Name: slice it hot: acute adult brain slicing in physiological temperature
Uploaded: 2014-10-30T14:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 8 min 46 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Slice It Hot: Acute Adult Brain Slicing in Physiological Temperature at JoVE.com

We would like to acknowledge the significant contribution Dr. Shiwei Huang (Australian National University) in validating the method. Furthermore, we would like to thank Ms. Kasia Pietrajtis for helpful comments regarding Golgi cells and Mr. Vitaly Lerner for the cortex experimental data. This work was supported by PITN-GA-2009-238686 (CEREBNET), FP7-ICT (REALNET), ELSC and ISF.

Tutte le procedure sperimentali descritte in questo protocollo sono stati approvati dalla cura degli animali della Hebrew University and Use Committee. 1. Preparare le soluzioni e strumenti per affettare <ol><li> Preparare 1 L di soluzione fisiologica standard (SPS) contenente gli ioni descritte nella Tabella 1. <ol><li> Preparare una soluzione madre contenente i sali a 10 volte la concentrazione finale in anticipo in una bottiglia di vetro riempita con memorizzazione 1000 ml di acqua deionizzata (conduttanza 0,055 mS / cm). Aggiungere sali (NaCl, KCl, KH 2 PO 4, e MgSO 4), e mescolare fino a completa dissoluzione. Conservare la soluzione di riserva a 4 ° C. </li><li> Effettuare la soluzione finale SPS il giorno dell&#39;esperimento. Aggiungere 100 ml della soluzione madre a 700 ml di acqua purificata, sciogliere il glucosio (3,6 g) e NaHCO3 (2,18 g) con ancoretta magnetica e quindi aggiungere acqua purificata fino a 1 L. </li><li> Equilibrare i solutiil da dare gas con il 95% O 2/5% di CO 2 per ~ 20 min. Dopo questo, aggiungere 2 ml di 1 M CaCl 2 soluzione. </li></ol></li><li> Montare i seguenti strumenti (Figura 1). <ol><li> Preparare grandi forbici o altro strumento per la decapitazione, piccole forbici chirurgiche per l&#39;apertura del cranio, pinza punta fine per il sollevamento del cranio per esporre il cervello, bisturi con lama per sezionare la parte desiderata del cervello da affettare e una piccola spatola per la manipolazione della parti del cervello sezionato. </li><li> Inoltre, preparare piccoli pezzi di carta da filtro per rimuovere il liquido in eccesso dal cervello, due piccoli piatti di Petri per il cervello per essere sezionati in due bicchieri di vetro 500 ml al contenimento di acqua purificata e riscaldata SPS, e colla cianoacrilato per incollare il cervello al fase di taglio. </li><li> Preparare una piccola spazzola per la manipolazione delle fette durante l&#39;affettatura e una bocca larga pipetta Pasteur di vetro per spostare le fette dal bagno affettare al cha recuperomber. Disinfettare gli strumenti per prevenire la crescita di batteri nei bagni fetta caldi. Inoltre, usare i guanti di laboratorio puliti. </li></ol></li><li> Preparare una camera di recupero fetta sommersa come descritto da Gibb e Edwards 15. Continuamente gas la SPS in esso con il 95% O 2/5% di CO 2 e mantenerlo a 36 ° C. Assicurarsi che la gasazione non si traduca in piccole bolle intrappolate nel bagno che potrebbero danneggiare le fette. </li><li> Caldo ~ 300 ml di SPS a 36 ° C su una piastra riscaldante con agitatore magnetico o in un bagno d&#39;acqua. Se viene usata una piastra di riscaldamento, aver cura di evitare che la soluzione dal surriscaldamento, che può provocare la precipitazione di ioni. Nel caso in cui accade, caldi SPS freschi, invece di raffreddamento del vecchio. </li><li> Portare ~ 500 ml di acqua purificata a bollire con un bollitore elettrico e, in un bicchiere, unire 300 ml di esso con acqua fredda per ottenere acqua leggermente più calda rispetto alla temperatura di taglio. Utilizzare questa riscaldato acqua purificata durante la decapitazione e utilizzare il remaizio del acqua bollita in seguito per mantenere la temperatura fisiologica del bagno affettatura. </li><li> Anestetizzare il mouse iniettando 0,1 ml di pentobarbital (60 mg / ml) per via intraperitoneale. Dopo qualche minuto verificare che l&#39;animale non risponde a forti punta o coda pizzichi per accertare la mancanza di sensibilità. </li></ol> 2. Dissezione del cervello <ol><li> Decapitare il mouse rapidamente tagliando il collo con le grandi forbici vicino alla parte posteriore del cranio, e lasciare che la testa cadere nel bicchiere con acqua purificata riscaldata per lavare via il sangue in eccesso. </li><li> Esporre il foro occipitale nel cranio sotto i muscoli del collo e la pelle, eventualmente rimuovere più del collo con le piccole forbici. </li><li> Tirare la pelle sulla parte superiore del cranio per poter vedere chiaramente le suture cranio per guidare l&#39;apertura del cranio. </li><li> Tagliare il cranio aperto inserendo l&#39;estremità inferiore delle piccole forbici attraverso il foro occipitale e subito li voltandosi versola parte laterale. Tagliare delicatamente lungo il bordo laterale del parietale fino ad una posizione dietro gli occhi e la sutura fronto; quindi, ruotare verso il centro del cranio e tagliare attraverso la linea mediana verso l&#39;altro lato del cranio (vedi linea verde tratteggiata nella Figura 2A). </li><li> Utilizzando