The authors wish to thank Carl Hobbs and Lindsey Majoram for their technical assistance, and Professor Pat Doherty for use of microscopy facilities. Dr. Agley was supported by a studentship from King&#8217;s College London. Funding from the Spurrell Trust is also acknowledged.

<ol>
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The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

我々は、筋生検材料の少量の試料からのヒト筋肉由来前駆体の選択的濃縮のためimmunomagentic選別手順を記載している。この手法は、線維芽細胞にヒト筋肉由来の文化の損失を克服するための、だけでなく、筋肉由来前駆細胞の異なる集団のユニークな振る舞いを理解するための私たちの研究室では非常に貴重なてきた。精製した後筋原細胞は、タンパク質および/または遺伝子発現の変化を調?...

骨格筋の修復および再生は2,3筋原幹細胞、衛星細胞1の作用を必要とする。 インビボでこれらの細胞はあらゆるmyofibreの筋細胞膜と基底膜の間に位置して可逆的に静止状態で存在するが、増殖するように活性化され、ヒューズ及び筋肉組織として分化するが、損傷を受けた修理および3を再生する。衛星細胞は、酵素消化4を用いて、若年および高齢のヒト筋肉生検試料から単離することができ、それらの筋形成特性は、その後、初代培養5に研究することができる。細胞集団の両方の収率および純度に関して、この分離プロセスの効率は、使用される方法に依存し、サンプル間で変化し得る。酵素消化から得られた二つの主要な接着細胞型は、CD56 + /デスミン細胞、およびμとして最初に同定された衛 ​​星細胞（現在称される筋原細胞又は筋前駆細胞）、あるCD56として識別SCLE由来線維芽細胞、 -とTE7 +細胞5。線維芽細胞は、急速な増殖率を持っており、筋原細胞のような細胞間接触の際に不可逆的な増殖停止および最終分化を受けない。したがって、混合集団に、線維芽細胞は、文化を支配する筋原細胞をオーバーランすることができる。 線維芽細胞は、多くの場合、しかし、それ自体で研究の価値がある細胞のような線維芽細胞への関心の高まりは、それらが筋肉修復6時の筋原細胞との協力的な役割を持っていることが示されている、特にとして、今そこにある、筋肉の生物学者のための刺激として見てきた。ヒト筋肉異なる細胞型の単離および精製は、このように、培養中の両方の細胞型の先天性挙動を調査しようとしている方法論の重要な考慮事項である。蛍光活性化細胞選別（FACS）は、細胞は、さらなる研究のために選別することができる方法、および/または、計数し分析した。 FACSは、確実に、ヒト筋原細胞を濃縮することが示されているが、その後の培養のための細胞の収率は、これまで7高くはなかった。そのような老化4に関連した衛星細胞由来の筋原細胞と非常に貧しい増殖や分化などの体細胞の限定された複製の可能性を考えると、より穏やかなアプローチが必要とされる。シングル筋線維培養は別のは、あまり積極的で、彼らのsublaminalニッチと文化8,9におけるそれらの活性化の後にまだ常駐マウス衛星細胞を得る手段を提供。しかし、これは、この技術がヒト筋肉由来細胞を研究することに興味の多くの研究室にアクセス可能でないかもしれないことを意味する（繊維はめったに腱の腱から得ることができないため）、ヒト筋生検材料からしばしば不可能である。また、単繊維の技術は非常に限られた細胞数を提供する。 ここでは、GENに基づいて並べ替えのシステムを説明TLEの酵素コラゲナーゼを用いて細胞の消化と高純度（&gt; 95％筋原細胞）および収率（〜2.8×10 6±8.87×10 5細胞/両方を与えソーティング（MACS）、磁気活性化細胞の2連続ラウンドが続くディスパーゼ培養での実験のためのg組織）。 CD56は、in situ 10 およびインビトロ 11 におけるヒト衛星細胞の同定のためのゴールドスタンダード表面マーカーとみなされ、ビーズ結合のための理想的な表面マーカー候補を提供している。このアプローチのCD56に酸化鉄および多糖を含む超常磁性ビーズに結合した抗体を細胞に結合され、強磁場12,13に配置された高勾配磁気細胞分離カラムに通した。分離カラムは、強い磁場勾配を生成するそれらの表面に向かって磁力線を集中させる役割を果たす強磁性スチールウールや鉄球の行列（〜4tesla）14が充填されている。これらの列では、少しでも磁気細胞は、その表面14に引きつけられ吸着される。結合していない（CD56 - ）は、磁気マイクロビーズで標識されたCD56 +細胞は、磁界12,15から除去されるまで保持されているのに対し、細胞がカラムを通過する。 選別プロセスの任意の段階からの細胞懸濁液は、さらなる実験のために所望の密度で播種することができる。細胞成分は免疫細胞化学を用いて同定することができる特定の介入後、広視野または共焦点蛍光顕微鏡を用いて画像化し、任意の画像内のすべての標識細胞の急速な客観的測定を可能にする画像解析手法を用いて定量的に分析した。筋原細胞一方で、ヒト線維芽細胞は容易に脂肪細胞への分化転換-私たちの研究室では、そのCD56を実証するために、画像解析16に続いて、この二重の免疫磁気ソーティングアプローチを使用していた衛星由来のsがこの脂肪生成変換5に対して非常に耐性がある。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;width:169px;">Collagenase&#160; D</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Roche&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:89px;">11088866001</td>
			<td style="width:140px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="37">
			<td height="37" style="height:37px;width:169px;">Dispase II</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:89px;">D4693-1G</td>
			<td style="width:140px;">Must be filter sterilized before use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;width:169px;">Trypsin/EDTA</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">(Gibco) Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:89px;">15400-054</td>
			<td style="width:140px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;width:169px;">100 micron cell strainer</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">BD Biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:89px;">352360</td>
			<td style="width:140px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="37">
			<td height="37" style="height:37px;width:169px;">Collagen solution ( 3 mg/ml in 0.1% acetic acid)</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Sigma, Dorset, UK</td>
			<td style="width:89px;">C8919&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:140px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="37">
			<td height="37" style="height:37px;width:169px;">Minisart SRP15 syringe filter (0.2 micron)</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Sartorius</td>
			<td style="width:89px;">17573ACK</td>
			<td style="width:140px;">Polytetrafluorethylene (PTFE) membrane</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="55">
			<td height="55" style="height:55px;width:169px;">CD56 human Microbeads</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Miltenyi Biotech</td>
