We would like to thank the whole Service of Neuroradiology. We would like to thank Lis Prussen for her work in the library.

NOT: Bu protokol Lüksemburg Centre Hospitalier de Lüksemburg yönergeleri takip eder. Nöroşirürji ve Görsel Yollarla için Difüzyon Tensor Görüntüleme hazırlanması 1. Takip <ol style="margin-left: 40px;"><li> En az bir gün 32 degrade yön ve tek b0-görüntü kullanılarak kesinlikle eksenel ameliyattan önce MR-tarama gerçekleştirin. Her an Nöroradyoloji birimi ile yakın temas halinde tutunuz. NOT: ameliyat sonrası görüntüler operasyon öncesi gibi aynı nöroradyolog açık olun. </li><li> 3 Tesla MR kullanarak, bir 3DT1 ağırlıklı ve DTI-dizi taramalar yapar. De ameliyat sonrası 3DT1 ağırlıklı dizisi gerçekleştirin. </li></ol> 2. Planlama İstasyonunu kullanan <ol><li> Tıp (DICOM) dijital görüntüleme ve haberleşme T2 ağırlıklı, 3DT1 ağırlıklı ve DTI-dizi tarama verilerini aktarın. Bu prosedür 7 dakika kadar sürer. NOT: Don `t befo prosedürü durdurmakyeniden tüm dizileri transfer olan. Bu durdurmak ve ameliyat tarihine bağlı olarak daha sonra devam etmek mümkündür. </li><li> Cerrahi navigasyon sistemi programını açın. Dosya ve ardından İthalat DICOM tıklayın. Yukarıda belirtilen tüm dizileri için bu işlemi üç kez tekrarlayın. <ol><li> Görüntülemek için Ekle &#39;yi tıklatın. Ayrı ayrı, her sekansı ekleyin. Don `t Manzaralı devam etmek deneyin. </li></ol></li><li> Araçlar tıklayın. Açık DTI tensör hazırlanması. Ekranın ortasında yeni bir pencere gözlemleyin. </li><li> Dört aşağıdaki adımları tamamlayın. <ol><li> İlk adım olarak Degrade Atama gerçekleştirin. <ol><li> Pencerenin sağ alt 1000 s 800 / mm² b-değeri değiştirin. </li><li> Pencerenin sağ üst Eşik ayarlayın. Basit bir numara yazarken veya imleci hareket ettirerek elle bunu yapmak. 20 kabul edilebilir bir değeri olabilir. Bu kişisel bir deneyimdir ve bu zorunlu değildir. </li></ol></li><li> İkinci adım olarak Degrade Kayıt gerçekleştirin. <ol> &lt;li&gt; düğmesini Tüm Oto tıklayın. Bu işlem 5 dakika kadar sürer. </li><li> Tüm Kayıtlar doğrulayın tıklayın. Kayıtları doğrulayarak olmadan devam etmek mümkün değildir. </li></ol></li><li> Üçüncü adım olarak Coregistration gerçekleştirin. <ol><li> Coregister MR1&#39;in ve elle b0 MR2 görüntüler. Sonunda tüm Kayıtları doğrulayın. NOT: Bu otomatik olarak bu adımı gerçekleştirmek mümkündür. Bununla birlikte, sonuçlar, sonunda her zaman tatmin edici olmayabilir. </li></ol></li><li> Dördüncü ve son aşama olarak tensör hesabı yapmak, <ol><li> Emin FA / Aralık / ADC üzerinde olduğundan emin olun. Eğer AÇIK tıklatın. </li><li> Compute tıklayın. Bu prosedür sadece birkaç saniye sürer. </li></ol></li></ol></li><li> Tüm verileri kaydetmek ve fibertracking devam. Her şeyi kaydetmeden bitmiyor. </li></ol> 3. Fibertracking NOT: Görsel yolunun anatomik bilgisi başarılı bir sonuç için çok önemlidir. <ol style = &quot;margin-left: 40px;&quot;&gt; <li> Lifler gitmek zorunda üç önemli noktaları bulmak için hazırlayın. </li><li> Anatomik bilgiyi kullanarak optik kiazma belirleyin. <ol><li> Bir başlangıç ​​noktası olarak bir ROI kullanın ve lifler üzerinden gidelim. ROI hekim tarafından belirlenir. </li><li> Alternatif segment şüpheli bölge. Alt Kesimlemeyi sol tıklatın ve yeni bir pencere açılacaktır. Parçalara alanları anatomik alanları olarak tanımlanır. <ol><li> Elle bölgeyi boyayın. Bütün optik kiazma dahil aşağı yukarı ilerleyin ve. Prosedürü kaydedin ve geri gitmek. </li></ol></li><li> Ilgi bölgesi ya da parçalara ayrılmış alan ya da her ikisi ya da lifler takip edin. </li><li> Lifler görsel yolunun ikinci önemli nokta, sol genikulate çekirdeğini (LGN&#39;nin), ulaşmak. En geniş sahte yolları riski açısı çok yüksek ise, ile artacak 50 idi. <ol><li> Kiyazmanın gösterildiği gibi Lgn segmente bir olasılık vardırve daha sonra lifler izler. Kiyazmanın ya da tam tersi olarak Lgn ve bitiş çalıştırmak optik chiasm, parça lifleri segmente ettikten sonra. </li></ol></li><li> Segment görsel korteks. Kiazmada durumunda olduğu gibi devam edin. 3DT1-ağırlıklı görüntü 160 dilimler içeriyorsa bu biraz zaman alabilir. </li><li> Lgn için görsel korteks lifleri izlemek. Bir de görsel kortekse Lgn onları izlemek mümkün. </li><li> Görsel korteks, tümör veya ödem tarafından işgal edilirse, bir bölümlere ayrılmış alanının yerine bir ilgi alanı kullanmak ve ardından Lgn bir yönde uzanır lifleri sağlar. NOT: ödem sonra görsel korteksi istila olabilir bazen kesimliyse sonra görsel korteks bilgisayar aralarında ayrım yapamam çünkü tamamen segmented mümkün olmayabilir. Neden gerekli olduğunu That`s bir yatırım getirisi koymak. </li><li> Diğer yarımkürede için her şeyi tekrarlayın. </li><li> İlk sağlıklı hemisfer ile başlayın. NOT: Itmümkün de başka biri ile başlamak için ama bu durum hakkında bir fikir ilk haline ilk sağlıklı yarımkürenin lifleri izlemek daha kolay olabilir. Bu sadece bir tavsiyedir, zorunlu değildir. </li></ol></li><li> Segment serebral lezyon ve ödem. 3.2.2 Yukarıda belirtildiği gibi devam edin. <ol><li> Daha iyi ayırt etmek için her segmente alanda veya lezyon için bir renk atayın. </li></ol></li><li> Beklenmedik olaylar durumunda ya da acil bir durumda her adımdan sonra prosedürü kaydedin. </li><li> Yerel tüm verileri. Doğrudan ameliyathaneye ihracat mümkündür ancak tavsiye olmuyormuş. <ol><li> Basın Dosya ve ardından İhracat 3D nesneler. Sadece Navigasyon Sınav ihracat emin olun. </li><li> Don `t Hibrid Sınavı ihracat. </li></ol></li><li> Kranial girin. Doğru hasta seçin, daha sonra Stealthmerge basın. Referans sınavı olarak 3DT1 ağırlıklı görüntüleri seçin. </li><li> 3D modelini oluşturun ve her şeyi yerleştirin. </li><li> Veri alma in operasyon odası. