20 secondes un léger choc (2 s, 0,5 mA) est administrée à l&#39;animal. </li><li> Notez la réaction du sujet à confirmer qu&#39;ils ont reçu les stimulus aversif en regardant la vidéo. A 200 secondes d&#39;intervalle entre les essais sépare les 5 essais de conditionnement. Chaque essai consiste en une tonalité de 20 s suivie d&#39;un délai de 20 secondes, puis un choc. </li><li> Après le test est terminé permettre à l&#39;animal de rester dans la chambre d&#39;essai pendant 1 min avant de le retirer de la cage de test. </li><li> Placez le dos de l&#39;animal dans la cage de transfert et le retourner à sa cage. Si il ya des souris supplémentaires dans leur cage alors accueillir individuellement la souris jusqu&#39;à ce que toutes les souris tests complets. Cela permettra de réduire la contrainte à l&#39;autre des souris qui n&#39;ont pas été testés. Une solution alternative serait de loger séparément toutes les souris une semaine avant les essais, afin de réduire l&#39;influence de l&#39;élimination en continu des souris d&#39;une cage. </li><li> Nettoyer la chambre d&#39;essai avec 30% d&#39;isopropanol après each animale est testée. </li><li> Répétez les étapes 02.02 à 02.07 pour toutes les souris de la cohorte d&#39;essai. </li><li> Retour toutes les souris dans leur chambre de la colonie après la dernière souris dans la cohorte a été testé. </li></ol> 3. Trace Jour conditionnement de la peur 2: Memory Trace Test <ol><li> test de la mémoire de la trace se déroulera le jour 2. Dans ce protocole, il ya 3 présentations de tonalité. Placez la souris dans un nouveau contexte pour le test trace de conditionnement. </li><li> Préparer le logiciel pour exécuter un programme avec une période de référence de 2 min, suivie de trois présentations de 20 secondes de tonalité. Il est sa 220 sec ITI entre chaque présentation de ton. </li><li> Pour la nouvelle condition de contexte, placer des inserts en acrylique clair sur le plancher de la chambre à modifier la forme, la texture et la couleur de la chambre de conditionnement. </li><li> Changer l&#39;odeur dans la chambre en plaçant l&#39;extrait de vanille dans un bateau peser moins de l&#39;insert de-chaussée. </li><li> Nettoyer la chambre d&#39;éthanol à 70% au lieu de 30% d&#39;isopropanol. Remarque: Cela aiderade créer un contexte nouveau. </li><li> Apportez les souris à la salle d&#39;attente et renommer leurs queues pour les tests si nécessaire. </li><li> Préparer de nouvelles cages de transfert de contexte par le remplacement de la literie avec du papier déchiqueté. Remarque: Cela aidera à créer un contexte nouveau. </li><li> Placez la souris dans la chambre d&#39;essai puis lancez le programme. Nettoyer la chambre avec 70% d&#39;éthanol fois le test terminé. </li><li> Remettre les souris dans leur cage après le conditionnement de trace est terminée. Retour toutes les souris dans leur chambre de la colonie quand toutes les souris ont été testés. </li></ol> 4. Trace conditionnement de la peur Jour 3: mémoire contextuelle Test <ol><li> Le troisième jour, le conditionnement contextuel est effectuée. Préparer le logiciel pour exécuter un programme pour enregistrer le comportement de congélation pendant 8 min. </li><li> Nettoyer la chambre avec 30% d&#39;isopropanol avant de tester et après avoir testé chaque souris. Le cadre doit être identique à celle du jour 1. Les cages de transfert devraient être les mêmes que dans le jour 1. </li><li&gt; Apportez souris à la salle de détention et d&#39;étiqueter leurs queues pour les tests. </li><li> Placez chaque souris dans la chambre d&#39;essai puis lancez le programme. Nettoyer la chambre avec 30% d&#39;isopropanol fois le test terminé. </li><li> Retour toutes les souris dans leur chambre de la colonie une fois rempli. </li></ol>

<ol>
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Il ya eu plusieurs études qui ont permis d&#39;élucider les circuits neuronaux qui sous-tend trace conditionnement de la peur. Trace conditionnement de la peur est censé impliquer le CA1 de l&#39;hippocampe 12-14. Il est également prouvé que le cortex préfrontal médian (mPFC) joue un rôle important dans la trace clignement conditionné 15, et la mPFC a été trouvé pour être impliqués dans la trace conditionnement de la peur. Une étude a montré que les neurones MPFC fournissent une act...

