This work was funded by the DFG (SFB 779 TPB8, Kr1879/3-1 MRK), DIP grant (MRK), EU FP7 MC-ITN NPlast (MRK), Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS, Sahsen-Anhalt), (AK and SB), MM is a recipient of European Molecular Biology Organization (EMBO) Long-Term Fellowship (EMBO ALTF 884-2011) and Marie-Curie IEF.

成体ラットの脳からの急性海馬スライスの調製<ol><li>イソフルランでラットを麻酔。注意：クローズexicatorを使用しての手順を実行して、イソフルランを吸入しないでください。動物が完全に麻酔をかけていることを確認します。 </li><li>ラットを斬首、すぐに脳を隔離し、mM単位precarbonated（95％O 2/5％CO 2ガス混合物）の氷冷をゲイ液（組成物中にそれを浸す：130のNaCl、4.9のKCl、1.5のCaCl 2·2H 2 O 、0.3のMgSO 4·2H 2 O、11のMgCl 2·6H 2 O、0.23 KH 2 PO 4、0.8のNa 2 HPO 4·7H 2 O、5グルコース·H 2 O、25 HEPES、22 NaHCO 3を、pHが7.32） 30分1,2,10,16のため。 </li><li>嗅内皮質の小脳及び一部を削除します。その内側表面に各半球を下に置き、その後、正中矢状カットで皮質半球を分離します。その後作る各半球13,14の背側縁に沿って50〜70カット（50〜70°の横）。 </li><li>セクショニングシステムのスライスプラットフォーム上で新鮮にカット面を各半球を接着。プラットフォームはprecarbogenated、氷冷をゲイのソリューションでカバーしなければならない。 </li><li> z軸の振動を最小化するように調整ビブラトームを使用して前方から後方側に350μmの50〜70の横断スライスをカットします。海馬、嗅内皮質subicularとだけでなく、海馬に背外側に位置している皮質を実験13,14に使用するスライスの一部となります。 </li><li> U字型や水没型保育器に海馬スライスを移し、carbogenated人工脳脊髄液（単位：mm含むACSFで32℃で少なくとも2時間インキュベートする：110のNaCl、2.5のKCl、2.5のCaCl 2·2H 2 O、1.5マグネシウム4·2H 2 O、1.24 KH 2 PO 4、10mMグルコース·H 2O、27.4 炭酸水素ナトリウム、pH7.3）で1,2,10,16。 </li></ol> 2電極のポジショニング、ベースラインの記録、およびLTPの誘導<ol><li>顕微鏡下に取り付けられた水没型の記録室に海馬スライスを転送します。 32℃で少なくとも30分間carbogenated ACSFで（6〜7ミリリットル/分）を灌流する。 </li><li> （チップ抵抗は3-5MΩです）ACSFを充填したガラスキャピラリー微小電極を準備します。 </li><li>刺激のためとのfEPSPは1,2,10（ 図2）を記録するのCA1放線層におけるCA1シェーファー担保繊維にACSFを充填したガラス微小電極を配置します。電極間の距離は約300μmであるべきである。 </li><li> 3-4 Vの範囲で、二相性の矩形電流パルス（200ミリ秒/極性）を持つシェーファー担保繊維の刺激によってフィールド興奮性シナプス後電位（fEPSPs）を想起</li><li> INPを測定することにより、最大刺激テストを実行しますUT-出力の関係とは、得られた最大のfEPSP-勾配値の40％として、刺激の強さを定義し、実験を通じて一定に保つ。 </li><li>最大刺激試験後、少なくとも15分間のベースライン記録を開始します。実験の間、毎分の刺激テストするための応答を測定します。低周波刺激とベースラインのレコーディングを行ってください。 </li><li>少なくとも30分間のベースラインを記録します。 </li><li>後期LTP誘導は5分あいだの間隔で100Hzで3 1秒刺激トレインからなる高周波数100 Hzの強直誘発を適用するため。 CA1領域内の刺激の場を増やすには5μMのビククリンは強直誘発前の2分で洗浄することができますし、すぐに最後の強直誘発した後に洗浄する必要があります。 </li></ol> 3 LTPの誘導後のスライスの収集とスナップ凍結<ol><li>後期LTPを誘導するテタヌス刺激の3列車の後に2分または30分の記録を停止LTP。 </li><li&gt;は、電極を取り出し、すぐにドライアイス上に置きColD前駆金属プラットフォームにスライスを転送する。 U字型のインキュベーターで維持制御スライスするための手順を繰り返します。注意：ドライアイスでの作業中に手袋を使用してください。 </li><li> -80℃で1.5mlチューブとストア内の各スライスを収集します。 </li></ol>海馬のCA1領域から核エンリッチ画分の4の単離<ol><li> -80℃から凍結切片と1.5ミリリットルエッペンドルフチュー​​ブを取り出し、氷上に保管してください。 </li><li>チューブに、プロテアーゼ（PI）およびホスファターゼ（PS）阻害剤を含有する新鮮な冷たいTBS緩衝液を0.5ml加える。 2〜3分間インキュベートし、実体顕微鏡に移す。注意：PIおよびPSでの作業中に保護手袋と白衣を使用してください。 </li><li> 2本の針を使用して、海馬のCA1錐体層域を解剖。実体顕微鏡とのCA1領域を切断するための第二の針の下にスライスを保持するための一方の針を使用してください。 </li><li>解剖したCAを収集50μlの溶解緩衝液（：10 HEPES、1.5のMgCl 2、10、PIおよびPSとのKCl、pHは7.9、mMの中に含む1×低張溶解バッファー）を含む新しい1.5 mlチューブに（グループごとに）5スライスから1地域。材料のこの量は2-3イムノブロットを実行するのに十分であることに注意してください。 </li><li>慎重なピペッティングを上下することにより採取した組織を均質化する。 200μlのピペットを使用してください。細胞が膨潤することを可能にするために5-7分間氷上でライセートをインキュベートする。 </li><li> 、溶解液2μlのを取り、顕微鏡スライド上にドロップし、明視野顕微鏡下で細胞の膨潤を可視化する。細胞の適切な腫れで核が無傷の構造ラウンドとして表示されます。 </li><li> &#39;ホモジネート分画」として新しい1.5mlチューブにサンプルを20μlを収集します。 4×SDSサンプル緩衝液の変性8を添加する。 </li><li> 1分間11000 rpmで、残りの溶解物を遠心。 </li><li>慎重に、TRトップ（ &#39;サイトゾル画分」）から上清を収集ansfer新しいチューブに4倍サンプル緩衝液20μlを加える。 </li><li>低張性緩​​衝液60μlの中でペレットを再懸濁し、4倍のサンプル緩衝液20μlを加える。