この作品は、健康補助金HL-085887、HL-092992、S10RR027535、及びMOP-93676の国立研究所によって部分的にサポートされていました。

1。血管解剖とイメージング<ol><li>マルテンスら 27に記載されているように、国内の幼若豚から収穫組織。ポリジメチルシロキサン（PDMS）、HEPESは、生理食塩水（PSS）にバッファリングを含む底の解剖皿に採取したブタの右心室に配置します。 <ol><li>実体顕微鏡を用いて、周囲の心臓組織層から血管セグメントを除去することによって、鉗子とスプリングはさみを使用して周囲の組織から冠状動脈（〜8mmの長さ、直径0.5mm）を左前のセグメントを分析し、取り除く。注：血管壁に穴を開けないように注意してください。 </li><li>解剖皿に、PDMSブロック（1×0.5×0.5 cm）の配置し、底にそれを固定するために、針を使用しています。 micropinsを形成し、12〜0.3センチメートル長のセグメントに約40μmの直径のタングステン線をカットし、皿にそれらを配置します。鉗子を用いて、micropi有するブロックに血管セグメントの一端を固定するN。 </li><li>慎重に血管内腔に小さな春のはさみを挿入し、それを完全に開くように、容器の1面下に縦方向に切断。内皮を上にして開いた血管部分を向けます。 </li><li>容器は平坦な長方形を形成するようにブロックするために開かれた血管セグメントの境界を固定するために、残りのmicropinsを使用する。注：マイクロピントップは90°に屈曲し、ブロック表面と同じ高さまで挿入する必要があります。ケアは過延伸することなく、容器の準備を伸ばすように注意する必要があります。最終的な幅が始まる未延伸幅1.5倍〜でなければなりません。 </li><li> 134のNaCl、6塩化カリウム：HEPES中ロニック（0.03％）でDMSOに溶解したFluo-4 AM（10μM）を混合したFluo-4 AMローディング少量の溶液（〜1ミリリットル）を調製mMのInを含むPSSが（バッファー、1塩化マグネシウム、10 HEPES、10グルコース）、暗所で室温で約40分間のローディング溶液中にブロック全体を挿入します。 </li><li>充填後、HEPES緩衝内のブロックを洗う5〜10分間PSS。 </li><li> HEPESを含むカバーガラス下部チャンバーに50〜100ミクロンの厚さのスペーサーの上にブロックをマウントするには、PSSにバッファリングされた。 NOTE：金属ピンがスペーサとして使用され、血管セグメントが下向きとスペーサに触れていないことを確認することができる。 </li><li>共焦点イメージングのために備えた倒立顕微鏡のステージ上のチャンバを配置し、内皮​​細胞層に焦点を当てています。 </li><li> 20X倍率共焦点画像シーケンスの初期同期ソフトウェアを使用して毎秒約8フレームのフレームレートで約3分間、基底相対蛍光のタイムラプス画像シーケンスをキャプチャする。 </li><li>基底蛍光を記録〜3分後、交換しHEPESをHEPESに溶解したサブスタンスP（pMの100）の同じ体積（〜1ml）でPSS溶液を緩衝PSSを緩衝し、addtionalの3分間の記録。 </li></ol></li></ol> 2。自動化された分析<ol><li> 8ビット、gと共焦点入手ソフトウェアからの蛍光カルシウム活性の画像シーケンス（単数または複数）をレンダリングするなしスケール情報とrayscale &#39;。TIF」形式のファイル。 </li><li>オープンImageJのは、[ファイル]メニューの「開く」をクリックし、ImageJの画像シーケンス（複数可）を表示するエクスプローラウィンドウで適切な画像シーケンスを選択します。 </li><li>画像シーケンス（S）内の活動の空間的な広がりの上下の境界を推定するために、長方形のROIツールを使用して、適切なROIの直径を決定します。注：平均長方形の直径は、ROIの直径はぴったりの選択です。 </li><li>コンピュータのハードドライブに新しいフォルダを作成し、フォルダのディレクトリ内に画像シーケンス（複数可）を追加します。 </li><li> ImageJのでは、分析を開始するには、 &#39;LC_Pro」をクリックし、「プラグイン」ウィンドウをクリックします。 </li><li> ROIの直径値を入力し、フィルタ閾値（0.05または0.01のいずれか）を選択します。 </li><li> 「薬物治療」チェックボックスをクリックし、すぐに前と後に、薬剤を添加した時間（秒単位）のポイント値を入力します。 </li><li> 「OK」をクリックし、ファイルエクスプローラウィンドウに画像シーケンスのディレクトリを入力します。 </li></ol> 3。グラフィカル出力<ol><li>からRバージョン3.0.2をダウンロードしてください<a href="http://www.r-project.org/">http://www.r-project.org/</a> 。 </li><li> Rの32ビットバージョンを開く</li><li> 「ファイル」は、「開いているスクリプト」をクリックして、グラフィカルな実験​​的なレポートを生成するための「traceplot.R &#39;のRスクリプトを選択します。 </li><li> 「パッケージ」を選択することで、キャリブレーション、およびgplotsパッケージをインストール、「パッケージをインストール」、およびappropirateパッケージを選択する。 </li><li> &#39;fil​​e&#39;をクリックして、「ディレクトリ変更」コマンド、およびLC_Pro分析出力に対応するディレクトリを選択するようにエクスプローラウィンドウを使用します。 </li><li>スクリプトウィンドウをクリックし、「すべてを実行 &#39;スクリプトを実行するコマンド。 </li></ol>

