We would like to thank the whole Service of Neuroradiology. We would like to thank Lis Prussen for her work in the library.

注：このプロトコルは、ルクセンブルグのセンターHospitalierデ·ルクセンブルクのガイドラインに従っています。 脳神経外科とフォローアップのための視覚経路のための拡散テンソルイメージングの調製<ol style="margin-left: 40px;"><li>少なくとも1日32勾配の方向と1 B0〜イメージを使用して、厳密に軸方向の手術前にMRIスキャンを実行します。いつでも神経放射線学ユニットと緊密に連絡してください。 注：手術後の画像は、操作前のものと同じである神経放射線科医に明らかに。 </li><li> 3テスラのMRIを使用して、3DT1加重とDTI系列のスキャンを実行します。同様に、手術後3DT1加重シーケンスを実行します。 </li></ol> 2章計画ステーションを使用して、 <ol><li>医学（DICOM）でデジタル画像と通信にT2強調、3DT1加重とDTI系列スキャンデータを転送します。この手順では、7分までかかります。 注：ドンの `tはbefo手順を停止すべての配列を転送した再。それは停止し、手術日に応じて、後に継続することができる。 </li><li>手術ナビゲーションシステムプログラムを開きます。ファイルをクリックし、[インポートDICOM上。上記のすべての配列について、この手順を3回繰り返します。 <ol><li>表示するには、[追加]をクリックします。別途、すべてのシーケンスを追加します。ドンの `tは閲覧を続行してみてください。 </li></ol></li><li> [ツール]をクリックします。 DTIテンソルの準備を開きます。画面の中央に新しいウィンドウを守ってください。 </li><li>次の4つの手順を実行します。 <ol><li>最初のステップとして、グラデーションの割り当てを実行します。 <ol><li>ウィンドウの右下に千秒〜800 /MM²からb値を変更します。 </li><li>ウィンドウの右上のしきい値を調整します。単純に番号を書き込むか、カーソルを移動させることにより、手動で行う。図20は、許容値かもしれません。それは個人的な経験であり、それは必須ではありません。 </li></ol></li><li>第二段階として、グラデーション登録を行ってください。 <ol> &lt;李&gt;すべてのオートボタンをクリックします。この手順では、5分までかかる。 </li><li>すべての登録を確認してクリックします。登録を確認せずにそれが継続することはできません。 </li></ol></li><li>第三段階としてCoregistrationを実行します。 <ol><li>手動Coregister MR1とMR2 B0イメージ。最終的にはすべての登録を確認します。 注：この手順を自動的に行うことができる。しかし、結果は、最終的には必ずしも満足できない場合があります。 </li></ol></li><li> 4番目と最後のステップとして、テンソル計算を実行し、 <ol><li>オンになっているFA / 12月/ ADCを確認してください。をクリックするとしない。 </li><li>計算をクリックします。この手順は、数秒かかります。 </li></ol></li></ol></li><li>すべてのデータを保存し、fibertrackingに進みます。すべてを保存せずに停止しないでください。 </li></ol> 3 Fibertracking 注：視覚路の解剖学的知識が成功した結果のために非常に重要である。 <ol stYLE = &quot;マージン左：40pxに;&quot;&gt; <li>繊維が通って行かなければならない三つの重要なポイントを見つけることを準備します。 </li><li>解剖学的知識を用いて、視交叉を決定します。 <ol><li>出発点としてROIを使用し、繊維が通って行きましょう。 ROIが医師によって定義されています。 </li><li>代わりに、セグメントが疑わ地域。底にセグメンテーションをクリックして離れ、別のウィンドウが表示されます。セグメント化された領域は、解剖学的に定義された領域である。 <ol><li>手動で地域をペイント。全体視交叉が含まれるように上下にスクロールして。手順を保存して戻ります。 </li></ol></li><li>関心領域から、またはセグメント化された領域または両方のいずれかからの繊維を追跡します。 </li><li>繊維は、視覚的な経路の第二の重要なポイントである左膝状体（LGN）に達する。最大角度は、偽トラクトのリスクは角度が大きすぎる場合に上がる50であった。 <ol><li>視交叉で示すように、セグメントLGNへの可能性がありますした後、繊維を追跡します。視交叉をセグメント化した後、視交叉、またはその逆でのLGNとフィニッシュから実行トラック繊維。 </li></ol></li><li>セグメント視覚野。視交叉の場合と同様に進みます。 3DT1強調画像は、160スライスが含まれているので、これは少し時間がかかる場合があります。 </li><li> LGNへの視覚野からの繊維を追跡します。それだけでなく、視覚野へのLGNからそれらを追跡することが可能である。 </li><li>視覚野は、腫瘍または浮腫によって侵入された場合、分割領域の代わりに、関心領域を使用し、LGNの方向に走る繊維を聞かせて。 注：浮腫は、視覚野に侵入可能性があり、時にはそれがセグメント化されている場合は、視覚野は、コンピュータがそれらを区別 `tをあるため、完全にセグメント化できない可能性があります。それはROIを置くことが必要である理由That`s。 </li><li>他の半球のためにすべてを繰り返します。 </li><li>最初の健全な半球から始めます。 注：あまりにも他のものに開始することができるが、それは状況についての最初のアイデアになることを最初に健全な半球の繊維を追跡するために簡単な場合があります。それが唯一のアドバイスです、必須ではありません。 </li></ol></li><li>セグメント脳病変および浮腫。 3.2.2で前述したように実行します。 <ol><li>良く区別するために、すべてのセグメント化された領域または病変の色を割り当てます。 </li></ol></li><li>不測の事態の場合や緊急の場合には、各ステップの手順を保存します。 </li><li>ローカルにデータ全体をエクスポートします。これは、直接手術室にエクスポートすることが可能であるが、これはお勧めisn`t。 <ol><li>押してファイルの[エクスポート3D-オブジェクト。唯一のナビゲーション試験をエクスポートしてください。 </li><li>ドンの `tはハイブリッド試験をエクスポートします。 </li></ol></li><li>頭蓋を入力してください。 Stealthmergeを押して右の患者を選択してください。参考試験として3DT1強調画像を選択してください。 </li><li> 3Dモデルを作成し、すべてのものを挿入します。 </li><li>データIをインポートnは手術室。 </li></ol>

