The authors thank Bryan T. Vinyard of the USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Biometrical Consulting Service, Beltsville, MD for statistical analyses. This work was supported in part by a grant to J.C.D. from the Deployed War Fighter Protection (DWFP) Research Program funded by the Department of Defense through the Armed Forces Pest Management Board (AFPMB).

1.飼育ヨンエ。ネッタイシマカ大人<ol><li>浅いトレイ内の約¾インチの水でハッチの卵。過密状態は、大人のサイズを小さくします。 </li><li> 25°C（12 hLの：12-HD）でリア幼虫と接地魚の餌で飼育。 注：過剰摂取は、生存率を減少させることができる。 </li><li>毎日のパスツールピペットによって個別に蛹を外し、細かいメッシュ蓋で小さな封じ込めバケットの内側にプラスチック皿（5.5センチメートル×9センチ）に移転、このように24時間の年齢グループを確立する。 </li><li>ケージハウジングの画面の壁に置かれた綿球によるフィード大人の蚊10％のショ糖溶液の幼虫と同じ光周期の下で27℃、相対湿度70％の環境チャンバー内の蚊。 </li><li>電気生理学のために、5〜10日齢の動物を使用しています。一般に、大型動物、より良い結果を生む。 RNA単離のために、5〜10日齢の範囲内の単一の24時間の年齢グループ内にある動物を使用しています。 </li></ol><ol><li>選択した感覚ニューロンからの最小限の活動を誘発電解質の適当な濃度（ 例えば 1-10 mm）を決定します。 10 mMのNaClまたは1mMのKClを実験の開始時のベースライン活性を試験するために合理的な電解質である。 </li><li>適切な溶媒中で、各実験化学物質を溶解させる（ない場合は水、エタノールまたはDMSOを使用）単独の電解質に比べてスパイク活性にほとんどまたは全く効果を有している。 10％エタノールまたは1％DMSOの最終濃度は、妥当な出発濃度である。 </li><li>昆虫に送り抑止や覚せい剤を十分に記載されている制御化学物質（甘いのための苦いまたはスクロース例えばキニーネ）適切なを選択します。 </li></ol> 3.電気生理学（先端記録8;図1） <ol><li>機械的にガラスキャピラリーを引いてフォームガラス電極。熱を最適化し、適切な形状のrecordiを形成するために、ガラスを引っ張って設定を引っ張るNG電極。慎重には、ターゲット感覚子を包むのに十分な幅が、隣接する構造体との接触を回避するのに十分に小さい開いた電極チップを作成するために、解剖顕微鏡下でピンセットを使用してガラス電極の端部を断つ。 </li><li>顕微鏡下で、視覚的に形態によって特定し、先端記録の再現性を確保するために、ターゲット感覚器/感覚子を配置。準備は動物電極エントリの角度から感覚器への無料アクセスを許可する。 </li><li> -20℃の冷凍庫に冷たい麻酔大人の昆虫。低温に露出オーバーにより末梢ニューロンへの損傷を避ける。スライドガラス上にカミソリの刃でセロハンテープの狭いストリップをカット。狭いストリップを使用してスライドガラス上に全昆虫を不動。 </li><li>無関心（アース）電極として機能するように背側胸部または眼の中に化学的に尖らタングステン線を挿入します。 </li><li>興味のある刺激溶液とステップ3.1で行われたガラス電極を埋める。挿入された注射器を使用して、キャップを埋めるエンドを鈍らに引か端からillary。プルダウン端部を保持、すべての気泡をはじく。記録と刺激電極として機能するようにステップ3.1で行われたガラス電極に銀線（塩化物化別売）を挿入します。 </li><li>昆虫におけるコンタクト化学受容の感覚器からの​​記録のために設計されてプリアンプに電極を接続します。このプリアンプ（300 HZ-3 kHzの帯域通過フィルタ）が可能なように導入を刺激に近づけ神経活動をキャプチャするセトリング時間を削減します。収集、保存、スパイク記録ソフトウェアを搭載したマイコンを使用して電気信号を解析する。 注記：正しく記録セットアップを接地すると、急激に信号対雑音比を改善することができる。 </li><li>機能性を確保するために、コントロール溶液（電解液のみ）との感覚器を刺激する。すべての準備のための刺激アーチファクト次の200ミリ秒を開始するスパイクをカウントします。 </li><li>用量応答研究を除いて、すべての実験のための試験化学物質の順序をランダム化、バイアスを除去する。用量応答研究のために、実験的な化学物質の濃度を増加する感覚器を公開。十分な回復を確実にするために刺激間の3分の最小値を許可します。 注：この要件は、昆虫や感覚器によって異なる場合があります。