<ol>
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著者らは、開示することは何もありません。

細胞および多細胞レベルでの複雑なCa 2 +の信号を復号化することは、厳密な実験·分析的アプローチが必要になります。ここで、アプローチのCa 2 +依存性蛍光の解決共焦点画像シーケンスが提示される特定の場合には、無傷の細胞のフィールド内に統計的に関連のCa 2 +シグナルを識別し、定量化する自動化された分析に供された時間に記載されている、動脈セグメン?...

Ca 2 +のは、分子および細胞質のCa 2 +レベルを高度に制御されているシグナルユビキタスセカンドメッセンジャーである。細胞内Ca 2 +シグナルは複雑であり、孤立トランジェント、振動、および伝搬波1は、 - 4。のCa 2 +の空間的および時間的制御は、生理学的シグナルの特異性の根底にあると考えられ、そのためのCa 2 +信号パターンの分析は、複数のフィールド5内の研究者にかなりの関心がある。さこのようなのFluo-4およびフラ-2としてのCa 2 +インジケーター色素は、一般に、蛍光顕微鏡5-12で細胞内Ca 2 +シグナルを測定するために使用される。 16 -一般的に、時間的なCa 2 +の信号は、時間依存ユーザ定義領域内の平均蛍光の変化、または関心領域（ROI）5,6,13として評価されます。現在、手動のROI分析は、時間と労力の両方である19 -それは多くのROIを特定し、反復計算を17を実行するために、ユーザーが必要なため、緊張を引き起こす。これらの技術は、人工信号モードと低振幅またはびまん性信号18,20の除外の導入など、かなりのユーザーエラーを受ける可能性がある。 自動 ROI検出アルゴリズムは、以前に最適なROIの配置を決定するための統計的アプローチの様々な方法を用いて実現されているが、それらは一般にライン走査または時間17に単一の空間次元に分析を制限する擬似ラインスキャン画像の分析に限られていた19から22。さらに、多くの既存のアルゴリズムは、Ca、定期的、局所的な過渡からの伝搬波23,24の範囲2 +放出事象の多様性を包含するのに十分ではありません。生理的なCa 2 +の信号の総合評価は、多くの場合、さらに重要な画像ARTIFの存在によって複雑になる多くの実験系でのノイズの判別に信号を混乱させる行為。 以前は、カルシウム2への自動ROI検出アルゴリズム溶液は+トランジェント検出を知らせる、NIH ImageJソフトウェア（国立衛生研究所、ベセスダ、MD）用のプラグインとして実装され、開発され、25,26を検証した。 LC_Proと呼ばれるこのアルゴリズムは、二次元のタイムラプス画像シーケンス内のCa 2 +シグナルトランジェントを取り囲む関心領域を識別し、分析するために設計した。ここでは実際的な実験プロトコルおよびブタ冠動脈内皮におけるアルゴリズムの適用を代表するデモンストレーションが使えるグラフィカルな出力を生成するために、オープンソースの統計処理ソフトウェアRを使用して、追加の後処理で、提供されています。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="573">
	<tbody>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">dissection dish</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Fisher Sci</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">#08-772-70</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Fisher Sci</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">#NC9644388</td>
			<td>elastomer kit, must be molded into dishes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">HEPES-buffered PSS</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">#H3375-250G</td>
			<td>HEPES acid</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">stereomicroscope</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Nikon Inst.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">#MNA42000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">forceps</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">#11223-20</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">spring scissors</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">15003-08</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">tungsten wire</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Scientific Inst Svcs</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">#406</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Fluo-4 AM</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Life Tech.