pinze punta fine, sollevare il cranio da un angolo fronto-parietale e tirarlo in diagonale su e lateralmente per esporre il cervello (vedi freccia gialla tratteggiata nella Figura 2A). Assicurarsi che il cranio non è collegata a un osso o pelle della testa, in modo che il cervello rimarrà in posizione quando il cranio è sollevato. Nel caso in cui il cervello si sta muovendo con il cranio, utilizzare le piccole forbici per rimuovere qualsiasi tessuto connettivo tra il cranio e il cervello. </li><li> Quando il cervello è esposto, non consentono al cervello di essere asciutta. Quindi, eseguire i passi successivi, mantenendo il cranio e il cervello in una capsula di Petri riempita con riscaldato, gasati SPS. </li><li> Staccare la parte del cervello usata per l&#39;eXperiment dal resto del cervello utilizzando un bisturi e una spatola. In caso di utilizzo del cervelletto, staccare dal prosencefalo da un unico taglio attraverso il mesencefalo e ponte (lungo le linee rosse nelle figure 2B-D) e spostarlo in una piccola scatola di Petri che contiene fresco, gasati SPS. </li><li> Rimuovere il tronco cerebrale per formare una base diritta e larga per incollare il cervello a taglio fase quando affetta cervelletto nel piano orizzontale. Brevemente posizionare il cervelletto su un pezzo di carta da filtro umida in modo che il lato che è stato tagliato dal prosencefalo sia rivolta verso il basso. <ol><li> Tagliare il tronco con un bisturi per formare la base (come indicato con la linea blu nella Figura 2B), e restituire il cervelletto al SPS. Quando sono necessari altri piani di taglio, tagliare il blocco di cervelletto di conseguenza (linee blu nelle Figure 2C e D). </li></ol></li></ol> 3. Affettare il cervello <ol><li> Preparare la fase di taglio per accertare che sia dry, prima di applicare una piccola goccia di colla al centro del palco. </li><li> Sollevare il blocco cervello dal SPS con una spatola con la corretta posizione normale e rimuovere il liquido in eccesso dal cervello utilizzando piccoli pezzi di carta da filtro. Poi, con un unico movimento, far scorrere il cervello dalla spatola sulla goccia di colla sulla scena. </li><li> Per evitare che il cervello da essiccazione e la colla di corsa sui lati del tessuto, applicare alcune gocce di SPS con una pipetta Pasteur e posizionare la fase di taglio nella camera di affettatura. Allineare il blocco cervello in modo che le regioni di interesse (ad esempio, corteccia cerebellare) si trovano ad affrontare la lama e saranno così sottoposti a minor pressione meccanica prima di essere affettato. </li><li> Tagliare ogni fetta secondo le istruzioni del produttore mentre costantemente gassazione SPS nella camera di taglio e mantenendo la temperatura a 34-37 ° C. Mantenere la temperatura della camera di taglio in questa gamma riempiendo il external camera del affettatrice con riscaldata acqua purificata e sostituendo l&#39;acqua ogni volta che la temperatura scende troppo bassa. NOTA: I parametri affettatrici devono essere trovati sperimentalmente per ogni tipo di tessuto e di neuroni che sono in fase di esame. Nel caso del Campden SMZ 700 con lame in ceramica e cellule Golgi cerebellari, utilizzare 0,75 millimetri ampiezza di vibrazione a 65 Hz e velocità di avanzamento pari a 0,05 mm / sec; per i neuroni nucleari cerebellari maggiore ampiezza e frequenza (1 mm e 90 Hz, rispettivamente) e la velocità di avanzamento lento (0,01-0,02 mm / sec) sono raccomandati. Per entrambi Golgi e neuroni cerebellari nucleari, spessore di strato deve essere di 300 micron. </li><li> Durante il taglio, non consentono le fette di ripiegare su se stessi. Per prevenire questo sostenendoli delicatamente con una spazzola morbida, preferibilmente toccando la fetta solo in regioni che non sono di interesse per l&#39;esperimento. Fare attenzione per evitare che il pennello di toccare la lama vibratome; soprattutto nel caso delle lame di ceramica, anche un leggero contattopuò danneggiare la lama. </li><li> Spostare ogni fetta dalla camera di taglio per un recupero / azienda da camera utilizzando una bocca larga, fuoco lucido vetro pipetta Pasteur. </li><li> Lasciare le fette riposare nella camera per almeno 1 ora prima di iniziare l&#39;esperimento. Questo permette di degradazione del danneggiato o morire tessuti e cellule e quindi si traduce in una superficie fetta detergente. Durante la prima ora, mantenere la temperatura del SPS nella camera nell&#39;intervallo 34-36 ° C; in modo che le fette non sono toccati da bolle d&#39;aria che possono danneggiare le fette o farli galleggiare. </li></ol> 4. Esperimento <ol><li> Dopo 1 ora, lasciare che la temperatura della camera di recupero raffreddare a RT (17-25 ° C). NOTA: Questo potrebbe prolungare il periodo di tempo durante il quale le fette possono essere usate rallentando la crescita di batteri e metabolismo cellulare. Questo periodo dipende dalla regione del cervello e del tipo di cellule. Per esempio, alcuni tipi di cellule del Golgi possono essere giudicati sani a fette8 ore dopo il taglio, mentre altri tipi di durare solo 6 ore. </li><li> Dopo 1 ora è passato dal taglio, utilizzare le fette di vari esperimenti di elettrofisiologia. </li></ol>

