Name: rapid identification of chemical genetic interactions in saccharomyces cerevisiae
Uploaded: 2015-04-05T14:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 12 min 13 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Rapid Identification of Chemical Genetic Interactions in Saccharomyces cerevisiae at JoVE.com

CJNラボの研究はNSERC、カナダの癌協会研究所（CCSRI）、およびカナダの乳がん財団（BC-ユーコン支店）から操作する補助金によってサポートされています。

注：この手順の一般的なワークフローを図2に概説されている。 成長阻害用量の1の決定<ol><li>酵母一晩培養の調製 注：このプロトコルで使用される酵母エキス-ペプトン-デキストロース増殖培地（YEPD）は、標準的なレシピ13である。 <ol><li> BY4741（ のMATa HIS3Δ1leu2Δ0met15Δ0ura3Δ0）YEPD寒天プレート上の細胞外ストリークし、30℃で、可視コロニーが形成されるまで、48時間インキュベートする。 </li><li>単一コロニーを滅菌した培養容器にYEPD液体培地の5ミリリットルを接種することによって、一晩培養を準備します。連続回転または振とうしながら30℃で一晩インキュベートする。文化は一般的に（〜2×10 8細胞/ ml）朝までに飽和状態に達するだろう。 </li></ol></li><li>様々な化学物質の投与量を含有する固体寒天培地調製<ol><li>のいくつかの株式を準備化学物質は、適当な溶媒中で100×所望の最終濃度で試験する。 注：効果的な濃度は、化学に依存し、経験的に決定されなければならない。当初は幅広い最終濃度範囲をテストすることをお勧めします。 すなわち 、低μMからハイmMまで。 </li><li>化学物質の各濃度について、いくつかの滅菌培養チューブにアリコート溶融YEPD寒天を3mlを、試験される。 55℃の水浴中で場所が固化維持する。 </li><li>試験対象の化学物質の各濃度について12ウェルプレート内の重複ウェルのそれぞれペアに溶融メディア、渦に混合する2-3秒、およびピペット1ミリリットルを100倍化合物の30μlを添加する。唯一の制御車両を含めるようにしてください。プレートを室温で一晩に設定できるようにします。余分なメディアを捨てる。 </li></ol></li><li>スプレッドプレーティング細胞<ol><li>ステップ1のように一晩増殖させ飽和酵母培養の2μL、とYEPD液体培地の10ミリリットルを接種する。1.2。 </li><li>プレートウェルあたり希釈された酵母培養液25μl、滅菌ガラスビーズやロッドを使用して均一に広げ、そしてプレートが炎の下で乾燥させる。 48時間、30℃でプレートをインキュベート。 </li><li>プレート上での酵母の増殖（コロニーの両方の合計数と大きさ）を評価する。画面を実行するために10％以上の-15％の成長を阻害しない化合物の亜致死濃度を選択する。 </li></ol></li></ol> 2.体系的化学遺伝画面<ol><li>ソースプレートの欠失変異体アレイのメンテナンス（DMA）と準備<ol><li>グリセロールストックから欠失変異体アレイを構築する上で詳細な説明についてはBaryshnikova ら 14を参照してください。欠失変異体は、プレートあたり384コロニーの密度で配列された後、DMAは4​​℃で数ヶ月間保存することができる。それぞれに成長するコロニーを防止するためにG418、必要に応じて200μgの/ mlを含むYEPD寒天上に複製するその他。 注：複数のシリアル複製が遅い成長株の損失を防止し、サプレッサー変異株の出現を最小限にするために避けるべきである。半数体としてのコレクションを維持する場合、これは特に関連する。 </li><li>ロボットシステムを配列の微生物を使用して、すべてのレプリカプレーティングの手順を実行します。また、手動のピン止めツールを使用して配列されたコロニーを操作します。 注：酵母の削除コレクションは、いくつかの商業的供給源から半数体と二倍体として利用可能で、通常は96ウェルプレートにグリセロールストックとして出荷されています。 </li></ol></li><li>欠失変異体の配列を凝縮<ol><li> G418200μgの/ mlを含むYEPD寒天培地の250ミリリットルを準備します。 G418の有効濃度は変化してもよく、各ロットは、実験的にテストする必要があります。 </li><li>プレートあたりのG418を200μg/ mlを含むYEPD寒天の50ミリリットルを注ぐことにより、5 YEPD寒天プレートを準備します。配列を凝縮する前にこの一日を行い、プレートを室温で冷却することができるようにerature一夜平らな平らな面に。 注：4つのプレートが1536 - ひずみ密度で収集に必要となる、第五のプレートが余分として注入する。 </li><li>プレート当たり384コロニーの密度で突然変異体の削除コレクションを含む16ペトリ皿を取り出し、室温（〜1時間）に来ることができます。 </li><li>繊細なタスクが拭く使用して各プレートの蓋の上に形成されたすべての結露を拭いてください。