We would like to thank the whole Service of Neuroradiology. We would like to thank Lis Prussen for her work in the library.

注：このプロトコルは、ルクセンブルグのセンターHospitalierデ·ルクセンブルクのガイドラインに従っています。 脳神経外科とフォローアップのための視覚経路のための拡散テンソルイメージングの調製<ol style="margin-left: 40px;"><li>少なくとも1日32勾配の方向と1 B0〜イメージを使用して、厳密に軸方向の手術前にMRIスキャンを実行します。いつでも神経放射線学ユニットと緊密に連絡してください。 注：手術後の画像は、操作前のものと同じである神経放射線科医に明らかに。 </li><li> 3テスラのMRIを使用して、3DT1加重とDTI系列のスキャンを実行します。同様に、手術後3DT1加重シーケンスを実行します。 </li></ol> 2章計画ステーションを使用して、 <ol><li>医学（DICOM）でデジタル画像と通信にT2強調、3DT1加重とDTI系列スキャンデータを転送します。この手順では、7分までかかります。 注：ドンの `tはbefo手順を停止すべての配列を転送した再。それは停止し、手術日に応じて、後に継続することができる。 </li><li>手術ナビゲーションシステムプログラムを開きます。ファイルをクリックし、[インポートDICOM上。上記のすべての配列について、この手順を3回繰り返します。 <ol><li>表示するには、[追加]をクリックします。別途、すべてのシーケンスを追加します。ドンの `tは閲覧を続行してみてください。 </li></ol></li><li> [ツール]をクリックします。 DTIテンソルの準備を開きます。画面の中央に新しいウィンドウを守ってください。 </li><li>次の4つの手順を実行します。 <ol><li>最初のステップとして、グラデーションの割り当てを実行します。 <ol><li>ウィンドウの右下に千秒〜800 /MM²からb値を変更します。 </li><li>ウィンドウの右上のしきい値を調整します。単純に番号を書き込むか、カーソルを移動させることにより、手動で行う。図20は、許容値かもしれません。それは個人的な経験であり、それは必須ではありません。 </li></ol></li><li>第二段階として、グラデーション登録を行ってください。 <ol> &lt;李&gt;すべてのオートボタンをクリックします。この手順では、5分までかかる。 </li><li>すべての登録を確認してクリックします。登録を確認せずにそれが継続することはできません。 </li></ol></li><li>第三段階としてCoregistrationを実行します。 <ol><li>手動Coregister MR1とMR2 B0イメージ。最終的にはすべての登録を確認します。 注：この手順を自動的に行うことができる。しかし、結果は、最終的には必ずしも満足できない場合があります。 </li></ol></li><li> 4番目と最後のステップとして、テンソル計算を実行し、 <ol><li>オンになっているFA / 12月/ ADCを確認してください。をクリックするとしない。 </li><li>計算をクリックします。この手順は、数秒かかります。 </li></ol></li></ol></li><li>すべてのデータを保存し、fibertrackingに進みます。すべてを保存せずに停止しないでください。 </li></ol> 3 Fibertracking 注：視覚路の解剖学的知識が成功した結果のために非常に重要である。 <ol stYLE = &quot;マージン左：40pxに;&quot;&gt; <li>繊維が通って行かなければならない三つの重要なポイントを見つけることを準備します。 </li><li>解剖学的知識を用いて、視交叉を決定します。 <ol><li>出発点としてROIを使用し、繊維が通って行きましょう。 ROIが医師によって定義されています。 </li><li>代わりに、セグメントが疑わ地域。底にセグメンテーションをクリックして離れ、別のウィンドウが表示されます。セグメント化された領域は、解剖学的に定義された領域である。 <ol><li>手動で地域をペイント。全体視交叉が含まれるように上下にスクロールして。手順を保存して戻ります。 </li></ol></li><li>関心領域から、またはセグメント化された領域または両方のいずれかからの繊維を追跡します。 </li><li>繊維は、視覚的な経路の第二の重要なポイントである左膝状体（LGN）に達する。最大角度は、偽トラクトのリスクは角度が大きすぎる場合に上がる50であった。 <ol><li>視交叉で示すように、セグメントLGNへの可能性がありますした後、繊維を追跡します。視交叉をセグメント化した後、視交叉、またはその逆でのLGNとフィニッシュから実行トラック繊維。 </li></ol></li><li>セグメント視覚野。視交叉の場合と同様に進みます。 3DT1強調画像は、160スライスが含まれているので、これは少し時間がかかる場合があります。 </li><li> LGNへの視覚野からの繊維を追跡します。それだけでなく、視覚野へのLGNからそれらを追跡することが可能である。 </li><li>視覚野は、腫瘍または浮腫によって侵入された場合、分割領域の代わりに、関心領域を使用し、LGNの方向に走る繊維を聞かせて。 注：浮腫は、視覚野に侵入可能性があり、時にはそれがセグメント化されている場合は、視覚野は、コンピュータがそれらを区別 `tをあるため、完全にセグメント化できない可能性があります。それはROIを置くことが必要である理由That`s。 </li><li>他の半球のためにすべてを繰り返します。 </li><li>最初の健全な半球から始めます。 注：あまりにも他のものに開始することができるが、それは状況についての最初のアイデアになることを最初に健全な半球の繊維を追跡するために簡単な場合があります。それが唯一のアドバイスです、必須ではありません。 </li></ol></li><li>セグメント脳病変および浮腫。 3.2.2で前述したように実行します。 <ol><li>良く区別するために、すべてのセグメント化された領域または病変の色を割り当てます。 </li></ol></li><li>不測の事態の場合や緊急の場合には、各ステップの手順を保存します。 </li><li>ローカルにデータ全体をエクスポートします。これは、直接手術室にエクスポートすることが可能であるが、これはお勧めisn`t。 <ol><li>押してファイルの[エクスポート3D-オブジェクト。唯一のナビゲーション試験をエクスポートしてください。 </li><li>ドンの `tはハイブリッド試験をエクスポートします。 </li></ol></li><li>頭蓋を入力してください。 Stealthmergeを押して右の患者を選択してください。参考試験として3DT1強調画像を選択してください。 </li><li> 3Dモデルを作成し、すべてのものを挿入します。 </li><li>データIをインポートnは手術室。 </li></ol>