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The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

Abbiamo dimostrato un metodo per preparare fettine cerebrali acute da topi nel fisiologica anziché temperatura ghiacciata. E &#39;stato dimostrato 11 che la qualità di fette ottenuti in condizioni calde è superiore rispetto a quelli preparati con freddo, a condizione che la lama affettatrice ha vibrazione verticale minima. Affettare a temperatura fisiologica può impedire artefatti fisiologici causati dalla bassa temperatura, come quelli legati ai cambiamenti nei processi metab...

Lo scopo del metodo presentato è quello di ottenere fettine cerebrali acute alta qualità per esperimenti elettrofisiologici in vitro, specialmente quando si usano anche vecchi animali adulti o. Il metodo di taglio cerebrale acuto, come descritto da Skrede e Westgaard 1 in due frasi eleganti, è diventato uno dei fondamenti della moderna ricerca neuroscientifica ed è impiegato in innumerevoli varianti in tutto il mondo. La qualità delle fette si riflette nel numero di neuroni per fetta vivente, il periodo di tempo durante il quale le cellule mantengono le loro proprietà elettrofisiologiche e morfologiche nonché l&#39;integrità del tessuto. Inoltre, la durata massima delle registrazioni stabili dipende dalla qualità delle fette. Così, lungo i decenni, il metodo affettatura originale è stato ulteriormente sviluppato da gruppi di ricerca individuali che permettono di migliorare il recupero fetta dopo il taglio 2-10, spesso complesse modificazioni della composizione di taglio osoluzioni di recupero r (come l&#39;aggiunta di ascorbato, tiourea o H 2 O 2) e intra-cardiaca pre-perfusione dell&#39;animale con soluzioni fisiologiche raffreddate. Come è stato recentemente dimostrato 11, temperatura fisiologica durante l&#39;affettatura sembra essere più vantaggioso di raffreddamento per la salute neuronale; il miglioramento è più evidente quando si lavora con adulti (2-8 mesi) roditori. Evitare sbalzi di temperatura drammatici evita artefatti dovuti a processi dipendenti dalla temperatura nelle cellule, come la plasticità 13 e ioni canali cinetica 13,14. Tali cambiamenti potrebbero influenzare potenziale di membrana e di segnalazione intracellulare di calcio, soglia di picco e picco di forma. Il metodo &quot;a caldo&quot; fetta acuta preparazione qui presentata è una procedura generale per l&#39;ottenimento di fettine di cervello acuto di alta qualità da qualsiasi regione del cervello, tra cui il cervelletto, la corteccia e l&#39;ippocampo, nuclei del tronco cerebrale 16 &lt;/ Sup&gt; e il bulbo olfattivo, sia in ratti e topi. In particolare, la procedura di affettatura temperatura fisiologica richiede che la lama di taglio vibra quasi perfettamente orizzontale ed è senza difetti strutturali. Tale precisione potrebbe non essere raggiungibile con i modelli affettatrice anziani; in tali casi, si consiglia di eseguire la preparazione fetta in condizioni di gelo-freddo come la bassa temperatura sembra rendere il tessuto più resistente ai danni meccanici, anche a costo di aberrazioni metaboliche.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Pentobarbital</td><td>CTS</td><td>170066</td><td>Concentration: 60 mg/ml in physiological saline.</td></tr><tr><td>Big scissors&amp;nbsp;</td><td>FST</td><td>14001-16</td><td>Any large scissors or a guillotine with sufficiently sharp edges can be used for decapitation&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Iris scissors&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Prestige medical</td><td>48,148</td><td>Any fine tip scissors can be used, provided the scissor blades are not longer than 1.5&amp;#8211;2 cm</td></tr><tr><td>Fine tip forceps&amp;nbsp;</td><td>FST</td><td>11254-20</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Scalpel&amp;nbsp;</td><td>FST</td><td>91003-12</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Scalpel blade #11</td><td>FST</td><td>10011-00</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Small spatula&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Fisher&amp;nbsp;</td><td>2350</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Filter paper</td><td></td><td></td><td>Any laboratory brand can be used.</td></tr><tr><td>Petri dishes</td><td>Duroplan</td><td>Z231509-1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Glass beakers&amp;nbsp;</td><td>SCHOT</td><td>10022846</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pasteur pipette&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Maple Leaf Brand</td><td>14672-029</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Super glue&amp;nbsp;</td><td>LOCTITE</td><td>4091361/1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Slicer</td><td>Campden</td><td>7000-smz</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ceramic slicing blade</td><td>Campden</td><td>7550-1-C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Magnetic heater/stirrer</td><td></td><td></td><td>For heating up the SPS for the procedure</td></tr><tr><td>Electric kettle</td><td></td><td></td><td>For heating up water for temperature control</td></tr><tr><td>Slice recovery chamber + heating unit</td><td>Warner instruments</td><td>&amp;nbsp;BSC-HT +&amp;nbsp; BSC-BUW</td><td>Home-built models may also be used.</td></tr><tr><td>Thermometer</td><td></td><td></td><td>For monitoring SPS temperature during dissection and slicing</td></tr></tbody></table>