<ol>
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The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

DTIは、in vivo 8 白質路を可視化するために神経外科医を可能にする技術です。視覚路は、これらの管の一つです。この方法は、私たちがこの技術のいくつかの制限が依然として存在してないと言わなければならない脳の雄弁な地域に関する病変を有する患者の治療に関する新たな可能性を医師に提供していますが。最初の、そして最も明白な課題は、調査4の下の...

拡散テンソルイメージング（DTI）は、ヒトの脳1に非侵襲的にWMTを描写するために使用される。これは、手術の1の間の脳の説得力のある領域を害する危険性を低減するために、過去10年間で使用されてきた。 DTIは、視覚的な経路を描写する2012年3月と2014年1月の間に50人の患者で実施した。 DTIは白質路の解剖学的位置に関する重要な情報を提供することにより、手術中に脳の雄弁な領域の保存を向上することがあります。これは、複雑な脳病変の切除1のための戦略的計画に組み込まれています。 DTI、種子量と結果12の解釈の配置パラメータ基準が定められていないので、視覚路の描写が課題である。 異なるアルゴリズムは、これまでに19〜21実施されている。いくつかのアプローチは、決定論的な方法に集中して19、22-25。その他26,27,29、確率論的な方法を使用していた。より最近では、Q-ボールテンソルフィールド、拡散スペクトルイメージングと高角度分解能拡散イメージング（HARDI）を使用して技術としては、とりわけ白質路視経路1,13-15,18を示 ​​すために使用されている。それにもかかわらず、HARDIのために必要な時間は45分と有意に長くなり、ソフトウェアが市販されていないと科学的ア ​​プリケーション18を強調している。 HARDIための指導期間はDTI 18の場合よりも長くなるように思われる。 提示プロトコルは容易に実現可能であり、病的状態を回避し、術後の転帰を改善するために、脳神経外科操作において日常ルーチンのために使用することができる。このプロトコルのための追加の時間が他のプロトコル1,9,12,16よりも大幅に高速である9未満分である。多くの洗練されたアルゴリズムは、紙制限し、最近開発されてきたという事実を認めるそれ自体市販されており、FDA承認されたソフトウェアの使用に関する。しかし、それを考慮に上述したとおりであるこの技術の限界を取ることは必須です。

