We would like to acknowledge the significant contribution Dr. Shiwei Huang (Australian National University) in validating the method. Furthermore, we would like to thank Ms. Kasia Pietrajtis for helpful comments regarding Golgi cells and Mr. Vitaly Lerner for the cortex experimental data. This work was supported by PITN-GA-2009-238686 (CEREBNET), FP7-ICT (REALNET), ELSC and ISF.

このプロトコルで説明されているすべての実験手順はヘブライ大学の動物実験委員会によって承認された。 1.スライスのためのソリューションとツールの準備<ol><li> 表1に記載のイオンを含有する標準生理溶液（SPS）の1リットルを準備します。 <ol><li>脱イオン水（0.055μS/ cmのコンダクタンス）1000mlので満たされた貯蔵ガラス瓶に予め10倍の最終濃度の塩を含むストック溶液を調製する。塩（塩化ナトリウム、塩化カリウム、KH 2 PO 4、そしてMgSO 4）を追加し、完全に溶解するまで撹拌する。 4℃での原液を保管してください。 </li><li>実験日の最終のSPS溶液を作る。磁気撹拌棒を用いて、グルコース（3.6 g）および炭酸水素ナトリウム（2.18グラム）を溶解し、精製水700ml中にストック溶液100mlを追加し、1 Lに精製水を上に追加</li><li> solutiを平衡〜20分間、95％O 2/5％CO 2でそれをガス処理することによってオン。この後、1MのCaCl 2溶液2mlを加える。 </li></ol></li><li>以下のツール（ 図1）を構築。 <ol><li>スライスするための脳と操作するための小さなへらの所望の部分を解剖するための刃でスカルペル、脳を露出するために頭蓋骨を持ち上げるための大きなハサミまたは断頭のために他のツール、頭蓋骨を開くための小さな外科用ハサミ、先端の細い鉗子を準備解剖脳のパーツ。 </li><li>加えて、脳から過剰な液体を除去するためのろ紙の小片を準備、脳のための2つの小さなペトリ皿に脳を接着するために含有する加温した精製水とSPS、およびシアノアクリレート接着剤のために二枚のガラス500mlのビーカー中で解剖するスライシング段階。 </li><li>回復茶にスライス浴からスライスを移動させるためのスライシングおよび広口ガラスパスツールピペット中にスライスを処理するための小さなブラシを準備mber。温かいスライス浴中の細菌増殖を防ぐためのツールを消毒する。さらに、きれいな実験室用手袋を使用しています。 </li></ol></li><li>ギブとエドワーズ15で説明したようにそのような水没スライス回収室を準備します。連続して95％O 2/5％CO 2で、その中にSPSをガスと36℃で保つ。ガス発生がスライスを損傷する可能性が風呂の中に閉じ込め小さな気泡が生じないことを確認してください。 </li><li>暖かい〜マグネチックスターラー又は水浴ヒータプレート上36℃でSPSを300ml。ヒータプレートが使用される場合、イオンの沈殿をもたらし得る過熱からの溶液を、防ぐように注意してください。ケースでは、代わりに古いものを冷却温かい新鮮なSPSを発生します。 </li><li>電気ポットを使用して沸騰させるの精製水〜500ミリリットルを持参して、ビーカーに、スライシング温度より少し暖かい水を得るために、冷たい水で300mlのを兼ね備えています。これは断頭中に精製水を温めて使用してremaiを使用後でスライス浴の生理的温度を維持するためのお湯の寧。 </li><li>腹腔内ペントバルビタール（60 mg / mlの）を0.1ml注入することによってマウスを麻酔し。数分後、動物が感覚の欠如を確認するために、強力なつま先またはテールピンチに応答しないことを確認してください。 </li></ol> 2.脳を解剖<ol><li>頭蓋骨の背面近くに大きなはさみで首を切断することにより素早くマウスを斬首し、頭が過剰な血液を洗い流すために温め、精製水を入れたビーカーに分類してみましょう。 </li><li>おそらく、小さなはさみで首のより多くを除去し、首の筋肉と皮膚の下の頭蓋骨で大後頭孔を公開します。 </li><li>明らかに頭蓋骨の開放を案内するために頭蓋骨の縫合を見ることができるようにするために頭蓋骨の上に肌を引き出します。 </li><li>大後頭孔を通して小さなハサミの下側の先端を挿入し、すぐに向かって、それらを回して開いた頭蓋骨をカット側面。そっと目と前頭頭頂縫合の背後にある場所までの頭頂骨の側縁に沿って切断。その後、（ 図2Aの緑色の破線を参照）頭蓋骨の中心に向かって切り、頭蓋骨の反対側に正中線を横切る。 </li><li> （ 図2（a）の黄色の破線の矢印参照）先端の細い鉗子を使用して、前頭頭頂隅から頭蓋骨を持ち上げ、脳を露出するために起動して側方へ斜めに引き出します。頭蓋骨を持ち上げた時に脳が所定の位置にとどまるように、頭蓋骨が、頭のいずれかの骨や皮膚に付着していないことを確認します。脳が頭蓋骨に移動している場合には、頭蓋骨と脳の間の任意の結合組織を除去するための小さなハサミを使用しています。 </li><li>脳が露出しているときに、脳はドライにすることはできません。