この画分は、「核濃縮画分」と呼ばれる。 </li><li>ホモジネート、細胞質ゾル、核濃縮された画分は、後で免疫ブロッティングのために℃〜-20℃または-80℃で保存することができる。 </li></ol> Synapto核タンパク質のための5。半定量免疫ブロッティング<ol><li>サンプルをDefreeze 95°Cで5分間それらを沸騰。 </li><li>各画分からの5μlを取り、アミド黒のテストまたはBCA試験によりタンパク質濃度を決定する。 </li><li> SDS-PAGE上ホモジネートからのタンパク質サンプルを同量、細胞質および核に富む画分をロードします。コントロールとLTPスライスからのサンプルを、直接比較のために同じゲル上に配置する必要があります。 </li><li>標準ウェスタンブロッティングの手順を実行します（ウェット転送を推奨します）。 </li><li>トンを有する膜をプローブ好きな彼は、抗体。その後、同じブロット（または同じ試料を並行して実行される）、細胞質マーカーを用いてプローブすることができます - ニューロン特異enolase2（NSE2）および核マーカー - のNeuNおよびローディング対照としてアクチン抗体。 </li></ol> 6。データ解析<ol><li> LTP誘導の効率は、Clampfitソフトウェアによって分析することができる。ベースライン記録の平均勾配は、二元配置ANOVAを使用して強直誘発後の斜面と比較して、p &lt;0.05での有意差があると考えした。のfEPSPの勾配値は、平均±SEMとして図に描かれた</li><li>イムノブロットの定量化のために、オートラジオグラフィーフィルムのいずれかをスキャンし、LICORシステムをImageJのまたは蛍光バンドによってタンパク質バンドの積分密度を分析する。免疫反応性バンドの値がロードおよびブロッティング制御のために正規化されるべきである。 nonparametricalマンホイットニーU検定を使用してもよい制御およびLTP群の比較のために。 </li></ol><table border="0"CELLPADDING = &quot;0&quot; CELLSPACING = &quot;0&quot;&gt; <tbody><tr><td> バッファの名前 </td><td> 試薬 </td><td> 濃度（mM）の </td><td> 額 </td><td> コメント/説明 </td></tr><tr><td> をゲイ液 （pH：7.3〜7.4） </td><td> NaClを</td><td> 130 </td><td> 7.6グラム</td><td>除菌</td></tr><tr><td>千ミリリットル</td><td>塩化カリウム</td><td> 4.9 </td><td> 0.37グラム</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>のCaCl 2·2H 2 O </td><td> 1.5 </td><td> 0.22グラム</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td> の MgSO 4·2H 2 O </td><td> 0.3 </td><td> 0.0739グラム</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>のMgCl 2·6H 2 O </td><td> 11 </td><td> 2.24グラム</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td> KH 2 PO 4 </td><td> 0.23 </td><td> 0.0313グラム</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>のNa 2 HPO 4·7H 2 O </td><td> 0.8 </td><td> 0.2145グラム</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>グルコース·H 2 O </td><td> 5 </td><td> 0.9909グラム</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td> HEPES </td><td> 25 </td><td> 5.96グラム</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td> 炭酸水素ナトリウム</td><td> 22 </td><td> 1.85グラム</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> ACSF液（pH：7.3〜7.4） </td><td> NaClを</td><td> 110 </td><td> 6.428グラム</td><td>除菌</td></tr><tr><td>千ミリリットル</td><td>塩化カリウム</td><td> 2.5 </td><td> 0.1865グラム</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>のCaCl 2·2H 2 O </td><td> 2.5 </td><td> 0.368グラム</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td> の MgSO 4·2H 2 O </td><td> 1.5 </td><td> 0.370グラム</tD&gt; <td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td> KH 2 PO 4 </td><td> 1.24 </td><td> 0.169グラム</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>グルコース·H 2 O </td><td> 10 </td><td> 1.9817グラム</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td> 炭酸水素ナトリウム</td><td> 27.4 </td><td> 2.3グラム</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 1×低張緩衝液 （7.9） </td><td> HEPES </td><td> 10 </td><td> 0.23グラム</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 100ミリリットル</td><td>のMgCl 2·6H 2 O </td><td> 1.5 </td><td> 0.0304グラム</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>塩化カリウム</td><td> 10 </td><td> 0.07455グラム</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table> 表1。バッファ。