<table><tbody><tr><td>3-Tesla-MRI</td><td>General Electric</td><td>Signa LX version 9.1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Surgical Navigation System Program</td><td>Medtronic</td><td>9734478</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Surgical Navigation System Program</td><td>Medtronic</td><td>4500810331&amp;nbsp; 20016318</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

dti of the visual pathway - white matter tracts and cerebral lesions

<html> DTIは、拡散測定を用いて、健康な非健康な患者に非侵襲的に白質路（WMT）を識別する技術である。視覚的な経路（VP）と同様に、WMTは、古典的なMRIや術中に顕微鏡で可視ではありません。 DITがこのWMTに隣接する病変を除去しながら神経外科医がVPの破壊を防止するのに役立ちます。私たちは3DT1加重シーケンスを使用し移動するには1月、2014年に2012年3月の間に手術の前と後の50人の患者にDTIを行った。さらに、当社は、T2強調およびDTI系列を行った。使用されるパラメータは、FOVあった：200×200ミリメートル、スライス厚さ：2mm、前記取得行列：×96 96、2×2×2mmのほぼ等方ボクセルを得た。軸方向のMRIは32勾配方向一B0画像を用いて行った。私たちは、2の加速係数および800秒/MM²のb値とエコープラナー·イメージング（EPI）と資産パラレルイメージングを使用していました。走査時間が9未満分であった。 ENTは &quot;&gt;得DTIデータはこれは（関心領域間の線の伝播に基づいています。継続的に追跡（FACT）による繊維の割り当てとして知られている簡単なファイバートラッキング·アプローチを使用して、FDA承認された手術ナビゲーションシステムのプログラムを用いて処理した医師によって定義されるROI）。50の最大角度、0.10のFA開始値及び0.20MM²/ sのADCストップ値がラクトために使用されるパラメータであった。 この手法にはいくつかの制限があります。限られた収集時間枠は画質のトレードオフを実施します。無視されるべきではない別の重要な点は、手術中の脳のシフトである。後者の術中MRI用としては役に立つかもしれません。さらに、偽陽性または偽陰性のトラクトのリスクが最終結果を損なう可能性のある考慮に入れる必要がある。

<html>このプロトコルは、十分にVPの主要部分を描くために医師を可能にします。これは、説得力のある領域への次の脳病変を有する患者の損害を防止するために、時間の少ない量で使用することができる。術後のコントロールはまた、良好な結果を示している。患者は神経膠芽から操作した後に、VPを図7に描かれている。 図2は 、神経膠芽腫の再発後に副社長を示し?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about DTI of the Visual Pathway - White Matter Tracts and Cerebral Lesions at JoVE.com

DTI of the Visual Pathway - White Matter Tracts and Cerebral Lesions

拡散テンソルイメージング（DTI）は、視覚経路の主要な部分を描写しようとするために行われた。目標は、FDAは患者における視覚路の術後損傷を低減しようとするために、毎日のルーチンのために使用することができる標準的な市販のワークステーションを承認し使用することでした。

視覚路のDTI  - 白質地帯と大​​脳病変

DTI is a technique that identifies white matter tracts (WMT) non-invasively in healthy and non-healthy patients using diffusion measurements. Similar to ...

dti-of-the-visual-pathway-white-matter-tracts-and-cerebral-lesions

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

14.0K ビュー.  Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg. 拡散テンソルイメージング（DTI）は、視覚経路の主要な部分を描写しようとするために行われた。目標は、FDAは患者における視覚路の術後損傷を低減しようとするために、毎日のルーチンのために使用することができる標準的な市販のワークステーションを承認し使用することでした。 

ビデオ: DTI of the Visual Pathway - White Matter Tracts and Cerebral Lesions

Dissection of Human Vitreous Body Elements for Proteomic Analysis

The vitreous is an optically clear, collagenous extracellular matrix that fills the inside of the eye and overlies the retina. 1,2 Abnormal interactions between vitreous substructures and the retina underlie several vitreoretinal diseases, including retinal tear and detachment, macular pucker, macular hole, age-related macular degeneration, vitreomacular traction, proliferative vitreoretinopathy, proliferative diabetic retinopathy, and inherited vitreoretinopathies. 1,2 The molecular composition of the vitreous substructures is not known. Since the vitreous body is transparent with limited surgical access, it has been difficult to study its substructures at the molecular level. We developed a method to separate and preserve these tissues for proteomic and biochemical analysis. The dissection technique in this experimental video shows how to isolate vitreous base, anterior hyaloid, vitreous core, and vitreous cortex from postmortem human eyes. One-dimensional SDS-PAGE analyses of each vitreous component showed that our dissection technique resulted in four unique protein profiles corresponding to each substructure of the human vitreous body. Identification of differentially compartmentalized proteins will reveal candidate molecules underlying various vitreoretinal diseases.