<ol>
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The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

DTIは、in vivo 8 白質路を可視化するために神経外科医を可能にする技術です。視覚路は、これらの管の一つです。この方法は、私たちがこの技術のいくつかの制限が依然として存在してないと言わなければならない脳の雄弁な地域に関する病変を有する患者の治療に関する新たな可能性を医師に提供していますが。最初の、そして最も明白な課題は、調査4の下の...

拡散テンソルイメージング（DTI）は、ヒトの脳1に非侵襲的にWMTを描写するために使用される。これは、手術の1の間の脳の説得力のある領域を害する危険性を低減するために、過去10年間で使用されてきた。 DTIは、視覚的な経路を描写する2012年3月と2014年1月の間に50人の患者で実施した。 DTIは白質路の解剖学的位置に関する重要な情報を提供することにより、手術中に脳の雄弁な領域の保存を向上することがあります。これは、複雑な脳病変の切除1のための戦略的計画に組み込まれています。 DTI、種子量と結果12の解釈の配置パラメータ基準が定められていないので、視覚路の描写が課題である。 異なるアルゴリズムは、これまでに19〜21実施されている。いくつかのアプローチは、決定論的な方法に集中して19、22-25。その他26,27,29、確率論的な方法を使用していた。より最近では、Q-ボールテンソルフィールド、拡散スペクトルイメージングと高角度分解能拡散イメージング（HARDI）を使用して技術としては、とりわけ白質路視経路1,13-15,18を示 ​​すために使用されている。それにもかかわらず、HARDIのために必要な時間は45分と有意に長くなり、ソフトウェアが市販されていないと科学的ア ​​プリケーション18を強調している。 HARDIための指導期間はDTI 18の場合よりも長くなるように思われる。 提示プロトコルは容易に実現可能であり、病的状態を回避し、術後の転帰を改善するために、脳神経外科操作において日常ルーチンのために使用することができる。このプロトコルのための追加の時間が他のプロトコル1,9,12,16よりも大幅に高速である9未満分である。多くの洗練されたアルゴリズムは、紙制限し、最近開発されてきたという事実を認めるそれ自体市販されており、FDA承認されたソフトウェアの使用に関する。しかし、それを考慮に上述したとおりであるこの技術の限界を取ることは必須です。