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Fernandez-Miranda, J. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-Definition+Fiber+Tractography+of+the+Human+Brain:+Neuroanatomical+Validation+and+Neurosurgical+Applications.">High-Definition Fiber Tractography of the Human Brain: Neuroanatomical Validation and Neurosurgical Applications.</a> Neurosurgery. 71 (2), 430-453 (2012).</li><li>Alexander, D. C., Barker, G. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optimal+imaging+parameters+for+fiber-orientation+estimation+in+diffusion+MRI.">Optimal imaging parameters for fiber-orientation estimation in diffusion MRI.</a> Neuroimage. 27 (2), 357-367 (2005).</li><li>Le Bihan, D., Poupon, C., Amadon, A., Lethimonnier, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Artifacts+and+pitfalls+in+diffusion+MRI.">Artifacts and pitfalls in diffusion MRI.</a> J Magn Reson Imaging. 24 (3), 478-488 (2006).</li><li>Abdullah, K. G., Lubelski, D., Nucifora, P. G., Brem, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+of+diffusion+tensor+imaging+in+glioma+resection.">Use of diffusion tensor imaging in glioma resection.</a> Neurosurg Focus. 34 (4), (2013).</li><li>Ota, T., Kawai, K., Kamada, K., Kin, T., Saito, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intraoperative+monitoring+of+cortically+recorded+visual+response+for+posterior+visual+pathway.">Intraoperative monitoring of cortically recorded visual response for posterior visual pathway.</a> J Neurosurg. 112, 285-294 (2010).</li><li>Gras-Combe, G., Moritz-Gasser, S., Herbet, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intraoperative+subcortical+electrical+mapping+of+optic+radiations+in+awake+surgery+for+glioma+involving+visual+pathways.">Intraoperative subcortical electrical mapping of optic radiations in awake surgery for glioma involving visual pathways.</a> J Neurosurg. 117 (3), 466-473 (2012).</li><li>Maruyama, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optic+radiation+tractography+integrated+into+simulated+treatment+planning+for+Gamma+Knife+surgery.">Optic radiation tractography integrated into simulated treatment planning for Gamma Knife surgery.</a> J Neurosurg. 107, 721-726 (2007).</li><li>Bérubé, J., McLaughlin, N., Bourgouin, P., Beaudoin, G., Bojanowski, M. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Diffusion+tensor+imaging+analysis+of+long+association+bundles+in+the+presence+of+an+arteriovenous+malformation.">Diffusion tensor imaging analysis of long association bundles in the presence of an arteriovenous malformation.</a> J Neurosurg. 107 (3), 509-514 (2007).</li><li>Sun, G. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intraoperative+High-Field+Magnetic+Resonance+Imaging+Combined+With+Fiber+Tract+Neuronavigation-Guided+Resection+of+Cerebral+Lesions+Involving+Optic+Radiation.">Intraoperative High-Field Magnetic Resonance Imaging Combined With Fiber Tract Neuronavigation-Guided Resection of Cerebral Lesions Involving Optic Radiation.</a> Neurosurgery. 69 (5), 1070-1084 (2011).</li><li>Kamada, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+Monitoring+For+Visual+Pathway+Using+Real-Time+Visual+Evoked+Potentials+Aand+Optic-Radiation+Tractography.">Functional Monitoring For Visual Pathway Using Real-Time Visual Evoked Potentials Aand Optic-Radiation Tractography.</a> Neurosurgery. 57 (1 Suppl), 121-127 (2005).</li><li>Wu, W., Rigolo, L., O'Donnell, L. J., Norton, I., Shriver, S., Golby, A. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Visual+Pathway+Study+Using+In+Vivo+Diffusion+Tensor+Imaging+Tractography+to+Complement+Classic+Anatomy.">Visual Pathway Study Using In Vivo Diffusion Tensor Imaging Tractography to Complement Classic Anatomy.</a> Neurosurgery. 70 (1 Suppl Operative), 145-156 (2012).</li><li>Stieglitz, L. H., L&#252;demann, W. O., Giordano, M., Raabe, A., Fahlbusch, R., Samii, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optic+Radiation+Fiber+Tracking+Using+Anteriorly+Angulated+Diffusion+Tensor+Imaging:+A+Tested+Algorithm+for+Quick+Application.">Optic Radiation Fiber Tracking Using Anteriorly Angulated Diffusion Tensor Imaging: A Tested Algorithm for Quick Application.</a> Neurosurgery. 68 (5), 1239-1251 (2011).</li><li>Hodaie, M., Quan, J., Chen, D. Q. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+Vivo+Visualization+of+Cranial+Nerve+Pathways+in+Humans+Using+Diffusion-Based+Tractography.">In Vivo Visualization of Cranial Nerve Pathways in Humans Using Diffusion-Based Tractography.</a> Neurosurgery. 66 (4), 788-795 (2010).</li><li>Perrin, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fiber+tracking+in+Q-ball+fields+using+regularized+particle+trajectories.">Fiber tracking in Q-ball fields using regularized particle trajectories.</a> Inf Process Med Imaging. 19, 52-63 (2005).</li><li>Wedeen, V. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Diffusion+spectrum+magnetic+resonance+imaging+(DSI)+tractography+of+crossing+fibers.">Diffusion spectrum magnetic resonance imaging (DSI) tractography of crossing fibers.</a> Neuroimage. 41 (4), 1267-1277 (2008).</li><li>Yamamoto, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Diffusion+Tensor+Fiber+Tractography+of+the+Optic+Radiation:+Analysis+with+6-,+12-,+40-,+and+81-+Directional+Motion-Probing+Gradients,+a+Preliminary+Study.">Diffusion Tensor Fiber Tractography of the Optic Radiation: Analysis with 6-, 12-, 40-, and 81- Directional Motion-Probing Gradients, a Preliminary Study.</a> AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 28 (1), 92-96 (2007).</li><li>Okada, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Diffusion+Tensor+Fiber+Tractography+for+Arteriovenous+Malformations:+Quantitative+Analyses+to+Evaluate+the+Corticospinal+Tract+and+Optic+Radiation.">Diffusion Tensor Fiber Tractography for Arteriovenous Malformations: Quantitative Analyses to Evaluate the Corticospinal Tract and Optic Radiation.</a> AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 28 (6), 1107-1113 (2007).</li><li>Kuhnt, D., Bauer, M. H., Sommer, J., Merhof, D., Nimsky, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optic+Radiation+Fiber+Tractography+in+Glioma+Patients+Based+on+High+Angular+Resolution+Diffusion+Imaging+with+Compressed+Sensing+Compared+with+Diffusion+Tensor+Imaging+-+Initial+Experience.">Optic Radiation Fiber Tractography in Glioma Patients Based on High Angular Resolution Diffusion Imaging with Compressed Sensing Compared with Diffusion Tensor Imaging - Initial Experience.</a> PLoS One. 8 (7), e70973 (2013).</li><li>Basser, P. J., Pajevic, S., Pierpaoli, C., Duda, J., Aldroubi, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vivo+fiber+tractography+using+DT-MRI+data.">In vivo fiber tractography using DT-MRI data.</a> Magn Reson Med. 44 (4), 625-632 (2000).</li><li>Friman, O., Farneback, G., Westin, C. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Bayesian+approach+for+stochastic+white+matter+tractography.">A Bayesian approach for stochastic white matter tractography.</a> IEEE Trans Med Imaging. 25 (8), 965-978 (2006).</li><li>Mori, S., van Zijl, P. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fiber+tracking:+principles+and+strategies+-+a+technical+review.">Fiber tracking: principles and strategies - a technical review.</a> NMR Biomed. 15 (7-8), 468-480 (2002).</li><li>Alexander, D. C., Barker, G. J., Arridge, S. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Detection+and+modeling+of+non-Gaussian+apparent+diffusion+coefficient+profiles+in+human+brain+data.">Detection and modeling of non-Gaussian apparent diffusion coefficient profiles in human brain data.</a> Magn Reson Med. 48 (2), 331-340 (2002).</li><li>Mori, S., Crain, B. J., Chacko, V. P., van Zijl, P. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Three-dimensional+tracking+of+axonal+projections+in+the+brain+by+magnetic+resonance+imaging.">Three-dimensional tracking of axonal projections in the brain by magnetic resonance imaging.</a> Ann Neurol. 45, 265-269 (1999).</li><li>Conturo, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tracking+neuronal+fiber+pathways+in+the+living+human+brain.">Tracking neuronal fiber pathways in the living human brain.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 96, 10422-10427 (1999).</li><li>Poupon, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regularization+of+diffusion-based+direction+maps+for+the+tracking+of+brain+white+matter+fascicles.">Regularization of diffusion-based direction maps for the tracking of brain white matter fascicles.</a> Neuroimage. 12, 184-195 (2000).</li><li>Parker, G. J., Haroon, H. A., Wheeler-Kingshott, C. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+framework+for+a+streamline-based+probabilistic+index+of+connectivity+(PICo)+using+a+structural+interpretation+of+MRI+diffusion+measurements.">A framework for a streamline-based probabilistic index of connectivity (PICo) using a structural interpretation of MRI diffusion measurements.</a> J Magn Reson Imaging. 18, 242-254 (2003).</li><li>Behrens, T. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Non-invasive+mapping+of+connections+between+human+thalamus+and+cortex+using+diffusion+imaging.">Non-invasive mapping of connections between human thalamus and cortex using diffusion imaging.</a> Nat Neurosci. 6, 750-757 (2003).</li><li>Reinges, M. H., Schoth, F., Coenen, V. A., Krings, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Imaging+of+postthalamic+visual+fiber+tracts+by+anisotropic+diffusion+weighted+MRI+and+diffusion+tensor+imaging:+principles+and+applications.">Imaging of postthalamic visual fiber tracts by anisotropic diffusion weighted MRI and diffusion tensor imaging: principles and applications.</a> European Journal of Radiology. 49, 91-104 (2004).</li><li>Sherbondy, A. J., Dougherty, R. F., Napel, S., Wandell, B. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identifying+the+human+optic+radiation+using+diffusion+imaging+and+fiber.">Identifying the human optic radiation using diffusion imaging and fiber.</a> J. Vis. 8 (10), (2008).</li></ol>

