この研究は、国立心臓、肺、血液研究所グラントHL-103542、およびCAPにBCH麻酔研究財団の識別トレイルブレイザー賞によってサポートされていました。

準備<ol><li> 1 M K-HEPES原液を（KOHでpHを7.2に調整）を準備します。 </li><li> 0.5 M K-EGTAストック溶液を（KOHで8.0にpHを調整）を準備します。 </li><li> 1MのKH 2 PO 4原液を準備します。 </li><li> 1 MのMgCl 2ストック溶液を準備します。 </li><li>均質化緩衝液（pH7.2）300 mMスクロース、10 mMのK-HEPES、および1mM K-EGTAを準備します。 4℃で保存。 </li><li>呼吸バッファー250mMスクロースを調製2mMのKH 2 PO 4、10mMのMgCl 2、20mMのK-HEPES緩衝液（pH7.2）及び0.5mMのK-EGTA液（pH8.0）。 4℃で保存。 </li><li> 1リットル中に再蒸留H 2 O（pH7.4）中のNaCl 80グラムのKCl 2グラムのNa 2 HPO 4 14.4gの、およびKH 2 PO 4 2.4gの溶解して10倍のPBS原液を準備します。 </li><li> 1リットル中に100ミリリットル10倍のPBSをピペットによって1×PBSを準備し、二重蒸留H 2 O </li><li>ズブチリシンA 4mgの中を計量することによりサブチリシンA株式を準備1.5mlマイクロチューブに。使用するまで-20℃で保存してください。 </li><li> 1.5mlマイクロチューブにBSA 20mgを秤量することにより、BSA株式を準備します。使用するまで-20℃で保存してください。 </li></ol>ミトコンドリアの単離（図1） <ol><li>分離の直前に、均質化緩衝液1mlにスブチリシンAを溶解する。 </li><li>分離の直前に、均質化緩衝液1mlにBSAを溶解する。 </li><li>氷上で50ミリリットルコニカル遠心管中で1×PBS中で6ミリメートル生検試料のパンチとストアを使用して2新鮮な組織サンプルを収集します。 </li><li>氷冷均質化緩衝液5mlを含む解離Cチューブに組織の2 6mmのパンチを転送します。 </li><li>組織解離に対する解離Cチューブをフィッティングすることにより、組織をホモジナイズし、予め設定されたミトコンドリアアイソレーション·サイクル（60秒均質化）を選択します。 </li><li>アイスバケットに解離Cチューブを取り外します。 </li><li>にサブチリシンA原液を250μlを追加ホモジネートは、転倒混和し、氷上で10分間ホモジネートをインキュベートする。 </li><li>均質化バッファーで氷とプリウェットフィルター上の50mlの円錐遠心管に40μmのメッシュフィルターを置き、氷上で50ミリリットルコニカル遠心チューブにホモジネートをフィルタリングします。 </li><li>ろ液に新たに調製したBSA原液を250μlを加え、転倒混和。 注：ミトコンドリアタンパク質の決定が必要な場合は、この手順を省略します。 </li><li>均質化バッファーで氷とプリウェットフィルター上の50mlの円錐遠心管に40μmのフィルターを置き、氷上で50ミリリットルコニカル遠心チューブにホモジネートをフィルタリングします。 </li><li>均質化バッファーで氷とプリウェットフィルター上の50mlの円錐遠心管に10μmのフィルターを置き、氷上で50ミリリットルコニカル遠心チューブにホモジネートをフィルタリングします。 </li><li>で10分間、9,000×gで2予備冷却1.5mlマイクロチューブと遠心分離機にろ液を移し4ºC。 </li><li>上清を除去し、再懸濁し、氷冷呼吸緩衝液1mlにペレットを兼ね備えています。 </li></ol> ATPアッセイ注：ATPルミネセンスアッセイはATPアッセイキットを用いて行うことができる単離されたミトコンドリアの代謝活性を測定するため。プロトコル、試薬および標準は、アッセイキットで供給された。手順の概要について説明する。 <ol><li> RTにキット試薬​​を平衡化する。 </li><li>蒸留水の1170μlの凍結乾燥したATPペレットを溶解することにより10 mMのATP原液を準備します。氷上で保存ATP標準原液、準備ミトコンドリアのサンプル。 </li><li>凍結乾燥した基質溶液のバイアルに基質緩衝溶液5mlを追加します。穏やかに混合し、暗所に置きます。 </li><li>黒、不透明な底の96ウェルプレートのすべてのウェルに呼吸緩衝液100μlを追加します。 </li><li> Oよく準備のサンプルからそれぞれにミトコンドリアの10μl添加FA黒、不透明な底の96ウェルプレート。注：サンプルは、三連でプレーティングする。規格および陰性コントロール（呼吸バッファ）のための3つのウエルの行を含めます。 </li><li>標準やコントロールを含む、全てのウェルに、哺乳類細胞溶解液50μlを追加します。 </li><li> 125 rpmでオービタルシェーカー上で5分間37ºCでプレートをインキュベートする。 </li><li>インキュベーション中の10mMのATP原液から0.1ミリメートル、0.05ミリメートル、0.01ミリメートル、0.005ミリモル、0.001 mmであり、0.0001 mMのATPの濃度のATP標準を準備します。氷の上の基準を保管してください。 </li><li>インキュベーション後、プレートマップ上に示されるように、対応するウェルに、ATP標準液10μlを加える。注：標準は二重に実施されている。 </li><li>各ウェルに再構成された基質溶液50μlを追加します。 </li><li> 125 rpmで5分間、オービタルシェーカー上で37ºCでプレートをインキュベートする。 </li><li>分光光度計を用いて接続されたコンピュータ上で開くのGen5 1.11ソフトウェア。 </li><li> &quot;の下で新規アイテムの作成」をクリックして「実験」。 </li><li> 「デフォルトのプロトコル」をクリックします。 「OK」をクリックしてください。 </li><li>左の列で、「プロトコル」、そして「プロシージャ」を選択します。 </li><li> 「遅延」を選択します。夜12時10分00秒に設定します。 「OK」をクリックしてください。 </li><li>選択して「読み取り」。ドロップダウンメニューから「ルミネセンス」を選択します。読み取りタイプエンドポイント、積分時間0：01.00 MM：次のように他の設定を調整しSS.SS、フィルター1セット、排出穴、光学ポジショントップ、感度100、トッププローブ縦1.00ミリメートルオフセット。 </li><li>プレートを分析する準備ができたら、一番上の行の「リード·プレート」アイコンをクリックします。 「読む」をクリックしてください。分光光度計が開いたら、左上隅にあるだけでなく、A1にしてトレイにプレートを置く。温度のボックスが開きます。 「読む」をクリックしてください。注：値が大きいほど、増加したATPレベルより高い代謝活性と相関する。 </li></ol>