slice it hot: acute adult brain slicing in physiological temperature

Qui vi presentiamo un protocollo per la preparazione di fettine cerebrali acute. Questa procedura è un elemento critico per elettrofisiologici esperimenti di patch-clamp che determina in larga misura la qualità dei risultati. E &#39;stato dimostrato che omettendo la fase di raffreddamento durante la procedura di taglio è utile nell&#39;ottenere fette e cellule sane, soprattutto quando si tratta di strutture cerebrali altamente mielinizzate da animali adulti. Anche se il meccanismo preciso con cui temperatura elevata per mantenere salute neurale può essere ipotizzato solo dopo, è ovvio che, quando possibile, la temperatura in cui viene eseguito il taglio dovrebbe essere vicino a condizioni fisiologiche per evitare artefatti relativi alla temperatura. Un altro importante vantaggio di questo metodo è la semplicità del procedimento e quindi il tempo di preparazione breve. Nel metodo illustrato topi adulti sono usati ma lo stesso procedimento può essere applicato con i topi più giovani e ratti. Inoltre, le seguenti cl di patchesperimento amplificatore viene eseguita su fettine cerebellari orizzontali, ma lo stesso procedimento può essere utilizzato anche in altri piani, nonché altre aree posteriori del cervello.

Fette preparate nel modo descritto possono essere utilizzati per vari esperimenti elettrofisiologici e optogenetic. Nella Figura 3A e 3C, vi mostriamo un esempio rappresentativo di una fetta cerebellare orizzontale e una fetta coronale cerebrale corticale, rispettivamente, visto sotto interferenza differenziale (DIC) ottiche. Nella fetta cerebellare, diversi tipi di neuroni cerebellari sono facilmente riconoscibili per la loro forma e la posizione delle cellule del corpo, permettendo di...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Slice It Hot: Acute Adult Brain Slicing in Physiological Temperature at JoVE.com

Slice It Hot: Acute Adult Brain Slicing in Physiological Temperature

In this paper we show a method for preparing acute brain slices in physiological temperature, using a conventional physiological solution without special modifications for the cutting (such as adding sucrose) and without intracardial perfusion of the animal before slice preparation.

Slice It Hot: acuta cervello adulto affettare in fisiologica Temperatura

Here we present a protocol for preparation of acute brain slices. This procedure is a critical element for electrophysiological patch-clamp experiments ...

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Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

26.3K Views.  Hebrew University of Jerusalem. In this paper we show a method for preparing acute brain slices in physiological temperature, using a conventional physiological solution without special modifications for the cutting (such as adding sucrose) and without intracardial perfusion of the animal before slice preparation.