閾値は、標準誤差は試験した最低濃度の標準誤差と重ならないためにその濃度として定義される。 </li></ol> 4. RNA単離および配列決定（図2） <ol><li>しっかりとスナップキャップチューブに合わせて組織disruption.Prepare伴うRNaseフリー乳棒前にドライアイス上でそれらを冷却することによりしっかりとフィット無RNAse乳棒を準備します。積極的に過剰結露を避けるために、解剖しない限り、閉じたコレクションチューブを保管してください。 </li><li>性別によるコールドステージとソートに（-20℃の冷凍庫15秒）で濾過吸引器を使用して、30から40の冷麻酔をかけた蚊を置く。置き動物は味の付属を損傷しないように翼を把握し、ダウンサイド背側。</li><li>細かい鉗子の二組を使用して、解剖顕微鏡下で男性または女性からペアのlabellaまたはtarsiを解剖し、隣接する組織を含めることを制限する。 注：500ペアlabellaは全mRNAの約800〜ナノグラムが得られます。 400個々のtarsi（5セグメント毎に）全mRNAの1,200-1,800ナノグラムをもたらす。 </li><li>あえぎ-鉗子の1対の、軽く内側のスタイレットを公開するlabellaのすぐ近位蚊口吻を把握する。コレクション-鉗子の他のペアを使用して、labellaを削除し、冷たい収集チューブの側に組織を追加します。 </li><li>鉗子の1対の、軽く脛骨と第一足根セグメントの接合部に蚊の足を把握する。鉗子の他のペアを使用して、tarsiを除去し、冷収集チューブの側面に組織を加える。 注：希望と望ましくない組織の界面において考慮細胞型を取る。それは、組織を隣接の混入を制限することが重要であるが、所望の組織の一部を省略しないことも重要である。 FiのNALサンプルを正確に関心のある器官全体を表している必要があります。コレクション鉗子を正確に掻きのみ所望の組織をつかんことで解放することができるように、把持鉗子との正確な境界を作成します。 </li><li>定期的に、チューブの底に組織を維持するために9000×gで簡潔に0℃の遠心機でコレクションチューブをスピンダウン。水分が解剖時に採取管に蓄積する場合、採取した組織をカバーするために冷たいTrizol試薬50μlのを追加します。 </li><li>防汚ラボマーカーを使用して、明らかに1 RNaseフリー1.5ミリリットルコレクションの各組織型用キャップチューブスナップラベルを付けます。 1.5ミリリットルチューブラックと液体窒素を用いて、（トリゾールであれば細かい個）の微粉末に組織を挽く後、凍結。一回繰り返します。 1ミリリットルにトリゾールの全量を、ボルテックスで地面組織を懸濁します。 </li><li>クロロホルム200μlのを追加し、完全に混合する。室温で5分後、4℃、15分間11000×gで遠心分離器でスピンダウン。慎重にゲノムDNAフィルターカラムに直接水層を追加します。 5分間11000×gでスピンダウン。スルー流れ、ピペットで混合するRNaseフリーの70％エタノールを等量加える。 RNAのコレクション列に液体を移し、提供の指示に従ってRNA抽出を続ける。 </li><li>定量化し、精密分光光度計で全RNAの純度を評価し、任意の標準RNA配列決定法を進める。 </li></ol> 5.定量的RT-PCR RNAの配列決定の検証（図3） <ol><li>予測された配列の存在量と推定される化学感覚遺伝子機能の両方で、ダイナミックレンジの相対的な遺伝子発現レベルを比較するために、できるだけ多くの遺伝子を選択する。 </li><li>各標的遺伝子のための設計プライマー対は、特定の100-180塩基対のPCR産物を増幅した。セットごとに少なくとも1つのプライマーは、イントロン境界にまたがる確実にすることによって、非特異的なgDNAの増幅を除外する。あるいは、ゲノム汚染を低減するためにDNase処理を使用しています。 </li><li>集める前のセクションで説明したように昆虫組織。すべてのqRT-PCR反応を完了するのに十分なRNAを提供するために必要な組織を計算する。 注：生物学的三連と技術的三連の反応は、結果の最大の自信を提供します。 </li><li> 、生物学的および技術的の両方をそれぞれの各標的遺伝子の平均のために（Ctは[対象] -Ct [参照]）を複製- X ターゲットとして相対的な遺伝子定量化を計算します。生物学的反復の間のCt値を正規化し、相対的発現の比較でY軸スケールを根絶するために、ハウスキーピング遺伝子を使用する。 </li><li> RNA-seqのと回帰ベース、ブートストラップ同値手順9、反復的に各組織からのデータに、適用を使用して定量RT-PCRデータセットの類似性を評価する。 注：この手順は、観察されたRNA-seqの及び定量RT-PCRデータの周りに構築することができる最小の「類似性の領域」を特定し、QRT-によって測定される相対的な遺伝子発現を可能にするPCRは、RNA-seqのにより相対的遺伝子発現の測定と統計的に同等であると考えられる。 </li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