The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

DTI vivo 8 beyaz cevher yolları görselleştirmek için nöroşirürjiyene sağlayan bir tekniktir. Görsel yolu, bu yolları biridir. Bu yöntem, bu tekniğin bazı sınırlamalar hala var olduğunu söylemek zorunda beynin beliğ bölgelerini ilgilendiren lezyonları olan hastaların tedavisi ile ilgili yeni olanaklar hekimlere sağlasa. Ilk ve en belirgin zorluk soruşturma altında 4 önemli bir konudur beyin kayması vardır. Tümör veya ameliyat öncesi gibi aynı koşulla...

Difüzyon tensör görüntüleme (DTG), insan beyninde 1 non-invaziv WMT canlandıracak için kullanılır. Ameliyat sırasında 1 beyin alanları anlamlı zarar verme riskini azaltmak için, son on yıl içinde kullanılmıştır. DTI görsel yolu göstermeye Mart 2012 ve Ocak 2014 tarihleri ​​arasında elli hastada uygulandı. DTI beyaz cevher yollarının anatomik konumu hakkında önemli bilgiler vererek ameliyat sırasında beynin beliğ alanlarının korunmasını arttırmak olabilir. Bu kompleks beyin lezyonları 1 rezeksiyonu için stratejik planlamasına dahil edilmiştir. DTI, tohum hacimleri ve sonuçları 12 yorumlama yerleştirme parametreleri için bir standart yoktur çünkü Ancak, görsel yolunun canlandırdığı bir sorun olmaya devam etmektedir. Farklı algoritmalar kadar 19-21 uygulanmıştır. Bazı yaklaşımlar deterministik yöntemleri üzerinde yoğunlaşmıştır 19, 22-25. Diğerleri 26,27,29, olasılık yöntemleri kullanılarak yapılmıştır. Daha yakın zamanlarda, Q-top tensör alanlarını, difüzyon spektrum görüntüleme ve Yüksek Açısal Çözünürlük Difüzyon Görüntüleme (Hardi) kullanılmaktadır teknikler kullanarak başkalarının görme yolları 1,13-15,18 arasında beyaz cevher risaleler tasvir. Bununla birlikte, HARDI için gereken süre 45 dakika önemli ölçüde daha uzun olan, yazılım ticari olarak mevcut değildir ve bilimsel uygulamalar 18 vurgulamaktadır. HARDI için öğretim süresi uzun DTI 18 için daha görünüyor. Sunulan protokol kolay uygulanabilir olması ve postoperatif sonucu morbidite önlemek ve iyileştirmek için nöroşirurji operasyonlarında günlük rutin için kullanılabilir. Bu protokol için ek süre diğer protokol 1,9,12,16 önemli ölçüde daha hızlı daha az 9 dk. Birçok gelişmiş algoritmalar kağıt kısıtlar son zamanlarda geliştirilen bu gerçeği kabulkendisi, bir ticari olarak temin edilebilir ve FDA onaylı yazılım kullanımı ile ilgilidir. Bununla birlikte, göz önüne, yukarıda belirtilen bu tekniğin kısıtlamaları almak için zorunludur.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="627">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Name of Material/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">3-Tesla-MRI</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">General Electric</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">&#160;Signa LX version 9.1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Surgical Navigation System Srogram</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Medtronic</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:173px;">9734478</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Surgical Navigation System Srogram</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Medtronic</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">4500810331&#160; 20016318</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