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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Name of Material/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">Catalog Number</td>
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dti of the visual pathway - white matter tracts and cerebral lesions

<html> DTIは、拡散測定を用いて、健康な非健康な患者に非侵襲的に白質路（WMT）を識別する技術である。視覚的な経路（VP）と同様に、WMTは、古典的なMRIや術中に顕微鏡で可視ではありません。 DITがこのWMTに隣接する病変を除去しながら神経外科医がVPの破壊を防止するのに役立ちます。私たちは3DT1加重シーケンスを使用し移動するには1月、2014年に2012年3月の間に手術の前と後の50人の患者にDTIを行った。さらに、当社は、T2強調およびDTI系列を行った。使用されるパラメータは、FOVあった：200×200ミリメートル、スライス厚さ：2mm、前記取得行列：×96 96、2×2×2mmのほぼ等方ボクセルを得た。軸方向のMRIは32勾配方向一B0画像を用いて行った。私たちは、2の加速係数および800秒/MM²のb値とエコープラナー·イメージング（EPI）と資産パラレルイメージングを使用していました。走査時間が9未満分であった。 ENTは &quot;&gt;得DTIデータはこれは（関心領域間の線の伝播に基づいています。継続的に追跡（FACT）による繊維の割り当てとして知られている簡単なファイバートラッキング·アプローチを使用して、FDA承認された手術ナビゲーションシステムのプログラムを用いて処理した医師によって定義されるROI）。50の最大角度、0.10のFA開始値及び0.20MM²/ sのADCストップ値がラクトために使用されるパラメータであった。 この手法にはいくつかの制限があります。限られた収集時間枠は画質のトレードオフを実施します。無視されるべきではない別の重要な点は、手術中の脳のシフトである。後者の術中MRI用としては役に立つかもしれません。さらに、偽陽性または偽陰性のトラクトのリスクが最終結果を損なう可能性のある考慮に入れる必要がある。

<html>このプロトコルは、十分にVPの主要部分を描くために医師を可能にします。これは、説得力のある領域への次の脳病変を有する患者の損害を防止するために、時間の少ない量で使用することができる。術後のコントロールはまた、良好な結果を示している。患者は神経膠芽から操作した後に、VPを図7に描かれている。 図2は 、神経膠芽腫の再発後に副社長を示し?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about DTI of the Visual Pathway - White Matter Tracts and Cerebral Lesions at JoVE.com

DTI of the Visual Pathway - White Matter Tracts and Cerebral Lesions

拡散テンソルイメージング（DTI）は、視覚経路の主要な部分を描写しようとするために行われた。目標は、FDAは患者における視覚路の術後損傷を低減しようとするために、毎日のルーチンのために使用することができる標準的な市販のワークステーションを承認し使用することでした。

視覚路のDTI  - 白質地帯と大​​脳病変

DTI is a technique that identifies white matter tracts (WMT) non-invasively in healthy and non-healthy patients using diffusion measurements. Similar to ...