頭蓋骨と温めで満たされたペトリ皿の中の脳を維持しながら、このようにして、次のステップを実行し、SPSをガス処刑。 </li><li>電子に使用する脳の部分を切り離す小刀やへらを用いて脳の残りの部分からxperiment。小脳を用いた場合には、（ 図2B-Dの赤い線に沿って）中脳と橋を通ってシングルカットにより前脳から切り離し、新鮮含まれている小型のペトリ皿に移動し、SPSはガス処刑。 </li><li>水平面内で小脳をスライスした段階の切断に脳を接着するためのストレートと広い基盤を形成するために、脳幹を削除します。前脳から切り取った面が下を向くように簡単に説明するとろ紙の濡れた片上に小脳を置く。 <ol><li> （ 図2Bの青線で示すように）ベースを形成し、SPSに小脳を返すためにメスで脳幹を切った。カッティングの他の面が必要な場合には、それに応じて小脳ブロック（ 図2C＆Dにおける青い線）をトリム。 </li></ol></li></ol> 3.脳をスライスする<ol><li>これをdと確認することによって、切削ステージを準備RY、ステージの真ん中に瞬間接着剤の小滴を適用する前に。 </li><li>正しい面を上にしてへらを使用して、SPSからの脳ブロックを持ち上げて、ろ紙の小片を用いて脳から余分な液体を除去。次に、単一の移動に伴って、ステージ上で接着剤の上にドロップへらから脳をスライドさせます。 </li><li>乾燥からの脳組織の両側に駆けから糊を防止するために、パスツールピペットを用いてSPSの数滴を適用し、スライスチャンバ内の切断段階を置く。関心（ 例えば、小脳皮質）の領域は、ブレード対向しているので、スライスされる前に、機械的圧力の最小量に供されるように、脳ブロックを揃える</li><li>常に切断チャンバ内にSPSをガス発生ならびに34-37℃に温度を維持しながら、製造者の指示に従って、各スライスを切った。 externを充填することにより、この範囲での切断室の温度を維持するスライサーのアルチャンバー温め精製水で、温度が低すぎると落ちるたびに水を交換する。 注：スライスパラメータは実験的に検討されている組織やニューロンの種類ごとに見つけなければならない。セラミックブレードと小脳ゴルジ細胞とカムデンSMZ 700スライサーの場合、65 Hzから0.05ミリメートル/秒の進行速度で0.75ミリメートルの振動振幅を使用する。小脳核のニューロン高い振幅と周波数（1ミリメートルと90ヘルツ、それぞれ）と遅い前進速度（0.01〜0.02ミリメートル/秒）のために推奨されている。ゴルジおよび小脳核のニューロンの両方のために、スライス厚は300μmであるべきである。 </li><li>スライシング中に、スライスは自分自身にフォールドすることはできません。優しく好ましくはただの実験のために関心のない領域でスライスを触れ、柔らかいブラシでそれらをサポートすることにより、これを防ぐ。ビブラトーム刃に触れることからブラシを防ぐように注意してください。特にセラミックブレードの場合には、均一な光接触ブレードが破損することがあります。 </li><li>広口、ファイアーポリッシュガラスパスツールピペットを使用してリカバリ/保持チャンバーにスライシング室から各スライスを移動します。 </li><li>スライスは、実験を開始する前に、少なくとも1時間室で休むましょう。これが損傷しているか死んで組織および細胞の劣化を可能にし、したがって、クリーナー、スライス面になる。最初の1時間、34-36℃の範囲のチャンバ内のSPSの温度を保つ。スライスはスライスを損傷したり、それらに浮くことができ、気泡によりタッチされていないことを確認してください。 </li></ol> 4.実験<ol><li> 1時間後、回収室温度がRT（17-25℃）まで冷却させ。 注：これは、スライスが細菌の増殖ならびに細胞の代謝を遅くすることにより使用することができる期間を延長するかもしれない。この期間は、脳領域および細胞タイプに依存する。例えば、ゴルジ細胞の特定の種類のスライスに健康であることが判明することができ最後の他のタイプのに対し、わずか6時間後に切断後8時間。 </li><li> 1時間はスライスから渡された後、様々な電気生理学的実験のためのスライスを使用。 </li></ol>

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The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

We demonstrate a method for preparing acute brain slices from mice in physiological instead of ice-cold temperature.
It has been shown11 that the quality of slices obtained in warm conditions is superior when compared with those prepared with cold conditions, provided that the slicer blade has minimal vertical vibration. Slicing in physiological temperature may prevent physiological artifacts caused by the low temperature, such as those related to changes in metabolic processes...