Video: Slice It Hot: Acute Adult Brain Slicing in Physiological Temperature

Preparation of Acute Brain Slices Using an Optimized N-Methyl-D-glucamine Protective Recovery Method

This protocol is a practical guide to the N-methyl-D-glucamine (NMDG) protective recovery method of brain slice preparation. Numerous recent studies have validated the utility of this method for enhancing neuronal preservation and overall brain slice viability. The implementation of this technique by early adopters has facilitated detailed investigations into brain function using diverse experimental applications and spanning a wide range of animal ages, brain regions, and cell types. Steps are outlined for carrying out the protective recovery brain slice technique using an optimized NMDG artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF) media formulation and enhanced procedure to reliably obtain healthy brain slices for patch clamp electrophysiology. With this updated approach, a substantial improvement is observed in the speed and reliability of gigaohm seal formation during targeted patch clamp recording experiments while maintaining excellent neuronal preservation, thereby facilitating challenging experimental applications. Representative results are provided from multi-neuron patch clamp recording experiments to assay synaptic connectivity in neocortical brain slices prepared from young adult transgenic mice and mature adult human neurosurgical specimens. Furthermore, the optimized NMDG protective recovery method of brain slicing is compatible with both juvenile and adult animals, thus resolving a limitation of the original methodology. In summary, a single media formulation and brain slicing procedure can be implemented across various species and ages to achieve excellent viability and tissue preservation.

Preparation of Acute Brain Slices Using an Optimized N-Methyl-D-glucamine Protective Recovery Method

This protocol demonstrates the implementation of an optimized N-methyl-D-glucamine (NMDG) protective recovery method of brain slice preparation. A single media formulation is used to reliably obtain healthy brain slices from animals of any age and for diverse experimental applications.

Preparazione di fettine di cervello acuto utilizzando un' ottimizzata N-metilico-D-metodo di ripristino protettivo glucamine

This protocol is a practical guide to the N-methyl-D-glucamine (NMDG) protective recovery method of brain slice preparation. Numerous recent studies have ...

Ricerca

Neuroscienze

Subcellular Patch-clamp Recordings from the Somatodendritic Domain of Nigral Dopamine Neurons

Dendrites of dopaminergic neurons receive and convey synaptic input, support action potential back-propagation and neurotransmitter release. Understanding these fundamental functions will shed light on the information transfer in these neurons. Dendritic patch-clamp recordings provide the possibility to directly examine the electrical properties of dendrites and underlying voltage-gated ion channels. However, these fine structures are not easily accessible to patch pipettes because of their small diameter. This report describes a step-by-step procedure to collect stable and reliable recordings from the dendrites of dopaminergic neurons in acute slices. Electrophysiological measurements are combined with post hoc recovery of cell morphology. Successful experiments rely on improved preparation of slices, solutions and pipettes, adequate adjustment of the optics and stability of the pipette in contact with the recorded structure. Standard principles of somatic patch-clamp recording are applied to dendrites but with a gentler approach of the pipette. These versatile techniques can be implemented to address various questions concerning the excitable properties of dendrites.

Subcellular patch-clamp recordings offer the possibility to investigate the functional properties of dendrites. However these fine structures are not easily accessible due to their small diameter. The protocol described here aims to facilitate the collection of stable and reliable recordings from the dendrites of dopamine neurons in slices in vitro.

Subcellulari patch-clamp dal dominio Somatodendritic di nigral dopamina neuroni

Dendrites of dopaminergic neurons receive and convey synaptic input, support action potential back-propagation and neurotransmitter release. Understanding ...

Stereotactic Atlas-Guided Laser Capture Microdissection of Brain Regions Affected by Traumatic Injury

The ability to isolate specific brain regions of interest can be impeded in tissue disassociation techniques that do not preserve their spatial distribution. Such techniques also potentially skew gene expression analysis because the process itself can alter expression patterns in individual cells. Here we describe a laser capture microdissection (LCM) method to selectively collect specific brain regions affected by traumatic brain injury (TBI) by using a modified Nissl (cresyl violet) staining protocol and the guidance of a rat brain atlas. LCM provides access to brain regions in their native positions and the ability to use anatomical landmarks for identification of each specific region. To this end, LCM has been used previously to examine brain region specific gene expression in TBI. This protocol allows examination of TBI-induced alterations in gene and microRNA expression in distinct brain areas within the same animal. The principles of this protocol can be amended and applied to a wide range of studies examining genomic expression in other disease and/or animal models.

We describe the use of laser capture microdissection to obtain samples of distinct cell populations from different brain regions for gene and microRNA analysis. This technique allows the study of differential effects of traumatic brain injury in specific regions of the rat brain.