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

上記のプロトコルに記載の手順は、どのように迅速にスライスの誘導エリアを分析し、活動依存性タンパク質のダイナミクスを研究するための核濃縮画分を準備し、LTPを、若年または成体ラットからスライス海馬急性の準備誘導し、記録するためのガイダンスを提供する。このアプローチは、互いに独立して使用されるいくつかの異なる方法の組み合わせに由来する。私たちは、ワークフロ?...

シナプスN-メチル-D-アスパラギン酸受容体（NMDARを）は、シナプスNMDARをの活性化に対し、シグナル伝達、シナプス可塑性および細胞の生存に重要な役割を果たす神経変性および細胞死を誘発することができる。これらの変更は、厳密に制御/調整された活動依存性遺伝子発現に依存し、このようにして活性化シナプスや樹状突起および核7との間に一定の通信を必要とする。 MAPは、ERK1 / 2シグナル伝達シナプスNMDARを下流のエフェクターであるとシナプス外NMDA受容体を介したシグナルがないか、またはERK1 / 2活性8,11に対する阻害効果を有するのに対し、NMDAR活性化によって誘導される遺伝子発現に関与していませんキナーゼ。 遠位樹状突起と核の間を往復することが示されているタンパク質の数があります。これらのタンパク質の多くは、核局在化シグナルを含有し、積極的に核6,9にダイニンとインポーチン依存的に微小管に沿って輸送される。 Interestinglyは、これらのメッセンジャーのいくつかの特定のシナプスの刺激に応答して、核への唯一のトランジット。例えば、サイクリックAMP応答エレメント結合タンパク質2（CREB2）の逆行性輸送は、化学LTDなくLTP 12によって誘導される。ローカライズされたNMDAR依存シナプス刺激は、長期的な海馬可塑4に関与している転座法、核内にCREB調節される転写コアクチベーター（CRTC1）を駆動する。最近、蛋白質メッセンジャーヤコブは、シナプスとシナプス外NMDA受容体活性化の両方の後に核へ移行し、CREB依存性遺伝子の転写5を調節することが示された。信号のシナプスまたはシナプス外起源は、ヤコブの翻訳後修飾で符号化される。シナプス活性は、初代海馬培養物中の核へのその後の転座のための必要条件である180位（pJacobS 180）での重要なセリンでヤコブのERK1 / 2依存性リン酸化を誘導する。また、私nは急性海馬スライスのpJacobSのCA1ニューロンは180はシャファー側枝LTP後に核に移行したが1,10 LTDません。 pS180ヤコブは可塑性関連遺伝子の発現の増加につながり、この遺伝子の発現は、シナプス機能にフィードバックする。著しく対照的に、シナプス外NMDARを活性化がSer180でリン酸化されておらず、核内の異なるタンパク質複合体と関連する可能性があります後に核へ移行ヤコブは原因となる「CREBを遮断&#39;とシナプスの接点10の後退。 synapto-核タンパク質のメッセンジャーの核内移行のほとんど発表された研究は、解離神経細胞初代培養で行われてきた。従って、そのような知見は、神経細胞の接続性と機能がはるかに優れた保存された海馬スライスを使用して、生理学的に関連性の高い状態で再現できるかどうかを確認するために興味深いものになるだろう。ここでは、LTPドを評価するための最適化されたプロトコルを提示イムノブロットによるタンパク質メッセンジャーの核移行をペンダント。この方法は、粗核画分中のタンパク質の活性依存性リン酸化を分析するのに適している。具体的には、現在のプロトコルは、急性CA1海馬スライス、誘導、およびLTPの記録の調製を含む。次に、CA1領域が微視的に刺激された領域を分離するために解剖される。私たちは、趙と同僚17で導入された変更でCellLytic核抽出キットにより提供される核を単離するためのプロトコルを組み合わせて変更しました。最適化された手順では、細胞膨張および核の放出を可能にする低張性緩衝液中で解剖し、CA1領域の溶解が含まれています。細胞溶解および核の形態は、顕微鏡検査により決定することができる。核濃縮は、短い遠心分離工程によって達成される。のNeuN及びNSE2、核または細胞質画分の特異的マーカーに対する抗体で免疫ブロットすると、このアプローチは速いとして使用できることを示しこれらの細胞成分分画を分離し、タンパク質リン酸化のような非常に不安定な翻訳後修飾を研究するために、再現性のプロトコル。さらに、この方法は、海馬スライスの解剖CA1領域に由来する小さな組織サンプルのために有利であり、海馬切片の免疫組織化学的に組み合わせて使用​​することができる。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Table 1. Equipment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CED 1401 AD/DA converter</td>
			<td>Cambridge Electronics Design, UK</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Axopatch 200B amplifier</td>
			<td>Axon&#65292;USA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td><a href="http://www.iciba.com/data_acquisition_system">Axon Digidata acquisition system</a></td>
			<td>Axon&#65292;USA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Clampex 10.0 Data acquisition and analysis software</td>
			<td>Axon&#65292;USA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Leica microscope</td>
			<td>Leica TCS SP2&#65292;Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>P-97 Standard microelectrode puller</td>
			<td>Sutter&#65292;USA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td><a href="http://www.iciba.com/stereomicroscope">Stereomicroscope</a></td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>Leica S4E, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vibrotome</td>
			<td>Leica VT1000S, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isolated pulse stimulator</td>
			<td>Model2100, A-M systmes, USA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific, HERAEUS, FRSCO17</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SDS-PAGE system</td>
			<td>BIORAD</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cooler</td>
			<td>JULABO</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bright field Microscope</td>
			<td>NIKON ECLIPSE TS100</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell culture incubator</td>
			<td>Thermo Electron Corporation, HERAEUS</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micromanipulator</td>
			<td>Luigs &#38; Neumann, SM-5, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Blotting chamber and electric power supplier</td>
			<td>Hoefer Scientific Instruments, San Francisco</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cooler</td>
			<td>Julabo, F12</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific, Heraeus, FRESCO 17</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Submerged type Recording Chamber</td>
			<td>custom made</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>U-shape and submerged type incubator&#160;</td>