味覚感覚器からの​​記録活動電位の最も挑戦的な側面はあるの応答を決定されている「通常」与えられた昆虫種、総数と味覚受容体ニューロンの感度（GRNs）の最初の時間を記録する単一の味覚感覚子チップを採用する場合であるそう不明。多くの予備録音は最初のテストの範囲や化学物質の濃度を決定するために必要とされる。この例では、我々は、単一のGRNはDEETの低濃度（ 図1）<...

DEET、Picaridin、シトロネラールとIR3535のような化合物は、効果的に重要な病気のベクトル1,2 ネッタイシマカヒトスジシマカなどの蚊を、撃退することが示されている。私たちは、蚊の忌避に関与する細胞を決定するために、特定の味覚感覚器に関連した感覚ニューロンからの活動電位を記録します。これらの組織で発現された遺伝子の下流の配列決定と相まって、我々は、改善された撥水性機能のための新規な化合物をスクリーニングするために最も可能性の高いこれらの細胞の応答を媒介する遺伝子を同定することができる。 RNA-seqが迅速に遺伝子発現の時間的·空間的変化を追跡するための標準になりつつ、強力なツールです。昆虫化学感覚付属や臓器のRNA-seqの分析が大幅に遺伝子6により従来のPCRベースの検索遺伝子に改善し、いくつかの昆虫種3-5の分子受容体を発見するために使用されている。昆虫は最も多様な動物のクラスを表す、事前遺伝子とユニークな表現型との間の接続を研究する多くの機会をセンディング。 RNA-seqの技術は、あらゆる生きている昆虫の組織に採用することができる。同様に、uniporous味覚感覚器内の感覚細胞からの電気生理学的記録は、多くの異なる昆虫種で達成することができる。これら2つの技術のペアリングは、研究者が観測された化学感覚表現型に関与セット遺伝子を絞り込むことができます。異なる種は、特定の課題を提示するが、化学感覚受容体遺伝子および化学感覚適応の間の接続を通知することができる。化学感覚感覚器のサイズおよび形態は可変であり、活動電位を記録する際のノイズを低減し、反復可能な信号を識別するために大規模なトラブルシューティングを必要とする場合がある。化学感覚器官の解剖は、昆虫の形態およびサイズ​​に応じて、些細なまたは繊細で時間がかかるかもしれない。高品質なRNAの回収は、そのような中に特定の顔料を避けるように、同様にいくつかのトラブルシューティングが必要な場合があります組織収集。 行動試験によって忌避化合物の効果を実証する直接的で有益であるが、このアプローチは、時間の作用機構に関して集中的かつ広い。 RNA-seqのと相まって電気生理学は、昆虫に回避行動を駆動何のより具体的な分析が可能になります。化学的差別の「キット」は、昆虫種で同定されたならば、既知の忌避剤に改善するためのより具体的な試みが可能である。これらの行動に関与する感覚細胞における受容体および関連タンパク質は、直接的な化学スクリーニングのために、異種発現されてもよい。さらに、分子モデリングは、化学物質は、これらの受容体7からの強い応答を誘発するかを予測することができます。 化学感覚組織の狭いセット内のすべてのアクティブな遺伝子のスナップショットは、他の種における類似の遺伝子を同定するのに有用であり得る。配列相同性および発現シを使用してmilarities、研究者は、最も可能性の昆虫に広く有効である忌避剤に対する応答を媒介する受容体分子の集合を形成することができる。私たちは、昆虫の化学感覚経路を解体の研究者を支援する非モデルと経済的に重要な昆虫のneuroethology掘り下げるために多くを説得するために以下のプロトコルを提示する。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Glass capillary</td><td>A-M Systems</td><td>628000</td><td>Standard, 1.5 mm X 0.86 mm, 4&quot;</td></tr><tr><td>Silver wire</td><td>A-M Systems</td><td>7875</td><td>.015&quot; bare</td></tr><tr><td>Tungsten wire</td><td>Alfa Products</td><td>369</td><td>0.127 mm diameter</td></tr><tr><td>Fine forceps</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>11252</td><td>#5SF Inox</td></tr><tr><td>Refridgerated stage</td><td>BioQuip Products</td><td>1429</td><td>Chill Table</td></tr><tr><td>Preamplifier</td><td>Syntech</td><td>Taste Probe</td><td>preamplifier</td></tr><tr><td>Software for electrophysiology</td><td>Syntech</td><td>Autospike</td><td>software for electrophysiology</td></tr><tr><td>TetraMin fish food</td><td>Tetra</td><td>Tropical fish food granules</td><td>fish food ground to fine powder</td></tr><tr><td>TRIzol</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>15596-026</td><td>RNA isolation reagent</td></tr><tr><td>RNeasy Plus Mini Kit</td><td>Qiagen</td><td>74136</td><td>includes gDNA eliminator and RNeasy spin columns</td></tr><tr><td>Nanodrop spectrophotometer</td><td>Nano Drop Products</td><td>ND-1000</td><td>tabletop spectrometer</td></tr><tr><td>R statistics</td><td>freeware (created by Robert Gentleman and Ross Ihaka)</td><td>www.r-project.org</td><td>Use the lm function of the stats package and the equiv.boot function of the equivalence package in the R computing environment.</td></tr><tr><td>1.5 ml tube rack</td><td>Evergreen</td><td>240-6388-030</td><td>Pour liquid nitrogen into a few empty wells to freeze and grind tissue.</td></tr><tr><td>1.5 ml collection tubes with pestle</td><td>Grainger</td><td>6HAX6</td><td>RNase free</td></tr><tr><td>Centrifuge</td><td>Thermo Scientific</td><td>11178160</td><td>Spin down frozen tissue to keep at bottom of 1.5 ml tube.</td></tr><tr><td>Primer-BLAST Primer Designing tool</td><td>NCBI</td><td>n/a</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