これを怠ると、配列された変異体の配列と交差汚染の上に堆積されて水滴になることがあります。 </li><li>微生物の配列ピン止めロボットを用いて、プレート当たり1536個のコロニー（4ペトリ皿）に、プレート当たり384コロニー（16ペトリ皿）の密度からDMAを凝縮。プレート1ピンから1 番目のコロニーが凝縮された配列の1列1行するように、これを実行し、プレート2の1 番目のコロニーは、1列2、2列1を行にプレート3の1 番目のコロニー行、とする行2のプレート4の1 番目のコロニーコラム2。 </li><li> 30℃で一晩連結配列をインキュベートする。 </li><li>ソースプレートからコロニーの均一な移動を確保するための配列を調べます。 DMAが正しく（ 図4A）凝縮されたために、ガイドとして役立つわざわざ配列に組み込まれ、いくつかの空白の位置が、あるでしょう。 注：これらは、試験化合物を含有する培地上にレプリカプレーティングのソースプレートになる。単一ソースプレートは、複数のpinningsのために使用することができる。また、多くのロボットは、酵母の同じような数字が毎回転送されていることを確認します相殺機能を持ちます。 </li></ol></li><li>レプリカプレート欠失変異体配列<ol><li>コントロールの700ミリリットル（車両のみ）、および実験的なメディア（化学系）の700ミリリットルを準備します。これは（条件あたり12のプレートに加え、2エクストラ）三連でアッセイを行うために十分である。 </li><li>プレート当たりの試験化学物質またはコントロールを含むYEPD寒天の50ミリリットルを注ぐ。プレートtを許可Oフラットさえ表面に室温で一晩冷やす。 </li><li>レプリカプレートにロボットを用いて、実験的に決定された濃度の化学物質を含有するプレートを3組、ならびにビヒクル対照を含有するプレートを3組にDMAを接種する。 24〜48時間室温でプレートをインキュベートする。 </li></ol></li></ol> 3.イメージングプレートとデータ解析<ol><li>インキュベーターからプレートを取り出し、それらを画像化の前に、室温（〜1時間）に来ることができます。これは、プレートを画像化しながら、結露を防ぐことができます。 </li><li>蓋を取り外し、フラットベッドスキャナ上に表を下にして置くことにより24及び48時間での画像プレート。少なくとも300dpiの解像度で画像をキャプチャします。代替的に、画像をキャプチャするデジタルカメラを使用。そうする場合は、場所のプレートは、暗い背景に表向きにして画像に蓋を取り外します。 注意：プレートのファイルフォーマットおよび位置決めを使用定量化プログラムに依存するであろう。 </li&gt; <li> Balony 15、SGAtools 16、及びScreenMill 17を含むいくつかのオープンソースプログラムのいずれかを使用してアレイコロニーの大きさの定量化と比較を行う。 </li></ol>画面の4。バリデーション注：この段階では、いくつかの酵母の欠失変異体は、対象の化学物質への過敏として獲得します。これらの化学遺伝的相互作用は、次の二つの方法で検証する必要があります。最初の感受性株の同一性は、PCRによって確認されるべきである。第二に、化学物質過敏症は、独立して採点されなければならない。以下に概説ひずみ過敏症、酵母生物学における一般的な技術を検証するために、スポッティングアッセイを行うための簡単​​なプロトコルである。 <ol><li>ストリークアウトのG418を200μg/ mlを含むYEPD寒天上に酵母削除コレクションから（過敏）変異体を希望する。コロニーが形成されるまで30℃でインキュベートする。に応じてプライマーを用いた診断PCRによって株の遺伝子型を確認してください製造業者のプロトコル。 </li><li>各菌株のためのYEPD液体の5ミリリットルを接種し、回転または振とうしながら30℃で一晩インキュベートする。 </li><li> OD 600を測定し、無菌のdH 2 O中にOD 600 = 1に各菌株を希釈これらは現在、正規化された酵母培養物である。 </li><li> 96ウェルプレートのウェルA1に正規化された野生型酵母（BY4741）培養物100μlを分注する。井戸B1-H1に最大7つの追加の株を100μl分注する。 </li><li> A6-H6を通じて井戸A2-H2に無菌のdH 2 O90μlのを分配するためにマルチチャンネルピ ​​ペッターを使用してください。最後に、正規化された酵母培養物の1:10希釈系列を用意。シリアルにマルチチャンネルピ ​​ペッターで列2に列1の10μlのピペッティングして起動し、6の希釈が行われるまで、96ウェルプレート全体で継続する（ すなわち 、10 0〜10 -5）。 </li><li>マルチチャンネルを使用してグリッドに希釈した酵母培養の2-5μlの転送化学的および車両コントロールを含むYEPD固体培地上にピペッター。 24〜48時間のための適切な温度でプレートをインキュベートする。 </li><li> （BY4741対照と比較して）プレートを点検し、化学物質に選択した変異体の感度を比較する。ステップ3.2と24と48時間での画像プレート。 注：関連遺伝子オントロジーまたは機能を有するいくつかの過敏株の同定は、スクリーンの有効性に自信を向いているが、遺伝子の野生型コピーを含有するプラスミドと過敏欠失菌株の形質転換は、正式にその遺伝子を確立するために必要とされる興味の削除は（第二部位変異を隠されていない）薬剤感受性の原因となる。 </li></ol>