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">#F-14201</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">pluronic F-127</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Life Tech.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">#P3000MP</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">metal pins</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">#26002-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">cover-glass bottom chamber</td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Custom designed</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">spinning disc confocal microscope</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Perkin Elmer</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">RS-3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">imageJ software</td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td><a href="http://rsbweb.nih.gov/ij/download.html">download at: http://rsbweb.nih.gov/ij/download.html</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">LC_Pro plugin for imageJ</td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td><a href="http://rsbweb.nih.gov/ij/plugins/lc-pro/index.html">download at: http://rsbweb.nih.gov/ij/plugins/lc-pro/index.html</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">R software</td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td><a href="http://www.r-project.org/">download at: http://www.r-project.org/</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">R traceplot script</td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td><a href="https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B-PSp1D9e2fjV3NIcGppUzkxdEk/edit?usp=sharing">download at: https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B-PSp1D9e2fjV3NIcGppUzkxdEk/edit?usp=sharing</a></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

automated analysis of dynamic ca2+ signals in image sequences

細胞内Ca 2 +シグナルは、一般に蛍光性Ca 2 +指示薬色素および顕微鏡技術を用いて研究されている。ただし、のCa 2 +イメージングデータの定量分析は、時間がかかり、バイアスを受ける。関心領域（ROI）検出に基づく自動化された信号解析アルゴリズムは、一次元ライン走査測定のために実装されているが、二次元画像シーケンスにおけるROIの最適化された同定および解析を統合しない現在のアルゴリズムは存在しない。ここで、画像シーケンスにおけるROIの迅速な取得および分析するためのアルゴリズムが記載されている。これは、楕円が最適ROIの配置を決定するために、ノイズのフィルタリングされた信号に嵌合利用し、振幅、持続時間及び空間の広がりのCa 2 +信号パラメータを計算する。このアルゴリズムは、ImageJの（NIH）ソフトウェアの自由に利用できるプラグインとして実装されました。一緒に、オープンソースの統計処理ソフトウェアRのために書かれた解析スクリプトと、このアプローチは、実験的な出力の迅速な統計分析を行うための大容量のパイプラインを提供する。著者らは、この分析のプロトコルの使用は、生理的なCa 2 +のシグナリングのより完全で公平な特性評価につながることを示唆している。