dti-of-the-visual-pathway-white-matter-tracts-and-cerebral-lesions

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

13.9K ビュー.  Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg. 拡散テンソルイメージング（DTI）は、視覚経路の主要な部分を描写しようとするために行われた。目標は、FDAは患者における視覚路の術後損傷を低減しようとするために、毎日のルーチンのために使用することができる標準的な市販のワークステーションを承認し使用することでした。 

ビデオ: DTI of the Visual Pathway - White Matter Tracts and Cerebral Lesions

The Application Of Permanent Middle Cerebral Artery Ligation in the Mouse

Focal cerebral ischemia is among the most common type of stroke seen in patients. Due to the clinical significance there has been a prolonged effort to develop suitable animal models to study the events that unfold during ischemic insult. These techniques include transient or permanent, focal or global ischemia models using many different animal models, with the most common being rodents.
The permanent MCA ligation method which is also referred as pMCAo in the literature is used extensively as a focal ischemia model in rodents 1-6. This method was originally described for rats by Tamura et al. in 1981 7. In this protocol a craniotomy was used to access the MCA and the proximal regions were occluded by electrocoagulation. The infarcts involve mostly cortical and sometimes striatal regions depending on the location of the occlusion. This technique is now well established and used in many laboratories 8-13. Early use of this technique led to the definition and description of &#x201C;infarct core&#x201D; and &#x201C;penumbra&#x201D; 14-16, and it is often used to evaluate potential neuroprotective compounds 10, 12, 13, 17. Although the initial studies were performed in rats, permanent MCA ligation has been used successfully in mice with slight modifications 18-20 .
This model yields reproducible infarcts and increased post-survival rates. Approximately 80% of the ischemic strokes in humans happen in the MCA area 21 and thus this is a very relevant model for stroke studies. Currently, there is a paucity of effective treatments available to stroke patients, and thus there is a need for good models to test potential pharmacological compounds and evaluate physiological outcomes. This method can also be used for studying intracellular hypoxia response mechanisms in vivo. 
Here, we present the MCA ligation surgery in a C57/BL6 mouse. We describe the pre-surgical preparation, MCA ligation surgery and 2,3,5 Triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining for quantification of infarct volumes.

Middle cerebral artery (MCA) ligation is a technique to study focal cerebral ischemia in animal models. In this method, the middle cerebral artery is exposed by craniotomy and ligated by cauterization. This method gives highly reproducible infarct volumes and increased post-operative survival rates compared to other methods available.

マウスの永久中大脳動脈結紮の応用

Focal cerebral ischemia is among the most common type of stroke seen in patients. Due to the clinical significance there has been a prolonged effort to ...

医学

Driving Simulation in the Clinic: Testing Visual Exploratory Behavior in Daily Life Activities in Patients with Visual Field Defects

Patients suffering from homonymous hemianopia after infarction of the posterior cerebral artery (PCA) report different degrees of constraint in daily life, despite similar visual deficits. We assume this could be due to variable development of compensatory strategies such as altered visual scanning behavior. Scanning compensatory therapy (SCT) is studied as part of the visual training after infarction next to vision restoration therapy. SCT consists of learning to make larger eye movements into the blind field enlarging the visual field of search, which has been proven to be the most useful strategy1, not only in natural search tasks but also in mastering daily life activities2. Nevertheless, in clinical routine it is difficult to identify individual levels and training effects of compensatory behavior, since it requires measurement of eye movements in a head unrestrained condition. Studies demonstrated that unrestrained head movements alter the visual exploratory behavior compared to a head-restrained laboratory condition3. Martin et al.4 and Hayhoe et al.5 showed that behavior demonstrated in a laboratory setting cannot be assigned easily to a natural condition. Hence, our goal was to develop a study set-up which uncovers different compensatory oculomotor strategies quickly in a realistic testing situation: Patients are tested in the clinical environment in a driving simulator. SILAB software (Wuerzburg Institute for Traffic Sciences GmbH (WIVW)) was used to program driving scenarios of varying complexity and recording the driver's performance. The software was combined with a head mounted infrared video pupil tracker, recording head- and eye-movements (EyeSeeCam, University of Munich Hospital, Clinical Neurosciences).
The positioning of the patient in the driving simulator and the positioning, adjustment and calibration of the camera is demonstrated. Typical performances of a patient with and without compensatory strategy and a healthy control are illustrated in this pilot study. Different oculomotor behaviors (frequency and amplitude of eye- and head-movements) are evaluated very quickly during the drive itself by dynamic overlay pictures indicating where the subjects gaze is located on the screen, and by analyzing the data. Compensatory gaze behavior in a patient leads to a driving performance comparable to a healthy control, while the performance of a patient without compensatory behavior is significantly worse. The data of eye- and head-movement-behavior as well as driving performance are discussed with respect to different oculomotor strategies and in a broader context with respect to possible training effects throughout the testing session and implications on rehabilitation potential.