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The authors declare they have no competing financial interests.

ここで説明は、化学遺伝的相互作用のプロファイルを生成するためのアプローチである。この方法は単純で、化学物質の存在下および非存在下での総合的な遺伝子欠失コレクション内の各株のコロニーのサイズを比較することにより、化学的傷害を許容するために必要なすべての遺伝子が同定されている。感受性株の結果リストの注釈濃縮分析は、アクションの薬品モードへの洞察を提供す?...

遺伝的ツールとモデル生物出芽酵母で利用可能なリソースを一括遺伝子がネットワークは、生物学的システムの要件を満たすためにとして機能する方法に新たな洞察を提供し、大規模なゲノム機能研究を可能にした。これらのツールの礎石は、酵母1,2内のすべてのオープンリーディングフレームの非必須遺伝子欠失の完全なセットの共同制作だった。顕著な観察は、標準的な実験室条件下​​で半数体として増殖させた場合の酵母遺伝子のわずか〜20％が生存に必要とされることであった。これは別の生物学的経路を利用して、ゲノムの摂動に対する緩衝する細胞の能力を強調しています。組み合わせて個別に実行可能な、しかし、致死的に接続または収束並列生物学的経路のシグナル及び生物学的機能を説明する遺伝的相互作用のネットワークを形成する遺伝的変異体。条件付きテの発展に伴い必須遺伝子のmperatureに敏感と低次形態対立遺伝子技術は、非必須遺伝子3,4の研究に限定されていません。この概念は、類似の細胞プロセスに関与する遺伝子が5が一緒にクラスタ化方法を説明するための公平な遺伝的相互作用マップを生成するゲノム規模で適用されている。 遺伝子ネットワークの化学摂動模倣遺伝子欠失（ 図1）6。過敏症の削除株の高密度アレイに対して増殖抑制化合物を問い合せると、化学的ストレスに耐えるために必要とされる遺伝子のリスト、つまり 、化学遺伝的相互作用プロファイルを識別します。遺伝的相互作用と同様に、化学ライブラリーの大規模スクリーニングは、一緒に行動クラスタの類似した様式を有する化合物7が示されている。したがって、化合物の化学遺伝的相互作用のプロファイルを確立することによって、作用機序は、LARと比較することによって推測することができるGE-規模合成遺伝的および化学的な遺伝的相互作用のデータセット8,9。 化合物のスコアは、尋問されている大規模な化学遺伝学的スクリーニングでは、バーコードの競合アッセイにより行われてきた。この手法では、欠損株のプールされたコレクションは、化学物質を含有する培地の少量の数世代にわたって一斉に成長させる。各欠失変異体は、固有の遺伝的バーコードを保有するので、欠失株のプール内の個々の突然変異体の生存/増殖は、マイクロアレイまたは高スループット配列10によって追跡される。 生物活性化合物を含む固体寒天上で増殖させた物理的に配列された変異体のコロニーの大きさを監視することにより、適合度を推定することは、化学遺伝的相互作用11,12を識別するための有効な方法である。このアプローチは、競合ベースのスクリーニングの費用対効果の高い代替物を提供し、化学物質の小さなライブラリーをアッセイするために適している。ここで概説S.における化学遺伝的相互作用のリストを生成するための簡単な方法論である分子生物学操作またはインフラストラクチャに依存しない。セレビシエ。のみ酵母削除コレクション、ロボットまたは手動のピン止め装置、及び自由に利用できる画像解析ソフトウェアを必要とする。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Yeast Extract</td><td>BioBasic</td><td>G0961</td><td>For YEPD liquid/solid media add to 1% final concentration (w/v)</td></tr><tr><td>Tyrptone Powder</td><td>BD Biosciences</td><td>211820</td><td>For YEPD liquid/solid media add to 2% final concentration (w/v)</td></tr><tr><td>Dextrose</td><td>Anachemia</td><td>31096-380</td><td>For YEPD liquid/solid media add to 2% final concentration (w/v) &amp;#8212; do not autoclave. Prepare 20% stock solution, filter sterilize, and add to media after autoclaving.