			<td style="width:89px;">130-050-401</td>
			<td style="width:140px;">Be aware of the limited shelf life of microbeads</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="37">
			<td height="37" style="height:37px;width:169px;">Anti- fibroblast Microbeads, human</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Miltenyi Biotech</td>
			<td style="width:89px;">130-050-601</td>
			<td style="width:140px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;width:169px;">40 &#956;m Pre-separation filters</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Miltenyi Biotech</td>
			<td style="width:89px;">130-041-407</td>
			<td style="width:140px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="129">
			<td height="129" style="height:129px;width:169px;">Large Cell Collumns</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Miltenyi Biotech</td>
			<td style="width:89px;">130-042-202</td>
			<td style="width:140px;">These columns come with a flow resistor. Use of the flow resistor is not necessary to obtain the high myogenic purities described here.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;width:169px;">LS columns&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Miltenyi Biotech</td>
			<td style="width:89px;">130-042-401</td>
			<td style="width:140px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="55">
			<td height="55" style="height:55px;width:169px;">MiniMacs Seperator</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Miltenyi Biotech</td>
			<td style="width:89px;">130-042-102</td>
			<td style="width:140px;">This separator fits the large cell column but not the LS column.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;width:169px;">MidiMACS</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Miltenyi Biotech&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:89px;">130-042-302</td>
			<td style="width:140px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;width:169px;">MACS multistand</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Miltenyi Biotech</td>
			<td style="width:89px;">130-042-303</td>
			<td style="width:140px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="37">
			<td height="37" style="height:37px;width:169px;">BSA</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:89px;"></td>
			<td style="width:140px;">Must be filter sterilized before use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;width:169px;">Oil Red O</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:89px;">O0625</td>
			<td style="width:140px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;width:169px;">Triethyl phosphate</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:89px;">538728</td>
			<td style="width:140px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="166">
			<td height="166" style="height:166px;width:169px;">Whatman Paper</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:89px;">Z241121-1PAK</td>
			<td style="width:140px;">No. 42, Ashless. To prepare the filter fold the circular filter paper to make a semi circle, then fold the semi-circle in half again to form a cone shape. Fit the cone into a funnel for filtering.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;width:169px;"></td>
			<td style="width:111px;"></td>
			<td style="width:89px;"></td>
			<td style="width:140px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="74">
			<td height="74" style="height:74px;width:169px;">ProLong Gold Antifade Reagent</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Molecular Probes, Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:89px;">P36930</td>
			<td style="width:140px;">This can be purchased with or without DAPI and does not quench initial fluorescence.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="55">
			<td height="55" style="height:55px;width:169px;">AxioVision</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Carl Zeiss</td>
			<td style="width:89px;">Contact Zeiss</td>
			<td style="width:140px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="52">
			<td height="52" style="height:52px;width:169px;">Adobe Photoshop CS5 Extended</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Adobe (purchased from Pugh Computers)</td>
			<td>ADPH16982*&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:140px;"></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