dti of the visual pathway - white matter tracts and cerebral lesions

<html> DTI non-invaziv difüzyon ölçümleri kullanılarak sağlıklı ve sağlıklı olmayan hastalarda beyaz cevher yolları (WMT) tanımlayan bir tekniktir. Görme yollarının (VP) benzer, WMT klasik MR veya intra-operatif mikroskop ile görülebilir değildir. DIT Bu WMT bitişik lezyonları çıkarırken beyin cerrahları VP yıkımı önlemeye yardımcı olacaktır. Biz bir 3DT1 ağırlıklı dizisi kullanıldı gezinmek için Ocak 2014 Mart 2012 tarihleri ​​arasında ameliyat öncesi ve sonrası elli hasta üzerinde DTI gerçekleştirdik. Ayrıca, T2 ağırlıklı ve DTI-dizileri gerçekleştirildi. 200 x 200 mm, dilim kalınlığı: 2 mm, ve satın alma matriks: 96 x 96 2 x 2 x 2 mm yaklaşık izotropik vokselleri veren kullanılan parametreler, FOV vardı. Eksenel MR 32 degrade yönünü ve bir b0-görüntü kullanılarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Biz 2 hızlanma faktör ve 800 s / mm²&#39;ye b-değeri ile Eko-Planar-Görüntüleme (EPI) ve VARLIĞI paralel görüntüleme kullanılır. Tarama süresi az 9 dk. ent &quot;&gt; FDA sürekli takibi (AÇEP) ile lif atama olarak bilinen basit bir lif izleme yaklaşım kullanır cerrahi navigasyon sistemi programını onayladı kullanılarak işlendi elde DTI-veri. Bu ilgi bölgeler arasındaki çizgilerin yayılması (dayalıdır Bir hekim tarafından tanımlanır ROI). 50 maksimum açısı, FA lar Traktografinin için kullanılan parametreler vardı 0.10 değer ve 0.20 mm ² / &#39;ADC durdurma değerini başlar. Bu tekniğin bazı sınırlamalar vardır. Sınırlı alma zamanı çerçevesi görüntü kalitesinde ödünleşimleri zorlar. Ihmal edilmemesi gereken başka bir önemli nokta ameliyat sırasında beyin değişikliğidir. Ikincisi intra-operatif MR için de yararlı olabilir. Ayrıca yanlış pozitif veya yanlış negatif yolları riski kesin sonuçları tehlikeye atabilir dikkate alınmalıdır.

<html> Bu protokol yeterince VP büyük parçalar canlandıracak doktora sağlar. Bu anlamlı alanların yanındaki beyin lezyonu olan hastalarda bir hasarı önlemek için zaman küçük bir miktarı ile de kullanılabilir. Ameliyat sonrası kontroller de iyi sonuçlar göstermektedir. Hasta bir glioblastoma çalıştırılabilir sonra VP Şekil 7&#39;de tasvir edilir. 2 glioblastoma nüks sonra VP göstermektedir. Yazarlar önemli bir sorun olmaya devam Meyer döngü t...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about DTI of the Visual Pathway - White Matter Tracts and Cerebral Lesions at JoVE.com

DTI of the Visual Pathway - White Matter Tracts and Cerebral Lesions

Difüzyon tensör görüntüleme (DTG) görsel yolunun büyük parçalar tasvir etmeye yapıldı. Amaç FDA hastalarda görme yolunun postoperatif hasarı azaltmak için denemek için günlük rutin için standart olarak kullanılan ticari iş istasyonu onaylı kullanmak olmuştur.

Görsel yola¤ DTI - Beyaz Cevher Yollar ve Serebral Lezyonlar

DTI is a technique that identifies white matter tracts (WMT) non-invasively in healthy and non-healthy patients using diffusion measurements. Similar to ...

dti-of-the-visual-pathway-white-matter-tracts-and-cerebral-lesions

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

13.9K Görüntüleme.  Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg.  Difüzyon tensör görüntüleme (DTG) görsel yolunun büyük parçalar tasvir etmeye yapıldı. Amaç FDA hastalarda görme yolunun postoperatif hasarı azaltmak için denemek için günlük rutin için standart olarak kullanılan ticari iş istasyonu onaylı kullanmak olmuştur. 

Video: DTI of the Visual Pathway - White Matter Tracts and Cerebral Lesions

The Application Of Permanent Middle Cerebral Artery Ligation in the Mouse

Focal cerebral ischemia is among the most common type of stroke seen in patients. Due to the clinical significance there has been a prolonged effort to develop suitable animal models to study the events that unfold during ischemic insult. These techniques include transient or permanent, focal or global ischemia models using many different animal models, with the most common being rodents.
The permanent MCA ligation method which is also referred as pMCAo in the literature is used extensively as a focal ischemia model in rodents 1-6. This method was originally described for rats by Tamura et al. in 1981 7. In this protocol a craniotomy was used to access the MCA and the proximal regions were occluded by electrocoagulation. The infarcts involve mostly cortical and sometimes striatal regions depending on the location of the occlusion. This technique is now well established and used in many laboratories 8-13. Early use of this technique led to the definition and description of &#x201C;infarct core&#x201D; and &#x201C;penumbra&#x201D; 14-16, and it is often used to evaluate potential neuroprotective compounds 10, 12, 13, 17. Although the initial studies were performed in rats, permanent MCA ligation has been used successfully in mice with slight modifications 18-20 .
This model yields reproducible infarcts and increased post-survival rates. Approximately 80% of the ischemic strokes in humans happen in the MCA area 21 and thus this is a very relevant model for stroke studies. Currently, there is a paucity of effective treatments available to stroke patients, and thus there is a need for good models to test potential pharmacological compounds and evaluate physiological outcomes. This method can also be used for studying intracellular hypoxia response mechanisms in vivo. 
Here, we present the MCA ligation surgery in a C57/BL6 mouse. We describe the pre-surgical preparation, MCA ligation surgery and 2,3,5 Triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining for quantification of infarct volumes.

Middle cerebral artery (MCA) ligation is a technique to study focal cerebral ischemia in animal models. In this method, the middle cerebral artery is exposed by craniotomy and ligated by cauterization. This method gives highly reproducible infarct volumes and increased post-operative survival rates compared to other methods available.

Fare Daimi Orta Serebral Arter ligasyon Of Uygulama

Focal cerebral ischemia is among the most common type of stroke seen in patients. Due to the clinical significance there has been a prolonged effort to ...