En conditionnement de la peur un stimulus neutre (NS) est jumelé avec un stimulus inconditionnel aversif (États-Unis). Le NS est normalement un ton et devient un stimulus conditionné (CS) par associations répétées avec les États-Unis. Le CS peut alors déclencher une réponse conditionnée (RC), tel que le gel, en l&#39;absence de l&#39;US aversive. Un protocole de conditionnement de la peur couramment utilisé est conditionné retard. Dans ce protocole, le début de la Nouvelle-Écosse et les États-Unis contigus ou avec un certain chevauchement dans la présentation du stimulus. Même si retard conditionnement de la peur est l&#39;un des types de conditionnement associatif temporelle plus couramment utilisés, il existe plusieurs autres types de conditionnement associatif dispositions temporelles: conditionnement simultané, conditionnement en arrière, et le conditionnement de trace 1. Dans trace conditionnement de la peur, il ya un intervalle libre de relance entre la Nouvelle-Écosse et aux États-Unis de plusieurs secondes résultant dans une période de &quot;trace&quot;. Plusieurs études ont rapporté déficits en trace conditionnement de peur lorsque les lésions neurotoxiques sont produites dans les ouvrages que l&#39;entrée dans l&#39;hippocampe 2-5 ou lorsque des agents pharmacologiques sont utilisés pour bloquer la fonction du récepteur dans l&#39;hippocampe. Lésion aux résultats de l&#39;hippocampe des déficits dans le conditionnement de trace et le conditionnement contextuel, mais ne porte pas atteinte retard conditionnement de la peur 8. Il ya plusieurs avantages à utiliser trace conditionnement de la peur. Le protocole de conditionnement de peur peut être réalisé sur une période de test de trois jours et permet une mémoire dépendante de l&#39;hippocampe qui n&#39;est pas spatialement dépendants. Trace conditionnement de la peur peut être utilisé comme un test complémentaire pour le labyrinthe de Morris de l&#39;eau, nouveau test de reconnaissance d&#39;objet, ou d&#39;autres tests de labyrinthe dans les enquêtes sur la mémoire de l&#39;hippocampe-dépendante.

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trace fear conditioning in mice

Dans cette expérience, nous présentons une technique pour mesurer l&#39;apprentissage et de memoire. Dans le protocole de conditionnement de peur trace présentée ici comporte cinq paires entre un stimulus neutre et un stimulus non conditionné. Il ya une période de trace de 20 secondes qui sépare chaque essai de conditionnement. Sur le gel de jour suivant est mesurée au cours de la présentation du stimulus conditionné (CS) et la période de suivi. Le troisième jour, il ya un test de 8 min pour mesurer la mémoire contextuelle. Les résultats représentatifs sont des souris qui ont été présentés avec le stimulus inconditionnel aversif (choc) par rapport à des souris qui ont reçu les présentations de tonalité sans le stimulus inconditionnel. Trace conditionnement de la peur a été utilisée avec succès pour détecter apprentissage et de mémoire des déficits et des améliorations subtiles chez les souris qui ne se trouvent pas à d&#39;autres méthodes peur de conditionnement. Ce type de conditionnement à la peur est considérée comme dépendant de connexions entre le cortex préfrontal médian et l&#39;hippocampe. Une controverse actuelle est de savoir si cette méthode est considérée comme l&#39;amygdale indépendant. Par conséquent, d&#39;autres tests de conditionnement de la peur est nécessaire d&#39;examiner apprentissage et de mémoire effets de l&#39;amygdale-dépendante, comme par le retard conditionnement de la peur.

Pour les résultats représentatifs, nous présentons les données de C57BL/6J souris adultes de contrôle qui ont reçu les appariements de relance neutres avec le stimulus inconditionnel (état de choc) par rapport à des souris qui ont reçu le stimulus neutre, mais n&#39;ont pas reçu le stimulus inconditionnel (pas de condition de choc). Il est important d&#39;exécuter cette condition lors de la première mise en place de ce test de comportement pour déterminer si le protocole a été effectuée correctement. </p...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Trace Fear Conditioning in Mice at JoVE.com

Trace Fear Conditioning in Mice

Dans l&#39;expérience suivante, on décrit un protocole pour la trace conditionnement de peur chez la souris. Ce type de mémoire associative comprend une période de trace qui sépare l&#39;impulsion neutre et le stimulus inconditionnel.