Patients with visual deficits after stroke report about different constraints in daily life most likely due to variable compensatory strategies, which are difficult to differentiate in clinical routine. We present a clinical set-up which allows measurement of different compensatory head- and eye-movement-strategies and evaluating their effects on driving performance.

クリニックでの運転シミュレーション：視野欠損患者における日常生活活動における視覚探索行動のテスト

Patients suffering from homonymous hemianopia after infarction of the posterior cerebral artery (PCA) report different degrees of constraint in daily ...

Optimized System for Cerebral Perfusion Monitoring in the Rat Stroke Model of Intraluminal Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion

The translational potential of pre-clinical stroke research depends on the accuracy of experimental modeling. Cerebral perfusion monitoring in animal models of acute ischemic stroke allows to confirm successful arterial occlusion and exclude subarachnoid hemorrhage. Cerebral perfusion monitoring can also be used to study intracranial collateral circulation, which is emerging as a powerful determinant of stroke outcome and a possible therapeutic target. Despite a recognized role of Laser Doppler perfusion monitoring as part of the current guidelines for experimental cerebral ischemia, a number of technical difficulties exist that limit its widespread use. One of the major issues is obtaining a secure and prolonged attachment of a deep-penetration Laser Doppler probe to the animal skull. In this video, we show our optimized system for cerebral perfusion monitoring during transient middle cerebral artery occlusion by intraluminal filament in the rat. We developed in-house a simple method to obtain a custom made holder for twin-fibre (deep-penetration) Laser Doppler probes, which allow multi-site monitoring if needed. A continuous and prolonged monitoring of cerebral perfusion could easily be obtained over the intact skull.

Cerebral perfusion monitoring has been demonstrated to improve accuracy in ischemic stroke models. Technical difficulties often limit the use of this essential tool for cerebrovascular research. In this video, an optimized system is shown to obtain a single or multi-site hemodynamic monitoring during intraluminal middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats.

腔内中大脳動脈閉塞のラット脳卒中モデルにおける脳血流モニタリングのための最適化されたシステム

The translational potential of pre-clinical stroke research depends on the accuracy of experimental modeling. Cerebral perfusion monitoring in animal ...