physiological recordings and rna sequencing of the gustatory appendages of the yellow-fever mosquito aedes aegypti

Electrophysiological recording of action potentials from sensory neurons of mosquitoes provides investigators a glimpse into the chemical perception of these disease vectors. We have recently identified a bitter sensing neuron in the labellum of female Aedes aegypti that responds to DEET and other repellents, as well as bitter quinine, through direct electrophysiological investigation. These gustatory receptor neuron responses prompted our sequencing of total mRNA from both male and female labella and tarsi samples to elucidate the putative chemoreception genes expressed in these contact chemoreception tissues. Samples of tarsi were divided into pro-, meso- and metathoracic subtypes for both sexes. We then validated our dataset by conducting qRT-PCR on the same tissue samples and used statistical methods to compare results between the two methods. Studies addressing molecular function may now target specific genes to determine those involved in repellent perception by mosquitoes. These receptor pathways may be used to screen novel repellents towards disruption of host-seeking behavior to curb the spread of harmful viruses.

アエからの活動電位のトレース記録。ネッタイシマカ味覚感覚器（ 図1）化学物質の範囲の直接刺激の有効性を示す。この技術は、合理的な時間範囲（一般に500ms未満）にわたって所定の振幅と持続時間のスパイクをカウントすることによって、任意の刺激の化学への応答を定量することができる。トレース記録は、実験条件の所定のセットの下で容易に再現可能で...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Physiological Recordings and RNA Sequencing of the Gustatory Appendages of the Yellow-fever Mosquito Aedes aegypti at JoVE.com

Physiological Recordings and RNA Sequencing of the Gustatory Appendages of the Yellow-fever Mosquito Aedes aegypti

電気生理学的検査によって決定されるようネッタイシマカの主要な味覚付属における遺伝子発現を評価するために2つの方法を使用して、我々は、推定される苦味反発化合物に神経細胞応答の根底にある遺伝子のセットを同定した。

生理的録音と黄熱病の蚊の味覚付属器RNAの配列決定<em&gt;ネッタイシマカ</em

Electrophysiological recording of action potentials from sensory neurons of mosquitoes provides investigators a glimpse into the chemical perception of ...

physiological-recordings-rna-sequencing-gustatory-appendages-yellow

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Physiological Recordings and RNA Sequencing of the Gustatory Appendages of the Yellow-fever Mosquito Aedes aegypti

8.0K ビュー.  United States Department of Agriculture. 電気生理学的検査によって決定されるようネッタイシマカの主要な味覚付属における遺伝子発現を評価するために2つの方法を使用して、我々は、推定される苦味反発化合物に神経細胞応答の根底にある遺伝子のセットを同定した。 

ビデオ: Physiological Recordings and RNA Sequencing of the Gustatory Appendages of the Yellow-fever Mosquito Aedes aegypti

Single Sensillum Recordings in the Insects Drosophila melanogaster and Anopheles gambiae