カスタムアルゴリズム、LC_Proは、Ca 2 +の共焦点画像シーケンスダイナミクスの自動分析を実行するために開発され、実施された。 図1に示されるように、アルゴリズムは動的のCa 2 +のA）を検出し、追跡する部位が、統計的に（p &lt;0.01）ノイズの上方に変更逐次処理モジュールを利用し、B）が自動的に活性部位の中心に関心領域（ROI）を定義し、 C）特定のイベン...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Automated Analysis of Dynamic Ca2+ Signals in Image Sequences at JoVE.com

Automated Analysis of Dynamic Ca2+ Signals in Image Sequences

ここでは2次元のタイムラプス画像シーケンス内で正の信号の領域に割り当てられたベストフィット楕円を分類に基づいて、関心の分析プロトコルの新規領域が示されている。このアルゴリズムは、包括的に、最小限のユーザ入力及びバイアスが生理のCa 2 +シグナルを分析するために研究者を可能にすることができる。

ダイナミックカルシウムの自動分析<sup&gt; 2 +</supイメージシーケンス内の&gt;の信号

Intracellular Ca2+ signals are commonly studied with fluorescent Ca2+ indicator dyes and microscopy techniques. However, quantitative analysis of Ca2+ ...

automated-analysis-of-dynamic-ca2-signals-in-image-sequences

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Automated Analysis of Dynamic Ca2+ Signals in Image Sequences

17.0K ビュー.  University of South Alabama. ここでは2次元のタイムラプス画像シーケンス内で正の信号の領域に割り当てられたベストフィット楕円を分類に基づいて、関心の分析プロトコルの新規領域が示されている。このアルゴリズムは、包括的に、最小限のユーザ入力及びバイアスが生理のCa 2 +シグナルを分析するために研究者を可能にすることができる。 

ビデオ: Automated Analysis of Dynamic Ca2+ Signals in Image Sequences

Application of Light-cured Dental Adhesive Resin for Mounting Electrodes or Microdialysis Probes in Chronic Experiments

In chronic recording experiments, self-curing dental acrylic resins have been used as a mounting base of electrodes or microdialysis-probes. Since these acrylics do not bond to the bone, screws have been used as anchors. However, in small experimental animals like finches or mouse, their craniums are very fragile and can not successfully hold the anchors. In this report, we propose a new application of light-curing dental resins for mounting base of electrodes or microdialysis probes in chronic experiments. This material allows direct bonding to the cranium. Therefore, anchor screws are not required and surgical field can be reduced considerably. Past experiences show that the bonding effect maintains more than 2 months. Conventional resin's window of time when the materials are pliable and workable is a few minutes. However, the window of working time for these dental adhesives is significantly wider and adjustable.

In this report, we propose a new application of light-curing dental resins for mounting base of electrodes or microdialysis probes in chronic experiments. This material allows direct bonding to the cranium.

慢性実験における実装電極やマイクロダイアリシスプローブ用光重合型歯科用接着性レジンの応用

In chronic recording experiments, self-curing dental acrylic resins have been used as a mounting base of electrodes or microdialysis-probes. Since these ...

生物学

Semi-automated Optical Heartbeat Analysis of Small Hearts

We have developed a method for analyzing high speed optical recordings from Drosophila, zebrafish and embryonic mouse hearts (Fink, et. al., 2009). Our Semi-automatic Optical Heartbeat Analysis (SOHA) uses a novel movement detection algorithm that is able to detect cardiac movements associated with individual contractile and relaxation events. The program provides a host of physiologically relevant readouts including systolic and diastolic intervals, heart rate, as well as qualitative and quantitative measures of heartbeat arrhythmicity. The program also calculates heart diameter measurements during both diastole and systole from which fractional shortening and fractional area changes are calculated. Output is provided as a digital file compatible with most spreadsheet programs. Measurements are made for every heartbeat in a record increasing the statistical power of the output. We demonstrate each of the steps where user input is required and show the application of our methodology to the analysis of heart function in all three genetically tractable heart models.