isolation and quantitative immunocytochemical characterization of primary myogenic cells and fibroblasts from human skeletal muscle

骨格筋の修復および再生は、常駐筋肉幹細胞である、衛星細胞の作用を必要とする。これらは、酵素消化を用いてヒト筋肉生検試料から単離することができ、それらの筋原性性質は、培養で研究。定量的には、酵素消化から得られた二つの主要な接着細胞型がある：CD56 +として最初に同定された（i）の衛星細胞は、（筋原細胞又は筋前駆細胞とも呼ばれる）、およびそれ以降のCD56 + /デスミン+細胞など、および（ii）muscle-とTE-7 + - CD56として識別由来の線維芽細胞、。線維芽細胞は培養液中で非常に効率的に増殖し、混合細胞集団においてこれらの細胞は、培養を支配する筋原細胞をオーバーランすることができる。培養中の細胞型のいずれかの生来の挙動を調査しようとしたときに、人間の筋肉とは異なる細胞型の単離および精製は、このように重要な方法論的な考慮事項である。ここでは、非難される両方の高純度（&gt; 95％筋原細胞）および良好な収率（〜を与えるコラゲナーゼを用いて細胞の穏やかな酵素消化に基づいて並べ替えや磁気活性化細胞選別（MACS）が続くディスパーゼのシステムをIBE 2.8×10 6±8.87培養での実験のためのin vitroでの 7日後に×10 5細胞/ g組織）。このアプローチは、CD56に対する抗体にコンジュゲートした磁気ビーズのビーズと混合筋肉由来細胞集団をインキュベートした後、磁場も細胞を通過させるに基づいている。細胞カラムを通過妨げられずに通過する- CD56が、一方、マイクロビーズに結合されたCD56 +細胞は、フィールドによって保持されている。選別プロセスの任意の段階からの細胞懸濁液を播種し、培養することができる。所与の介入、細胞の形態以下、核転写因子を含むタンパク質の発現および局在を免疫特異的な抗体で標識し、画像のpを用いて定量することができるrocessingと解析パッケージ。