This video shows an effective technique for differentiating and dissecting the various semi-transparent structures of the human vitreous body in post mortem eyes.

プロテオーム解析のための人間の硝子体の要素の解剖

The vitreous is an optically clear, collagenous extracellular matrix that fills the inside of the eye and overlies the retina. 1,2 Abnormal interactions ...

医学

The Application Of Permanent Middle Cerebral Artery Ligation in the Mouse

Focal cerebral ischemia is among the most common type of stroke seen in patients. Due to the clinical significance there has been a prolonged effort to develop suitable animal models to study the events that unfold during ischemic insult. These techniques include transient or permanent, focal or global ischemia models using many different animal models, with the most common being rodents.
The permanent MCA ligation method which is also referred as pMCAo in the literature is used extensively as a focal ischemia model in rodents 1-6. This method was originally described for rats by Tamura et al. in 1981 7. In this protocol a craniotomy was used to access the MCA and the proximal regions were occluded by electrocoagulation. The infarcts involve mostly cortical and sometimes striatal regions depending on the location of the occlusion. This technique is now well established and used in many laboratories 8-13. Early use of this technique led to the definition and description of &#x201C;infarct core&#x201D; and &#x201C;penumbra&#x201D; 14-16, and it is often used to evaluate potential neuroprotective compounds 10, 12, 13, 17. Although the initial studies were performed in rats, permanent MCA ligation has been used successfully in mice with slight modifications 18-20 .
This model yields reproducible infarcts and increased post-survival rates. Approximately 80% of the ischemic strokes in humans happen in the MCA area 21 and thus this is a very relevant model for stroke studies. Currently, there is a paucity of effective treatments available to stroke patients, and thus there is a need for good models to test potential pharmacological compounds and evaluate physiological outcomes. This method can also be used for studying intracellular hypoxia response mechanisms in vivo. 
Here, we present the MCA ligation surgery in a C57/BL6 mouse. We describe the pre-surgical preparation, MCA ligation surgery and 2,3,5 Triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining for quantification of infarct volumes.

Middle cerebral artery (MCA) ligation is a technique to study focal cerebral ischemia in animal models. In this method, the middle cerebral artery is exposed by craniotomy and ligated by cauterization. This method gives highly reproducible infarct volumes and increased post-operative survival rates compared to other methods available.

マウスの永久中大脳動脈結紮の応用

Focal cerebral ischemia is among the most common type of stroke seen in patients. Due to the clinical significance there has been a prolonged effort to ...

Probing the Brain in Autism Using fMRI and Diffusion Tensor Imaging

Newly emerging theories suggest that the brain does not function as a cohesive unit in autism, and this discordance is reflected in the behavioral symptoms displayed by individuals with autism. While structural neuroimaging findings have provided some insights into brain abnormalities in autism, the consistency of such findings is questionable. Functional neuroimaging, on the other hand, has been more fruitful in this regard because autism is a disorder of dynamic processing and allows examination of communication between cortical networks, which appears to be where the underlying problem occurs in autism. Functional connectivity is defined as the temporal correlation of spatially separate neurological events1. Findings from a number of recent fMRI studies have supported the idea that there is weaker coordination between different parts of the brain that should be working together to accomplish complex social or language problems2,3,4,5,6. One of the mysteries of autism is the coexistence of deficits in several domains along with relatively intact, sometimes enhanced, abilities. Such complex manifestation of autism calls for a global and comprehensive examination of the disorder at the neural level. A compelling recent account of the brain functioning in autism, the cortical underconnectivity theory,2,7 provides an integrating framework for the neurobiological bases of autism. The cortical underconnectivity theory of autism suggests that any language, social, or psychological function that is dependent on the integration of multiple brain regions is susceptible to disruption as the processing demand increases. In autism, the underfunctioning of integrative circuitry in the brain may cause widespread underconnectivity. In other words, people with autism may interpret information in a piecemeal fashion at the expense of the whole. Since cortical underconnectivity among brain regions, especially the frontal cortex and more posterior areas 3,6, has now been relatively well established, we can begin to further understand brain connectivity as a critical component of autism symptomatology.
A logical next step in this direction is to examine the anatomical connections that may mediate the functional connections mentioned above. Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) is a relatively novel neuroimaging technique that helps probe the diffusion of water in the brain to infer the integrity of white matter fibers. In this technique, water diffusion in the brain is examined in several directions using diffusion gradients. While functional connectivity provides information about the synchronization of brain activation across different brain areas during a task or during rest, DTI helps in understanding the underlying axonal organization which may facilitate the cross-talk among brain areas. This paper will describe these techniques as valuable tools in understanding the brain in autism and the challenges involved in this line of research.