			<td>custom made</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Small surgical scissors</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scalpel</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thin spatula</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plastic Pasteur pipette</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plastic culture dish&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bunsen beaker</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringe</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Table 2. Reagents</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name of Reagent</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaCl</td>
			<td>ROTH</td>
			<td>Art.-Nr.3957.1</td>
			<td>&#8805;99.5%, p.a.,ACS,ISO</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KCl</td>
			<td>ROTH</td>
			<td>Art.-Nr.6781.1</td>
			<td>&#8805;99.5%, p.a.,ACS,ISO</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CaCl2&#183;2H2O</td>
			<td>MERCK</td>
			<td>1.02382.0500</td>
			<td>pro analysi</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MgSO4&#183;2H2O</td>
			<td>MERCK</td>
			<td>5886.05</td>
			<td>pro analysi</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MgCl2&#183;6H2O</td>
			<td>AppliChem</td>
			<td>CAS-NO: 7791-18-6; EC-NO:2320946</td>
			<td>for Molecularbiology</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KH2PO4</td>
			<td>MERCK</td>
			<td>12034.025</td>
			<td>for Molecularbiology</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Na2HPO4&#183;2H2O</td>
			<td>MERCK</td>
			<td>1.06574.1000</td>
			<td>extra pure</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glucose&#183;H2O</td>
			<td>ROTH</td>
			<td>Art.-Nr.6887.1</td>
			<td>for Molecularbiology</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hepes</td>
			<td>ROTH</td>
			<td>Art.-Nr.9105.4</td>
			<td>PUFFERAN, &#8805;99.5%, p.a.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaHCO3</td>
			<td>MERCK</td>
			<td>1.06329.1000</td>
			<td>pro analysi</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Protease inhibitor Coctail</td>
			<td>ROCHE</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphostop</td>
			<td>ROCHE</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bicuculline</td>
			<td>Tocris bioscience</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#160;Isofluran</td>
			<td>Baxter</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Table 4. Antibodies</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Primary antibodies</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Species</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pJac-s180</td>
			<td>Biogenes/ purified</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>rabbit (dil. 1:100)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NeuN</td>
			<td>Milipore</td>
			<td>MAB377</td>
			<td>mouse (dil. 1:1,000)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NSE</td>
			<td>Cell Signaling</td>
			<td>D20H2</td>
			<td>rabbit (dil. 1:1,000)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>beta-actin</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>A-5441</td>
			<td>mouse (dil. 1:5,000)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Secondary antibodies</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Species</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IgG HRP Conjugated</td>
			<td>DAKO</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>goat anti - mouse (1:5,000)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IgG HRP Conjugated</td>
			<td>NEB</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>goat anti - rabbit (1:5,000)</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

isolation of ca1 nuclear enriched fractions from hippocampal slices to study activity-dependent nuclear import of synapto-nuclear messenger proteins

勉強活動依存性タンパク質の発現、細胞内転座、またはリン酸化がシナプス可塑性の基礎となる細胞メカニズムを理解することが不可欠です。長期増強（LTP）および急性海馬スライスにおいて誘導される長期抑圧（LTD）が広く学習および記憶の細胞モデルとして受け入れられている。活動依存性タンパク質の動態を可視化するために、ライブセルイメージングまたは免疫組織化学の手法を使用する多くの研究があります。しかし、これらの方法は、単一ニューロンにおける蛍光タグ融合タンパク質の免疫細胞または過剰発現のための抗体の適合性に依存している。タンパク質のイムノは調査結果の独立した確認を提供する代替的な方法である。個別のtetanized海馬スライスからの細胞成分分画の製造における最初の制限要因は、材料の量が少ないです。第二に、処理手順は非常に重要ですlとさえ非常に短いとマイナーな操作のためスライスをivingすると、特定のシグナル伝達カスケードの活性化を誘導し得る。ここでは、ラット脳からの急性海馬スライスのCA1領域から十分な純度の核濃縮画分の十分な量を得るために最適化されたワークフローを説明する。代表的な例として、私たちはsynapto-核タンパク質のメッセンジャーのERK1 / 2リン酸化形態はヤコブが積極的にLTPの誘導時に核に移動し、CA1ニューロンの核濃縮画で検出できることを示している。