精製された筋原細胞及び線維芽細胞は、脂肪生成のためのそれらの可能性を評価するための任意の場所の間で7〜30日間の脂肪生成栄養培地、続いて三日間脂肪細胞分化培地で培養することができる。脂肪生成および筋原性系統マーカーのための免疫染色と組み合わせて、精製された細胞集団を用いて、オイルレッドO染色のみ線維芽細胞画分は、脂肪細胞への分化が可能であったことを示した...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation and Quantitative Immunocytochemical Characterization of Primary Myogenic Cells and Fibroblasts from Human Skeletal Muscle at JoVE.com

Isolation and Quantitative Immunocytochemical Characterization of Primary Myogenic Cells and Fibroblasts from Human Skeletal Muscle

The main adherent cell types derived from human muscle are myogenic cells and fibroblasts. Here, cell populations are enriched using magnetic-activated cell sorting based on the CD56 antigen. Subsequent immunolabelling with specific antibodies and use of image analysis techniques allows quantification of cytoplasmic and nuclear characteristics in individual cells.

ヒト骨格筋からの一次筋原細胞および線維芽細胞の単離および定量的免疫組織化学的特性評価

The repair and regeneration of skeletal muscle requires the action of satellite cells, which are the resident muscle stem cells. These can be isolated ...

isolation-quantitative-immunocytochemical-characterization-primary

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

15.8K ビュー.  King's College London. The main adherent cell types derived from human muscle are myogenic cells and fibroblasts. Here, cell populations are enriched using magnetic-activated cell sorting based on the CD56 antigen. Subsequent immunolabelling with specific antibodies and use of image analysis techniques allows quantification of cytoplasmic and nuclear characteristics in individual cells. 

ビデオ: Isolation and Quantitative Immunocytochemical Characterization of Primary Myogenic Cells and Fibroblasts from Human Skeletal Muscle

Using Isolated Mitochondria from Minimal Quantities of Mouse Skeletal Muscle for High throughput Microplate Respiratory Measurements

Skeletal muscle mitochondria play a specific role in many disease pathologies. As such, the measurement of oxygen consumption as an indicator of mitochondrial function in this tissue has become more prevalent. Although many technologies and assays exist that measure mitochondrial respiratory pathways in a variety of cells, tissue and species, there is currently a void in the literature in regards to the compilation of these assays using isolated mitochondria from mouse skeletal muscle for use in microplate based technologies. Importantly, the use of microplate based respirometric assays is growing among mitochondrial biologists as it allows for high throughput measurements using minimal quantities of isolated mitochondria. Therefore, a collection of microplate based respirometric assays were developed that are able to assess mechanistic changes/adaptations in oxygen consumption in a commonly used animal model. The methods presented herein provide step-by-step instructions to perform these assays with an optimal amount of mitochondrial protein and reagents, and high precision as evidenced by the minimal variance across the dynamic range of each assay.

The methods presented provide step-by-step instructions for the performance of a collection of microplate based respirometric assays using isolated mitochondria from minimal quantities of mouse skeletal muscle. These assays are able to measure mechanistic changes/adaptations in mitochondrial oxygen consumption in a commonly used animal model.

ハイスループットマイクロプレート呼吸測定のためのマウス骨格筋の最小量から単離されたミトコンドリアを使用して

Skeletal muscle mitochondria play a specific role in many disease pathologies. As such, the measurement of oxygen consumption as an indicator of ...

発生生物学

Isolation and Characterization of Single Cells from Zebrafish Embryos

The zebrafish (Danio rerio) is a powerful model organism to study vertebrate development. Though many aspects of zebrafish embryonic development have been described at the morphological level, little is known about the molecular basis of cellular changes that occur as the organism develops. With recent advancements in microfluidics and multiplexing technologies, it is now possible to characterize gene expression in single cells. This allows for investigation of heterogeneity between individual cells of specific cell populations to identify and classify cell subtypes, characterize intermediate states that occur during cell differentiation, and explore differential cellular responses to stimuli. This study describes a protocol to isolate viable, single cells from zebrafish embryos for high throughput multiplexing assays. This method may be rapidly applied to any zebrafish embryonic cell type with fluorescent markers. An extension of this method may also be used in combination with high throughput sequencing technologies to fully characterize the transcriptome of single cells. As proof of principle, the relative abundance of cardiac differentiation markers was assessed in isolated, single cells derived from nkx2.5 positive cardiac progenitors. By evaluation of gene expression at the single cell level and at a single time point, the data support a model in which cardiac progenitors coexist with differentiating progeny. The method and work flow described here is broadly applicable to the zebrafish research community, requiring only a labeled transgenic fish line and access to microfluidics technologies.