提示された方法の目的は、特に大人や古い動物を使用した場合、 インビトロ電気生理学的実験のために高品質の急性脳スライスを得ることである。 2エレガントな文章にSkredeとWestgaard 1に記載されているように急性脳スライス方法は、現代の神経科学研究の基礎となっており、世界中の無数のバリエーションで使用される。スライスの品質は、スライス当たりの生きているニューロンの数、細胞は電気生理学的および形態学的特性を保持し、ならびに組織の完全でない期間に反映される。また、安定した録画の最大の持続時間は、スライスの品質に依存します。このように、数十年に沿って、元のスライス方法は、さらに多くの場合、Oの切断物の複雑な修飾により、2-10切断後のスライスの回復を強化するために、個々の研究グループによって開発された同様に冷却された生理的なソリューションと動物の心臓内プレ灌流（例えばアスコルビン酸、チオ尿素あるいはH 2 O 2の追加など）ここで、rリカバリソリューション。 最近11が示されているように、スライス時の生理的温度は、ニューロンの健康への冷却よりも有益であると思われる。大人（2-8月）げっ歯類で作業する場合の改善が最も顕著である。劇的な温度変化を回避することにより、そのような可塑13およびイオンチャネル動態13,14のような細胞内の温度依存性プロセス、アーチファクトを防止する。このような変化は、膜電位および細胞内カルシウムシグナル伝達に影響を与えるしきい値をスパイクし、スパイク形状可能性がある。 ここに提示「ホット」急性スライスの調製方法は、小脳、大脳皮質および海馬を含む任意の脳領域から高品質の急性脳スライスを得るための一般的な手順であり、脳幹核16 &lt;/ SUP&gt;だけでなく、嗅球、両方のラット及びマウスで。 注目すべきことに、生理的温度スライス手順は、切断刃がほぼ完全に水平方向に振動し、構造的な欠陥のないことを要求する。このような精度は古いスライサーモデルと達成できない可能性があります。低温は、代謝異常のコストであっても、機械的な損傷に対する組織より耐性にいるようだとして、そのようなケースでは、我々は凍結冷条件のスライス標本を実行することをお勧めします。

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			<td style="width:69px;">Catalog #</td>
			<td style="width:292px;">Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:26px;width:140px;">Pentobarbital</td>
			<td style="width:73px;">CTS</td>
			<td style="width:69px;">170066</td>
			<td style="width:292px;">Concentration: 60 mg / ml&#160; in physiological saline.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:41px;width:140px;">Big scissors&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:73px;">FST</td>
			<td style="width:69px;">14001-16</td>
			<td style="width:292px;">Any large scissors or a guillotine with sufficiently sharp edges can be used for decapitation&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:41px;width:140px;">Iris scissors&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:73px;">Prestige medical</td>
			<td style="width:69px;">48,148</td>
			<td style="width:292px;">Any fine tip scissors can be used, provided the scissor blades are not longer than 1.5 - 2 cm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:27px;width:140px;">Fine tip forceps&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:73px;">FST</td>
			<td style="width:69px;">11254-20</td>
			<td style="width:292px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:27px;width:140px;">Scalpel&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:73px;">FST</td>
			<td style="width:69px;">91003-12</td>
			<td style="width:292px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:27px;width:140px;">Scalpel blade #11</td>
			<td style="width:73px;">FST</td>
			<td style="width:69px;">10011-00</td>
			<td style="width:292px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:27px;width:140px;">Small spatula&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:73px;">Fisher&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:69px;">2350</td>
			<td style="width:292px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:27px;width:140px;">Filter paper</td>
			<td style="width:73px;"></td>
			<td style="width:69px;"></td>
			<td style="width:292px;">Any laboratory brand can be used.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:41px;width:140px;">Petri dishes</td>
			<td style="width:73px;">Duroplan</td>
			<td style="width:69px;">Z231509-1</td>
			<td style="width:292px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:27px;width:140px;">Glass beakers&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:73px;">SCHOT</td>
			<td style="width:69px;">10022846</td>
			<td style="width:292px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:41px;width:140px;">Pasteur pipette&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:73px;">Maple Leaf Brand</td>
			<td style="width:69px;">14672-029</td>
			<td style="width:292px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:41px;width:140px;">Super glue&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:73px;">LOCTITE</td>
			<td style="width:69px;">4091361/1</td>
			<td style="width:292px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:27px;width:140px;">Slicer</td>
			<td style="width:73px;">Campden</td>
			<td style="width:69px;">7000-smz</td>
			<td style="width:292px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:27px;width:140px;">Ceramic slicing blade</td>
			<td style="width:73px;">Campden</td>
			<td style="width:69px;">7550-1-C</td>
			<td style="width:292px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:27px;width:140px;">Magnetic heater/stirrer</td>
			<td style="width:73px;"></td>
			<td style="width:69px;"></td>
			<td style="width:292px;">For heating up the SPS for the procedure</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:27px;width:140px;">Electric kettle</td>
			<td style="width:73px;"></td>
			<td style="width:69px;"></td>
			<td style="width:292px;">For heating up water for temperature control</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="55">
			<td height="55" style="height:56px;width:140px;">Slice recovery chamber + heating unit</td>
			<td style="width:73px;">Warner instruments</td>
			<td style="width:69px;">&#160;BSC-HT +&#160; BSC-BUW</td>
			<td style="width:292px;">Home-built models may also be used.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:41px;width:140px;">Thermometer</td>
			<td style="width:73px;"></td>
			<td style="width:69px;"></td>
			<td style="width:292px;">For monitoring SPS temperature during dissection and slicing</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

