We wish to thank the following individuals: Drs. Tim Krohne and Eyal Banin (along with Dr. Mandy Lehmann and David Friedlander) for generous help developing the differentiation protocols. Dr. Felicitas Bucher provided assistance differentiating the RPE cells used in this study. We also acknowledge the National Eye Institute (NEI grants EY11254 and EY021416), California Institute for Regenerative Medicine (CIRM grant TR1-01219), and the Lowy Medical Research Institute (LMRI) for very generous funding for this project.

幹細胞由来のRPEの1.ダイレクト分化注：全てのインキュベーションステップを、5％CO 2中で37℃で実施される<ol style="margin-left: 40px;"><li>維持培地（; 表1 MM）でのhESまたはHIPSライン（毎日餌）を維持する。ラインは、品質管理の十分な基準に達したら、マウス胚性フィーダー細胞（MEFの）の層の上にそれらを維持する6ウェルプレート250,000 /ウェルの密度で播種した。異種非含有培養もタッカーらによって設立されたプロトコルに従って生成することができます。40。 </li><li>幹細胞のコロニーがコンフルエントに到達できるように。 </li><li>ニコチンアミド（; 表1 DM / NIC）に分化培地に切り替え。毎日食べます。 </li><li> RPE分化を強化するために、培養3週間後、ニコチンアミドのいずれかアクチビンAまたはIDE-1（ 表1 DM / NIC / AAまたはDM / NIC / IDE1）で分化培地に切り替える。 </lI&gt; <li>培養での5週間後、DM / NICに切り替える。メディア停止中のpH指示薬が給餌の翌日黄色回し一日一回の授乳は、もはや必要ありません。 </li><li> （ 図2D-Fおよび3Aを参照してください）を切断して除去するのに十分な大きさであることを表示する色素性細胞の小島のを待ちます。 </li></ol> 2.単離色素性島<ol style="margin-left: 40px;"><li>コー​​ト天然の細胞環境を模倣マトリックスと24ウェルプレートのウェル（異種非含有であることが好ましい）。 注：角膜ブレードと鋭い、先の細い鉗子は、ピッキングのために非常に有用である。ピッキングしながら、分化した細胞のシート全体を切り離すことができます。慎重に作業し、当初は皿の中央にコロニーを拾い、この問題を回避してください。 </li><li>必要に応じて、分化培地（ 表1 DM）を24ウェルプレートのような多くの井戸を埋める。この決定は、着色されたコロニーの数に依存する集めた。 </li><li>解剖スコープを持つ細胞培養フードでは、手動で着色された島を切り出す。約2-6バラバラにメスを使用して、元のプレートの下にあるそれぞれの膵島を切り刻むと鋭いピンセットで着色された部分をつかむ。 </li><li>各24ウェルに1-2着色された部分を転送します。 </li><li>細胞が接着するまで、メディアを1週間に3回の変更を開始、その後、3〜5日間のメディアを変更しないでください。 （彼らはこの時間後に付着していない場合は、可能性が、彼らは決して良いことである）。 </li><li>分化培地（DM; 表1）で3~4週間細胞を増殖-典型的な培養物の画像を図3Bに示されている。細胞はまだ全体をよく埋めないかもしれないが、より長い待っていることは助けていないようです。細胞を1週間に3回を養う。 </li><li>必要に応じて、約3週間後に、手動で鋭いピンセットで塊の白い細胞のクラスターを削除します。それが必要でない限り、この手順を実行しないでください - それは、汚染物質を導入することは容易である。 〜するのは理想的です。ステップ1.6で、元の着色されたコロニーからRPEの最も純粋な集団を得ることを試みる。 </li></ol> 3.継代幹細胞由来のRPE <ol style="margin-left: 40px;"><li> 37℃で5-8分間（好ましくは、トリプシンの希釈を通して不活性化することができる試薬であることが好ましいていない）細胞解離溶液と200μlの持つ細胞を剥離し、DMで希釈し、それを不活性化する。すべてのセルを洗い流すためにと（2つの24ウェルから細胞をプールすることを検討、数個の細胞のみが含まれているだけでなく、選択している場合）、それらを再懸濁し、200μlのピペットを使用してください。 </li><li>遠心機（5分間800×gで）、上清を捨て、そして3ミリリットルDMのメディアで再懸濁します。 </li><li>再プレート細胞1つ（または2つ）ウェル当たりDM 3ml中の一つのマトリックスコートした6ウェルに24ウェルから（1：5の拡張）。 </li><li>細胞が約90％コンフルエントになるまで1〜2週間を展開。完全に分化した純粋培養の画像は、図3Cに示されている。 </li><li> 1ミリリットルの細胞dで細胞を剥がし37℃で約5-8分間issociation溶液は、DMで希釈し、それを不活性化する全ての細胞を洗い流す1,000μlのピペットを使用し、それらを再懸濁する。 </li><li>スピンダウン（5分間800×gで）、上清を捨て、そして18ミリリットルのDM培地で再懸濁します。 </li><li> （6展開1）又は1でコーティングされた75センチメートル2フラスコ（1：7.5の拡張）は、6マトリックスに1つの6ウェルの各々から再プレートの細胞をウェルあたりDM 3mlの6ウェルをコーティングした。 </li><li>十分な細胞が得られるまで繰り返して、必要に応じて3.4から3.8を繰り返します。 注：むしろ各通路はRPEの脱分化を誘導するので、継代を経由しての文化を増幅することを計画よりも拡大のための可能な限り多くのコロニーを収集してみてください。 </li></ol>