This protocol describes a method for isolating single cells from zebrafish embryos, enriching for cells of interest, capturing zebrafish cells in microfluidic based single cell multiplex systems, and assessing gene expression from single cells.

ゼブラフィッシュ胚からの単一細胞の単離とキャラクタリゼーション

The zebrafish (Danio rerio) is a powerful model organism to study vertebrate development. Though many aspects of zebrafish embryonic development have been ...

Establishment of Proliferative Tetraploid Cells from Nontransformed Human Fibroblasts

Polyploid (mostly tetraploid) cells are often observed in preneoplastic lesions of human tissues and their chromosomal instability has been considered to be responsible for carcinogenesis in such tissues. Although proliferative polyploid cells are requisite for analyzing chromosomal instability of polyploid cells, creating such cells from nontransformed human cells is rather challenging. Induction of tetraploidy by chemical agents usually results in a mixture of diploid and tetraploid populations, and most studies employed fluorescence-activated cell sorting or cloning by limiting dilution to separate tetraploid from diploid cells. However, these procedures are time-consuming and laborious. The present report describes a relatively simple protocol to induce proliferative tetraploid cells from normal human fibroblasts with minimum contamination by diploid cells. Briefly, the protocol is comprised of the following steps: arresting cells in mitosis by demecolcine (DC), collecting mitotic cells after shaking off, incubating collected cells with DC for an additional 3 days, and incubating cells in drug-free medium (They resume proliferation as tetraploid cells within several days). Depending on cell type, the collection of mitotic cells by shaking off might be omitted. This protocol provides a simple and feasible method to establish proliferative tetraploid cells from normal human fibroblasts. Tetraploid cells established by this method could be a useful model for studying chromosome instability and the oncogenic potential of polyploid human cells.

Although proliferative polyploid cells are necessary to analyze chromosomal instability of polyploid cells, creating such cells from nontransformed human cells is not easy. The present report describes relatively simple procedures to establish proliferative tetraploid cells free of a diploid population from normal human fibroblasts.

非形質転換ヒト線維芽細胞から増殖性四倍体細胞の樹立

Polyploid (mostly tetraploid) cells are often observed in preneoplastic lesions of human tissues and their chromosomal instability has been considered to ...

Preparation and Culture of Myogenic Precursor Cells/Primary Myoblasts from Skeletal Muscle of Adult and Aged Humans

Skeletal muscle homeostasis depends on muscle growth (hypertrophy), atrophy and regeneration. During ageing and in several diseases, muscle wasting occurs. Loss of muscle mass and function is associated with muscle fiber type atrophy, fiber type switching, defective muscle regeneration associated with dysfunction of satellite cells, muscle stem cells, and other pathophysiological processes. These changes are associated with changes in intracellular as well as local and systemic niches. In addition to most commonly used rodent models of muscle ageing, there is a need to study muscle homeostasis and wasting using human models, which due to ethical implications, consist predominantly of in vitro cultures. Despite the wide use of human Myogenic Progenitor Cells (MPCs) and primary myoblasts in myogenesis, there is limited data on using human primary myoblast and myotube cultures to study molecular mechanisms regulating different aspects of age-associated muscle wasting, aiding in the validation of mechanisms of ageing proposed in rodent muscle. The use of human MPCs, primary myoblasts and myotubes isolated from adult and aged people, provides a physiologically relevant model of molecular mechanisms of processes associated with muscle growth, atrophy and regeneration. Here we describe in detail a robust, inexpensive, reproducible and efficient protocol for the isolation and maintenance of human MPCs&#160;and their progeny&#160;&#8212; myoblasts and myotubes from human muscle samples using enzymatic digestion. Furthermore, we have determined the passage number at which primary myoblasts from adult and aged people undergo senescence in an in vitro culture. Finally, we show the ability to transfect these myoblasts and the ability to characterize their proliferative and differentiation capacity and propose their suitability for performing functional studies of molecular mechanisms of myogenesis and muscle wasting in vitro.