Permanent Cerebral Vessel Occlusion via Double Ligature and Transection

Stroke is a leading cause of death, disability, and socioeconomic loss worldwide. The majority of all strokes result from an interruption in blood flow (ischemia) 1. Middle cerebral artery (MCA) delivers a great majority of blood to the lateral surface of the cortex 2, is the most common site of human stroke 3, and ischemia within its territory can result in extensive dysfunction or death 1,4,5. Survivors of ischemic stroke often suffer loss or disruption of motor capabilities, sensory deficits, and infarct. In an effort to capture these key characteristics of stroke, and thereby develop effective treatment, a great deal of emphasis is placed upon animal models of ischemia in MCA.
Here we present a method of permanently occluding a cortical surface blood vessel. We will present this method using an example of a relevant vessel occlusion that models the most common type, location, and outcome of human stroke, permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO). In this model, we surgically expose MCA in the adult rat and subsequently occlude via double ligature and transection of the vessel. This pMCAO blocks the proximal cortical branch of MCA, causing ischemia in all of MCA cortical territory, a large portion of the cortex. This method of occlusion can also be used to occlude more distal portions of cortical vessels in order to achieve more focal ischemia targeting a smaller region of cortex. The primary disadvantages of pMCAO are that the surgical procedure is somewhat invasive as a small craniotomy is required to access MCA, though this results in minimal tissue damage. The primary advantages of this model, however, are: the site of occlusion is well defined, the degree of blood flow reduction is consistent, functional and neurological impairment occurs rapidly, infarct size is consistent, and the high rate of survival allows for long-term chronic assessment.

Permanent Cerebral Vessel Occlusion via Double Ligature and Transection

We describe a highly reproducible method for the permanent occlusion of a rodent major cerebral blood vessel. This technique can be accomplished with very little peripheral damage, minimal blood loss, a high rate of long-term survival, and consistent infarct volume commensurate with the human clinical population.

永久的な脳血管閉塞<em&gt;経由</em&gt;ダブルリガチャーと離断

Stroke is a leading cause of death, disability, and socioeconomic loss worldwide. The majority of all strokes result from an interruption in blood flow ...

Generation and 3-Dimensional Quantitation of Arterial Lesions in Mice Using Optical Projection Tomography

The generation and analysis of vascular lesions in appropriate animal models is a cornerstone of research into cardiovascular disease, generating important information on the pathogenesis of lesion formation and the action of novel therapies. Use of atherosclerosis-prone mice, surgical methods of lesion induction, and dietary modification has dramatically improved understanding of the mechanisms that contribute to disease development and the potential of new treatments.
Classically, analysis of lesions is performed ex vivo using 2-dimensional histological techniques. This article describes application of optical projection tomography (OPT) to 3-dimensional quantitation of arterial lesions. As this technique is non-destructive, it can be used as an adjunct to standard histological and immunohistochemical analyses.
Neointimal lesions were induced by wire-insertion or ligation of the mouse femoral artery whilst atherosclerotic lesions were generated by administration of an atherogenic diet to apoE-deficient mice.
Lesions were examined using OPT imaging of autofluorescent emission followed by complementary histological and immunohistochemical analysis. OPT clearly distinguished lesions from the underlying vascular wall. Lesion size was calculated in 2-dimensional sections using planimetry, enabling calculation of lesion volume and maximal cross-sectional area. Data generated using OPT were consistent with measurements obtained using histology, confirming the accuracy of the technique and its potential as a complement (rather than alternative) to traditional methods of analysis.
This work demonstrates the potential of OPT for imaging atherosclerotic and neointimal lesions. It provides a rapid, much needed ex vivo technique for the routine 3-dimensional quantification of vascular remodelling.

Ex vivo analysis of arterial lesions from animal models of cardiovascular disease classically relies on histological and immunohistochemical techniques. These provide 2-dimensional measurements in 3-dimensional lesions. This manuscript describes the generation of arterial lesions for quantitative analysis in 3-dimensions using optical projection tomography.

発生と光学投影トモグラフィを用いたマウスにおける動脈病変の3次元定量

The generation and analysis of vascular lesions in appropriate animal models is a cornerstone of research into cardiovascular disease, generating ...

Quantitative Analysis and Characterization of Atherosclerotic Lesions in the Murine Aortic Sinus

Atherosclerosis is a disease of the large arteries and a major underlying cause of myocardial infarction and stroke. Several different mouse models have been developed to facilitate the study of the molecular and cellular pathophysiology of this disease. In this manuscript we describe specific techniques for the quantification and characterization of atherosclerotic lesions in the murine aortic sinus and ascending aorta. The advantage of this procedure is that it provides an accurate measurement of the cross-sectional area and total volume of the lesion, which can be used to compare atherosclerotic progression across different treatment groups. This is possible through the use of the valve leaflets as an anatomical landmark, together with careful adjustment of the sectioning angle. We also describe basic staining methods that can be used to begin to characterize atherosclerotic progression. These can be further modified to investigate antigens of specific interest to the researcher. The described techniques are generally applicable to a wide variety of existing and newly created dietary and genetically-induced models of atherogenesis.