私たちは、以前にsynapto-核タンパク質メッセンジャーヤコブはLTPの誘導ではなく、LTD 1以下の核内に蓄積することが示されている。また、シナプス刺激後のヤコブの転座は、MAPK ERK1 / 2およびSer180でのヤコブのリン酸化（ 図1）の活性化が必要である。リン酸化されたヤコブはインポーチン依存的に核に移行し、リン酸化された状態が15αinternexin中間径フィラメント?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation of CA1 Nuclear Enriched Fractions from Hippocampal Slices to Study Activity-dependent Nuclear Import of Synapto-nuclear Messenger Proteins at JoVE.c

Isolation of CA1 Nuclear Enriched Fractions from Hippocampal Slices to Study Activity-dependent Nuclear Import of Synapto-nuclear Messenger Proteins

私たちは、海馬のCA1領域とスライスのtetanizedエリアからの核に富む画分のその後の単離における長期増強の誘導のための詳細なプロトコルを提供する。このアプローチは、学習および記憶の細胞モデルにおいて活性に依存する核タンパク質のインポートを決定するために用いることができる。

Synapto核メッセンジャータンパク質の活性に依存する核内移行を研究するために海馬スライスからCA1原子力エンリッチ画分の単離

Studying activity dependent protein expression, subcellular translocation, or phosphorylation is essential to understand the underlying cellular ...

isolation-ca1-nuclear-enriched-fractions-from-hippocampal-slices-to

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

12.0K ビュー.  Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology. 私たちは、海馬のCA1領域とスライスのtetanizedエリアからの核に富む画分のその後の単離における長期増強の誘導のための詳細なプロトコルを提供する。このアプローチは、学習および記憶の細胞モデルにおいて活性に依存する核タンパク質のインポートを決定するために用いることができる。 

ビデオ: Isolation of CA1 Nuclear Enriched Fractions from Hippocampal Slices to Study Activity-dependent Nuclear Import of Synapto-nuclear Messenger Proteins

Preparation of Acute Hippocampal Slices from Rats and Transgenic Mice for the Study of Synaptic Alterations during Aging and Amyloid Pathology

The rodent hippocampal slice preparation is perhaps the most broadly used tool for investigating mammalian synaptic function and plasticity. The hippocampus can be extracted quickly and easily from rats and mice and slices remain viable for hours in oxygenated artificial cerebrospinal fluid. Moreover, basic electrophysisologic techniques are easily applied to the investigation of synaptic function in hippocampal slices and have provided some of the best biomarkers for cognitive impairments. The hippocampal slice is especially popular for the study of synaptic plasticity mechanisms involved in learning and memory. Changes in the induction of long-term potentiation and depression (LTP and LTD) of synaptic efficacy in hippocampal slices (or lack thereof) are frequently used to describe the neurologic phenotype of cognitively-impaired animals and/or to evaluate the mechanism of action of nootropic compounds. This article outlines the procedures we use for preparing hippocampal slices from rats and transgenic mice for the study of synaptic alterations associated with brain aging and Alzheimer's disease (AD)1-3. Use of aged rats and AD model mice can present a unique set of challenges to researchers accustomed to using younger rats and/or mice in their research. Aged rats have thicker skulls and tougher connective tissue than younger rats and mice, which can delay brain extraction and/or dissection and consequently negate or exaggerate real age-differences in synaptic function and plasticity. Aging and amyloid pathology may also exacerbate hippocampal damage sustained during the dissection procedure, again complicating any inferences drawn from physiologic assessment. Here, we discuss the steps taken during the dissection procedure to minimize these problems. Examples of synaptic responses acquired in "healthy" and "unhealthy" slices from rats and mice are provided, as well as representative synaptic plasticity experiments. The possible impact of other methodological factors on synaptic function in these animal models (e.g. recording solution components, stimulation parameters) are also discussed. While the focus of this article is on the use of aged rats and transgenic mice, novices to slice physiology should find enough detail here to get started on their own studies, using a variety of rodent models.

This article outlines procedures for preparing hippocampal slices from rats and transgenic mice for the study of synaptic alterations associated with brain aging and age-related neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer&#x2019;s disease.

老化とアミロイド病理の間にシナプス変化の研究のためのラットおよびトランスジェニックマウスからの急性海馬スライスの準備

The rodent hippocampal slice preparation is perhaps the most broadly used tool for investigating mammalian synaptic function and plasticity. The ...