</td></tr><tr><td>Agar A</td><td>Bio Basic</td><td>FB0010</td><td>For YEPD solid media add to 2% final concentration (w/v)</td></tr><tr><td>G418</td><td>A.G. Scientific Inc.</td><td>G-1033</td><td>Prepare 1,000x stock at 200&amp;nbsp;mg/ml in dH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O and filter sterilize.&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>12-well plate</td><td>Greiner Bio One</td><td>655180</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>5 ml culture tubes</td><td>Evergreen Scientific</td><td>222-2376-080</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>10 cm Petri Dish</td><td>VWR</td><td>25384-302</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ROTOR HDA</td><td>Singer Instruments&amp;nbsp;</td><td>ROT-001</td><td>high-throughput microbial array pinning robot</td></tr><tr><td>PLUSPLATE&amp;copy; Petri Dish</td><td>Singer Instruments&amp;nbsp;</td><td>PLU-001</td><td>Box of 200 dishes</td></tr><tr><td>384 Short-Pin RePad</td><td>Singer Instruments&amp;nbsp;</td><td>RP-MP-384</td><td>Box of 1,000 pads</td></tr><tr><td>1536 Short-Pin RePad</td><td>Singer Instruments&amp;nbsp;</td><td>RP-MP-1536</td><td>Box of 1,000 pads</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">Alternative Pinning Tools:</td></tr><tr><td>Fully Automated Robtic Systems</td><td>S&amp;amp;P robotics</td><td>http://www.sprobotics.com</td><td>Several automated colony handling robitic and imagining systems available.</td></tr><tr><td>Manual Pinning Tools</td><td>V&amp;amp;P Scientific</td><td>http://www.vp-scientific.com</td><td>Handheld replication tools and accessories.&amp;nbsp;</td></tr></tbody></table>

rapid identification of chemical genetic interactions in saccharomyces cerevisiae

出芽酵母は、生物活性化学物質の作用機序を学術、製薬、幅広い、および産業科学者に興味がある。決定、または出芽酵母、〜6000の遺伝子の欠失変異体と低形質必須遺伝子のための完全なコレクションのモデル真核生物である変異体は、市販されている。変異体のこれらのコレクションは、系統的に化学物質を許容するために必要な化学-遺伝子の相互作用、 すなわち遺伝子を検出するために用いることができる。この情報は、順番に、化合物の作用の可能性が高いモードに報告します。ここでは、出芽酵母における化学遺伝的相互作用の迅速な同定のためのプロトコルについて説明します。我々は、アクションの明確に定義された機構を有する化学療法剤5-フルオロウラシル（5-FU）を用いた方法を実証する。我々の結果は、核TRAMPのRNAエキソソームおよびDNA修復酵素は、以前メートルと一致する5-FUの存在下で増殖のために必要とされることを示すベースのバーコード化学遺伝学的アプローチおよび5-FUに悪影響RNA及びDNA代謝に影響を与えることを知ってicroarray。これらのハイスループットスクリーニングの必要な検証プロトコルも記載されている。