We describe procedures to quantify and characterize atherosclerotic lesions in mouse models using precision sectioning of the aortic sinus and ascending aorta combined with histochemical and immunohistochemical analysis.

マウス大動脈洞におけるアテローム性動脈硬化症の病変の定量分析とキャラクタリゼーション

Atherosclerosis is a disease of the large arteries and a major underlying cause of myocardial infarction and stroke. Several different mouse models have ...

Dynamic Visual Tests to Identify and Quantify Visual Damage and Repair Following Demyelination in Optic Neuritis Patients

In order to follow optic neuritis patients and evaluate the effectiveness of their treatment, a handy, accurate and quantifiable tool is required to assess changes in myelination at the central nervous system (CNS). However, standard measurements, including routine visual tests and MRI scans, are not sensitive enough for this purpose. We present two visual tests addressing dynamic monocular and binocular functions which may closely associate with the extent of myelination along visual pathways. These include Object From Motion (OFM) extraction and Time-constrained stereo protocols. In the OFM test, an array of dots compose an object, by moving the dots within the image rightward while moving the dots outside the image leftward or vice versa. The dot pattern generates a camouflaged object that cannot be detected when the dots are stationary or moving as a whole. Importantly, object recognition is critically dependent on motion perception. In the Time-constrained Stereo protocol, spatially disparate images are presented for a limited length of time, challenging binocular 3-dimensional integration in time. Both tests are appropriate for clinical usage and provide a simple, yet powerful, way to identify and quantify processes of demyelination and remyelination along visual pathways. These protocols may be efficient to diagnose and follow optic neuritis and multiple sclerosis patients.
In the diagnostic process, these protocols may reveal visual deficits that cannot be identified via current standard visual measurements. Moreover, these protocols sensitively identify the basis of the currently unexplained continued visual complaints of patients following recovery of visual acuity. In the longitudinal follow up course, the protocols can be used as a sensitive marker of demyelinating and remyelinating processes along time. These protocols may therefore be used to evaluate the efficacy of current and evolving therapeutic strategies, targeting myelination of the CNS.

Object From Motion (OFM) and Time-constrained stereo protocols are sensitive tools to identify monocular and binocular dynamic visual function deficits, which are uniquely affected in optic neuritis patients. Furthermore, these tests may be used as quantitative noninvasive tools to assess the extent of myelination along visual pathways.

視神経炎患者における脱髄次のVisual損傷と修復を特定し、定量化するために、動的なビジュアルテスト

In order to follow optic neuritis patients and evaluate the effectiveness of their treatment, a handy, accurate and quantifiable tool is required to ...

A Versatile Murine Model of Subcortical White Matter Stroke for the Study of Axonal Degeneration and White Matter Neurobiology

Stroke affecting white matter accounts for up to 25% of clinical stroke presentations, occurs silently at rates that may be 5-10 fold greater, and contributes significantly to the development of vascular dementia. Few models of focal white matter stroke exist and this lack of appropriate models has hampered understanding of the neurobiologic mechanisms involved in injury response and repair after this type of stroke. The main limitation of other subcortical stroke models is that they do not focally restrict the infarct to the white matter or have primarily been validated in non-murine species. This limits the ability to apply the wide variety of murine research tools to study the neurobiology of white matter stroke. Here we present a methodology for the reliable production of a focal stroke in murine white matter using a local injection of an irreversible eNOS inhibitor. We also present several variations on the general protocol including two unique stereotactic variations, retrograde neuronal tracing, as well as fresh tissue labeling and dissection that greatly expand the potential applications of this technique. These variations allow for multiple approaches to analyze the neurobiologic effects of this common and understudied form of stroke.