Tıp

Driving Simulation in the Clinic: Testing Visual Exploratory Behavior in Daily Life Activities in Patients with Visual Field Defects

Patients suffering from homonymous hemianopia after infarction of the posterior cerebral artery (PCA) report different degrees of constraint in daily life, despite similar visual deficits. We assume this could be due to variable development of compensatory strategies such as altered visual scanning behavior. Scanning compensatory therapy (SCT) is studied as part of the visual training after infarction next to vision restoration therapy. SCT consists of learning to make larger eye movements into the blind field enlarging the visual field of search, which has been proven to be the most useful strategy1, not only in natural search tasks but also in mastering daily life activities2. Nevertheless, in clinical routine it is difficult to identify individual levels and training effects of compensatory behavior, since it requires measurement of eye movements in a head unrestrained condition. Studies demonstrated that unrestrained head movements alter the visual exploratory behavior compared to a head-restrained laboratory condition3. Martin et al.4 and Hayhoe et al.5 showed that behavior demonstrated in a laboratory setting cannot be assigned easily to a natural condition. Hence, our goal was to develop a study set-up which uncovers different compensatory oculomotor strategies quickly in a realistic testing situation: Patients are tested in the clinical environment in a driving simulator. SILAB software (Wuerzburg Institute for Traffic Sciences GmbH (WIVW)) was used to program driving scenarios of varying complexity and recording the driver's performance. The software was combined with a head mounted infrared video pupil tracker, recording head- and eye-movements (EyeSeeCam, University of Munich Hospital, Clinical Neurosciences).
The positioning of the patient in the driving simulator and the positioning, adjustment and calibration of the camera is demonstrated. Typical performances of a patient with and without compensatory strategy and a healthy control are illustrated in this pilot study. Different oculomotor behaviors (frequency and amplitude of eye- and head-movements) are evaluated very quickly during the drive itself by dynamic overlay pictures indicating where the subjects gaze is located on the screen, and by analyzing the data. Compensatory gaze behavior in a patient leads to a driving performance comparable to a healthy control, while the performance of a patient without compensatory behavior is significantly worse. The data of eye- and head-movement-behavior as well as driving performance are discussed with respect to different oculomotor strategies and in a broader context with respect to possible training effects throughout the testing session and implications on rehabilitation potential.

Patients with visual deficits after stroke report about different constraints in daily life most likely due to variable compensatory strategies, which are difficult to differentiate in clinical routine. We present a clinical set-up which allows measurement of different compensatory head- and eye-movement-strategies and evaluating their effects on driving performance.

Kliniğinde Simülasyon Sürüş: Görme Alanı Defekti Hastalarda Günlük Yaşam Aktiviteleri Visual Keşif Davranış Testi

Patients suffering from homonymous hemianopia after infarction of the posterior cerebral artery (PCA) report different degrees of constraint in daily ...

Optimized System for Cerebral Perfusion Monitoring in the Rat Stroke Model of Intraluminal Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion

The translational potential of pre-clinical stroke research depends on the accuracy of experimental modeling. Cerebral perfusion monitoring in animal models of acute ischemic stroke allows to confirm successful arterial occlusion and exclude subarachnoid hemorrhage. Cerebral perfusion monitoring can also be used to study intracranial collateral circulation, which is emerging as a powerful determinant of stroke outcome and a possible therapeutic target. Despite a recognized role of Laser Doppler perfusion monitoring as part of the current guidelines for experimental cerebral ischemia, a number of technical difficulties exist that limit its widespread use. One of the major issues is obtaining a secure and prolonged attachment of a deep-penetration Laser Doppler probe to the animal skull. In this video, we show our optimized system for cerebral perfusion monitoring during transient middle cerebral artery occlusion by intraluminal filament in the rat. We developed in-house a simple method to obtain a custom made holder for twin-fibre (deep-penetration) Laser Doppler probes, which allow multi-site monitoring if needed. A continuous and prolonged monitoring of cerebral perfusion could easily be obtained over the intact skull.

Cerebral perfusion monitoring has been demonstrated to improve accuracy in ischemic stroke models. Technical difficulties often limit the use of this essential tool for cerebrovascular research. In this video, an optimized system is shown to obtain a single or multi-site hemodynamic monitoring during intraluminal middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats.

Intraluminar Orta Serebral Arter Tıkanıklığı ve Sıçan Strok Model Serebral Perfüzyon İzleme için Optimize Sistemi

The translational potential of pre-clinical stroke research depends on the accuracy of experimental modeling. Cerebral perfusion monitoring in animal ...

Permanent Cerebral Vessel Occlusion via Double Ligature and Transection

Stroke is a leading cause of death, disability, and socioeconomic loss worldwide. The majority of all strokes result from an interruption in blood flow (ischemia) 1. Middle cerebral artery (MCA) delivers a great majority of blood to the lateral surface of the cortex 2, is the most common site of human stroke 3, and ischemia within its territory can result in extensive dysfunction or death 1,4,5. Survivors of ischemic stroke often suffer loss or disruption of motor capabilities, sensory deficits, and infarct. In an effort to capture these key characteristics of stroke, and thereby develop effective treatment, a great deal of emphasis is placed upon animal models of ischemia in MCA.
Here we present a method of permanently occluding a cortical surface blood vessel. We will present this method using an example of a relevant vessel occlusion that models the most common type, location, and outcome of human stroke, permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO). In this model, we surgically expose MCA in the adult rat and subsequently occlude via double ligature and transection of the vessel. This pMCAO blocks the proximal cortical branch of MCA, causing ischemia in all of MCA cortical territory, a large portion of the cortex. This method of occlusion can also be used to occlude more distal portions of cortical vessels in order to achieve more focal ischemia targeting a smaller region of cortex. The primary disadvantages of pMCAO are that the surgical procedure is somewhat invasive as a small craniotomy is required to access MCA, though this results in minimal tissue damage. The primary advantages of this model, however, are: the site of occlusion is well defined, the degree of blood flow reduction is consistent, functional and neurological impairment occurs rapidly, infarct size is consistent, and the high rate of survival allows for long-term chronic assessment.