Atlas-guida stereotassica del Laser Capture Microdissection di regioni del cervello colpite da lesione traumatica

The ability to isolate specific brain regions of interest can be impeded in tissue disassociation techniques that do not preserve their spatial ...

An Alternative Approach to Study Primary Events in Neurodegeneration Using Ex Vivo Rat Brain Slices

Despite&#160;numerous studies that attempt to develop reliable animal models&#160;which reflecting the primary processes underlying neurodegeneration, very few have been widely accepted. Here, we propose&#160;a new procedure&#160;adapted from the well-known ex vivo brain slice technique, which offers a closer in vivo-like scenario than in vitro preparations, for investigating the early events triggering cell degeneration, as observed in Alzheimer&#39;s disease (AD). This variation consists of simple and easily reproducible steps, which enable preservation of the anatomical cytoarchitecture of the selected brain region and its local functionality in a physiological milieu. Different anatomical areas can be obtained from the same brain, providing the opportunity to perform multiple experiments with the treatments in question in a site-, dose-, and time-dependent manner. Potential limitations&#160;which could affect the outcomes related to this methodology are related to the conservation of the tissue, i.e., the maintenance of its anatomical integrity during the slicing and incubation steps and the section thickness, which can influence the biochemical and immunohistochemical analysis. This approach can be employed for different purposes, such as exploring molecular mechanisms involved in physiological or pathological conditions, drug screening, or dose-response assays. Finally, this protocol could also reduce the number of animals employed in behavioral studies. The application reported here has been recently described and tested for the first time on ex vivo rat brain slices containing the basal forebrain (BF), which is one of the cerebral regions primarily affected in AD. Specifically, it has been demonstrated that the administration of a toxic peptide derived from the C-terminus of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) could prompt an AD-like profile, triggering, along the antero-posterior axis of the BF, a differential expression of proteins altered in AD, such as the alpha7 nicotinic receptor (&#945;7-nAChR), phosphorylated Tau (p-Tau), and amyloid beta (A&#946;).

An Alternative Approach to Study Primary Events in Neurodegeneration Using Ex Vivo Rat Brain Slices

We present a method which can&#160;provide further insights into the early events underlying neurodegeneration and based on the established ex-vivo brain technique, combining the advantages of in vivo and in vitro experiments. Moreover, it represents a unique opportunity for direct comparison of treated and untreated group in the same anatomical plane.

Un approccio alternativo per studiare eventi primari nella neurodegenerazione utilizzando fettine di cervello di ratto Ex Vivo

Despite&#160;numerous studies that attempt to develop reliable animal models&#160;which reflecting the primary processes underlying neurodegeneration, ...

Two-photon Imaging of Microglial Processes' Attraction Toward ATP or Serotonin in Acute Brain Slices

Microglial cells are resident innate immune cells of the brain that constantly scan their environment with their long processes and, upon disruption of homeostasis, undergo rapid morphological changes. For example, a laser lesion induces in a few minutes an oriented growth of microglial processes, also called &#34;directional motility&#34;, toward the site of injury. A similar effect can be obtained by delivering locally ATP or serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine [5-HT]). In this article, we describe a protocol to induce a directional growth of microglial processes toward a local application of ATP or 5-HT in acute brain slices of young and adult mice and to image this attraction over time by multiphoton microscopy. A simple method of quantification with free and open-source image analysis software is proposed. A challenge that still characterizes acute brain slices is the limited time, decreasing with age, during which the cells remain in a physiological state. This protocol, thus, highlights some technical improvements (medium, air-liquid interface chamber, imaging chamber with a double perfusion) aimed at optimizing the viability of microglial cells over several hours, especially in slices from adult mice.

Microglia, the resident immune cells of the brain, respond quickly with morphological changes to modifications of their environment. This protocol describes how to use two-photon microscopy to study the attraction of microglial processes toward serotonin or ATP in acute brain slices of mice.

Imaging del due-fotone di attrazione dei processi Microglial verso ATP o serotonina nelle fette del cervello acuto

Microglial cells are resident innate immune cells of the brain that constantly scan their environment with their long processes and, upon disruption of ...