slice it hot: acute adult brain slicing in physiological temperature

ここでは、急性脳スライスを調製するためのプロトコルを提示する。この手順は、主に、結果の品質を決定する電気生理学的パッチクランプ実験のための重要な要素である。これは、成熟した動物からの高度髄脳構造を扱う場合は特に、手順を切削中に冷却工程を省略すると、健康なスライスおよび細胞を得るのに有益であることが示されている。上昇した温度のみに依存推測することができ、神経の健康をサポートすることにより、正確なメカニズムは、それはそれを理にかなっていても、可能な限り、スライシングが行われる温度は、温度関連のアーティファクトを防止するために、生理学的条件に近づけるべきである。この方法の別の重要な利点は、手順の単純さと、したがって、短い準備時間である。実証の方法では、成体マウスが使用されているが、同じ手順が若いマウスならびにラットに適用することができる。また、以下のパッチCLアンプ実験は、水平小脳切片上で実行されるが、同じ手順は、他の面と同様に、脳の他の後方の領域で使用することができる。

記載の方法で調製したスライスは、様々な電気および光遺伝学的実験のために使用することができる。 図3A及び図3Cでは、微分干渉（DIC）光学系の下で見、それぞれ水平小脳スライス冠状大脳皮質切片の代表的な例を示している。小脳スライスでは、小脳ニューロンのいくつかのタイプを容易に目標と電気生理学的記録を可能にする、それらの位置及び細胞体形状に?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Slice It Hot: Acute Adult Brain Slicing in Physiological Temperature at JoVE.com

Slice It Hot: Acute Adult Brain Slicing in Physiological Temperature

In this paper we show a method for preparing acute brain slices in physiological temperature, using a conventional physiological solution without special modifications for the cutting (such as adding sucrose) and without intracardial perfusion of the animal before slice preparation.

スライスこれホット：生理的温度における急性成人の脳スライス

Here we present a protocol for preparation of acute brain slices. This procedure is a critical element for electrophysiological patch-clamp experiments ...

slice-it-hot-acute-adult-brain-slicing-in-physiological-temperature

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

25.6K ビュー.  Hebrew University of Jerusalem. In this paper we show a method for preparing acute brain slices in physiological temperature, using a conventional physiological solution without special modifications for the cutting (such as adding sucrose) and without intracardial perfusion of the animal before slice preparation.

ビデオ: Slice It Hot: Acute Adult Brain Slicing in Physiological Temperature

State-Dependency Effects on TMS:  A Look at Motive Phosphene Behavior

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive neurostimulatory and neuromodulatory technique that can transiently or lastingly modulate cortical excitability (either increasing or decreasing it) via the application of localized magnetic field pulses.1,2 Within the field of TMS, the term state dependency refers to the initial, baseline condition of the particular neural region targeted for stimulation. As can be inferred, the effects of TMS can (and do) vary according to this primary susceptibility and responsiveness of the targeted cortical area.3,4,5

In this experiment, we will examine this concept of state dependency through the elicitation and subjective experience of motive phosphenes. Phosphenes are visually perceived flashes of small lights triggered by electromagnetic pulses to the visual cortex. These small lights can assume varied characteristics depending upon which type of visual cortex is being stimulated. In this particular study, we will be targeting motive phosphenes as elicited through the stimulation of V1/V2 and the V5/MT+ complex visual regions.6

In this article, we examine the effects of visually relevant state dependency on TMS induced motive phosphenic presentations.