Permanent Cerebral Vessel Occlusion via Double Ligature and Transection

We describe a highly reproducible method for the permanent occlusion of a rodent major cerebral blood vessel. This technique can be accomplished with very little peripheral damage, minimal blood loss, a high rate of long-term survival, and consistent infarct volume commensurate with the human clinical population.

Kalıcı Serebral Gemi Tıkanıklığı<em&gt; Ile</em&gt; Çift Ligature ve transeksiyonu

Stroke is a leading cause of death, disability, and socioeconomic loss worldwide. The majority of all strokes result from an interruption in blood flow ...

Generation and 3-Dimensional Quantitation of Arterial Lesions in Mice Using Optical Projection Tomography

The generation and analysis of vascular lesions in appropriate animal models is a cornerstone of research into cardiovascular disease, generating important information on the pathogenesis of lesion formation and the action of novel therapies. Use of atherosclerosis-prone mice, surgical methods of lesion induction, and dietary modification has dramatically improved understanding of the mechanisms that contribute to disease development and the potential of new treatments.
Classically, analysis of lesions is performed ex vivo using 2-dimensional histological techniques. This article describes application of optical projection tomography (OPT) to 3-dimensional quantitation of arterial lesions. As this technique is non-destructive, it can be used as an adjunct to standard histological and immunohistochemical analyses.
Neointimal lesions were induced by wire-insertion or ligation of the mouse femoral artery whilst atherosclerotic lesions were generated by administration of an atherogenic diet to apoE-deficient mice.
Lesions were examined using OPT imaging of autofluorescent emission followed by complementary histological and immunohistochemical analysis. OPT clearly distinguished lesions from the underlying vascular wall. Lesion size was calculated in 2-dimensional sections using planimetry, enabling calculation of lesion volume and maximal cross-sectional area. Data generated using OPT were consistent with measurements obtained using histology, confirming the accuracy of the technique and its potential as a complement (rather than alternative) to traditional methods of analysis.
This work demonstrates the potential of OPT for imaging atherosclerotic and neointimal lesions. It provides a rapid, much needed ex vivo technique for the routine 3-dimensional quantification of vascular remodelling.

Ex vivo analysis of arterial lesions from animal models of cardiovascular disease classically relies on histological and immunohistochemical techniques. These provide 2-dimensional measurements in 3-dimensional lesions. This manuscript describes the generation of arterial lesions for quantitative analysis in 3-dimensions using optical projection tomography.

Üretim ve Farelerde arteriyel Lezyonlarının 3-Boyutlu kantitasyonu Optik Projeksiyon Tomografi ile

The generation and analysis of vascular lesions in appropriate animal models is a cornerstone of research into cardiovascular disease, generating ...

Quantitative Analysis and Characterization of Atherosclerotic Lesions in the Murine Aortic Sinus

Atherosclerosis is a disease of the large arteries and a major underlying cause of myocardial infarction and stroke. Several different mouse models have been developed to facilitate the study of the molecular and cellular pathophysiology of this disease. In this manuscript we describe specific techniques for the quantification and characterization of atherosclerotic lesions in the murine aortic sinus and ascending aorta. The advantage of this procedure is that it provides an accurate measurement of the cross-sectional area and total volume of the lesion, which can be used to compare atherosclerotic progression across different treatment groups. This is possible through the use of the valve leaflets as an anatomical landmark, together with careful adjustment of the sectioning angle. We also describe basic staining methods that can be used to begin to characterize atherosclerotic progression. These can be further modified to investigate antigens of specific interest to the researcher. The described techniques are generally applicable to a wide variety of existing and newly created dietary and genetically-induced models of atherogenesis.

We describe procedures to quantify and characterize atherosclerotic lesions in mouse models using precision sectioning of the aortic sinus and ascending aorta combined with histochemical and immunohistochemical analysis.

Atherosclerosis is a disease of the large arteries and a major underlying cause of myocardial infarction and stroke. Several different mouse models have ...

Dynamic Visual Tests to Identify and Quantify Visual Damage and Repair Following Demyelination in Optic Neuritis Patients

In order to follow optic neuritis patients and evaluate the effectiveness of their treatment, a handy, accurate and quantifiable tool is required to assess changes in myelination at the central nervous system (CNS). However, standard measurements, including routine visual tests and MRI scans, are not sensitive enough for this purpose. We present two visual tests addressing dynamic monocular and binocular functions which may closely associate with the extent of myelination along visual pathways. These include Object From Motion (OFM) extraction and Time-constrained stereo protocols. In the OFM test, an array of dots compose an object, by moving the dots within the image rightward while moving the dots outside the image leftward or vice versa. The dot pattern generates a camouflaged object that cannot be detected when the dots are stationary or moving as a whole. Importantly, object recognition is critically dependent on motion perception. In the Time-constrained Stereo protocol, spatially disparate images are presented for a limited length of time, challenging binocular 3-dimensional integration in time. Both tests are appropriate for clinical usage and provide a simple, yet powerful, way to identify and quantify processes of demyelination and remyelination along visual pathways. These protocols may be efficient to diagnose and follow optic neuritis and multiple sclerosis patients.
In the diagnostic process, these protocols may reveal visual deficits that cannot be identified via current standard visual measurements. Moreover, these protocols sensitively identify the basis of the currently unexplained continued visual complaints of patients following recovery of visual acuity. In the longitudinal follow up course, the protocols can be used as a sensitive marker of demyelinating and remyelinating processes along time. These protocols may therefore be used to evaluate the efficacy of current and evolving therapeutic strategies, targeting myelination of the CNS.