Trace conditionnement de la peur chez la souris

In this experiment we present a technique to measure learning and memory. In the trace fear conditioning protocol presented here there are five pairings ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

32.6K vues.  Baylor University.  Dans l'expérience suivante, on décrit un protocole pour la trace conditionnement de peur chez la souris. Ce type de mémoire associative comprend une période de trace qui sépare l'impulsion neutre et le stimulus inconditionnel. 

Vidéo: Trace Fear Conditioning in Mice

Contextual and Cued Fear Conditioning Test Using a Video Analyzing System in Mice

The contextual and cued fear conditioning test is one of the behavioral tests that assesses the ability of mice to learn and remember an association between environmental cues and aversive experiences. In this test, mice are placed into a conditioning chamber and are given parings of a conditioned stimulus (an auditory cue) and an aversive unconditioned stimulus (an electric footshock). After a delay time, the mice are exposed to the same conditioning chamber and a differently shaped chamber with presentation of the auditory cue. Freezing behavior during the test is measured as an index of fear memory. To analyze the behavior automatically, we have developed a video analyzing system using the ImageFZ application software program, which is available as a free download at http://www.mouse-phenotype.org/. Here, to show the details of our protocol, we demonstrate our procedure for the contextual and cued fear conditioning test in C57BL/6J mice using the ImageFZ system. In addition, we validated our protocol and the video analyzing system performance by comparing freezing time measured by the ImageFZ system or a photobeam-based computer measurement system with that scored by a human observer. As shown in our representative results, the data obtained by ImageFZ were similar to those analyzed by a human observer, indicating that the behavioral analysis using the ImageFZ system is highly reliable. The present movie article provides detailed information regarding the test procedures and will promote understanding of the experimental situation.

This article presents a protocol for a contextual and cued fear conditioning test using a video analyzing system to assess fear learning and memory in mice.

Contextuelles et Cued conditionnement de la peur de test en utilisant un système d&#39;analyse de la vidéo chez des souris

The contextual and cued fear conditioning test is one of the behavioral tests that assesses the ability of mice to learn and remember an association ...

Recherche

Sciences du comportement

Disrupting Reconsolidation of Fear Memory in Humans by a Noradrenergic &#946;-Blocker

The basic design used in our human fear-conditioning studies on disrupting reconsolidation includes testing over different phases across three consecutive days. On day 1 - the fear acquisition phase, healthy participants are exposed to a series of picture presentations. One picture stimulus (CS1+) is repeatedly paired with an aversive electric stimulus (US), resulting in the acquisition of a fear association, whereas another picture stimulus (CS2-) is never followed by an US. On day 2 - the memory reactivation phase, the participants are re-exposed to the conditioned stimulus without the US (CS1-), which typically triggers a conditioned fear response. After the memory reactivation we administer an oral dose of 40 mg of propranolol HCl, a &#946;-adrenergic receptor antagonist that indirectly targets the protein synthesis required for reconsolidation by inhibiting the noradrenaline-stimulated CREB phosphorylation. On day 3 - the test phase, the participants are again exposed to the unreinforced conditioned stimuli (CS1- and CS2-) in order to measure the fear-reducing effect of the manipulation. This retention test is followed by an extinction procedure and the presentation of situational triggers to test for the return of fear. Potentiation of the eye blink startle reflex is measured as an index for conditioned fear responding. Declarative knowledge of the fear association is measured through online US expectancy ratings during each CS presentation. In contrast to extinction learning, disrupting reconsolidation targets the original fear memory thereby preventing the return of fear. Although the clinical applications are still in their infancy, disrupting reconsolidation of fear memory seems to be a promising new technique with the prospect to persistently dampen the expression of fear memory in patients suffering from anxiety disorders and other psychiatric disorders.