TMSの状態 - 依存性の効果：動機の閃光の挙動を見

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive neurostimulatory and neuromodulatory technique that can transiently or lastingly modulate ...

神経科学

Imaging Pheromone Sensing in a Mouse Vomeronasal Acute Tissue Slice Preparation

Peter Karlson and Martin L&uuml;scher used the term pheromone for the first time in 19591 to describe chemicals used for intra-species communication. Pheromones are volatile or non-volatile short-lived molecules2 secreted and/or contained in biological fluids3,4, such as urine, a liquid known to be a main source of pheromones3. Pheromonal communication is implicated in a variety of key animal modalities such as kin interactions5,6, hierarchical organisations3 and sexual interactions7,8 and are consequently directly correlated with the survival of a given species9,10,11. In mice, the ability to detect pheromones is principally mediated by the vomeronasal organ (VNO)10,12, a paired structure located at the base of the nasal cavity, and enclosed in a cartilaginous capsule. Each VNO has a tubular shape with a lumen13,14 allowing the contact with the external chemical world. The sensory neuroepithelium is principally composed of vomeronasal bipolar sensory neurons (VSNs)15. Each VSN extends a single dendrite to the lumen ending in a large dendritic knob bearing up to 100 microvilli implicated in chemical detection16. Numerous subpopulations of VSNs are present. They are differentiated by the chemoreceptor they express and thus possibly by the ligand(s) they recognize17,18. Two main vomeronasal receptor families, V1Rs and V2Rs19,20,21,22, are composed respectively by 24023 and 12024 members and are expressed in separate layers of the neuroepithelium. Olfactory receptors (ORs)25 and formyl peptide receptors (FPRs)26,27 are also expressed in VSNs.
Whether or not these neuronal subpopulations use the same downstream signalling pathway for sensing pheromones is unknown. Despite a major role played by a calcium-permeable channel (TRPC2) present in the microvilli of mature neurons28 TRPC2 independent transduction channels have been suggested6,29. Due to the high number of neuronal subpopulations and the peculiar morphology of the organ, pharmacological and physiological investigations of the signalling elements present in the VNO are complex.
Here, we present an acute tissue slice preparation of the mouse VNO for performing calcium imaging investigations. This physiological approach allows observations, in the natural environment of a living tissue, of general or individual subpopulations of VSNs previously loaded with Fura-2AM, a calcium dye. This method is also convenient for studying any GFP-tagged pheromone receptor and is adaptable for the use of other fluorescent calcium probes. As an example, we use here a VG mouse line30, in which the translation of the pheromone V1rb2 receptor is linked to the expression of GFP by a polycistronic strategy.

In mice, the ability to detect pheromones is principally mediated by the vomeronasal organ (VNO). Here, an acute tissue slice preparation of VNO for performing calcium imaging is described. This physiological approach allows observations of subpopulations and/or individual neurons in a living tissue and is convenient for receptor-ligand identification.

マウス鋤鼻急性組織スライス標本のイメージングフェロモンセンシング

Peter Karlson and Martin L&uuml;scher used the term pheromone for the first time in 19591 to describe chemicals used for intra-species communication. ...

Stereotaxic Surgery for Excitotoxic Lesion of Specific Brain Areas in the Adult Rat

Many behavioral functions in mammals, including rodents and humans, are mediated principally by discrete brain regions. A common method for discerning the function of various brain regions for behavior or other experimental outcomes is to implement a localized ablation of function. In humans, patient populations with localized brain lesions are often studied for deficits, in hopes of revealing the underlying function of the damaged area. In rodents, one can experimentally induce lesions of specific brain regions.
Lesion can be accomplished in several ways. Electrolytic lesions can cause localized damage but will damage a variety of cell types as well as traversing fibers from other brain regions that happen to be near the lesion site. Inducible genetic techniques using cell-type specific promoters may also enable site-specific targeting. These techniques are complex and not always practical depending on the target brain area. Excitotoxic lesion using stereotaxic surgery, by contrast, is one of the most reliable and practical methods of lesioning excitatory neurons without damaging local glial cells or traversing fibers.
Here, we present a protocol for stereotaxic infusion of the excitotoxin, N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), into the basolateral amygdala complex. Using anatomical indications, we apply stereotaxic coordinates to determine the location of our target brain region and lower an injection needle in place just above the target. We then infuse our excitotoxin into the brain, resulting in excitotoxic death of nearby neurons. While our experimental subject of choice is a rat, the same methods can be applied to other mammals, with the appropriate adjustments in equipment and coordinates.
This method can be used on a variety of brain regions, including the basolateral amygdala1-6, other amygdala nuclei6, 7, hippocampus8, entorhinal cortex9 and prefrontal cortex10. It can also be used to infuse biological compounds such as viral vectors1, 11. The basic stereotaxic technique could also be adapted for implantation of more permanent osmotic pumps, allowing more prolonged exposure to a compound of interest.