This protocol describes a robust, reproducible and simple method of isolation and culture of myoblast progenitor cells from the skeletal muscle of adult and aged people. The muscles used here include foot and leg muscles. This approach enables the isolation of an enriched population of primary myoblasts for functional studies.

成人および高齢人間の骨格筋から筋原性前駆細胞/一次筋芽細胞の調製と文化

Skeletal muscle homeostasis depends on muscle growth (hypertrophy), atrophy and regeneration. During ageing and in several diseases, muscle wasting ...

Isolation and Characterization of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells from Human Umbilical Cord and Fetal Placenta

The human umbilical cord (UC) and placenta are non-invasive, primitive and abundant sources of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) that have increasingly gained attention because they do not pose any ethical or moral concerns. Current methods to isolate MSCs from UC yield low amounts of cells with variable proliferation potentials. Since UC is an anatomically-complex organ, differences in MSC properties may be due to the differences in the anatomical regions of their isolation. In this study, we first dissected the cord/placenta samples into three discrete anatomical regions: UC, cord-placenta junction (CPJ), and fetal placenta (FP). Second, two distinct zones, cord lining (CL) and Wharton&#39;s jelly (WJ), were separated. The explant culture technique was then used to isolate cells from the four sources. The time required for the primary culture of cells from the explants varied depending on the source of the tissue. Outgrowth of the cells occurred within 3 - 4 days of the CPJ explants, whereas growth was observed after 7 - 10 days and 11 - 14 days from CL/WJ and FP explants, respectively. The isolated cells were adherent to plastic and displayed fibroblastoid morphology and surface markers, such as CD29, CD44, CD73, CD90, and CD105, similarly to bone marrow (BM)-derived MSCs. However, the colony-forming efficiency of the cells varied, with CPJ-MSCs and WJ-MSCs showing higher efficiency than BM-MSCs. MSCs from all four sources differentiated into adipogenic, chondrogenic, and osteogenic lineages, indicating that they were multipotent. CPJ-MSCs differentiated more efficiently in comparison to other MSC sources. These results suggest that the CPJ is the most potent anatomical region and yields a higher number of cells, with greater proliferation and self-renewal capacities in vitro. In conclusion, the comparative analysis of the MSCs from the four sources indicated that CPJ is a more promising source of MSCs for cell therapy, regenerative medicine, and tissue engineering.

Here, we present a protocol for the dissection of human umbilical cord (UC) and fetal placenta sample into cord lining (CL), Wharton&#39;s jelly (WJ), cord-placenta junction (CPJ), and fetal placenta (FP) for the isolation and characterization of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) using the explant culture technique.

ヒト臍帯及び胎児胎盤由来間葉系間質細胞の単離および特徴付け

The human umbilical cord (UC) and placenta are non-invasive, primitive and abundant sources of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) that have increasingly ...