The sense of smell is essential for insects to find foods, mates, predators, and oviposition sites3. Insect olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) are enclosed in sensory hairs called sensilla, which cover the surface of olfactory organs. The surface of each sensillum is covered with tiny pores, through which odorants pass and dissolve in a fluid called sensillum lymph, which bathes the sensory dendrites of the OSNs housed in a given sensillum. The OSN dendrites express odorant receptor (OR) proteins, which in insects function as odor-gated ion channels4, 5. The interaction of odorants with ORs either increases or decreases the basal firing rate of the OSN. This neuronal activity in the form of action potentials embodies the first representation of the quality, intensity, and temporal characteristics of the odorant6, 7.
Given the easy access to these sensory hairs, it is possible to perform extracellular recordings from single OSNs by introducing a recording electrode into the sensillum lymph, while the reference electrode is placed in the lymph of the eye or body of the insect. In Drosophila, sensilla house between one and four OSNs, but each OSN typically displays a characteristic spike amplitude. Spike sorting techniques make it possible to assign spiking responses to individual OSNs. This single sensillum recording (SSR) technique monitors the difference in potential between the sensillum lymph and the reference electrode as electrical spikes that are generated by the receptor activity on OSNs1, 2, 8. Changes in the number of spikes in response to the odorant represent the cellular basis of odor coding in insects. Here, we describe the preparation method currently used in our lab to perform SSR on Drosophila melanogaster and Anopheles gambiae, and show representative traces induced by the odorants in a sensillum-specific manner.

Single Sensillum Recordings in the Insects Drosophila melanogaster and Anopheles gambiae

Electrophysiological responses of olfactory sensory neurons to odorants can be measured in insects using single sensillum recordings. In this video article we will demonstrate how to perform single sensillum recordings in the antennae of the vinegar fly (Drosophila melanogaster) and the maxillary palps of the malaria mosquito (Anopheles gambiae).

昆虫における単一感覚子録音キイロショウジョウバエとハマダラカ</em

The sense of smell is essential for insects to find foods, mates, predators, and oviposition sites3. Insect olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) are enclosed ...

神経科学

Dissection of Midgut and Salivary Glands from Ae. aegypti Mosquitoes

The mosquito midgut and salivary glands are key entry and exit points for pathogens such as Plasmodium parasites and Dengue viruses. This video protocol demonstrates dissection techniques for removal of the midgut and salivary glands from Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. 



The mosquito midgut and salivary glands are key entry and exit points for vector pathogens like Plasmodium falciparum and the dengue virus. This video demonstrates the dissection techniques for removing the midgut and salivary glands from Aedes aegypti mosquitoes.

AEから中腸と唾液腺の解剖。ネッタイシマカ蚊

The mosquito midgut and salivary glands are key entry and exit points for pathogens such as Plasmodium parasites and Dengue viruses. This video protocol ...

生物学

Electrophysiological Recording From Drosophila Labellar Taste Sensilla

The peripheral taste response of insects can be powerfully investigated with electrophysiological techniques. The method described here allows the researcher to measure gustatory responses directly and quantitatively, reflecting the sensory input that the insect nervous system receives from taste stimuli in its environment. This protocol outlines all key steps in performing this technique. The critical steps in assembling an electrophysiology rig, such as selection of necessary equipment and a suitable environment for recording, are delineated. We also describe how to prepare for recording by making appropriate reference and recording electrodes, and tastant solutions. We describe in detail the method used for preparing the insect by insertion of a glass reference electrode into the fly in order to immobilize the proboscis. We show traces of the electrical impulses fired by taste neurons in response to a sugar and a bitter compound. Aspects of the protocol are technically challenging and we include an extensive description of some common technical challenges that may be encountered, such as lack of signal or excessive noise in the system, and potential solutions. The technique has limitations, such as the inability to deliver temporally complex stimuli, observe background firing immediately prior to stimulus delivery, or use water-insoluble taste compounds conveniently. Despite these limitations, this technique (including minor variations referenced in the protocol) is a standard, broadly accepted procedure for recording Drosophila neuronal responses to taste compounds.

Electrophysiological Recording From Drosophila Labellar Taste Sensilla

This protocol describes extracellular recording of the action potential responses fired by labellar taste neurons in Drosophila.

から電気生理学的記録<em&gt;ショウジョウバエ</em&gt; Labellar味感覚器

The peripheral taste response of insects can be powerfully investigated with electrophysiological techniques. The method described here allows the ...