<ol>
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S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+assessment+of+isolated+mitochondria+in+vitro.">Functional assessment of isolated mitochondria in vitro.</a> Methods Enzymol. 457, 349-372 (2009).</li></ol>

全ての動物は、現在の機関のガイドラインに従って処理した。私たちは、開示することなく、競合する金融利害関係はありません。

正常にこのプロトコルを使用してミトコンドリアを分離するためには、ミトコンドリアの生存能力を維持するために氷の上のすべてのソリューションおよび組織サンプルを維持することが不可欠である。氷上に維持した場合でも、単離されたミトコンドリアは、19時間にわたって機能的活性の減少を示すであろう。私たちは、すべてのソリューションや追加が事前に準備することをお...

A correction was made to: <a href="http://www.jove.com/video/51682">Rapid Isolation And Purification Of Mitochondria For Transplantation By Tissue Dissociation And Differential Filtration.</a> An optional step was added to step 7 of the &#39;Mitochondrial Isolation&#39; section of the protocol. The step is:
1. Optional in the case that the tissue is fibrous: Centrifuge the solution at 750 x g for 4 min.

A correction was made to: Rapid Isolation And Purification Of Mitochondria For Transplantation By Tissue Dissociation And Differential Filtration.

Erratum: Rapid Isolation And Purification Of Mitochondria For Transplantation By Tissue Dissociation And Differential Filtration

ミトコンドリアは、赤血球を除く体内のあらゆる細胞に存在し、重要な細胞及び代謝過程1-4の多数に関与している。そのため、これらの多くの機能により、ミトコンドリアの損傷は有害な影響3を持つことができます。ミトコンドリア機能および機能不全を調べるために、いくつかのミトコンドリアの単離方法が記載されている。 1940 5-8ミトコンドリアアイソ日の最も早い公表さを占めています。最初の文書化された試みは、低速5,8での塩溶液中で遠心分離し、乳鉢で肝組織を粉砕することにより、ミトコンドリアの単離を実証した。その後、他のグループは、元の手順の際に展開され、分画遠心6-8に基づいて、組織の分別を実証した。これらの初期の方法は、しばしば均質化、および/ ​​または分画遠心9-15を組み込む現在の技術の基礎を形成した。 homogenizati数ステップにし、遠心分離プロトコルによって異なります。これらの反復的な手順では、ミトコンドリアの分離のための時間を増加させ、最終的には実行可能性を減らすことができます。正しく10,16を制御しない場合に加えて、手動の均質化は、ミトコンドリアの損傷や一貫性のない結果を引き起こす可能性があります。 最近では、心筋組織17,18への移植のためのミトコンドリアを分離するために均質化および分画遠心を使用していました。この長時間の単離手順は、約90分を要し、このメソッドの臨床的適用可能性は、したがって限られていた。臨床的および外科的治療の急性治療的使用を可能にするために、私たちは30分未満で行うことができる迅速なミトコンドリアの単離法を開発した。 このプロトコルの主な利点は、標準化された組織解離が均一かつ簡単に手動均質化で達成されていない組織の一貫した均質化を可能にすることである。 ADDITでイオン、分画遠心の代わりに、差動ろ過の使用は、時間がかかり、高度に精製された実行可能な呼吸有能なミトコンドリアのより迅速な単離を可能にする、繰り返しの遠心分離工程を排除します。 30分未満で生存可能であり、呼吸有能なミトコンドリアを単離する能力は、臨床応用が可能となる。この分離プロトコルは、冠動脈バイパスグラフト術（CABG）および他の治療手順において使用するための可能性を有する。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="933">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:377px;">Sucrose</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">84100</td>
			<td style="width:229px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">HEPES</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>H4034</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">EGTA</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>E4378</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Substilsin A</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>P5380</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">BSA</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>A7906</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">KH2PO4</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>P5379</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">MgCl2</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>M8266</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">NaCl</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>S6191</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">KCl</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>P2173</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Na2HPO4</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>S374</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:377px;">ATPlite Luminescence Assay System, 
			1000 Assay Kit</td>
			<td>Perkin Elmer</td>
			<td>6016941</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Equipment</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">50 mL Conical Tubes</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>352098</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">40 &#956;m Nylon Filters</td>
			<td>BD&#160;</td>
			<td>352340</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">GentleMACS C tube</td>
			<td>Miltenyl Biotech</td>
			<td>120-005-331</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">1.5 mL Eppendorf tube</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>05-408-129</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">6 mm biopsy punch</td>
			<td>Miltex</td>
			<td>33-36</td>
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		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">10 &#956;m Pluristrainer</td>
			<td>Pluriselect</td>
			<td>43-500-10-03</td>
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		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Eppendorf Centrifuge 5415C</td>
			<td>Marshall Scientific</td>
			<td>EP-5415C&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">GentleMACS Dissociator&#160;</td>
			<td>Miltenyl Biotech</td>
			<td>130-093-235</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">96-well plates, tissue culture treated</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>82050-732</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Rotomax 120 orbital shaker</td>
			<td>Heidolph</td>
			<td>544-41200-00</td>
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		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;">Synergy H4 Hybrid Multi-Mode 
			&#160;Microplate Reader</td>
			<td>BioTek</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Multisizer 4 Coulter Counter</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td>A63076</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Oxytherm System</td>
			<td>Hansatech Instruments</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Hemacytometer</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>267110</td>
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		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

rapid isolation and purification of mitochondria for transplantation by tissue dissociation and differential filtration