Neuroimaging techniques, such as functional MRI and Diffusion Tensor Imaging have become increasingly useful in characterizing the cognitive and neural deficits in autism. An examination of brain connectivity in autism at a network level along with adaptations for scanning children with developmental disabilities is presented.

fMRIと拡散テンソル画像を用いた自閉症で脳を探る

Newly emerging theories suggest that the brain does not function as a cohesive unit in autism, and this discordance is reflected in the behavioral ...

Co-analysis of Brain Structure and Function using fMRI and Diffusion-weighted Imaging

The study of complex computational systems is facilitated by network maps, such as circuit diagrams. Such mapping is particularly informative when studying the brain, as the functional role that a brain area fulfills may be largely defined by its connections to other brain areas. In this report, we describe a novel, non-invasive approach for relating brain structure and function using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). This approach, a combination of structural imaging of long-range fiber connections and functional imaging data, is illustrated in two distinct cognitive domains, visual attention and face perception. Structural imaging is performed with diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and fiber tractography, which track the diffusion of water molecules along white-matter fiber tracts in the brain (Figure 1). By visualizing these fiber tracts, we are able to investigate the long-range connective architecture of the brain. The results compare favorably with one of the most widely-used techniques in DWI, diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). DTI is unable to resolve complex configurations of fiber tracts, limiting its utility for constructing detailed, anatomically-informed models of brain function. In contrast, our analyses reproduce known neuroanatomy with precision and accuracy. This advantage is partly due to data acquisition procedures: while many DTI protocols measure diffusion in a small number of directions (e.g., 6 or 12), we employ a diffusion spectrum imaging (DSI)1, 2 protocol which assesses diffusion in 257 directions and at a range of magnetic gradient strengths. Moreover, DSI data allow us to use more sophisticated methods for reconstructing acquired data. In two experiments (visual attention and face perception), tractography reveals that co-active areas of the human brain are anatomically connected, supporting extant hypotheses that they form functional networks. DWI allows us to create a "circuit diagram" and reproduce it on an individual-subject basis, for the purpose of monitoring task-relevant brain activity in networks of interest.

We describe a novel approach for simultaneous analysis of brain function and structure using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We assess brain structure with high-resolution diffusion-weighted imaging and white-matter fiber tractography. Unlike standard structural MRI, these techniques allow us to directly relate anatomical connectivity to functional properties of brain networks.

fMRIと拡散強調画像を用いた脳の構造と機能の同時分析

The study of complex computational systems is facilitated by network maps, such as circuit diagrams. Such mapping is particularly informative when ...

神経科学

Diffusion Tensor Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Analysis of Neurodegenerative Diseases

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) techniques provide information on the microstructural processes of the cerebral white matter (WM) in vivo. The present applications are designed to investigate differences of WM involvement patterns in different brain diseases, especially neurodegenerative disorders, by use of different DTI analyses in comparison with matched controls. 	
DTI data analysis is performed in a variate fashion, i.e. voxelwise comparison of regional diffusion direction-based metrics such as fractional anisotropy (FA), together with fiber tracking (FT) accompanied by tractwise fractional anisotropy statistics (TFAS) at the group level in order to identify differences in FA along WM structures, aiming at the definition of regional patterns of WM alterations at the group level. Transformation into a stereotaxic standard space is a prerequisite for group studies and requires thorough data processing to preserve directional inter-dependencies. The present applications show optimized technical approaches for this preservation of quantitative and directional information during spatial normalization in data analyses at the group level. On this basis, FT techniques can be applied to group averaged data in order to quantify metrics information as defined by FT. Additionally, application of DTI methods, i.e. differences in FA-maps after stereotaxic alignment, in a longitudinal analysis at an individual subject basis reveal information about the progression of neurological disorders. Further quality improvement of DTI based results can be obtained during preprocessing by application of a controlled elimination of gradient directions with high noise levels.	
In summary, DTI is used to define a distinct WM pathoanatomy of different brain diseases by the combination of whole brain-based and tract-based DTI analysis.