神経科学

Vibrodissociation of Neurons from Rodent Brain Slices to Study Synaptic Transmission and Image Presynaptic Terminals

Mechanical dissociation of neurons from the central nervous system has the advantage that presynaptic boutons remain attached to the isolated neuron of interest. This allows for examination of synaptic transmission under conditions where the extracellular and postsynaptic intracellular environments can be well controlled. A vibration-based technique without the use of proteases, known as vibrodissociation, is the most popular technique for mechanical isolation. A micropipette, with the tip fire-polished to the shape of a small ball, is placed into a brain slice made from a P1-P21 rodent. The micropipette is vibrated parallel to the slice surface and lowered through the slice thickness resulting in the liberation of isolated neurons. The isolated neurons are ready for study within a few minutes of vibrodissociation. This technique has advantages over the use of primary neuronal cultures, brain slices and enzymatically isolated neurons including: rapid production of viable, relatively mature neurons suitable for electrophysiological and imaging studies; superior control of the extracellular environment free from the influence of neighboring cells; suitability for well-controlled pharmacological experiments using rapid drug application and total cell superfusion; and improved space-clamp in whole-cell recordings relative to neurons in slice or cell culture preparations. This preparation can be used to examine synaptic physiology, pharmacology, modulation and plasticity. Real-time imaging of both pre- and postsynaptic elements in the living cells and boutons is also possible using vibrodissociated neurons. Characterization of the molecular constituents of pre- and postsynaptic elements can also be achieved with immunological and imaging-based approaches.

This report demonstrates a technique for mechanical isolation of individual viable neurons retaining attached presynaptic boutons. Vibrodissociated neurons have the advantages of rapid production, excellent pharmacological control and improved space-clamp without influence from neighboring cells. This method can be used for imaging of synaptic elements and patch-clamp recording.

シナプス伝達とイメージシナプス前終末を研究するために齧歯類の脳スライスからの神経細胞のVibrodissociation

Mechanical dissociation of neurons from the central nervous system has the advantage that presynaptic boutons remain attached to the isolated neuron of ...

Isolation and Culture of Hippocampal Neurons from Prenatal Mice

Primary cultures of rat and murine hippocampal neurons are widely used to reveal cellular mechanisms in neurobiology. By isolating and growing individual neurons, researchers are able to analyze properties related to cellular trafficking, cellular structure and individual protein localization using a variety of biochemical techniques. Results from such experiments are critical for testing theories addressing the neural basis of memory and learning. However, unambiguous results from these forms of experiments are predicated on the ability to grow neuronal cultures with minimum contamination by other brain cell types. In this protocol, we use specific media designed for neuron growth and careful dissection of embryonic hippocampal tissue to optimize growth of healthy neurons while minimizing contaminating cell types (i.e. astrocytes). Embryonic mouse hippocampal tissue can be more difficult to isolate than similar rodent tissue due to the size of the sample for dissection. We show detailed dissection techniques of hippocampus from embryonic day 19 (E19) mouse pups. Once hippocampal tissue is isolated, gentle dissociation of neuronal cells is achieved with a dilute concentration of trypsin and mechanical disruption designed to separate cells from connective tissue while providing minimum damage to individual cells. A detailed description of how to prepare pipettes to be used in the disruption is included. Optimal plating densities are provided for immuno-fluorescence protocols to maximize successful cell culture. The protocol provides a fast (approximately 2 hr) and efficient technique for the culture of neuronal cells from mouse hippocampal tissue.

We provide a protocol for the culture of highly purified hippocampal neurons from prenatal mouse brains without the use of a feeder glial cell layer.

胎児マウスから海馬ニューロンの単離および培養

Primary cultures of rat and murine hippocampal neurons are widely used to reveal cellular mechanisms in neurobiology. By isolating and growing individual ...

Mitochondria-associated ER Membranes (MAMs) and Glycosphingolipid Enriched Microdomains (GEMs): Isolation from Mouse Brain

Intracellular organelles are highly dynamic structures with varying shape and composition, which are subjected to cell-specific intrinsic and extrinsic cues. Their membranes are often juxtaposed at defined contact sites, which become hubs for the exchange of signaling molecules and membrane components1,2,3,4. The inter-organellar membrane microdomains that are formed between the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the mitochondria at the opening of the IP3-sensitive Ca2+ channel are known as the mitochondria associated-ER membranes or MAMs4,5,6. The protein/lipid composition and biochemical properties of these membrane contact sites have been extensively studied particularly in relation to their role in regulating intracellular Ca2+ 4,5,6. The ER serves as the primary store of intracellular Ca2+, and in this capacity regulates a myriad of cellular processes downstream of Ca2+ signaling, including post-translational protein folding and protein maturation7. Mitochondria, on the other hand, maintain Ca2+ homeostasis, by buffering cytosolic Ca2+ concentration thereby preventing the initiation of apoptotic pathways downstream of Ca2+ unbalance4,8. The dynamic nature of the MAMs makes them ideal sites to dissect basic cellular mechanisms, including Ca2+ signaling and regulation of mitochondrial Ca2+ concentration, lipid biosynthesis and transport, energy metabolism and cell survival 4,9,10,11,12. Several protocols have been described for the purification of these microdomains from liver tissue and cultured cells13,14. 
	Taking previously published methods into account, we have adapted a protocol for the isolation of mitochondria and MAMs from the adult mouse brain. To this procedure we have added an extra purification step, namely a Triton X100 extraction, which enables the isolation of the glycosphingolipid enriched microdomain (GEM) fraction of the MAMs. These GEM preparations share several protein components with caveolae and lipid rafts, derived from the plasma membrane or other intracellular membranes, and are proposed to function as gathering points for the clustering of receptor proteins and for protein&#x2013;protein interactions4,15.