Disrupting Reconsolidation of Fear Memory in Humans by a Noradrenergic &amp;#946;-Blocker

Disrupting reconsolidation is a promising approach to dampen the behavioral expression of fear memory in patients with anxiety disorders or posttraumatic stress disorder. In a series of human fear conditioning studies we showed that disrupting reconsolidation by the noradrenergic &#946;-blocker propranolol is very effective in erasing conditioned fear responding.

Perturber reconsolidation de la mémoire peur chez les humains par un β-noradrénergique Blocker

The basic design used in our human fear-conditioning studies on disrupting reconsolidation includes testing over different phases across three consecutive ...

Protocol for Studying Extinction of Conditioned Fear in Naturally Cycling Female Rats

Extinction of conditioned fear has been extensively studied in male rodents. Recently, there have been an increasing number of studies indicating that neural mechanisms for certain behavioral tasks and response behaviors are different in females and males. Using females in research studies can represent a challenge because of the variation of gonadal hormones during their estrous cycle. This protocol describes well-established procedures that are useful in investigating the role of estrogen in fear extinction memory consolidation in female rats. Phase of the estrous cycle and exogenous estrogen administration prior to extinction training can influence extinction recall 24 hr later. The vaginal swabbing technique for estrous phase identification described here aids the examination and manipulation of naturally cycling gonadal hormones. The use of this basic rodent model may further delineate the mechanisms by which estrogen can modulate fear extinction memory in females.

Gonadal hormones such as estrogen modulate memory formation in a number of experimental paradigms including fear extinction memory. This protocol describes a set of methods for investigating the influence of gonadal hormones specifically during extinction in naturally cycling females, including estrous cycle monitoring and exogenous estrogen administration.

Protocole pour l&#39;étude de l&#39;extinction de la peur conditionnée dans le cyclisme Naturellement rats femelles

Extinction of conditioned fear has been extensively studied in male rodents. Recently, there have been an increasing number of studies indicating that ...

Quantifying Social Motivation in Mice Using Operant Conditioning

In this protocol, social motivation is measured in mice through a pair of operant conditioning paradigms. To conduct the experiments, two-chambered shuttle boxes were equipped with two operant levers (left and right) and a food receptacle in one chamber, which was then divided from the second chamber by an automated guillotine door covered by a wire grid. Different stimulus mice, rotated across testing days, served as a social stimulus behind the wire grid, and were only visible following the opening of the guillotine door. Test mice were trained to lever press in order to open the door and gain access to the stimulus partner for 15 sec. The number of lever presses required to obtain the social reward progressively increased on a fixed schedule of 3. Testing sessions ended after test mice stopped lever pressing for 5 consecutive minutes. The last reinforced ratio or breakpoint can be used as a quantitative measure of social motivation. For the second paradigm, test mice were trained to discriminate between left and right lever presses in order to obtain either a food reward or the social reward. Mice were rewarded for every 3 presses of each respective lever. The number of food and social rewards can be compared as a measurement of the value placed upon each reward. The ratio of each reward type can also be compared between mouse strains and the change in this ratio can be monitored within testing sessions to measure satiation with a given reward type. Both of these operant conditioning paradigms are highly useful for the quantification of social motivation in mouse models of autism and other disorders of social behavior.

This article describes a new protocol for the quantitative measurement of social motivation in mice using operant conditioning for a social reward. The protocol is useful for the measurement of social motivation in mouse models of autism and other disorders of social behavior.

Quantifier Motivation sociale chez la souris utilisant Conditionnement opérant

In this protocol, social motivation is measured in mice through a pair of operant conditioning paradigms. To conduct the experiments, two-chambered ...

Whisker-signaled Eyeblink Classical Conditioning in Head-fixed Mice

Eyeblink conditioning is a common paradigm for investigating the neural mechanisms underlying learning and memory. To better utilize the extensive repertoire of scientific techniques available to study learning and memory at the cellular level, it is ideal to have a stable cranial platform. Because mice do not readily tolerate restraint, they are usually trained while moving about freely in a chamber. Conditioned stimulus (CS) and unconditioned stimulus (US) information are delivered and eyeblink responses recorded via a tether connected to the mouse's head. In the head-fixed apparatus presented here, mice are allowed to run as they desire while their heads are secured to facilitate experimentation. Reliable conditioning of the eyeblink response is obtained with this training apparatus, which allows for the delivery of whisker stimulation as the CS, a periorbital electrical shock as the US, and analysis of electromyographic (EMG) activity from the eyelid to detect blink responses.