New Methods to Study Gustatory Coding

The sense of taste allows animals to detect chemicals in the environment, giving rise to behaviors critical for survival. When Gustatory Receptor Neurons (GRNs) detect tastant molecules, they encode information about the identity and concentration of the tastant as patterns of electrical activity that then propagate to follower neurons in the brain. These patterns constitute internal representations of the tastant, which then allow the animal to select actions and form memories. The use of relatively simple animal models has been a powerful tool to study basic principles in sensory coding. Here, we propose three new methods to study gustatory coding using the moth Manduca sexta. First, we present a dissection procedure for exposing the maxillary nerves and the subesophageal zone (SEZ), allowing recording of the activity of GRNs from their axons. Second, we describe the use of extracellular electrodes to record the activity of multiple GRNs by placing tetrode wires directly into the maxillary nerve. Third, we present a new system for delivering and monitoring, with high temporal precision, pulses of different tastants. These methods allow the characterization of neuronal responses in vivo directly from GRNs before, during and after tastants are delivered. We provide examples of voltage traces recorded from multiple GRNs, and present an example of how a spike sorting technique can be applied to the data to identify the responses of individual neurons. Finally, to validate our recording approach, we compare extracellular recordings obtained from GRNs with tetrodes to intracellular recordings obtained with sharp glass electrodes.

We present three new methods to study gustatory coding. Using a simple animal, the moth Manduca sexta (Manduca), we describe a dissection protocol, the use of extracellular tetrodes to record the activity of multiple gustatory receptor neurons, and a system for delivering and monitoring precisely timed pulses of tastants.

味覚コーディングを研究する新しい方法

The sense of taste allows animals to detect chemicals in the environment, giving rise to behaviors critical for survival. When Gustatory Receptor Neurons ...

Feeding and Quantifying Animal-Derived Blood and Artificial Meals in Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes

Females of certain mosquito species can spread diseases while biting vertebrate hosts to obtain protein-rich blood meals required for egg development. In the laboratory, researchers can deliver animal-derived and artificial blood meals to mosquitoes via membrane feeders, which allow for manipulation of meal composition. Here, we present methods for feeding blood and artificial blood meals to Aedes aegypti mosquitoes and quantifying the volume consumed by individual females.
Targeted feeding and quantification of artificial/blood meals have broad uses, including testing the effects of meal components on mosquito behavior and physiology, delivering pharmacological compounds without injection, and infecting mosquitoes with specific pathogens. Adding fluorescein dye to the meal prior to feeding allows for subsequent meal size quantification. The meal volume consumed by mosquitoes can be measured either by weight, if the females are to be used later for behavioral experiments, or by homogenizing individual females in 96-well plates and measuring fluorescence levels using a plate reader as an endpoint assay. Meal size quantification can be used to determine whether changing the meal components alters the meal volume ingested or if meal consumption differs between mosquito strains. Precise meal size quantification is also critical for downstream assays, such as those measuring effects on host attraction or fecundity. The methods presented here can be further adapted to track meal digestion over the course of days or to include multiple distinguishable markers added to different meals (like nectar and blood) to quantify the consumption of each meal by a single mosquito.
These methods allow researchers to singlehandedly perform high-throughput measurements to compare the meal volume consumed by hundreds of individual mosquitoes. These tools will therefore be broadly useful to the community of mosquito researchers for answering diverse biological questions.

Feeding and Quantifying Animal-Derived Blood and Artificial Meals in Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes

The goal of this protocol is to deliver animal-derived and artificial blood meals to Aedes aegypti mosquitoes through an artificial membrane feeder and precisely quantify the volume of meal ingested.

アエデスアエジプティ蚊の動物由来血液と人工食事の摂食と定量化

Females of certain mosquito species can spread diseases while biting vertebrate hosts to obtain protein-rich blood meals required for egg development. In ...

免疫・感染学

Heterologous Expression and Functional Analysis of Aedes aegypti Odorant Receptors to Human Odors in Xenopus Oocytes

The mosquito Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus), a vector of many important human diseases including yellow fever, dengue fever and Zika fever, shows a strong preference for human hosts over other warm-blooded animals for blood meals. Olfactory cues play a critical role for mosquitoes as they explore their environment and seek a human host to obtain blood meals, thus transmitting human diseases. Odorant receptors (ORs) expressed in the olfactory sensory neurons are known to be responsible for the interaction of mosquito vectors with human odors. To gain deeper insights into Ae. aegypti&#8217;s olfactory physiology and investigate their interactions with humans at the molecular level, we used an optimized protocol of Xenopus Oocytes heterologous expression to functionally analyze Ae. aegypti odorant receptors in response to human odors. Three example experiments are presented: 1) Cloning and synthesizing cRNAs of ORs and odorant receptor co-receptor&#160;(Orco) from four to six days old Ae. aegypti antennae; 2) Microinjection and expression of ORs and Orco in Xenopus oocytes; and 3) Whole-cell current recording from Xenopus oocytes expressing mosquito ORs/Orco with a two-electrode voltage-clamp. These optimized procedures provide a new way for researchers to investigate human odor reception in Aedes mosquitoes and reveal the underlying mechanisms governing their host-seeking activity at a molecular level.