以前に分画遠心法および/またはフィコール勾配遠心分離を用いてミトコンドリア単離方法が完了するまで60〜100分を必要とする。私たちは、商業組織の解離及び差動濾過を用いて、哺乳動物の生検からのミトコンドリアの迅速な単離のための方法を記載している。このプロトコルでは、手動の均質化は、組織解離の標準化された均質化サイクルに置き換えられる。これは、均一かつ簡単に手動均質化で達成されていない組織の一貫した均質化することができます。組織解離の後、ホモジネートを、繰り返し遠心分離工程を排除ナイロンメッシュフィルターを通して濾過する。結果として、ミトコンドリアの単離は、30分未満で行うことができる。この単離プロトコールは、0.18±0.04グラム（湿重量）組織サンプルから約2×10 10の生存および呼吸有能なミトコンドリアをもたらす。

組織解離および差動濾過を用いてミトコンドリアの単離における処理手順の概要を示す図が図1に示されている。合計手続き時間が30分未満である。 組織サンプルは、6mmの生検パンチを使用して得た。組織重量は0.18±0.04グラム（湿重量）であった。粒径計数によって決定されるように単離したミトコンドリアの数は2.4であった×10 10±0.1×10 6の骨格筋<su...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Rapid Isolation And Purification Of Mitochondria For Transplantation By Tissue Dissociation And Differential Filtration at JoVE.com

Rapid Isolation And Purification Of Mitochondria For Transplantation By Tissue Dissociation And Differential Filtration

哺乳動物の組織生検からのミトコンドリアの迅速な単離のための方法が記載されている。ラット肝臓または骨格筋​​調製物は、商業的な組織解離をホモジナイズし、ミトコンドリアをナイロンメッシュフィルターを通して差動濾過により単離した。代替的な方法を用いて100分間 - ミトコンドリアの分離時間は60と比較して&lt;30分である。

組織解離と差動濾過により移植のためにミトコンドリアの迅速な単離および精製

Previously described mitochondrial isolation methods using differential centrifugation and/or Ficoll gradient centrifugation require 60 to 100 min to ...

rapid-isolation-purification-mitochondria-for-transplantation-tissue

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

37.7K ビュー.  Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School. 哺乳動物の組織生検からのミトコンドリアの迅速な単離のための方法が記載されている。ラット肝臓または骨格筋​​調製物は、商業的な組織解離をホモジナイズし、ミトコンドリアをナイロンメッシュフィルターを通して差動濾過により単離した。代替的な方法を用いて100分間 - ミトコンドリアの分離時間は60と比較して

ビデオ: Rapid Isolation And Purification Of Mitochondria For Transplantation By Tissue Dissociation And Differential Filtration

Isolation and Transplantation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells (HSCs)

Isolation and Transplantation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells HSCs

造血幹細胞の分離と移植（造血幹細胞）

生物学

Staining of Proteins in Gels with Coomassie G-250 without Organic Solvent and Acetic Acid

In classical protein staining protocols using Coomassie Brilliant Blue (CBB), solutions with high contents of toxic and flammable organic solvents (Methanol, Ethanol or 2-Propanol) and acetic acid are used for fixation, staining and destaining of proteins in a gel after SDS-PAGE. To speed up the procedure, heating the staining solution in the microwave oven for a short time is frequently used. This usually results in evaporation of toxic or hazardous Methanol, Ethanol or 2-Propanol and a strong smell of acetic acid in the lab which should be avoided due to safety considerations. In a protocol originally published in two patent applications by E.M. Wondrak (US2001046709 (A1), US6319720 (B1)), an alternative composition of the staining solution is described in which no organic solvent or acid is used. The CBB is dissolved in bidistilled water (60-80mg of CBB G-250 per liter) and 35 mM HCl is added as the only other compound in the staining solution. The CBB staning of the gel is done after SDS-PAGE and thorough washing of the gel in bidistilled water. By heating the gel during the washing and staining steps, the process can be finished faster and no toxic or hazardous compunds are evaporating. The staining of proteins occurs already within 1 minute after heating the gel in staining solution and is fully developed after 15-30 min with a slightly blue background that is destained completely by prolonged washing of the stained gel in bidistilled water, without affecting the stained protein bands.