Here we present methodology for the production of a focal stroke in murine white matter by local injection of an irreversible endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) inhibitor (L-Nio). Presented are two stereotactic variations, retrograde neuronal tracing, and fresh tissue labeling and dissection that expand the potential applications of this technique.

軸索変性と白質神経生物学の研究のための皮質下白質ストロークの多彩なマウスモデル

Stroke affecting white matter accounts for up to 25% of clinical stroke presentations, occurs silently at rates that may be 5-10 fold greater, and ...

Autologous Microfractured and Purified Adipose Tissue for Arthroscopic Management of Osteochondral Lesions of the Talus

In recent years, regenerative techniques have been increasingly studied and used to treat osteochondral lesions of the talus. In particular, several studies have focused their attention on mesenchymal stem cells derived from adipose tissue. Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) exhibit morphological characteristics and properties similar to other mesenchymal cells, and are able to differentiate into several cellular lines. Moreover, these cells are also widely available in the subcutaneous tissue, representing 10 - 30% of the normal body weight, with a concentration of 5,000 cells per gram of tissue.
In the presented technique, the first step involves harvesting ADSCs from the abdomen and a process of microfracture and purification; next, the surgical procedure is performed entirely arthroscopically, with less soft tissue dissection, better joint visualization, and a faster recovery compared with standard open procedures. Arthroscopy is characterized by a first phase in which the lesion is identified, isolated, and prepared with microperforations; the second step, performed dry, involves injection of adipose tissue at the level of the lesion.
Between January 2016 and September 2016, four patients underwent arthroscopic treatment of osteochondral lesion of the talus with microfractured and purified adipose tissue. All patients reported clinical improvement six months after surgery with no reported complications. Functional scores at the latest follow-up are encouraging and confirm that the technique provides reliable pain relief and improvements in patients with osteochondral lesion of the talus.

The aim of this study is to report a protocol for the arthroscopic treatment of osteochondral lesions of the talus using microfractured and purified adipose-derived stem cells.

自己 Microfractured と距骨骨軟骨損傷の鏡視下手術の管理のための精製脂肪組織

In recent years, regenerative techniques have been increasingly studied and used to treat osteochondral lesions of the talus. In particular, several ...

Assessment of Static Graviceptive Perception in the Roll-Plane using the Subjective Visual Vertical Paradigm

Vestibular disorders are among the most common syndromes in medicine. In recent years, new vestibular diagnostic systems have been introduced that allow the examination of all semicircular canals in the clinical setting. Assessment methods of the otolithic system, which is responsible for the perception of linear acceleration and perception of gravity, are far less in clinical use. There are several experimental approaches for measuring the perception of gravity. The most frequently used method is the determination of the subjective visual vertical. This is usually measured with the head in an upright position. We present here an assessment method for testing otolith function in the roll plane. The subjective visual vertical is measured in the head upright position as well as with head inclination of &#177; 15&#176; and &#177; 30&#176; in the roll plane. This extended functional paradigm is an easy-to-perform clinical test of otolith function and ensures increased information content for the detection of impaired graviceptive perception.

The perception of gravity is commonly determined by the subjective visual vertical in the head upright position. The additional assessment at head tilts of &#177; 15&#176; and &#177; 30&#176; in the roll plane ensures increased information content for the detection of impaired graviceptive perception.

主観的視覚的垂直パラダイムを用いたロールプレーンにおける静的なグラビゼーション知覚の評価

Vestibular disorders are among the most common syndromes in medicine. In recent years, new vestibular diagnostic systems have been introduced that allow ...

視覚路のDTI - 白質地帯と大​​脳病変

視覚路のDTI - 白質地帯と大脳病変