このアプローチの妥当性確認として、我々は、上記で概説したプロトコル次の化学療法剤5-フルオロウラシル（5-FU）の代表的な化学遺伝的相互作用の画面を行った。 5-FUは、チミジル酸シンターゼ、ならびにDNAおよびRNA代謝18を破壊することが知られている。 5-FUの化学遺伝的相互作用は十分に研究されており、ヘテロ接合およびホモ接合性欠失コレクション8,19の両方を使用?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Rapid Identification of Chemical Genetic Interactions in Saccharomyces cerevisiae at JoVE.com

Rapid Identification of Chemical Genetic Interactions in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Here we present a cost-effective method for defining chemical-genetic interactions in budding yeast. The approach is built on fundamental techniques in yeast molecular biology and is well suited for the mechanistic interrogation of small to medium collections of chemicals and other media environments.

における化学遺伝の相互作用の迅速な同定<em&gt;サッカロマイセス·セレビシエ</em

Determining the mode of action of bioactive chemicals is of interest to a broad range of academic, pharmaceutical, and industrial scientists. ...

rapid-identification-chemical-genetic-interactions-saccharomyces

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Rapid Identification of Chemical Genetic Interactions in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

10.3K ビュー.  University of Victoria. Here we present a cost-effective method for defining chemical-genetic interactions in budding yeast. The approach is built on fundamental techniques in yeast molecular biology and is well suited for the mechanistic interrogation of small to medium collections of chemicals and other media environments.

ビデオ: Rapid Identification of Chemical Genetic Interactions in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Genome-wide Mapping of Protein-DNA Interactions with ChEC-seq in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Genome-wide mapping of protein-DNA interactions is critical for understanding gene regulation, chromatin remodeling, and other chromatin-resident processes. Formaldehyde crosslinking followed by chromatin immunoprecipitation and high-throughput sequencing (X-ChIP-seq) has been used to gain many valuable insights into genome biology. However, X-ChIP-seq has notable limitations linked to crosslinking and sonication. Native ChIP avoids these drawbacks by omitting crosslinking, but often results in poor recovery of chromatin-bound proteins. In addition, all ChIP-based methods are subject to antibody quality considerations. Enzymatic methods for mapping protein-DNA interactions, which involve fusion of a protein of interest to a DNA-modifying enzyme, have also been used to map protein-DNA interactions. We recently combined one such method, chromatin endogenous cleavage (ChEC), with high-throughput sequencing as ChEC-seq. ChEC-seq relies on fusion of a chromatin-associated protein of interest to micrococcal nuclease (MNase) to generate targeted DNA cleavage in the presence of calcium in living cells. ChEC-seq is not based on immunoprecipitation and so circumvents potential concerns with crosslinking, sonication, chromatin solubilization, and antibody quality while providing high resolution mapping with minimal background signal. We envision that ChEC-seq will be a powerful counterpart to ChIP, providing an independent means by which to both validate ChIP-seq findings and discover new insights into genomic regulation.

Genome-wide Mapping of Protein-DNA Interactions with ChEC-seq in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

We describe chromatin endogenous cleavage coupled with high-throughput sequencing (ChEC-seq), a chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP)-orthogonal method for mapping protein binding sites genome-wide with micrococcal nuclease (MNase) fusion proteins.

ChEC-seqとのタンパク質 - DNA相互作用のゲノムワイドマッピング<em&gt; Saccharomyces cerevisiae</em

Genome-wide mapping of protein-DNA interactions is critical for understanding gene regulation, chromatin remodeling, and other chromatin-resident ...