Short-Term Free-Floating Slice Cultures from the Adult Human Brain

Organotypic, or slice cultures, have been widely employed to model aspects of the central nervous system functioning in vitro. Despite the potential of slice cultures in neuroscience, studies using adult nervous tissue to prepare such cultures are still scarce, particularly those from human subjects. The use of adult human tissue to prepare slice cultures is particularly attractive to enhance the understanding of human neuropathologies, as they hold unique properties typical of the mature human brain lacking in slices produced from rodent (usually neonatal) nervous tissue. This protocol describes how to use brain tissue collected from living human donors submitted to resective brain surgery to prepare short-term, free-floating slice cultures. Procedures to maintain and perform biochemical and cell biology assays using these cultures are also presented. Representative results demonstrate that the typical human cortical lamination is preserved in slices after 4 days in vitro (DIV4), with expected presence of the main neural cell types. Moreover, slices at DIV4 undergo robust cell death when challenged with a toxic stimulus (H2O2), indicating the potential of this model to serve as a platform in cell death assays. This method, a simpler and cost-effective alternative to the widely used protocol using membrane inserts, is mainly recommended for running short-term assays aimed to unravel mechanisms of neurodegeneration behind age-associated brain diseases. Finally, although the protocol is devoted to using cortical tissue collected from patients submitted to surgical treatment of pharmacoresistant temporal lobe epilepsy, it is argued that tissue collected from other brain regions/conditions should also be considered as sources to produce similar free-floating slice cultures.

A protocol to prepare free-floating slice cultures from adult human brain is presented. The protocol is a variation of the widely used slice culture method using membrane inserts. It is simple, cost-effective, and recommended for running short-term assays aimed to unravel mechanisms of neurodegeneration behind age-associated brain diseases.

A breve termine, le colture di fette libere dal cervello umano adulto

Organotypic, or slice cultures, have been widely employed to model aspects of the central nervous system functioning in vitro. Despite the potential of ...

Minimizing Hypoxia in Hippocampal Slices from Adult and Aging Mice

Acute hippocampal slices have enabled generations of neuroscientists to explore synaptic, neuronal, and circuit properties in detail and with high fidelity. Exploration of LTP and LTD mechanisms, single neuron dendritic computation, and experience-dependent changes in circuitry, would not have been possible without this classical preparation. However, with a few exceptions, most basic research using acute hippocampal slices has been performed using slices from rodents of relatively young ages, ~P20-P40, even though synaptic and intrinsic excitability mechanisms have a long developmental tail that reaches past P60. The main appeal of using young hippocampal slices is preservation of neuronal health aided by higher tolerance to hypoxic damage. However, there is a need to understand neuronal function at more mature stages of development, further accentuated by the development of various animal models of neurodegenerative diseases that require an aging brain preparation. Here we describe a modification to an acute hippocampal slice preparation that reliably delivers healthy slices from adult and aging mouse hippocampi. The protocol&#8217;s critical steps are transcardial perfusion and cutting with ice-cold sodium-free NMDG-aSCF. Together, these steps attenuate the hypoxia-induced drop in ATP upon decapitation, as well as cytotoxic edema caused by passive sodium fluxes. We demonstrate how to cut transversal slices of hippocampus plus cortex using a vibrating microtome. Acute hippocampal slices obtained in this way are reliably healthy over many hours of recording, and are appropriate for both field-recordings and targeted patch-clamp recordings, including targeting of fluorescently labeled neurons.

This is a protocol for acute slice preparation from adult and aging mouse hippocampi that takes advantage of transcardial perfusion and slice cutting with ice-cold NMDG-aCSF to reduce hypoxic damage to the tissue. The resulting slices stay healthy over many hours, and are suitable for long-term patch-clamp and field-recordings.

Ridurre al minimo l'ipossia nelle fette di ippocampale da topi adulti e anziani

Acute hippocampal slices have enabled generations of neuroscientists to explore synaptic, neuronal, and circuit properties in detail and with high ...

Preparing Acute Brain Slices from the Dorsal Pole of the Hippocampus from Adult Rodents

Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings from acute rodent brain slices are a mainstay of modern neurophysiological research, allowing precise measurement of cellular and synaptic properties. Nevertheless, there is an ever increasing need to perform correlated analyses between different experimental modes in addition to slice electrophysiology, for example: immunohistochemistry, molecular biology, in vivo imaging or electrophysiological recording; to answer evermore complex questions of brain function. However, making meaningful conclusions from these various experimental approaches is not straightforward, as even within relatively well described brain structures, a high degree of sub-regional variation of cellular function exists. Nowhere is this better exemplified than in the CA1 of the hippocampus, which has well-defined dorso-ventral properties, based on cellular and molecular properties. Nevertheless, many published studies examine protein expression patterns or behaviorally correlated in vivo activity in the dorsal extent of the hippocampus; and explain findings mechanistically with cellular electrophysiology from the ventro-medial region. This is further confounded by the fact that many acute slice electrophysiological experiments are performed in juvenile animals, when other experimental modes are performed in more mature animals. To address these issues, this method incorporates transcardial perfusion of mature (&#62;60 day old rodents) with artificial cerebrospinal fluid followed by preparation of modified coronal slices including the septal pole of the dorsal hippocampus to record from CA1 pyramidal cells. This process leads to the generation of healthy acute slices of dorsal hippocampus allowing for slice-based cellular electrophysiological interrogation matched to other measures.