A short protocol for protein staining with Coomassie Brilliant Blue (CBB) G-250 in polyacrylamide gels is described without using organic solvents or acetic acid as in the classical staining procedures with CBB.

クーマシー有機溶媒および酢酸のないG - 250でゲル中のタンパク質の染色

In classical protein staining protocols using Coomassie Brilliant Blue (CBB), solutions with high contents of toxic and flammable organic solvents ...

Purification of Mitochondria from Yeast Cells

Mitochondria are the main site of ATP production during aerobic metabolism in eukaryotic non-photosynthetic cells1. These complex organelles also play essential roles in apoptotic cell death2, cell survival3, mammalian development4, neuronal development and function4, intracellular signalling5, and longevity regulation6. Our understanding of these complex biological processes controlled by mitochondria relies on robust methods for assessing their morphology, their protein and lipid composition, the integrity of their DNA, and their numerous vital functions. The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a genetically and biochemically manipulable unicellular eukaryote with annotated genome and well-defined proteome, is a valuable model for studying the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying essential biological functions of mitochondria. For these types of studies, it is crucial to have highly pure mitochondria. Here we present a detailed description of a rapid and effective method for purification of yeast mitochondria. This method enables the isolation of highly pure mitochondria that are essentially free of contamination by other organelles and retain their structural and functional integrity after their purification. Mitochondria purified by this method are suitable for cell-free reconstitution of essential mitochondrial processes and can be used for the analysis of mitochondrial structure and functions, mitochondrial proteome and lipidome, and mitochondrial DNA.

We describe a rapid and effective method for purification of mitochondria from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This method enables the high-yield isolation of pure mitochondria that are essentially free of contamination by other organelles and retain their structural and functional integrity after their purification.

酵母細胞からミトコンドリアの精製

Mitochondria are the main site of ATP production during aerobic metabolism in eukaryotic non-photosynthetic cells1. These complex organelles also play ...

Isolation and Purification of Drosophila Peripheral Neurons by Magnetic Bead Sorting

The Drosophila peripheral nervous system (PNS) is a powerful model for investigating the complex processes of neuronal development and dendrite morphogenesis at the functional and molecular levels. To aid in these analyses, we have developed a strategy for the isolation of a subclass of PNS neurons called dendritic arborization (da) neurons that have been widely used for studying dendrite morphogenesis1,2. These neurons are very difficult to isolate as a pure population, due in part to their extremely low occurrence and their difficult-to-reach location below the tough chitinous larval cuticle. Our newly developed method overcomes these challenges, and is based on a fast and specific cell enrichment using antibody-coated magnetic beads. For our magnetic bead sorting studies, we have used age-matched third instar larvae expressing a mouse CD8 tagged GFP fusion protein (UAS-mCD8-GFP)3 under the control of either the class IV dendritic arborization (da) neuron-specific pickpocket (ppk)-GAL4 driver4 or the control of the pan-da neuron-specific GAL421-7 driver5. Although this protocol has been optimized for isolating PNS cells which are attached to the inner wall of the larval cuticle, by varying a few parameters, the same protocol could be used to isolate many different cell types attached to the cuticle at larval or pupal stages of development (e.g. epithelia, muscle, oenocytes etc.), or other cell types from larval organs depending upon the GAL4-specific driver expression pattern. The RNA isolated by this method is of high quality and can be readily used for downstream genomic analyses such as microarray gene expression profiling studies. This approach offers a powerful new tool to perform studies on isolated Drosophila dendritic arborization (da) neurons thereby providing novel insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying dendrite morphogenesis.