We have developed a Semi-automated Optical Heartbeat Analysis method (SOHA) for analyzing high speed optical recordings from Drosophila, zebrafish and embryonic mouse hearts. We demonstrate the application of our methodology to the analysis of heart function in fruit fly and embryonic mouse hearts.

スモールハーツの半自動光ビート解析

We have developed a method for analyzing high speed optical recordings from Drosophila, zebrafish and embryonic mouse hearts (Fink, et. al., 2009). Our ...

Mosaic Zebrafish Transgenesis for Evaluating Enhancer Sequences

The completion of the human genome sequence, along with that of many other species, has highlighted the challenge of ascribing specific function to non coding sequences. One prominent function carried out by the non coding fraction of the genome is to regulate gene transcription; however, there are no effective methods to broadly predict cis-regulatory elements from primary DNA sequence. We have developed an efficient protocol to functionally evaluate potential cis-regulatory elements through zebrafish transgenesis. Our approach offers significant advantages over cell-culture based techniques for developmentally important genes, since it provides information on spatial and temporal gene regulation. Conversely, it is faster and less expensive than similar experiments in transgenic mice, and we routinely apply it to sequences isolated from the human genome. Here we demonstrate our approach to selecting elements for testing based on sequence conservation and our protocol for cloning sequences and microinjecting them into zebrafish embryos.

We demonstrate our approach to finding potential enhancer elements from developmentally regulated genes and evaluating their function through mosaic zebrafish transgenesis.

エンハンサー配列を評価するためのモザイクのゼブラフィッシュのトランスジェネシス

The completion of the human genome sequence, along with that of many other species, has highlighted the challenge of ascribing specific function to non ...

Robotics and Dynamic Image Analysis for Studies of Gene Expression in Plant Tissues

Gene expression in plant tissues is typically studied by destructive extraction of compounds from plant tissues for in vitro analyses. The methods presented here utilize the green fluorescent protein (gfp) gene for continual monitoring of gene expression in the same pieces of tissues, over time. The gfp gene was placed under regulatory control of different promoters and introduced into lima bean cotyledonary tissues via particle bombardment. Cotyledons were then placed on a robotic image collection system, which consisted of a fluorescence dissecting microscope with a digital camera and a 2-dimensional robotics platform custom-designed to allow secure attachment of culture dishes. Images were collected from cotyledonary tissues every hour for 100 hours to generate expression profiles for each promoter. Each collected series of 100 images was first subjected to manual image alignment using ImageReady to make certain that GFP-expressing foci were consistently retained within selected fields of analysis. Specific regions of the series measuring 300 x 400 pixels, were then selected for further analysis to provide GFP Intensity measurements using ImageJ software. Batch images were separated into the red, green and blue channels and GFP-expressing areas were identified using the threshold feature of ImageJ. After subtracting the background fluorescence (subtraction of gray values of non-expressing pixels from every pixel) in the respective red and green channels, GFP intensity was calculated by multiplying the mean grayscale value per pixel by the total number of GFP-expressing pixels in each channel, and then adding those values for both the red and green channels. GFP Intensity values were collected for all 100 time points to yield expression profiles. Variations in GFP expression profiles resulted from differences in factors such as promoter strength, presence of a silencing suppressor, or nature of the promoter. In addition to quantification of GFP intensity, the image series were also used to generate time-lapse animations using ImageReady. Time-lapse animations revealed that the clear majority of cells displayed a relatively rapid increase in GFP expression, followed by a slow decline. Some cells occasionally displayed a sudden loss of fluorescence, which may be associated with rapid cell death. Apparent transport of GFP across the membrane and cell wall to adjacent cells was also observed. Time lapse animations provided additional information that could not otherwise be obtained using GFP Intensity profiles or single time point image collections.

We report a method for introduction, tracking and quantitative analysis of GFP expression in plant cells. This method utilizes a custom-designed robotics system for semi-continuous image collection from large numbers of samples, over time. We also demonstrate the use of ImageJ and ImageReady for analysis of image series.