The preparation presented here for whisker-signaled eyeblink conditioning in head-fixed mice precisely stimulates specific whiskers while allowing mice to ambulate on a cylindrical treadmill. A whisker stimulation conditioned stimulus (CS) paired with a periorbital shock unconditioned stimulus (US) results in reliable associative learning on this apparatus.

Moustaches de signalisation eyeblink conditionnement classique chez les souris de tête-fixe

Eyeblink conditioning is a common paradigm for investigating the neural mechanisms underlying learning and memory. To better utilize the extensive ...

Reducing State Anxiety Using Working Memory Maintenance

The purpose of this protocol is to explain how to examine the relationship between working memory processes and anxiety by combining the Sternberg Working Memory (WM) and the threat of shock paradigms. In the Sternberg WM paradigm, subjects are required to maintain a series of letters in the WM for a brief interval and respond by identifying whether the position of a given letter in the series matches a numerical prompt. In the threat of shock paradigm, subjects are exposed to alternating blocks where they are either at risk of receiving unpredictable presentations of a mild electric shock or are safe from the shock. Anxiety is probed throughout the safe and threat blocks using the acoustic startle reflex, which is potentiated under threat (Anxiety-Potentiated Startle (APS)). By conducting the Sternberg WM paradigm during the threat of shock and probing the startle response during either the WM maintenance interval or the intertrial interval, it is possible to determine the effect of WM maintenance on APS.

This protocol demonstrates how to measure anxiety-potentiated startle during the Sternberg Working Memory paradigm.

Réduire l&#39;anxiété de l&#39;État à l&#39;aide de la mémoire de travail

The purpose of this protocol is to explain how to examine the relationship between working memory processes and anxiety by combining the Sternberg Working ...

Classical Short-Delay Eyeblink Conditioning in One-Year-Old Children

Classical eyeblink conditioning (EBC) refers to the learned association between a conditioned stimulus (an auditory tone) and an unconditioned stimulus (a puff of air to the cornea). Eyeblink conditioning is often used experimentally to detect abnormalities in cerebellar-dependent learning and memory that underlies this type of associative learning. While experiments in adults and older children are relatively simple to administer using commercial equipment, eyeblink conditioning in infants is more challenging due to their poor compliance, which makes correct positioning of the equipment difficult. To achieve conditioning in one-year-old infants, a custom-made or an adapted commercial system can be used to deliver the air puff to the infant's cornea. The main challenge lies in successfully detecting and classifying the behavioral responses. We report that automated blink detection methods are unreliable in this population, and that conditioning experiments should be analyzed using frame-by-frame analysis of supplementary video camera recordings. This method can be applied to study developmental changes in eyeblink conditioning and to examine whether this paradigm can detect children with neurological disorders.

This protocol describes an eyeblink conditioning paradigm appropriate for experiments with one-year-old infants. Commercial or custom-made equipment can be used to deliver the stimuli, and data collection and analysis should be performed on the video recordings.

Conditionnement classique court-retard Eyeblink dans One-Year-Old Children

Classical eyeblink conditioning (EBC) refers to the learned association between a conditioned stimulus (an auditory tone) and an unconditioned stimulus (a ...

Stress-Enhanced Fear Learning, a Robust Rodent Model of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

Fear behaviors are important for survival, but disproportionately high levels of fear can increase the vulnerability for developing psychiatric disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). To understand the biological mechanisms of fear dysregulation in PTSD, it is important to start with a valid animal model of the disorder. This protocol describes the methodology required to conduct stress-enhanced fear learning (SEFL) experiments, a preclinical model of PTSD, in both rats and mice. SEFL was developed to recapitulate critical aspects of PTSD, including long-term sensitization of fear learning caused by an acute stressor. SEFL uses aspects of Pavlovian fear conditioning but produces a distinct and robust sensitized fear response far greater than normal conditional fear responses. The trauma procedure involves placing a rodent in a conditioning chamber and administering 15 unsignaled shocks randomly distributed over 90 minutes (for rat experiments; for mouse experiments, 10 unsignaled shocks randomly distributed over 60 minutes are used). On day 2, rodents are placed in a novel conditioning context where they receive a single shock; then, on day 3 they are placed back in the same context as on day 2 and tested for changes in freezing levels. Rodents that previously received the trauma display enhanced levels of freezing on the test day compared to those that received no shocks on the first day. Thus, with this model, a single highly stressful experience (the trauma) produces extreme fear of the stimuli associated with the traumatic event.