The purpose of this protocol is to describe a method to produce slices of the dorsal hippocampus for electrophysiological examination. This procedure employs perfusion with chilled ACSF prior to slice preparation with a near-coronal slicing angle which allows for preservation of healthy principal neurons.

Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings from acute rodent brain slices are a mainstay of modern neurophysiological research, allowing precise measurement of ...

Acute Mouse Brain Slicing to Investigate Spontaneous Hippocampal Network Activity

Acute rodent brain slicing offers a tractable experimental approach to gain insight into the organization and function of neural circuits with single-cell resolution using electrophysiology, microscopy, and pharmacology. However, a major consideration in the design of in vitro experiments is the extent to which different slice preparations recapitulate naturalistic patterns of neural activity as observed in vivo. In the intact brain, the hippocampal network generates highly synchronized population activity reflective of the behavioral state of the animal, as exemplified by the sharp-wave ripple complexes (SWRs) that occur during waking consummatory states or non-REM sleep. SWRs and other forms of network activity can emerge spontaneously in isolated hippocampal slices under appropriate conditions. In order to apply the powerful brain slice toolkit to the investigation of hippocampal network activity, it is necessary to utilize an approach that optimizes tissue health and the preservation of functional connectivity within the hippocampal network. Mice are transcardially perfused with cold sucrose-based artificial cerebrospinal fluid. Horizontal slices containing the hippocampus are cut at a thickness of 450 &#956;m to preserve synaptic connectivity. Slices recover in an interface-style chamber and are transferred to a submerged chamber for recordings. The recording chamber is designed for dual surface superfusion of artificial cerebrospinal fluid at a high flow rate to improve oxygenation of the slice. This protocol yields healthy tissue suitable for the investigation of complex and spontaneous network activity in vitro.

This protocol describes the preparation of horizontal hippocampal-entorhinal cortex (HEC) slices from mice exhibiting spontaneous sharp-wave ripple activity. Slices are incubated in a simplified interface holding chamber and recordings are performed under submerged conditions with fast-flowing artificial cerebrospinal fluid to promote tissue oxygenation and the spontaneous emergence of network-level activity.

Affezione cerebrale acuta del topo per indagare sull'attività spontanea della rete ippocampale

Acute rodent brain slicing offers a tractable experimental approach to gain insight into the organization and function of neural circuits with single-cell ...

Assessing Changes in Synaptic Plasticity Using an Awake Closed-Head Injury Model of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury

Mild traumatic brain injuries (mTBIs) are a prevalent health issue in North America. There is increasing pressure to utilize ecologically valid models of closed-head mTBI in the preclinical setting to increase translatability to the clinical population. The awake closed-headed injury (ACHI) model uses a modified controlled cortical impactor to deliver closed-headed injury, inducing clinically relevant behavioral deficits without the need for a craniotomy or the use of an anesthetic.
This technique does not normally induce fatalities, skull fractures, or brain bleeds, and is more consistent with being a mild injury. Indeed, the mild nature of the ACHI procedure makes it ideal for studies investigating repetitive mTBI (r-mTBI). Growing evidence indicates that r-mTBI can result in a cumulative injury that produces behavioral symptoms, neuropathological changes, and neurodegeneration. r-mTBI is common in youths playing sports, and these injuries occur during a period of robust synaptic reorganization and myelination, making the younger population particularly vulnerable to the long-term influences of r-mTBI.
Further, r-mTBI occurs in cases of intimate partner violence, a condition for which there are few objective screening measures. In these experiments, synaptic function was assessed in the hippocampus in juvenile rats that had experienced r-mTBI using the ACHI model. Following the injuries, a tissue slicer was utilized to make hippocampal slices to evaluate bidirectional synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus at either 1 or 7 days following the r-mTBI. Overall, the ACHI model provides researchers with an ecologically valid model to study changes in synaptic plasticity following mTBI and r-mTBI.

Here, it is demonstrated how an awake closed-head injury model can be used for examining the effects of repeated mild traumatic brain injury (r-mTBI) on synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus. The model replicates important features of r-mTBI in patients and is used in conjunction with in vitro electrophysiology.

Valutazione dei cambiamenti nella plasticità sinaptica utilizzando un modello di trauma cranico chiuso sveglio di lieve lesione cerebrale traumatica

Mild traumatic brain injuries (mTBIs) are a prevalent health issue in North America. There is increasing pressure to utilize ecologically valid models of ...