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) basically serves as an MRI-based tool to identify in vivo the microstructure of the brain and pathological processes due to neurological disorders within the cerebral white matter. DTI-based analyses allow for application to brain diseases both at the group level and in single subject data.

神経変性疾患の分析における拡散テンソル磁気共鳴画像

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) techniques provide information on the microstructural processes of the cerebral white matter (WM) in vivo. The present ...

Measuring Connectivity in the Primary Visual Pathway in Human Albinism Using Diffusion Tensor Imaging and Tractography

In albinism, the number of ipsilaterally projecting retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) is significantly reduced. The retina and optic chiasm have been proposed as candidate sites for misrouting. Since a correlation between the number of lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) relay neurons and LGN size has been shown, and based on previously reported reductions in LGN volumes in human albinism, we suggest that fiber projections from LGN to the primary visual cortex (V1) are also reduced. Studying structural differences in the visual system of albinism can improve the understanding of the mechanism of misrouting and subsequent clinical applications. Diffusion data and tractography are useful for mapping the OR (optic radiation). This manuscript describes two algorithms for OR reconstruction in order to compare brain connectivity in albinism and controls.An MRI scanner with a 32-channel head coil was used to acquire structural scans. A T1-weighted 3D-MPRAGE sequence with 1 mm3 isotropic voxel size was used to generate high-resolution images for V1 segmentation. Multiple proton density (PD) weighted images were acquired coronally for right and left LGN localization. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) scans were acquired with 64 diffusion directions. Both deterministic and probabilistic tracking methods were run and compared, with LGN as the seed mask and V1 as the target mask. Though DTI provides relatively poor spatial resolution, and accurate delineation of OR may be challenging due to its low fiber density, tractography has been shown to be advantageous both in research and clinically. Tract based spatial statistics (TBSS) revealed areas of significantly reduced white matter integrity within the OR in patients with albinism compared to controls. Pairwise comparisons revealed a significant reduction in LGN to V1 connectivity in albinism compared to controls. Comparing both tracking algorithms revealed common findings, strengthening the reliability of the technique.

This manuscript describes deterministic and probabilistic algorithms for white matter (WM) reconstruction, used to examine differences in optic radiation (OR) connectivity between albinism and controls. Although probabilistic tractography follows the true course of nerve fibers more closely, deterministic tractography was run to compare the reliability and reproducibility of both techniques.

拡散テンソルイメージングとラクトを用いたヒト色素欠乏症における一次視覚経路で接続を測定します

In albinism, the number of ipsilaterally projecting retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) is significantly reduced. The retina and optic chiasm have been proposed ...

Fiber Connections of the Supplementary Motor Area Revisited: Methodology of Fiber Dissection, DTI, and Three Dimensional Documentation

The purpose of this study is to show the methodology for the examination of the white matter connections of the supplementary motor area (SMA) complex (pre-SMA and SMA proper) using a combination of fiber dissection techniques on cadaveric specimens and magnetic resonance (MR) tractography. The protocol will also describe the procedure for a white matter dissection of a human brain, diffusion tensor tractography imaging, and three-dimensional documentation. The fiber dissections on human brains and the 3D documentation were performed at the University of Minnesota, Microsurgery and Neuroanatomy Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery. Five postmortem human brain specimens and two whole heads were prepared in accordance with Klingler's method. Brain hemispheres were dissected step by step from lateral to medial and medial to lateral under an operating microscope, and 3D images were captured at every stage. All dissection results were supported by diffusion tensor imaging. Investigations on the connections in line with Meynert's fiber tract classification, including association fibers (short, superior longitudinal fasciculus I and frontal aslant tracts), projection fibers (corticospinal, claustrocortical, cingulum, and frontostriatal tracts), and commissural fibers (callosal fibers) were also conducted.