Targeted ablation of specific brain region(s) by infusion of an excitotoxin using stereotaxic coordinates is described. This technique could also be adapted for infusion of other chemicals into the rat brain.

大人のラットの特定の脳領域の興奮毒性病変に対する定位手術

Many behavioral functions in mammals, including rodents and humans, are mediated principally by discrete brain regions. A common method for discerning the ...

Detection of Protein Palmitoylation in Cultured Hippocampal Neurons by Immunoprecipitation and Acyl-Biotin Exchange (ABE)

Palmitoylation is a post-translational lipid modification involving the attachment of a 16-carbon saturated fatty acid, palmitate, to cysteine residues of substrate proteins through a labile thioester bond [reviewed in1]. Palmitoylation of a substrate protein increases its hydrophobicity, and typically facilitates its trafficking toward cellular membranes. Recent studies have shown palmitoylation to be one of the most common lipid modifications in neurons1, 2, suggesting that palmitate turnover is an important mechanism by which these cells regulate the targeting and trafficking of proteins. The identification and detection of palmitoylated substrates can therefore better our understanding of protein trafficking in neurons.
Detection of protein palmitoylation in the past has been technically hindered due to the lack of a consensus sequence among substrate proteins, and the reliance on metabolic labeling of palmitoyl-proteins with 3H-palmitate, a time-consuming biochemical assay with low sensitivity. Development of the Acyl-Biotin Exchange (ABE) assay enables more rapid and high sensitivity detection of palmitoylated proteins2-4, and is optimal for measuring the dynamic turnover of palmitate on neuronal proteins. The ABE assay is comprised of three biochemical steps (Figure 1): 1) irreversible blockade of unmodified cysteine thiol groups using N-ethylmaliemide (NEM), 2) specific cleavage and unmasking of the palmitoylated cysteine's thiol group by hydroxylamine (HAM), and 3) selective labeling of the palmitoylated cysteine using a thiol-reactive biotinylation reagent, biotin-BMCC. Purification of the thiol-biotinylated proteins following the ABE steps has differed, depending on the overall goal of the experiment.
Here, we describe a method to purify a palmitoylated protein of interest in primary hippocampal neurons by an initial immunoprecipitation (IP) step using an antibody directed against the protein, followed by the ABE assay and western blotting to directly measure palmitoylation levels of that protein, which is termed the IP-ABE assay. Low-density cultures of embryonic rat hippocampal neurons have been widely used to study the localization, function, and trafficking of neuronal proteins, making them ideally suited for studying neuronal protein palmitoylation using the IP-ABE assay. The IP-ABE assay mainly requires standard IP and western blotting reagents, and is only limited by the availability of antibodies against the target substrate. This assay can easily be adapted for the purification and detection of transfected palmitoylated proteins in heterologous cell cultures, primary neuronal cultures derived from various brain tissues of both mouse and rat, and even primary brain tissue itself.

Detection of Protein Palmitoylation in Cultured Hippocampal Neurons by Immunoprecipitation and Acyl-Biotin Exchange ABE

The reversible addition of palmitate to proteins is an important regulator of intracellular protein trafficking. This is of particular interest in neurons where many synaptic proteins are palmitoylated. We utilize a simple biochemical method to detect palmitoylated proteins in cultured neurons, which can be adapted for multiple cell types and tissues.

免疫沈降およびアシル-ビオチン所（阿部）による培養海馬神経細胞におけるタンパク質パルミトイル化の検出

Palmitoylation is a post-translational lipid  modification involving the attachment of a 16-carbon saturated fatty acid,  palmitate, to cysteine residues ...