Isolation and Purification of Drosophila Peripheral Neurons by Magnetic Bead Sorting

In this video-article we present a method for the isolation and purification of Drosophila peripheral neurons using a fast magnetic bead assisted cell sorting strategy. RNA obtained from the isolated cells can be readily used for downstream applications including microarray analyses.

の単離と精製ショウジョウバエ</em磁気ビーズソート別>末梢ニューロン

The Drosophila peripheral nervous system (PNS) is a powerful model for investigating the complex processes of neuronal development and dendrite ...

Chromatin Isolation by RNA Purification (ChIRP)

Long noncoding RNAs are key regulators of chromatin states for important biological processes such as dosage compensation, imprinting, and developmental gene expression 1,2,3,4,5,6,7. The recent discovery of thousands of lncRNAs in association with specific chromatin modification complexes, such as Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2) that mediates histone H3 lysine 27 trimethylation (H3K27me3), suggests broad roles for numerous lncRNAs in managing chromatin states in a gene-specific fashion 8,9. While some lncRNAs are thought to work in cis on neighboring genes, other lncRNAs work in trans to regulate distantly located genes. For instance, Drosophila lncRNAs roX1 and roX2 bind numerous regions on the X chromosome of male cells, and are critical for dosage compensation 10,11. However, the exact locations of their binding sites are not known at high resolution. Similarly, human lncRNA HOTAIR can affect PRC2 occupancy on hundreds of genes genome-wide 3,12,13, but how specificity is achieved is unclear. LncRNAs can also serve as modular scaffolds to recruit the assembly of multiple protein complexes. The classic trans-acting RNA scaffold is the TERC RNA that serves as the template and scaffold for the telomerase complex 14; HOTAIR can also serve as a scaffold for PRC2 and a H3K4 demethylase complex 13.
Prior studies mapping RNA occupancy at chromatin have revealed substantial insights 15,16, but only at a single gene locus at a time. The occupancy sites of most lncRNAs are not known, and the roles of lncRNAs in chromatin regulation have been mostly inferred from the indirect effects of lncRNA perturbation. Just as chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by microarray or deep sequencing (ChIP-chip or ChIP-seq, respectively) has greatly improved our understanding of protein-DNA interactions on a genomic scale, here we illustrate a recently published strategy to map long RNA occupancy genome-wide at high resolution 17. This method, Chromatin Isolation by RNA Purification (ChIRP) (Figure 1), is based on affinity capture of target lncRNA:chromatin complex by tiling antisense-oligos, which then generates a map of genomic binding sites at a resolution of several hundred bases with high sensitivity and low background. ChIRP is applicable to many lncRNAs because the design of affinity-probes is straightforward given the RNA sequence and requires no knowledge of the RNA's structure or functional domains.

Chromatin Isolation by RNA Purification ChIRP

ChIRP is a novel and rapid technique to map genomic binding sites of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs). The method takes advantage of the specificity of anti-sense tiling oligonucleotides to allow the enumeration of lncRNA-bound genomic sites.

RNA精製によってクロマチンの単離（チャープ）

Long noncoding RNAs are key regulators of chromatin states for important biological processes such as dosage compensation, imprinting, and developmental ...