ロボット工学と植物組織における遺伝子発現の研究​​のための動的画像解析

Gene expression in plant tissues is typically studied by destructive extraction of compounds from plant tissues for in vitro analyses. The methods ...

Techniques for Imaging Ca2+ Signaling in Human Sperm

Fluorescence microscopy of cells loaded with fluorescent, Ca2+-sensitive dyes is used for measurement of spatial and temporal aspects of Ca2+ signaling in live cells. Here we describe the method used in our laboratories for loading suspensions of human sperm with Ca2+-reporting dyes and measuring the fluorescence signal during physiological stimulation. Motile cells are isolated by direct swim-up and incubated under capacitating conditions for 0-24 h, depending upon the experiment. The cell-permeant AM (acetoxy methyl ester) ester form of the Ca2+-reporting dye is then added to a cell aliquot and a period of 1 h is allowed for loading of the dye into the cytoplasm. We use visible wavelength dyes to minimize photo-damage to the cells, but this means that ratiometric recording is not possible. Advantages and disadvantages of this approach are discussed. During the loading period cells are introduced into an imaging chamber and allowed to adhere to a poly-D-lysine coated coverslip. At the end of the loading period excess dye and loose cells are removed by connection of the chamber to the perfusion apparatus. The chamber is perfused continuously, stimuli and modified salines are then added to the perfusion header. Experiments are recorded by time-lapse acquisition of fluorescence images and analyzed in detail offline, by manually drawing regions of interest. Data are normalized to pre-stimulus levels such that, for each cell (or part of a cell), a graph showing the Ca2+ response as % change in fluorescence is obtained.

Techniques for Imaging Ca2+ Signaling in Human Sperm

Stimulus-evoked [Ca2+]i signals of individual human sperm are assessed. Motile cells are loaded with Ca2+-sensitive fluorescent dye (AM-ester method) and immobilised in a perfusable chamber. Cells are imaged by time-lapse fluorescence microscopy and stimulated via the perfusing medium. Responses of single cells (or regions) are analysed offline using Excel.

イメージングカルシウムのためのテクニック 2 +人間の精子でシグナリング

Fluorescence microscopy of cells loaded with fluorescent, Ca2+-sensitive dyes is used for measurement of spatial and temporal aspects of Ca2+ signaling in ...

ReAsH/FlAsH Labeling and Image Analysis of Tetracysteine Sensor Proteins in Cells

Fluorescent proteins and dyes are essential tools for the study of protein trafficking, localization and function in cells. While fluorescent 
proteins such as green fluorescence protein (GFP) have been extensively used as fusion partners to proteins to track the properties of a protein of interest1, recent 
developments with smaller tags enable new functionalities of proteins to be examined in cells such as conformational change and protein-association 2, 3. One small 
tag system involves a tetracysteine motif (CCXXCC) genetically inserted into a target protein, which binds to biarsenical dyes, ReAsH (red fluorescent) and FlAsH 
(green fluorescent), with high specificity even in live cells 2. The TC/biarsenical dye system offers far less steric constraints to the host protein than 
fluorescent proteins which has enabled several new approaches to measure conformational change and protein-protein interactions 4-7. We recently developed 
a novel application of TC tags as sensors of oligomerization in cells expressing mutant huntingtin, which when mutated aggregates in neurons in Huntington 
disease 7. Huntingtin was tagged with two fluorescent dyes, one a fluorescent protein to track protein location, and the second a TC tag which only 
binds biarsenical dyes in monomers. Hence, changes in colocalization between protein and biarsenical dye reactivity enabled submicroscopic oligomer 
content to be spatially mapped within cells. Here, we describe how to label TC-tagged proteins fused to a fluorescent protein (Cherry, GFP or CFP) 
with FlAsH or ReAsH in live mammalian cells and how to quantify the two color fluorescence (Cherry/FlAsH, CFP/FlAsH or GFP/ReAsH combinations).