Brain Slice Biotinylation: An Ex Vivo Approach to Measure Region-specific Plasma Membrane Protein Trafficking in Adult Neurons

Regulated endocytic trafficking is the central mechanism facilitating a variety of neuromodulatory events, by dynamically controlling receptor, ion channel, and transporter cell surface presentation on a minutes time scale.&#160;There is a broad diversity of mechanisms that control endocytic trafficking of individual proteins. Studies investigating the molecular underpinnings of trafficking have primarily relied upon surface biotinylation to quantitatively measure changes in membrane protein surface expression in response to exogenous stimuli and gene manipulation.&#160;However, this approach has been mainly limited to cultured cells, which may not faithfully reflect the physiologically relevant mechanisms at play in adult neurons.&#160;Moreover, cultured cell approaches may underestimate region-specific differences in trafficking mechanisms.&#160;Here, we describe an approach that extends cell surface biotinylation to the acute brain slice preparation.&#160;We demonstrate that this method provides a high-fidelity approach to measure rapid changes in membrane protein surface levels in adult neurons.&#160;This approach is likely to have broad utility in the field of neuronal endocytic trafficking.

Brain Slice Biotinylation: An Ex Vivo Approach to Measure Region-specific Plasma Membrane Protein Trafficking in Adult Neurons

Neuronal membrane trafficking dynamically controls plasma membrane protein availability and significantly impacts neurotransmission.&#160;To date, it has been challenging to measure neuronal endocytic trafficking in adult neurons.&#160;Here, we describe a highly effective, quantitative method to measure rapid changes in surface protein expression ex vivo in acute brain slices.

脳スライスビオチン：<em&gt;生体外</emアダルトニューロンにおいて地域固有の細胞膜のタンパク質輸送を測定するために&gt;の取り組み

Regulated endocytic trafficking is the central mechanism facilitating a variety of neuromodulatory events, by dynamically controlling receptor, ion ...

Lineage-reprogramming of Pericyte-derived Cells of the Adult Human Brain into Induced Neurons

Direct lineage-reprogramming of non-neuronal cells into induced neurons (iNs) may provide insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying neurogenesis and enable new strategies for in vitro modeling or repairing the diseased brain. Identifying brain-resident non-neuronal cell types amenable to direct conversion into iNs might allow for launching such an approach in situ, i.e. within the damaged brain tissue. Here we describe a protocol developed in the attempt of identifying cells derived from the adult human brain that fulfill this premise. This protocol involves: (1) the culturing of human cells from the cerebral cortex obtained from adult human brain biopsies; (2) the in vitro expansion (approximately requiring 2-4 weeks) and characterization of the culture by immunocytochemistry and flow cytometry; (3) the enrichment by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) using anti-PDGF receptor-&#946; and anti-CD146 antibodies; (4) the retrovirus-mediated transduction with the neurogenic transcription factors sox2 and ascl1; (5) and finally the characterization of the resultant pericyte-derived induced neurons (PdiNs) by immunocytochemistry (14 days to 8 weeks following retroviral transduction). At this stage, iNs can be probed for their electrical properties by patch-clamp recording. This protocol provides a highly reproducible procedure for the in vitro lineage conversion of brain-resident pericytes into functional human iNs.

Targeting brain-resident cells for direct lineage-reprogramming offers new perspectives for brain repair. Here we describe a protocol of how to prepare cultures enriched for brain-resident pericytes from the adult human cerebral cortex and convert these into induced neurons by retrovirus-mediated expression of the transcription factors Sox2 and Ascl1.

誘導された神経細胞への成人の脳の周皮細胞由来細胞の系統の再プログラミング

Direct lineage-reprogramming of non-neuronal cells into induced neurons (iNs) may provide insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying neurogenesis ...

In-depth Physiological Analysis of Defined Cell Populations in Acute Tissue Slices of the Mouse Vomeronasal Organ

In most mammals, the vomeronasal organ (VNO) is a chemosensory structure that detects both hetero- and conspecific social cues. Vomeronasal sensory neurons (VSNs) express a specific type of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) from at least three different chemoreceptor gene families allowing sensitive and specific detection of chemosensory cues. These families comprise the V1r and V2r gene families as well as the formyl peptide receptor (FPR)-related sequence (Fpr-rs) family of putative chemoreceptor genes. In order to understand the physiology of vomeronasal receptor-ligand interactions and downstream signaling, it is essential to identify the biophysical properties inherent to each specific class of VSNs.
The physiological approach described here allows identification and in-depth analysis of a defined population of sensory neurons using a transgenic mouse line (Fpr-rs3-i-Venus). The use of this protocol, however, is not restricted to this specific line and thus can easily be extended to other genetically modified lines or wild type animals.

Here, we describe a physiological approach that allows identification and in-depth analysis of a defined population of sensory neurons in acute coronal tissue slices of the mouse vomeronasal organ using whole-cell patch-clamp recordings.

マウス鋤鼻器官の急性組織スライスで定義された細胞集団の中で、深さ生理学的解析

In most mammals, the vomeronasal organ (VNO) is a chemosensory structure that detects both hetero- and conspecific social cues. Vomeronasal sensory ...