Mitochondria-associated ER Membranes MAMs and Glycosphingolipid Enriched Microdomains GEMs: Isolation from Mouse Brain

This procedure illustrates how to isolate from the adult mouse brain the mitochondria-associated ER membranes or MAMs and the glycosphingolipid-enriched microdomain fractions from MAMs and mitochondrial preparations.

ミトコンドリア関連のER膜（MAMS）とスフィンゴ糖脂質マイクロドメインエンリッチド（GEMS）：マウス脳から単離

Intracellular organelles are highly dynamic structures with varying shape and composition, which are subjected to cell-specific intrinsic and extrinsic ...

Paired Whole Cell Recordings in Organotypic Hippocampal Slices

Pair recordings involve simultaneous whole cell patch clamp recordings from two synaptically connected neurons, enabling not only direct electrophysiological characterization of the synaptic connections between individual neurons, but also pharmacological manipulation of either the presynaptic or the postsynaptic neuron. When carried out in organotypic hippocampal slice cultures, the probability that two neurons are synaptically connected is significantly increased. This preparation readily enables identification of cell types, and the neurons maintain their morphology and properties of synaptic function similar to that in native brain tissue. A major advantage of paired whole cell recordings is the highly precise information it can provide on the properties of synaptic transmission and plasticity that are not possible with other more crude techniques utilizing extracellular axonal stimulation. Paired whole cell recordings are often perceived as too challenging to perform. While there are challenging aspects to this technique, paired recordings can be performed by anyone trained in whole cell patch clamping provided specific hardware and methodological criteria are followed. The probability of attaining synaptically connected paired recordings significantly increases with healthy organotypic slices and stable micromanipulation allowing independent attainment of pre- and postsynaptic whole cell recordings. While CA3-CA3 pyramidal cell pairs are most widely used in the organotypic slice hippocampal preparation, this technique has also been successful in CA3-CA1 pairs and can be adapted to any neurons that are synaptically connected in the same slice preparation. In this manuscript we provide the detailed methodology and requirements for establishing this technique in any laboratory equipped for electrophysiology.

Pair recordings are simultaneous whole cell patch clamp recordings from two synaptically connected neurons, enabling precise electrophysiological and pharmacological characterization of the synapses between individual neurons. Here we describe the detailed methodology and requirements for establishing this technique in organotypic hippocampal slice cultures in any laboratory equipped for electrophysiology.

器官型海馬スライスにおけるペア全細胞記録

Pair recordings involve simultaneous whole cell patch clamp recordings from two synaptically connected neurons, enabling not only direct ...

Investigation of Synaptic Tagging/Capture and Cross-capture using Acute Hippocampal Slices from Rodents

Synaptic tagging and capture (STC) and cross-tagging are two important mechanisms at cellular level that explain how synapse-specificity and associativity is achieved in neurons within a specific time frame. These long-term plasticity-related processes are the leading candidate models to study the basis of memory formation and persistence at the cellular level. Both STC and cross-tagging involve two serial processes: (1) setting of the synaptic tag as triggered by a specific pattern of stimulation, and (2) synaptic capture, whereby the synaptic tag interacts with newly synthesized plasticity-related proteins (PRPs). Much of the understanding about the concepts of STC and cross-tagging arises from the studies done in CA1 region of the hippocampus and because of the technical complexity many of the laboratories are still unable to study these processes. Experimental conditions for the preparation of hippocampal slices and the recording of stable late-LTP/LTD are extremely important to study synaptic tagging/cross-tagging. This video article describes the experimental procedures to study long-term plasticity processes such as STC and cross-tagging in the CA1 pyramidal neurons using stable, long-term field-potential recordings from acute hippocampal slices of rats.

This video article describes experimental procedures to study long-term plasticity and its associative processes such as synaptic tagging, capture and cross-tagging in the CA1 pyramidal neurons using acute hippocampal slices from rodents.

げっ歯類からの急性海馬スライスを用いて、シナプスタグ付け/キャプチャとクロス捕獲調査

Synaptic tagging and capture (STC) and cross-tagging are two important mechanisms at cellular level that explain how synapse-specificity and associativity ...

Evaluation of Synapse Density in Hippocampal Rodent Brain Slices

In the brain, synapses are specialized junctions between neurons, determining the strength and spread of neuronal signaling. The number of synapses is tightly regulated during development and neuronal maturation. Importantly, deficits in synapse number can lead to cognitive dysfunction. Therefore, the evaluation of synapse number is an integral part of neurobiology. However, as synapses are small and highly compact in the intact brain, the assessment of absolute number is challenging. This protocol describes a method to easily identify and evaluate synapses in hippocampal rodent slices using immunofluorescence microscopy. It includes a three-step procedure to evaluate synapses in high-quality confocal microscopy images by analyzing the co-localization of pre- and postsynaptic proteins in hippocampal slices. It also explains how the analysis is performed and gives representative examples from both excitatory and inhibitory synapses. This protocol provides a solid foundation for the analysis of synapses and can be applied to any research investigating the structure and function of the brain.