Here we describe the detailed methodology required to conduct stress-enhanced fear learning (SEFL) experiments, a preclinical model of post-traumatic stress disorder, in both rats and mice. The model utilizes aspects of Pavlovian fear conditioning and freezing as an index of enhanced fear in rodents.

Peur stress-Enhanced Learning, un modèle robuste rongeur du syndrome de Stress post-traumatique

Fear behaviors are important for survival, but disproportionately high levels of fear can increase the vulnerability for developing psychiatric disorders ...

Visual Classical Conditioning in Wood Ants

Several species of insects have become model systems for studying learning and memory formation. Although many studies focus on freely moving animals, studies implementing classical conditioning paradigms with harnessed insects have been important for investigating the exact cues that individuals learn and the neural mechanisms underlying learning and memory formation. Here we present a protocol for evoking visual associative learning in wood ants through classical conditioning. In this paradigm, ants are harnessed and presented with a visual cue (a blue cardboard), the conditional stimulus (CS), paired with an appetitive sugar reward, the unconditional stimulus (US). Ants perform a Maxilla-Labium Extension Reflex (MaLER), the unconditional response (UR), which can be used as a readout for learning. Training consists of 10 trials, separated by a 5-minute intertrial interval (ITI). Ants are also tested for memory retention 10 minutes or 1 hour after training. This protocol has the potential to allow researchers to analyze, in a precise and controlled manner, the details of visual memory formation and the neural basis of learning and memory formation in wood ants.

We present a protocol for the classical conditioning of harnessed ants that permits researchers to study visual learning and memory formation at a level of analysis not possible with freely moving individuals.

Visuels conditionnement classique dans les fourmis des bois

Several species of insects have become model systems for studying learning and memory formation. Although many studies focus on freely moving animals, ...

Fear Incubation Using an Extended Fear-Conditioning Protocol for Rats

Emotional memory has been primarily studied with fear-conditioning paradigms. Fear conditioning is a form of learning through which individuals learn the relationships between aversive events and otherwise neutral stimuli. The most-widely utilized procedures for studying emotional memories entail fear conditioning in rats. In these tasks, the unconditioned stimulus (US) is a footshock presented once or several times across single or several sessions, and the conditioned response (CR) is freezing. In a version of these procedures, called cued fear conditioning, a tone (conditioned stimulus, CS) is paired with footshocks (US) during the training phase. During the first test, animals are exposed to the same context in which training took place, and freezing responses are tested in the absence of footshocks and tones (i.e., a context test). During the second test, freezing is measured when the context is changed (e.g., by manipulating the smell and walls of the experimental chamber) and the tone is presented in the absence of footshocks (i.e., a cue test). Most cued fear conditioning procedures entail few tone-shock pairings (e.g., 1-3 trials in a single session). There is a growing interest in less common versions involving an extensive number of pairings (i.e., overtraining) related to the long-lasting effect called fear incubation (i.e., fear responses increase over time without further exposure to aversive events or conditioned stimuli). Extended fear-conditioning tasks have been key to the understanding of fear incubation&#8217;s behavioral and neurobiological aspects, including its relationship with other psychological phenomena (e.g., post-traumatic stress disorder). Here, we describe an extended fear-conditioning protocol that produces overtraining and fear incubation in rats. This protocol entails a single training session with 25 tone-shock pairings (i.e., overtraining) and a comparison of conditioned freezing responses during context and cue tests 48 h (short-term) and 6 weeks (long-term) after training.

We describe an extended fear-conditioning protocol that produces overtraining and fear incubation in rats. This protocol entails a single training session with 25 tone-shock pairings (i.e., overtraining) and a comparison of conditioned freezing responses during context and cue tests 48 h (short-term) and 6 weeks (long-term) after training.

Incubation de la peur à l’aide d’un protocole étendu de conditionnement de la peur pour les rats

Emotional memory has been primarily studied with fear-conditioning paradigms. Fear conditioning is a form of learning through which individuals learn the ...