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N., Rong, Z., Xu, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Immunogenicity+of+induced+pluripotent+stem+cells.">Immunogenicity of induced pluripotent stem cells.</a> Nature. 474 (7350), 212-215 (2011).</li><li>Zhang, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Direct+conversion+of+human+fibroblasts+into+retinal+pigment+epithelium-like+cells+by+defined+factors.">Direct conversion of human fibroblasts into retinal pigment epithelium-like cells by defined factors.</a> Protei., &amp; Cell. 5 (1), 48-58 (2013).</li></ol>

None of the authors have any commercial disclosures to declare.

この原稿では、効率的に純粋なIPS-RPE培養を大量に生成するための手順の概要を説明します。私たちは強くトランスクリプトミクス、プロテオミクス、メタボロミクス、および機能性に基づいてhRPEに似たiPS-RPEを生成することができますアクチビンAと、この指示分化プロトコルを使用して、以前に示されており、RCSラット12,31,32のに移植するとき、彼らは網膜変性を遅らせること。のiP...

The various cell types that occupy the retina are organized in a functional architecture. The photoreceptors in the back of the retina are responsible for converting light into electrical impulses through phototransduction. However, phototransduction cannot occur without the coordinated efforts of other neighboring cell types including Mueller glia and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells. A monolayer of RPE cells partitions the sensory retina from the choriocapillaris, the primary blood supply for photoreceptors, and are ideally situated to control multiple functions important for photoreceptor homeostasis. In fact, the RPE and photoreceptors are so co-dependent they are widely considered to be one single functional unit. (For a review of all the diverse functions of the RPE see Strauss, 20051.) Death or dysfunction of retinal pigment epithelium cells can induce age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the leading cause of permanent vision loss in industrialized countries2-4. 
AMD is a multifactorial disease of RPE, photoreceptors, and the choroidal vasculature; risk factors are diverse and include combinations of environmental and genetic influences5,6. Treatments for AMD are very limited, but one promising potential therapy is RPE cell replacement7,8. While the outcomes have been mixed, the transplantation of RPE cells in AMD patients (and in other patients with retinal degeneration) and also in rodent models of retinal degeneration, has the potential to transiently prevent significant photoreceptor atrophy9-23. (The animal model commonly used for these studies are Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) rats, which harbor a mutation in the MerTK gene. This mutation renders RPE cells incapable of phagocytosing photoreceptor outer segments and promotes retinal degeneration24.) While the reported survival rates of implanted RPE in the subretinal space of RCS rats and mice vary greatly, there is potential for them to survive for several months or years9,10,12,20. 
RPE cells can be obtained in sufficient numbers for transplantation by deriving them from pluripotent stem cells9-14,25-28. Several independent groups have demonstrated that these cells function in similar ways to their somatic counterparts, and long term studies suggest that they are safe upon implantation in rat and mouse disease models9,10,12,14,19,20,25,29-32. The use of induced pluripotent stem cells instead of embryonic stem cells may be advantageous since ethical issues and immunological challenges associated with allogeneic RPE may be obviated33,34. Another exciting application for iPS technology is disease modeling35. The ability to interrogate large numbers of RPE cells derived from patients with RPE diseases could be invaluable for understanding their molecular bases. This type of study has been performed recently with Best disease patient RPE and could pave the way for similar studies of inherited maculopathies36. 
The derivation of RPE from stem cells is a relatively simple process and can be done entirely in xeno-free conditions. The simplest strategy is to derive monolayers of RPE cells spontaneously, however, the yield can be significantly improved using directed differentiation techniques. But these techniques involve the use of exogenous protein factors that can be expensive and often generated in bacteria or other non-human sources10,12,37. In our studies we followed an established protocol10 that utilizes nicotinamide and Activin A, a signaling factor that has been shown to be sufficient for RPE specification38. Here we will demonstrate that the small molecule IDE-1 can adequately replace Activin A, thus reducing costs and alleviating concerns associated with the use of recombinant proteins39. Additionally, we utilize xeno-free serum replacement, and we culture the differentiating RPE cells on a synthetic xeno-free substrate. RPE cells have been shown previously to differentiate very effectively using this approach40.
When differentiated as a monolayer, we visualize pigmented colonies containing RPE cells after as early as five weeks12. Once they reach sufficient size, they can be manually excised and transferred to another dish for expansion. RPE cells are notorious for dedifferentiating with each passage, and the use of anything older than five passages should be avoided (we find that sufficient numbers of cells for characterization and transplantation in animal models can easily be generated after two or three passages). Once fully differentiated, we employ multiple techniques to characterize the cells anatomically and functionally to ensure that they will serve as adequate replacements for diseased RPE. The description of these techniques, and protocol for implanting the iPS-RPE in the subretinal space of rodents, are beyond the scope of this methods paper and have been previously published12,32,41. 
While developing standardized protocols for effective derivation of iPS-RPE is clearly important for the clinics, there is also significant preclinical work to still be done in animal models. There are concerns regarding immunogenicity of iPS-derived cells, and multiple different implantation techniques, including implanting cells on artificial substrates, are being explored42,43. For these reasons, we feel that the publication of standardized protocols is beneficial to facilitate both clinical and preclinical studies. Especially if direct comparisons will be done of iPS-RPE cells derived in different labs by different research groups.