The purpose of this study is to show each step of the fiber dissection technique on human cadaveric brains, the 3D documentation of these dissections, and the diffusion tensor imaging of the anatomically dissected fiber pathways.

再考された補助的なモータ領域のファイバ接続：ファイバ解剖、DTI、および3次元文書の方法論

The purpose of this study is to show the methodology for the examination of the white matter connections of the supplementary motor area (SMA) complex ...

Diffusion Tensor Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Chronic Spinal Cord Compression

Chronic spinal cord compression is the most common cause of spinal cord impairment in patients with nontraumatic spinal cord damage. Conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) plays an important role in both confirming the diagnosis and evaluating the degree of compression. However, the anatomical detail provided by conventional MRI is not sufficient to accurately estimate neuronal damage and/or assess the possibility of neuronal recovery in chronic spinal cord compression patients. In contrast, diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) can provide quantitative results according to the detection of water molecule diffusion in tissues. In the present study, we develop a methodological framework to illustrate the application of DTI in chronic spinal cord compression disease. DTI fractional anisotropy (FA), apparent diffusion coefficients (ADCs), and eigenvector values are useful for visualizing microstructural pathological changes in the spinal cord. Decreased FA and increases in ADCs and eigenvector values were observed in chronic spinal cord compression patients compared to healthy controls. DTI could help surgeons understand spinal cord injury severity and provide important information regarding prognosis and neural functional recovery. In conclusion, this protocol provides a sensitive, detailed, and noninvasive tool to evaluate spinal cord compression.

Here, we present a protocol for the application of diffusion tensor imaging parameters to evaluate spinal cord compression.

慢性脊髄圧迫における拡散テンソル磁気共鳴画像

Chronic spinal cord compression is the most common cause of spinal cord impairment in patients with nontraumatic spinal cord damage. Conventional magnetic ...

Advanced Diffusion Imaging in The Hippocampus of Rats with Mild Traumatic Brain Injury

Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is the most common type of acquired brain injury. Since patients with traumatic brain injury show a tremendous variability and heterogeneity (age, gender, type of trauma, other possible pathologies, etc.), animal models play a key role in unraveling factors that are limitations in clinical research. They provide a standardized and controlled setting to investigate the biological mechanisms of injury and repair following TBI. However, not all animal models mimic the diffuse and subtle nature of mTBI effectively. For example, the commonly used controlled cortical impact (CCI) and lateral fluid percussion injury (LFPI) models make use of a craniotomy to expose the brain and induce widespread focal trauma, which are not commonly seen in mTBI. Therefore, these experimental models are not valid to mimic mTBI. Thus, an appropriate model should be used to investigate mTBI. The Marmarou weight drop model for rats induces similar microstructural alterations and cognitive impairments as seen in patients who sustain mild trauma; therefore, this model was selected for this protocol. Conventional computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans commonly show no damage following a mild injury, because mTBI induces often only subtle and diffuse injuries. With diffusion weighted MRI, it is possible to investigate microstructural properties of brain tissue, which can provide more insight into the microscopic alterations following mild trauma. Therefore, the goal of this study is to obtain quantitative information of a selected region-of-interest (i.e., hippocampus) to follow up disease progression after obtaining a mild and diffuse brain injury.

The overall goal of this procedure is to obtain quantitative microstructural information of the hippocampus in a rat with mild traumatic brain injury. This is done using an advanced diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging protocol and region-of-interest based analysis of parametric diffusion maps.

軽度の外傷性脳損傷を有するラットの海馬における高度な拡散イメージング

Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is the most common type of acquired brain injury. Since patients with traumatic brain injury show a tremendous ...