The biarsenical dyes FlAsH and ReAsH bind specifically to tetracysteine motifs in proteins and can selectively label proteins in live cells. Recently this labeling strategy has been used to develop sensors for different protein conformations or oligomeric states. We describe the labeling approach and methods to quantitatively analyze binding.

ReAsH /フラッシュラベルと細胞におけるテトラセンサータンパク質の画像解析

Fluorescent proteins and dyes are essential tools for the study of protein trafficking, localization and function in cells.  While fluorescent 
proteins ...

Measuring Spatial and Temporal Ca2+ Signals in Arabidopsis Plants

Developmental and environmental cues induce Ca2+ fluctuations in plant cells. Stimulus-specific spatial-temporal Ca2+ patterns are sensed by cellular Ca2+ binding proteins that initiate Ca2+ signaling cascades. However, we still know little about how stimulus specific Ca2+ signals are generated. The specificity of a Ca2+ signal may be attributed to the sophisticated regulation of the activities of Ca2+ channels and/or transporters in response to a given stimulus. To identify these cellular components and understand their functions, it is crucial to use systems that allow a sensitive and robust recording of Ca2+ signals at both the tissue and cellular levels. Genetically encoded Ca2+ indicators that are targeted to different cellular compartments have provided a platform for live cell confocal imaging of cellular Ca2+ signals. Here we describe instructions for the use of two Ca2+ detection systems: aequorin based FAS (film adhesive seedlings) luminescence Ca2+ imaging and case12 based live cell confocal fluorescence Ca2+ imaging. Luminescence imaging using the FAS system provides a simple, robust and sensitive detection of spatial and temporal Ca2+ signals at the tissue level, while live cell confocal imaging using Case12 provides simultaneous detection of cytosolic and nuclear Ca2+ signals at a high resolution.

Measuring Spatial and Temporal Ca2+ Signals in Arabidopsis Plants

Ca2+ signaling regulates diverse biological processes in plants. Here we present approaches for monitoring abiotic stress induced spatial and temporal Ca2+ signals in Arabidopsis cells and tissues using the genetically encoded Ca2+ indicators Aequorin or Case12.

時空のCaを測定する<sup&gt; 2 +</supシロイヌナズナ植物における&gt;シグナル

Developmental and environmental cues induce Ca2+ fluctuations in plant cells. Stimulus-specific spatial-temporal Ca2+ patterns are sensed by cellular Ca2+ ...

Imaging Local Ca2+ Signals in Cultured Mammalian Cells

Cytosolic Ca2+ ions regulate numerous aspects of cellular activity in almost all cell types, controlling processes as wide-ranging as gene transcription, electrical excitability and cell proliferation. The diversity and specificity of Ca2+ signaling derives from mechanisms by which Ca2+ signals are generated to act over different time and spatial scales, ranging from cell-wide oscillations and waves occurring over the periods of minutes to local transient Ca2+ microdomains (Ca2+ puffs) lasting milliseconds. Recent advances in electron multiplied CCD (EMCCD) cameras now allow for imaging of local Ca2+ signals with a 128 x 128 pixel spatial resolution at rates of &#62;500 frames sec-1 (fps). This approach is highly parallel and enables the simultaneous monitoring of hundreds of channels or puff sites in a single experiment. However, the vast amounts of data generated (ca. 1 Gb per min) render visual identification and analysis of local Ca2+ events impracticable. Here we describe and demonstrate the procedures for the acquisition, detection, and analysis of local IP3-mediated Ca2+ signals in intact mammalian cells loaded with Ca2+ indicators using both wide-field epi-fluorescence (WF) and total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy. Furthermore, we describe an algorithm developed within the open-source software environment Python that automates the identification and analysis of these local Ca2+ signals. The algorithm localizes sites of Ca2+ release with sub-pixel resolution; allows user review of data; and outputs time sequences of fluorescence ratio signals together with amplitude and kinetic data in an Excel-compatible table.