Heterologous Expression and Functional Analysis of Aedes aegypti Odorant Receptors to Human Odors in Xenopus Oocytes

A protocol is presented that functionally characterizes mosquito ORs in response to human odors using a Xenopus oocyte expression system coupled with a two-electrode voltage clamp, providing a powerful new technique for exploring the responses of mosquitoes ORs to exposure to human odors.

The mosquito Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus), a vector of many important human diseases including yellow fever, dengue fever and Zika fever, shows a strong ...

An Experimental and Bioinformatics Protocol for RNA-seq Analyses of Photoperiodic Diapause in the Asian Tiger Mosquito, Aedes albopictus

Photoperiodic diapause is an important adaptation that allows individuals to escape harsh seasonal environments via a series of physiological changes, most notably developmental arrest and reduced metabolism. Global gene expression profiling via RNA-Seq can provide important insights into the transcriptional mechanisms of photoperiodic diapause. The Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus, is an outstanding organism for studying the transcriptional bases of diapause due to its ease of rearing, easily induced diapause, and the genomic resources available. This manuscript presents a general experimental workflow for identifying diapause-induced transcriptional differences in A. albopictus. Rearing techniques, conditions necessary to induce diapause and non-diapause development, methods to estimate percent diapause in a population, and RNA extraction and integrity assessment for mosquitoes are documented. A workflow to process RNA-Seq data from Illumina sequencers culminates in a list of differentially expressed genes. The representative results demonstrate that this protocol can be used to effectively identify genes differentially regulated at the transcriptional level in A. albopictus due to photoperiodic differences. With modest adjustments, this workflow can be readily adapted to study the transcriptional bases of diapause or other important life history traits in other mosquitoes.

An Experimental and Bioinformatics Protocol for RNA-seq Analyses of Photoperiodic Diapause in the Asian Tiger Mosquito, Aedes albopictus

RNA-Seq analyses are becoming increasingly important for identifying the molecular underpinnings of adaptive traits in non-model organisms. Here, a protocol to identify differentially expressed genes between diapause and non-diapause Aedes albopictus mosquitoes is described, from mosquito rearing, to RNA sequencing and bioinformatics analyses of RNA-Seq data.

アジアのタイガーモスキートにおける日長休眠のRNA-seqの分析のための実験とバイオインフォマティクス·プロトコル、<em&gt;ヒトスジシマカ</em

Photoperiodic diapause is an important adaptation that allows individuals to escape harsh seasonal environments via a series of physiological changes, ...

Fat Body Organ Culture System in Aedes Aegypti, a Vector of Zika Virus

The insect fat body plays a central role in insect metabolism and nutrient storage, mirroring functions of the liver and fat tissue in vertebrates. Insect fat body tissue is usually distributed throughout the insect body. However, it is often concentrated in the abdomen and attached to the abdominal body wall.
The mosquito fat body is the sole source of yolk proteins, which are critical for egg production. Therefore, the in vitro culture of mosquito fat body tissues represents an important system for the study of mosquito physiology, metabolism, and, ultimately, egg production. The fat body culture process begins with the preparation of solutions and reagents, including amino acid stock solutions, Aedes physiological saline salt stock solution (APS), calcium stock solution, and fat body culture medium. The process continues with fat body dissection, followed by an experimental treatment. After treatment, a variety of different analyses can be performed, including RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq), qPCR, Western blots, proteomics, and metabolomics.
In our example experiment, we demonstrate the protocol through the excision and culture of fat bodies from the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti, a principal vector of arboviruses including dengue, chikungunya, and Zika. RNA from fat bodies cultured under a physiological condition known to upregulate yolk proteins versus the control were subject to RNA-Seq analysis to demonstrate the potential utility of this procedure for investigations of gene expression.

Fat Body Organ Culture System in Aedes Aegypti, a Vector of Zika Virus

The fat body is the central metabolic organ in insects. We present a live organ culture system that enables the user to study the responses of isolated fat body tissue to various stimuli.

ネッタイシマカジカのベクトルで脂肪ボディ臓器培養システム

The insect fat body plays a central role in insect metabolism and nutrient storage, mirroring functions of the liver and fat tissue in vertebrates. Insect ...