Recording Synaptic Plasticity in Acute Hippocampal Slices Maintained in a Small-volume Recycling-, Perfusion-, and Submersion-type Chamber System

Even though experiments on brain slices have been in use since 1951, problems remain that reduce the probability of achieving a stable and successful analysis of synaptic transmission modulation when performing field potential or intracellular recordings. This manuscript describes methodological aspects that might be helpful in improving experimental conditions for the maintenance of acute brain slices and for recording field excitatory postsynaptic potentials in a commercially available submersion chamber with an outflow-carbogenation unit. The outflow-carbogenation helps to stabilize the oxygen level in experiments that rely on the recycling of a small buffer reservoir to enhance the cost-efficiency of drug experiments. In addition, the manuscript presents representative experiments that examine the effects of different carbogenation modes and stimulation paradigms on the activity-dependent synaptic plasticity of synaptic transmission.

This protocol describes the stabilization of the oxygen level in a small volume of recycled buffer and methodological aspects of recording activity-dependent synaptic plasticity in submerged acute hippocampal slices.

少量循環、血流 - と水没型チャンバー システムで管理急性海馬スライスにおけるシナプス可塑性を記録

Even though experiments on brain slices have been in use since 1951, problems remain that reduce the probability of achieving a stable and successful ...

A Temperature Gradient Assay to Determine Thermal Preferences of Drosophila Larvae

Many animals, including the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, are capable of discriminating minute differences in&#160;environmental temperature, which enables them to seek out their preferred thermal landscape. To define the temperature preferences of larvae over a defined linear range, we developed an assay using a temperature gradient. To establish a single-directional gradient, two aluminum blocks are connected to independent water baths, each of which controls the temperature of individual blocks. The two blocks set the lower and upper limits of the gradient. The temperature gradient is established by placing an agarose-coated aluminum plate over the two water-controlled blocks so that the plate spans the distance between them. The ends of the aluminum plate that is set on the top of the water blocks defines the minimum and maximum temperatures, and the regions in-between the two blocks form a linear temperature gradient. The gradient assay can be applied to&#160;larvae of different ages and can be used to identify mutants that exhibit phenotypes, such as those with mutations affecting genes encoding TRP channels and opsins, which are required for temperature discrimination.

A Temperature Gradient Assay to Determine Thermal Preferences of Drosophila Larvae

Here, we present a protocol to determine the preferred environmental temperature of Drosophila larvae using a continuous thermal gradient.

ショウジョウバエ幼虫の温度設定を決定する温度勾配試験

Many animals, including the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, are capable of discriminating minute differences in&#160;environmental temperature, which ...

Short-Term Free-Floating Slice Cultures from the Adult Human Brain

Organotypic, or slice cultures, have been widely employed to model aspects of the central nervous system functioning in vitro. Despite the potential of slice cultures in neuroscience, studies using adult nervous tissue to prepare such cultures are still scarce, particularly those from human subjects. The use of adult human tissue to prepare slice cultures is particularly attractive to enhance the understanding of human neuropathologies, as they hold unique properties typical of the mature human brain lacking in slices produced from rodent (usually neonatal) nervous tissue. This protocol describes how to use brain tissue collected from living human donors submitted to resective brain surgery to prepare short-term, free-floating slice cultures. Procedures to maintain and perform biochemical and cell biology assays using these cultures are also presented. Representative results demonstrate that the typical human cortical lamination is preserved in slices after 4 days in vitro (DIV4), with expected presence of the main neural cell types. Moreover, slices at DIV4 undergo robust cell death when challenged with a toxic stimulus (H2O2), indicating the potential of this model to serve as a platform in cell death assays. This method, a simpler and cost-effective alternative to the widely used protocol using membrane inserts, is mainly recommended for running short-term assays aimed to unravel mechanisms of neurodegeneration behind age-associated brain diseases. Finally, although the protocol is devoted to using cortical tissue collected from patients submitted to surgical treatment of pharmacoresistant temporal lobe epilepsy, it is argued that tissue collected from other brain regions/conditions should also be considered as sources to produce similar free-floating slice cultures.

A protocol to prepare free-floating slice cultures from adult human brain is presented. The protocol is a variation of the widely used slice culture method using membrane inserts. It is simple, cost-effective, and recommended for running short-term assays aimed to unravel mechanisms of neurodegeneration behind age-associated brain diseases.

成人人間の脳からの短期自由浮遊スライス培養

Organotypic, or slice cultures, have been widely employed to model aspects of the central nervous system functioning in vitro. Despite the potential of ...