Imaging Local Ca2+ Signals in Cultured Mammalian Cells

Here we present techniques for imaging local IP3-mediated Ca2+ events using fluorescence microscopy in intact mammalian cells loaded with Ca2+ indicators together with an algorithm that automates identification and analysis of these events.

イメージングローカルCA<sup&gt; 2+</sup&gt;培養哺乳動物細胞内シグナル

Cytosolic Ca2+ ions regulate numerous aspects of cellular activity in almost all cell types, controlling processes as wide-ranging as gene transcription, ...

High-resolution Time-lapse Imaging and Automated Analysis of Microtubule Dynamics in Living Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells

The physiological process by which new vasculature forms from existing vasculature requires specific signaling events that trigger morphological changes within individual endothelial cells (ECs). These processes are critical for homeostatic maintenance such as wound healing, and are also crucial in promoting tumor growth and metastasis. EC morphology is defined by the organization of the cytoskeleton, a tightly regulated system of actin and microtubule (MT) dynamics that is known to control EC branching, polarity and directional migration, essential components of angiogenesis. To study MT dynamics, we used high-resolution fluorescence microscopy coupled with computational image analysis of fluorescently-labeled MT plus-ends to investigate MT growth dynamics and the regulation of EC branching morphology and directional migration. Time-lapse imaging of living Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVECs) was performed following transfection with fluorescently-labeled MT End Binding protein 3 (EB3) and Mitotic Centromere Associated Kinesin (MCAK)-specific cDNA constructs to evaluate effects on MT dynamics. PlusTipTracker software was used to track EB3-labeled MT plus ends in order to measure MT growth speeds and MT growth lifetimes in time-lapse images. This methodology allows for the study of MT dynamics and the identification of how localized regulation of MT dynamics within sub-cellular regions contributes to the angiogenic processes of EC branching and migration.

Protocols for Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cell (HUVEC) culture, transient transfection of fluorescently-labeled markers of microtubule growth, live-cell imaging and automated analysis of interphase microtubule growth dynamics are detailed.

リビングヒト臍帯静脈内皮細胞における高解像度タイムラプスイメージングと微小管ダイナミクスの自動解析

The physiological process by which new vasculature forms from existing vasculature requires specific signaling events that trigger morphological changes ...

Clock Scan Protocol for Image Analysis: ImageJ Plugins

The clock scan protocol for image analysis is an efficient tool to quantify the average pixel intensity within, at the border, and outside (background) a closed or segmented convex-shaped region of interest, leading to the generation of an averaged integral radial pixel-intensity profile. This protocol was originally developed in 2006, as a visual basic 6 script, but as such, it had limited distribution. To address this problem and to join similar recent efforts by others, we converted the original clock scan protocol code into two Java-based plugins compatible with NIH-sponsored and freely available image analysis programs like ImageJ or Fiji ImageJ. Furthermore, these plugins have several new functions, further expanding the range of capabilities of the original protocol, such as analysis of multiple regions of interest and image stacks. The latter feature of the program is especially useful in applications in which it is important to determine changes related to time and location. Thus, the clock scan analysis of stacks of biological images may potentially be applied to spreading of Na+ or Ca++ within a single cell, as well as to the analysis of spreading activity (e.g., Ca++ waves) in populations of synaptically-connected or gap junction-coupled cells. Here, we describe these new clock scan plugins and show some examples of their applications in image analysis.

This paper describes two novel ImageJ plugins for &#39;Clock Scan&#39; image analysis. These plugins expand the functionality of the original visual basic 6 program and, most importantly, make the program available to a large research community by bundling it with the ImageJ free image analysis software package.

画像解析のためのクロックスキャンプロトコル：ImageJ Plugins

The clock scan protocol for image analysis is an efficient tool to quantify the average pixel intensity within, at the border, and outside (background) a ...