Using Diffusion Tensor Imaging in Traumatic Brain Injury

Source: Laboratories of Jonas T. Kaplan and Sarah I. Gimbel&#8212;University of Southern California
Traditional brain imaging techniques using MRI are very good at visualizing the gross structures of the brain. A structural brain image made with MRI provides high contrast of the borders between gray and white matter, and information about the size and shape of brain structures. However, these images do not detail the underlying structure and integrity of white matter networks in the brain, which consist of axon bundles that interconnect local and distant brain regions.
Diffusion MRI uses pulse sequences that are sensitive to the diffusion of water molecules. By measuring the direction of diffusion, it is possible to make inferences about the structure of white matter networks in the brain. Water molecules within an axon are constrained in their movements by the cell membrane; instead of randomly moving in every direction with equal probability (isotropic movement), they are more likely to move in certain directions, in parallel with the axon (anisotropic movement; Figure 1). Therefore, measures of diffusion anisotropy are thought to reflect properties of the white matter such as fiber density, axon thickness, and degree of myelination. One common measure is fractional anisotropy (FA). FA values range from 0, which represents completely isotropic movement, to 1, reflecting maximum anisotropy.
<img alt="Figure 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/10276/10276fig1.jpg" /> 
Figure 1: Diffusion anisotropy. When the direction of diffusion is unconstrained and random, movement is measured in all directions equally. This is isotropic diffusion (A). When water molecules are contained within the axon of a neuron, diffusion is anisotropic, tending to occur more frequently along the direction of the axon (B). <a href="http://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/10276/10276fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
In this experiment we will use diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to measure white matter integrity in traumatic brain injury (TBI). TBI occurs when an external force injures the brain, such as a blow to the head or a sudden movement like the kind that might occur in a car accident. This type of brain injury from mechanical forces is associated with diffuse axonal injury-damage to white matter throughout the brain. Because it is an injury affecting white matter integrity, standard neuroimaging techniques may not reveal the damage. However, measures of diffusion are especially sensitive to these anatomical changes. Following a study by Kraus et al.1, we compare a group of healthy controls to a group of people with TBI and use diffusion imaging to measure the effect of TBI on cerebral white matter. Furthermore, we will test the relationship between white matter integrity and cognitive function using an attention task.2 This study uses a region of interest (ROI) approach focusing on three white matter tracts: the splenium of the corpus callosum, the anterior corona radiata, and the superior longitudinal fasciculus (Figure 2).
<img alt="Figure 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/10276/10276fig2.jpg" /> 
Figure 2: Regions of interest. The three ROIs, defined from the ICBM DTI-81 atlas, are shown here in horizontal slices through the brain. In green is the splenium of the corpus callosum. The splenium is the most posterior part of the corpus callosum. In blue is the anterior corona radiata. The superior longitudinal fasciculus is shown in red. <a href="http://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/10276/10276fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>

Diffusion Tensor Imaging in Traumatic Brain Injury

外傷性脳損傷の拡散テンソル画像を用いた

Source: Laboratories of Jonas T. Kaplan and Sarah I. Gimbel&#8212;University of Southern California
Traditional brain imaging techniques using MRI are ...

視覚路のDTI - 白質地帯と大脳病変

要約

さらに動画を探す

プロテオーム解析のための人間の硝子体の要素の解剖

マウスの永久中大脳動脈結紮の応用

fMRIと拡散テンソル画像を用いた自閉症で脳を探る

fMRIと拡散強調画像を用いた脳の構造と機能の同時分析

神経変性疾患の分析における拡散テンソル磁気共鳴画像

拡散テンソルイメージングとラクトを用いたヒト色素欠乏症における一次視覚経路で接続を測定します

再考された補助的なモータ領域のファイバ接続：ファイバ解剖、DTI、および3次元文書の方法論

慢性脊髄圧迫における拡散テンソル磁気共鳴画像

軽度の外傷性脳損傷を有するラットの海馬における高度な拡散イメージング

外傷性脳損傷の拡散テンソル画像を用いた

視覚路のDTI - 白質地帯と大​​脳病変

要約

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プロテオーム解析のための人間の硝子体の要素の解剖

マウスの永久中大脳動脈結紮の応用

fMRIと拡散テンソル画像を用いた自閉症で脳を探る

fMRIと拡散強調画像を用いた脳の構造と機能の同時分析

神経変性疾患の分析における拡散テンソル磁気共鳴画像

拡散テンソルイメージングとラクトを用いたヒト色素欠乏症における一次視覚経路で接続を測定します

再考された補助的なモータ領域のファイバ接続：ファイバ解剖、DTI、および3次元文書の方法論

慢性脊髄圧迫における拡散テンソル磁気共鳴画像

軽度の外傷性脳損傷を有するラットの海馬における高度な拡散イメージング

外傷性脳損傷の拡散テンソル画像を用いた

視覚路のDTI - 白質地帯と大脳病変