Planarian Immobilization, Partial Irradiation, and Tissue Transplantation

The planarian, a freshwater flatworm, has proven to be a powerful system for dissecting metazoan regeneration and stem cell biology1,2. Planarian regeneration of any missing or damaged tissues is made possible by adult stem cells termed neoblasts3. Although these stem cells have been definitively shown to be pluripotent and singularly capable of reconstituting an entire animal4, the heterogeneity within the stem cell population and the dynamics of their cellular behaviors remain largely unresolved. Due to the large number and wide distribution of stem cells throughout the planarian body plan, advanced methods for manipulating subpopulations of stem cells for molecular and functional study in vivo are needed.
Tissue transplantation and partial irradiation are two methods by which a subpopulation of planarian stem cells can be isolated for further study. Each technique has distinct advantages. Tissue transplantation allows for the introduction of stem cells, into a na&iuml;ve host, that are either inherently genetically distinct or have been previously treated pharmacologically. Alternatively, partial irradiation allows for the isolation of stem cells within a host, juxtaposed to tissue devoid of stem cells, without the introduction of a wound or any breech in tissue integrity. Using these two methods, one can investigate the cell autonomous and non-autonomous factors that control stem cell functions, such as proliferation, differentiation, and migration.
Both tissue transplantation5,6 and partial irradiation7 have been used historically in defining many of the questions about planarian regeneration that remain under study today. However, these techniques have remained underused due to the laborious and inconsistent nature of previous methods. The protocols presented here represent a large step forward in decreasing the time and effort necessary to reproducibly generate large numbers of grafted or partially irradiated animals with efficacies approaching 100 percent. We cover the culture of large animals, immobilization, preparation for partial irradiation, tissue transplantation, and the optimization of animal recovery. Furthermore, the work described here demonstrates the first application of the partial irradiation method for use with the most widely studied planarian, Schmidtea mediterranea. Additionally, efficient tissue grafting in planaria opens the door for the functional testing of subpopulations of na&iuml;ve or treated stem cells in repopulation assays, which has long been the gold-standard method of assaying adult stem cell potential in mammals8. Broad adoption of these techniques will no doubt lead to a better understanding of the cellular behaviors of adult stem cells during tissue homeostasis and regeneration.

An effective method for grafting tissue of defined and consistent size between planaria is described. Also included is a description of how the immobilization technique used for transplantation can be adapted, in conjunction with lead shields, for the partial irradiation of live animals.

プラナリアの固定化、部分照射し、組織移植

The planarian, a freshwater flatworm, has proven to be a powerful system for dissecting metazoan regeneration and stem cell biology1,2. Planarian ...

Isolation, Culture, and Transplantation of Muscle Satellite Cells

Muscle satellite cells are a stem cell population required for postnatal skeletal muscle development and regeneration, accounting for 2-5% of sublaminal nuclei in muscle fibers. In adult muscle, satellite cells are normally mitotically quiescent. Following injury, however, satellite cells initiate cellular proliferation to produce myoblasts, their progenies, to mediate the regeneration of muscle. Transplantation of satellite cell-derived myoblasts has been widely studied as a possible therapy for several regenerative diseases including muscular dystrophy, heart failure, and urological dysfunction. Myoblast transplantation into dystrophic skeletal muscle, infarcted heart, and dysfunctioning urinary ducts has shown that engrafted myoblasts can differentiate into muscle fibers in the host tissues and display partial functional improvement in these diseases. Therefore, the development of efficient purification methods of quiescent satellite cells from skeletal muscle, as well as the establishment of satellite cell-derived myoblast cultures and transplantation methods for myoblasts, are essential for understanding the molecular mechanisms behind satellite cell self-renewal, activation, and differentiation. Additionally, the development of cell-based therapies for muscular dystrophy and other regenerative diseases are also dependent upon these factors.

However, current prospective purification methods of quiescent satellite cells require the use of expensive fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) machines. Here, we present a new method for the rapid, economical, and reliable purification of quiescent satellite cells from adult mouse skeletal muscle by enzymatic dissociation followed by magnetic-activated cell sorting (MACS). Following isolation of pure quiescent satellite cells, these cells can be cultured to obtain large numbers of myoblasts after several passages. These freshly isolated quiescent satellite cells or ex vivo expanded myoblasts can be transplanted into cardiotoxin (CTX)-induced regenerating mouse skeletal muscle to examine the contribution of donor-derived cells to regenerating muscle fibers, as well as to satellite cell compartments for the examination of self-renewal activities.

The isolation and culture of a pure population of quiescent satellite cells, a muscle stem cell population, is essential to the understanding of muscle stem cell biology and regeneration, as well as stem cell transplantation for therapies in muscular dystrophy and other degenerative diseases.&#160;

筋衛星細胞の単離、培養、および移植

Muscle satellite cells are a stem cell population required for postnatal skeletal muscle development and regeneration, accounting for 2-5% of sublaminal ...