Isolation of Human Myoblasts, Assessment of Myogenic Differentiation, and Store-operated Calcium Entry Measurement

Satellite cells (SC) are muscle stem cells located between the plasma membrane of muscle fibers and the surrounding basal lamina. They are essential for muscle regeneration. Upon injury, which occurs frequently in skeletal muscles, SCs are activated. They proliferate as myoblasts and differentiate to repair muscle lesions. Among many events that take place during muscle differentiation, cytosolic Ca2+ signals are of great importance. These Ca2+ signals arise from Ca2+ release from internal Ca2+ stores, as well as from Ca2+ entry from the extracellular space, particularly the store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE). This paper describes a methodology used to obtain a pure population of human myoblasts from muscle samples collected after orthopedic surgery. The tissue is mechanically and enzymatically digested, and the cells are amplified and then sorted by flow cytometry according to the presence of specific membrane markers. Once obtained, human myoblasts are expanded and committed to differentiate by removing growth factors from the culture medium. The expression levels of specific transcription factors and in vitro immunofluorescence are used to assess the myogenic differentiation process in control conditions and after silencing proteins involved in Ca2+ signaling. Finally, we detail the use of Fura-2 as a ratiometric Ca2+ probe that provides reliable and reproducible measurements of SOCE.

Here, we describe a methodology to obtain a pure population of human myoblasts from adult muscle tissue. These cells are used to study in vitro skeletal muscle differentiation and, in particular, to study proteins involved in Ca2+ signaling.

ヒト筋芽細胞の単離、筋分化の評価、および貯蔵操作カルシウムエントリー測定

Satellite cells (SC) are muscle stem cells located between the plasma membrane of muscle fibers and the surrounding basal lamina. They are essential for ...

Identification of Skeletal Muscle Satellite Cells by Immunofluorescence with Pax7 and Laminin Antibodies

Immunofluorescence is an effective method that helps to identify different cell types on tissue sections. In order to study the desired cell population, antibodies for specific cell markers are applied on tissue sections. In adult skeletal muscle, satellite cells (SCs) are stem cells that contribute to muscle repair and regeneration. Therefore, it is important to visualize and trace the satellite cell population under different physiological conditions. In resting skeletal muscle, SCs reside between the basal lamina and myofiber plasma membrane. A commonly used marker for identifying SCs on the myofibers or in cell culture is the paired box protein Pax7. In this article, an optimized Pax7 immunofluorescence protocol on skeletal muscle sections is presented that minimizes non-specific staining and background. Another antibody that recognizes a protein (laminin) of the basal lamina was also added to help identify SCs. Similar protocols can also be used to perform double or triple labeling with Pax7 and antibodies for additional proteins of interest.

The precise identification of satellite cells is essential for studying their functions under various physiological and pathological conditions. This article presents a protocol to identify satellite cells on adult skeletal muscle sections by immunofluorescence-based staining.

Pax7 とラミニン抗体抗体法による骨格筋衛星細胞の同定

Immunofluorescence is an effective method that helps to identify different cell types on tissue sections. In order to study the desired cell population, ...

The Isolation and Culture of Primary Epicardial Cells Derived from Human Adult and Fetal Heart Specimens

The epicardium, an epithelial cell layer covering the myocardium, has an essential role during cardiac development, as well as in the repair response of the heart after ischemic injury. When activated, epicardial cells undergo a process known as epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) to provide cells to the regenerating myocardium. Furthermore, the epicardium contributes via secretion of essential paracrine factors. To fully appreciate the regenerative potential of the epicardium, a human cell model is required. Here we outline a novel cell culture model to derive primary epicardial derived cells (EPDCs) from human adult and fetal cardiac tissue. To isolate EPDCs, the epicardium is dissected from the outside of the heart specimen and processed into a single cell suspension. Next, EPDCs are plated and cultured in EPDC medium containing the ALK 5-kinase inhibitor SB431542 to maintain their epithelial phenotype. EMT is induced by stimulation with TGF&#946;. This method enables, for the first time, the study of the process of human epicardial EMT in a controlled setting, and facilitates gaining more insight in the secretome of EPDCs that may aid heart regeneration. Furthermore, this uniform approach allows for direct comparison of human adult and fetal epicardial behavior.

The epicardium plays a crucial role in the development and repair of the heart by providing cells and growth factors to the myocardial wall. Here, we describe a method to culture human primary epicardial cells that enables the study and comparison of their developmental and adult characteristics.