A Step-by-Step Guide to Mosquito Electroantennography

Female mosquitoes are the deadliest animals on earth, claiming the lives of more than 1 million people every year due to pathogens they transmit when acquiring a blood-meal. To locate a host to feed on, mosquitoes rely on a wide range of sensory cues, including visual, mechanical, thermal, and olfactory. The study details a technique, electroantennography (EAG), that allows researchers to assess whether the mosquitoes can detect individual chemicals and blends of chemicals in a concentration-dependent manner. When coupled with gas-chromatography (GC-EAG), this technique allows to expose the antennae to a full headspace/complex mixture and determines which chemicals present in the sample of interest, the mosquito can detect. This is applicable to host body odors as well as plant floral bouquets or other ecologically relevant odors (e.g., oviposition sites odorants). Here, we described a protocol that permits long durations of preparation responsiveness time and is applicable to both female and male mosquitoes from multiple genera, including Aedes, Culex, Anopheles, and Toxorhynchites mosquitoes. As olfaction plays a major part in mosquito-host interactions and mosquito biology in general, EAGs and GC-EAG can reveal compounds of interest for the development of new disease vector control strategies (e.g., baits). Complemented with behavioral assays, the valence (e.g., attractant, repellent) of each chemical can be determined.

The present article details a step-by-step protocol for successful and low noise electroantennograms in several genera of mosquitoes, including both females and males.

蚊のエレクトロアンテノグラフィーのステップバイステップガイド

Female mosquitoes are the deadliest animals on earth, claiming the lives of more than 1 million people every year due to pathogens they transmit when ...

Effective Oral RNA Interference (RNAi) Administration to Adult Anopheles gambiae Mosquitoes

RNA interference has been a heavily utilized tool for reverse genetic analysis for two decades. In adult mosquitoes, double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) administration has been accomplished primarily via injection, which requires significant time and is not suitable for field applications. To overcome these limitations, here we present a more efficient method for robust activation of RNAi by oral delivery of dsRNA to adult Anopheles gambiae. Long dsRNAs were produced in Escherichia coli strain HT115 (DE3), and a concentrated suspension of heat-killed dsRNA-containing bacteria in 10% sucrose was offered on cotton balls ad-libitum to adult mosquitoes. Cotton balls were replaced every 2 days for the duration of the treatment. Use of this method to target doublesex (a gene involved in sex differentiation) or fork head (which encodes a salivary gland transcription factor) resulted in reduced target gene expression and/or protein immunofluorescence signal, as measured by quantitative Real-Time PCR (qRT-PCR) or fluorescence confocal microscopy, respectively. Defects in salivary gland morphology were also observed. This highly flexible, user-friendly, low-cost, time-efficient method of dsRNA delivery could be broadly applicable to target genes important for insect vector physiology and beyond.

Effective Oral RNA Interference RNAi Administration to Adult Anopheles gambiae Mosquitoes

The oral administration of dsRNA produced by bacteria, a delivery method for RNA interference (RNAi) that is routinely used in Caenorhabditis elegans, was successfully applied here to adult mosquitoes. Our method allows for robust reverse genetics studies and transmission-blocking vector studies without the use of injection.

生理的録音と黄熱病の蚊の味覚付属器RNAの配列決定

要約

さらに動画を探す

この動画の章

昆虫における単一感覚子録音キイロショウジョウバエとハマダラカ

AEから中腸と唾液腺の解剖。ネッタイシマカ蚊

から電気生理学的記録

味覚コーディングを研究する新しい方法

アエデスアエジプティ蚊の動物由来血液と人工食事の摂食と定量化

Heterologous Expression and Functional Analysis of Aedes aegypti Odorant Receptors to Human Odors in Xenopus Oocytes

アジアのタイガーモスキートにおける日長休眠のRNA-seqの分析のための実験とバイオインフォマティクス·プロトコル、

ネッタイシマカジカのベクトルで脂肪ボディ臓器培養システム

蚊のエレクトロアンテノグラフィーのステップバイステップガイド

成虫のアノフェレスガンビアエ蚊への効果的な経口RNA干渉(RNAi)投与

生理的録音と黄熱病の蚊の味覚付属器RNAの配列決定

要約

さらに動画を探す

この動画の章

昆虫における単一感覚子録音キイロショウジョウバエとハマダラカ

AEから中腸と唾液腺の解剖。ネッタイシマカ蚊

から電気生理学的記録

味覚コーディングを研究する新しい方法

アエデスアエジプティ蚊の動物由来血液と人工食事の摂食と定量化

Heterologous Expression and Functional Analysis of Aedes aegypti Odorant Receptors to Human Odors in Xenopus Oocytes

アジアのタイガーモスキートにおける日長休眠のRNA-seqの分析のための実験とバイオインフォマティクス·プロトコル、

ネッタイシマカジカのベクトルで脂肪ボディ臓器培養システム

蚊のエレクトロアンテノグラフィーのステップバイステップガイド

成虫 のアノフェレスガンビアエ 蚊への効果的な経口RNA干渉(RNAi)投与

成虫のアノフェレスガンビアエ蚊への効果的な経口RNA干渉(RNAi)投与