A protocol for accurately identifying and analyzing synapses in hippocampal slices using immunofluorescence is outlined in this article.

海馬の齧歯動物の脳スライスにおけるシナプス密度の評価

In the brain, synapses are specialized junctions between neurons, determining the strength and spread of neuronal signaling. The number of synapses is ...

Implantation of Chronic Silicon Probes and Recording of Hippocampal Place Cells in an Enriched Treadmill Apparatus

An important requisite for understanding brain function is the identification of behavior and cell activity correlates. Silicon probes are advanced electrodes for large-scale electrophysiological recording of neuronal activity, but the procedures for their chronic implantation are still underdeveloped. The activity of hippocampal place cells is known to correlate with an animal&#39;s position in the environment, but the underlying mechanisms are still unclear. To investigate place cells, here we describe a set of techniques which range from the fabrication of devices for chronic silicon probe implants to the monitoring of place field activity in a cue-enriched treadmill apparatus. A micro-drive and a hat are built by fitting and fastening together 3D-printed plastic parts. A silicon probe is mounted on the micro-drive, cleaned, and coated with dye. A first surgery is performed to fix the hat on the skull of a mouse. Small landmarks are fabricated and attached to the belt of a treadmill. The mouse is trained to run head-fixed on the treadmill. A second surgery is performed to implant the silicon probe in the hippocampus, following which broadband electrophysiological signals are recorded. Finally, the silicon probe is recovered and cleaned for reuse. The analysis of place cell activity in the treadmill reveals a diversity of place field mechanisms, outlining the benefit of the approach.

We describe the diverse steps to implant chronic silicon probes and to record place cells in mice that are running head-fixed on a cue-enriched treadmill apparatus.

慢性的なシリコン プローブと豊かなトレッドミル装置海馬場所細胞の記録

An important requisite for understanding brain function is the identification of behavior and cell activity correlates. Silicon probes are advanced ...

An Improved Method for Collection of Cerebrospinal Fluid from Anesthetized Mice

The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a valuable body fluid for analysis in neuroscience research. It is one of the fluids in closest contact with the central nervous system and thus, can be used to analyze the diseased state of the brain or spinal cord without directly accessing these tissues. However, in mice it is difficult to obtain from the cisterna magna due to its closeness to blood vessels, which often contaminate samples. The area for CSF collection in mice is also difficult to dissect to and often only small samples are obtained (maximum of 5-7 &#181;L or less). This protocol describes in detail a technique that improves on current methods of collection to minimize contamination from blood and allow for the abundant collection of CSF (on average 10-15 &#181;L can be collected). This technique can be used with other dissection methods for tissue collection from mice, as it does not impact any tissues during CSF extraction. Thus, the brain and spinal cord are not affected with this technique and remain intact. With greater CSF sample collection and purity, more analyses can be used with this fluid to further aid neuroscience research and better understand diseases affecting the brain and spinal cord.

This protocol describes an improved technique for the abundant collection of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) with no contamination from blood. With greater sample collection and purity, more analyses can be performed using CSF to further our understanding of diseases that affect the brain and spinal cord.

麻酔下のマウスから脳脊髄液のコレクションのための改良法

The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a valuable body fluid for analysis in neuroscience research. It is one of the fluids in closest contact with the central ...

Preparation of Acute Human Hippocampal Slices for Electrophysiological Recordings

Epilepsy affects about 1% of the world population and leads to a severe decrease in quality of life due to ongoing seizures as well as high risk for sudden death. Despite an abundance of available treatment options, about 30% of patients are drug-resistant. Several novel therapeutics have been developed using animal models, though the rate of drug-resistant patients remains unaltered. One of probable reasons is the lack of translation between rodent models and humans, such as a weak representation of human pharmacoresistance in animal models. Resected human brain tissue as a preclinical evaluation tool has the advantage to bridge this translational gap. Described here is a method for high quality preparation of human hippocampal brain slices and subsequent stable induction of epileptiform activity. The protocol describes the induction of burst activity during application of 8 mM KCl and 4-aminopyridin. This activity is sensitive to established AED lacosamide or novel antiepileptic candidates, such as dimethylethanolamine (DMEA). In addition, the method describes induction of seizure-like events in CA1 of human hippocampal brain slices by reduction of extracellular Mg2+ and application of bicuculline, a GABAA receptor blocker. The experimental set-up can be used to screen potential antiepileptic substances for their effects on epileptiform activity. Furthermore, mechanisms of action postulated for specific compounds can be validated using this approach in human tissue (e.g., using patch-clamp recordings). To conclude, investigation of vital human brain tissue ex vivo (here, resected hippocampus from patients suffering from temporal lobe epilepsy) will improve the current knowledge of physiological and pathological mechanisms in the human brain.

The presented protocol describes the transport and preparation of resected human hippocampal tissue with the ultimate goal to use vital brain slices as a preclinical evaluation tool for potential antiepileptic substances.

電気生理学的記録のための急性ヒト海馬スライスの調製

Epilepsy affects about 1% of the world population and leads to a severe decrease in quality of life due to ongoing seizures as well as high risk for ...