人間の成人および胎児心標本由来分離とプライマリの心外膜細胞の培養

The epicardium, an epithelial cell layer covering the myocardium, has an essential role during cardiac development, as well as in the repair response of ...

RNA-based Reprogramming of Human Primary Fibroblasts into Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have proven to be a valuable tool to study human development and disease. Further advancing iPSCs as a regenerative therapeutic requires a safe, robust, and expedient reprogramming protocol. Here, we present a clinically relevant, step-by-step protocol for the extremely high-efficiency reprogramming of human dermal fibroblasts into iPSCs using a non-integrating approach. The core of the protocol consists of expressing pluripotency factors (SOX2, KLF4, cMYC, LIN28A, NANOG, OCT4-MyoD fusion) from in vitro transcribed messenger RNAs synthesized with modified nucleotides (modified mRNAs). The reprogramming modified mRNAs are transfected into primary fibroblasts every 48 h together with mature embryonic stem cell-specific microRNA-367/302 mimics for two weeks. The resulting iPSC colonies can then be isolated and directly expanded in feeder-free conditions. To maximize efficiency and consistency of our reprogramming protocol across fibroblast samples, we have optimized various parameters including the RNA transfection regimen, timing of transfections, culture conditions, and seeding densities. Importantly, our method generates high-quality iPSCs from most fibroblast sources, including difficult-to-reprogram diseased, aged, and/or senescent samples.

Here we describe a clinically relevant, high-efficiency, feeder-free method to reprogram human primary fibroblasts into induced pluripotent stem cells using modified mRNAs encoding reprogramming factors and mature microRNA-367/302 mimics. Also included are methods to assess reprogramming efficiency, expand clonal iPSC colonies, and confirm expression of the pluripotency marker TRA-1-60.

RNA に基づく誘導多能性幹細胞に主線維芽細胞のプログラムし直す

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have proven to be a valuable tool to study human development and disease. Further advancing iPSCs as a regenerative ...

Isolation and Characterization of Human Umbilical Cord-derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells from Preterm and Term Infants

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have considerable therapeutic potential and attract increasing interest in the biomedical field. MSCs are originally isolated and characterized from bone marrow (BM), then acquired from tissues including adipose tissue, synovium, skin, dental pulp, and fetal appendages such as placenta, umbilical cord blood (UCB), and umbilical cord (UC). MSCs are a heterogeneous cell population with the capacity for (1) adherence to plastic in standard culture conditions, (2) surface marker expression of CD73+/CD90+/CD105+/CD45-/CD34-/CD14-/CD19-/HLA-DR- phenotypes, and (3) trilineage differentiation into adipocytes, osteocytes, and chondrocytes, as currently defined by the International Society for Cellular Therapy (ISCT). Although BM is the most widely used source of MSCs, the invasive nature of BM aspiration ethically limits its accessibility. Proliferation and differentiation capacity of MSCs obtained from BM generally decline with the age of the donor. In contrast, fetal MSCs obtained from UC have advantages such as vigorous proliferation and differentiation capacity. There is no ethical concern for UC sampling, as it is typically regarded as medical waste. Human UC starts to develop with continuing growth of the amniotic cavity at 4-8 weeks of gestation and keeps growing until reaching 50-60 cm in length, and it can be isolated during the whole newborn delivery period. To gain insight into the pathophysiology of intractable diseases, we have used UC-derived MSCs (UC-MSCs) from infants delivered at various gestational ages. In this protocol, we describe the isolation and characterization of UC-MSCs from fetuses/infants at 19-40 weeks of gestation.

Human umbilical cord (UC) can be obtained during the perinatal period as a result of preterm, term, and postterm delivery. In this protocol, we describe the isolation and characterization of UC-derived mesenchymal stem cells (UC-MSCs) from fetuses/infants at 19-40 weeks of gestation.