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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:419px;">Recombinant Human/Murine/Rat Activin A&#160;</td>
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			<td style="width:145px;">Life Technologies</td>
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			<td>500 mL x 1&#160;</td>
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			<td style="width:119px;">431475</td>
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efficient derivation of retinal pigment epithelium cells from stem cells

No cure has been discovered for age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the leading cause of vision loss in people over the age of 55. AMD is complex multifactorial disease with an unknown etiology, although it is largely thought to occur due to death or dysfunction of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), a monolayer of cells that underlies the retina and provides critical support for photoreceptors. RPE cell replacement strategies may hold great promise for providing therapeutic relief for a large subset of AMD patients, and RPE cells that strongly resemble primary human cells (hRPE) have been generated in multiple independent labs, including our own. In addition, the uses for iPS-RPE are not limited to cell-based therapies, but also have been used to model RPE diseases. These types of studies may not only elucidate the molecular bases of the diseases, but also serve as invaluable tools for developing and testing novel drugs. We present here an optimized protocol for directed differentiation of RPE from stem cells. Adding nicotinamide and either Activin A or IDE-1, a small molecule that mimics its effects, at specific time points, greatly enhances the yield of RPE cells. Using this technique we can derive large numbers of low passage RPE in as early as three months.

図1に示すように、本 ​​稿で説明する手順は、以前に報告されているように10,12を容易に幹細胞からRPEを生成するために使用することができる。数週間のiPSラインを維持した後、着色されたコロニーが5-7週間後（7週齢の培養物は、図2A-Cに示されている）の後にコロニーに現れ始める。これらのコロニーは培養が維持されているように週間成長し続けること...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Efficient Derivation of Retinal Pigment Epithelium Cells from Stem Cells at JoVE.com

Efficient Derivation of Retinal Pigment Epithelium Cells from Stem Cells

Stem cell-derived retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells may be used for multiple applications including cell-based therapies for retinal degeneration, disease modeling, and drug studies. Here we present a simple protocol for reproducibly deriving RPE from stem cells.

幹細胞から網膜色素上皮細胞の効率的な導出

No cure has been discovered for age-related macular degeneration  (AMD), the leading cause of vision loss in people over the age of 55. AMD is complex ...

efficient-derivation-retinal-pigment-epithelium-cells-from-stem

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Developmental Biology

9.1K ビュー.  The Scripps Research Institute. Stem cell-derived retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells may be used for multiple applications including cell-based therapies for retinal degeneration, disease modeling, and drug studies. Here we present a simple protocol for reproducibly deriving RPE from stem cells.