Object From Motion (OFM) and Time-constrained stereo protocols are sensitive tools to identify monocular and binocular dynamic visual function deficits, which are uniquely affected in optic neuritis patients. Furthermore, these tests may be used as quantitative noninvasive tools to assess the extent of myelination along visual pathways.

Optik nörit Hastalarda demiyelinizasyona ardından Görsel Hasar ve Onarım belirlemek ve ölçmek için dinamik Görsel Testler

In order to follow optic neuritis patients and evaluate the effectiveness of their treatment, a handy, accurate and quantifiable tool is required to ...

A Versatile Murine Model of Subcortical White Matter Stroke for the Study of Axonal Degeneration and White Matter Neurobiology

Stroke affecting white matter accounts for up to 25% of clinical stroke presentations, occurs silently at rates that may be 5-10 fold greater, and contributes significantly to the development of vascular dementia. Few models of focal white matter stroke exist and this lack of appropriate models has hampered understanding of the neurobiologic mechanisms involved in injury response and repair after this type of stroke. The main limitation of other subcortical stroke models is that they do not focally restrict the infarct to the white matter or have primarily been validated in non-murine species. This limits the ability to apply the wide variety of murine research tools to study the neurobiology of white matter stroke. Here we present a methodology for the reliable production of a focal stroke in murine white matter using a local injection of an irreversible eNOS inhibitor. We also present several variations on the general protocol including two unique stereotactic variations, retrograde neuronal tracing, as well as fresh tissue labeling and dissection that greatly expand the potential applications of this technique. These variations allow for multiple approaches to analyze the neurobiologic effects of this common and understudied form of stroke.

Here we present methodology for the production of a focal stroke in murine white matter by local injection of an irreversible endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) inhibitor (L-Nio). Presented are two stereotactic variations, retrograde neuronal tracing, and fresh tissue labeling and dissection that expand the potential applications of this technique.

Aksonal Dejenerasyon ve Beyaz Cevher Nörobiyoloji Çalışması Çok Yönlü Fare Modeli subkortikal beyaz madde İnme

Stroke affecting white matter accounts for up to 25% of clinical stroke presentations, occurs silently at rates that may be 5-10 fold greater, and ...

Autologous Microfractured and Purified Adipose Tissue for Arthroscopic Management of Osteochondral Lesions of the Talus

In recent years, regenerative techniques have been increasingly studied and used to treat osteochondral lesions of the talus. In particular, several studies have focused their attention on mesenchymal stem cells derived from adipose tissue. Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) exhibit morphological characteristics and properties similar to other mesenchymal cells, and are able to differentiate into several cellular lines. Moreover, these cells are also widely available in the subcutaneous tissue, representing 10 - 30% of the normal body weight, with a concentration of 5,000 cells per gram of tissue.
In the presented technique, the first step involves harvesting ADSCs from the abdomen and a process of microfracture and purification; next, the surgical procedure is performed entirely arthroscopically, with less soft tissue dissection, better joint visualization, and a faster recovery compared with standard open procedures. Arthroscopy is characterized by a first phase in which the lesion is identified, isolated, and prepared with microperforations; the second step, performed dry, involves injection of adipose tissue at the level of the lesion.
Between January 2016 and September 2016, four patients underwent arthroscopic treatment of osteochondral lesion of the talus with microfractured and purified adipose tissue. All patients reported clinical improvement six months after surgery with no reported complications. Functional scores at the latest follow-up are encouraging and confirm that the technique provides reliable pain relief and improvements in patients with osteochondral lesion of the talus.

The aim of this study is to report a protocol for the arthroscopic treatment of osteochondral lesions of the talus using microfractured and purified adipose-derived stem cells.

Otolog Microfractured ve saf yağ dokusu osteokondral lezyon Talus, artroskopik yönetimi için

In recent years, regenerative techniques have been increasingly studied and used to treat osteochondral lesions of the talus. In particular, several ...

Assessment of Static Graviceptive Perception in the Roll-Plane using the Subjective Visual Vertical Paradigm

Vestibular disorders are among the most common syndromes in medicine. In recent years, new vestibular diagnostic systems have been introduced that allow the examination of all semicircular canals in the clinical setting. Assessment methods of the otolithic system, which is responsible for the perception of linear acceleration and perception of gravity, are far less in clinical use. There are several experimental approaches for measuring the perception of gravity. The most frequently used method is the determination of the subjective visual vertical. This is usually measured with the head in an upright position. We present here an assessment method for testing otolith function in the roll plane. The subjective visual vertical is measured in the head upright position as well as with head inclination of &#177; 15&#176; and &#177; 30&#176; in the roll plane. This extended functional paradigm is an easy-to-perform clinical test of otolith function and ensures increased information content for the detection of impaired graviceptive perception.

The perception of gravity is commonly determined by the subjective visual vertical in the head upright position. The additional assessment at head tilts of &#177; 15&#176; and &#177; 30&#176; in the roll plane ensures increased information content for the detection of impaired graviceptive perception.

Öznel Görsel Dikey Paradigma kullanılarak Rulo Düzlemde Statik Graviceptive Algının Değerlendirilmesi

Vestibular disorders are among the most common syndromes in medicine. In recent years, new vestibular diagnostic systems have been introduced that allow ...