Isolation and Functional Analysis of Mitochondria from Cultured Cells and Mouse Tissue

Comparison between two or more distinct groups, such as healthy vs. disease, is necessary to determine cellular status. Mitochondria are at the nexus of cell heath due to their role in both cell metabolism and energy production as well as control of apoptosis. Therefore, direct evaluation of isolated mitochondria and mitochondrial perturbation offers the ability to determine if organelle-specific (dys)function is occurring. The methods described in this protocol include isolation of intact, functional mitochondria from HEK cultured cells and mouse liver and spinal cord, but can be easily adapted for use with other cultured cells or animal tissues. Mitochondrial function assessed by TMRE and the use of common mitochondrial uncouplers and inhibitors in conjunction with a fluorescent plate reader allow this protocol not only to be versatile and accessible to most research laboratories, but also offers high throughput.

Comparison of mitochondrial membrane potential between samples yields valuable information about cellular status. Detailed steps for isolating mitochondria and assessing response to inhibitors and uncouplers using fluorescence are described. The method and utility of this protocol are illustrated by use of a cell culture and animal model of cellular stress.

培養細胞およびマウス組織から単離とミトコンドリアの機能解析

Comparison between two or more distinct groups, such as healthy vs. disease, is necessary to determine cellular status. Mitochondria are at the nexus of ...

Filtration Isolation of Nucleic Acids:  A Simple and Rapid DNA Extraction Method

FINA, filtration isolation of nucleic acids, is a novel extraction method which utilizes vertical filtration via a separation membrane and absorbent pad to extract cellular DNA from whole blood in less than 2 min. The blood specimen is treated with detergent, mixed briefly and applied by pipet to the separation membrane. The lysate wicks into the blotting pad due to capillary action, capturing the genomic DNA on the surface of the separation membrane. The extracted DNA is retained on the membrane during a simple wash step wherein PCR inhibitors are wicked into the absorbent blotting pad. The membrane containing the entrapped DNA is then added to the PCR reaction without further purification. This simple method does not require laboratory equipment and can be easily implemented with inexpensive laboratory supplies. Here we describe a protocol for highly sensitive detection and quantitation of HIV-1 proviral DNA from 100 &#181;l whole blood as a model for early infant diagnosis of HIV that could readily be adapted to other genetic targets.

We describe here a simple and rapid paper-based DNA extraction method of HIV proviral DNA from whole blood detected by quantitative PCR. This protocol can be extended for use in detecting other genetic markers or using alternative amplification methods.

核酸の濾過単離：簡易迅速DNA抽出方法

FINA, filtration isolation of nucleic acids, is a novel extraction method which utilizes vertical filtration via a separation membrane and absorbent pad ...

Isolation of Intact Mitochondria from Skeletal Muscle by Differential Centrifugation for High-resolution Respirometry Measurements

Mitochondria are involved in cellular energy metabolism and use oxygen to produce energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Differential centrifugation at low- and high-speed is commonly used to isolate mitochondria from tissues and cultured cells. Crude mitochondrial fractions obtained by differential centrifugation are used for respirometry measurements. The differential centrifugation technique is based on the separation of organelles according to their size and sedimentation velocity. The isolation of mitochondria is performed immediately after tissue harvesting. The tissue is immersed in an ice-cold homogenization medium, minced using scissors and homogenized in a glass homogenizer with a loose-fitting pestle. The differential centrifugation technique is efficient, fast and inexpensive and the mitochondria obtained by differential centrifugation are pure enough for respirometry assays. Some of the limitations and disadvantages of isolated mitochondria, based on differential centrifugation, are that the mitochondria can be damaged during the homogenization and isolation procedure and that large amounts of the tissue biopsy or cultured cells are required for the mitochondrial isolation.

Here, a quadriceps muscle specimen is taken from an anaesthetized pig and mitochondria are isolated by differential centrifugation. Then, the respiratory rates of mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes I, II and IV are determined using high-resolution respirometry.