遺伝学

A Deep-sequencing-assisted, Spontaneous Suppressor Screen in the Fission Yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe

A genetic screen for mutant alleles that suppress phenotypic defects caused by a mutation is a powerful approach to identify genes that belong to closely related biochemical pathways. Previous methods such as the Synthetic Genetic Array (SGA) analysis, and random mutagenesis techniques using ultraviolet (UV) or chemicals like ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) or N-ethyl-N- nitrosourea (ENU), have been widely used but are often costly and laborious. Also, these mutagen-based screening methods are frequently associated with severe side effects on the organism, inducing multiple mutations that add to the complexity of isolating the suppressors. Here, we present a simple and effective protocol to identify suppressor mutations in mutants which confer a growth defect in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. The fitness of cells with a growth deficiency in standard rich liquid media or synthetic liquid media can be monitored for recovery using an automated 96-well plate reader over an extended period. Once a cell acquires a suppressor mutation in the culture, its descendants outcompete those of the parental cells. The recovered cells that have a competitive growth advantage over the parental cells can then be isolated and backcrossed with the parental cells. The suppressor mutations are then identified using whole-genome sequencing. Using this approach, we have successfully isolated multiple suppressors that alleviate the severe growth defects caused by loss of Elf1, an AAA+ family ATPase that is important in nuclear mRNA transport and maintenance of genomic stability. There are currently over 400 genes in S. pombe with mutants conferring a growth defect. As many of these genes are uncharacterized, we propose that our method will hasten the identification of novel functional interactions with this user-friendly, high-throughput approach.

A Deep-sequencing-assisted, Spontaneous Suppressor Screen in the Fission Yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe

We present a simple suppressor screen protocol in fission yeast. This method is efficient, mutagen-free, and&#160; selective&#160; for&#160; mutations that&#160; often&#160; occur at&#160; &#160;a&#160; single&#160; genomic&#160; locus.&#160; The protocol is suitable for isolating suppressors that alleviate growth defects in liquid culture that are caused by a mutation or a drug.

分裂酵母分裂酵母のディープ シーケンス アシスト、自発的な抑制画面

A genetic screen for mutant alleles that suppress phenotypic defects caused by a mutation is a powerful approach to identify genes that belong to closely ...

Genetic Mapping of Thermotolerance Differences Between Species of Saccharomyces Yeast via Genome-Wide Reciprocal Hemizygosity Analysis

A central goal of modern genetics is to understand how and why organisms in the wild differ in phenotype. To date, the field has advanced largely on the strength of linkage and association mapping methods, which trace the relationship between DNA sequence variants and phenotype across recombinant progeny from matings between individuals of a species. These approaches, although powerful, are not well suited to trait differences between reproductively isolated species. Here we describe a new method for genome-wide dissection of natural trait variation that can be readily applied to incompatible species. Our strategy, RH-seq, is a genome-wide implementation of the reciprocal hemizygote test. We harnessed it to identify the genes responsible for the striking high temperature growth of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae relative to its sister species S. paradoxus. RH-seq utilizes transposon mutagenesis to create a pool of reciprocal hemizygotes, which are then tracked through a high-temperature competition via high-throughput sequencing. Our RH-seq workflow as laid out here provides a rigorous, unbiased way to dissect ancient, complex traits in the budding yeast clade, with the caveat that resource-intensive deep sequencing is needed to ensure genomic coverage for genetic mapping. As sequencing costs drop, this approach holds great promise for future use across eukaryotes.

Genetic Mapping of Thermotolerance Differences Between Species of Saccharomyces Yeast via Genome-Wide Reciprocal Hemizygosity Analysis

Reciprocal hemizygosity via sequencing (RH-seq) is a powerful new method to map the genetic basis of a trait difference between species. Pools of hemizygotes are generated by transposon mutagenesis and their fitness is tracked through competitive growth using high-throughout sequencing. Analysis of the resulting data pinpoints genes underlying the trait.

ゲノムワイド往復半角化分析によるサッカロマイセス酵母の種間の熱耐性の遺伝学的マッピング

A central goal of modern genetics is to understand how and why organisms in the wild differ in phenotype. To date, the field has advanced largely on the ...

Identification of protein complexes with quantitative proteomics in S. cerevisiae

Lipids are the building blocks of cellular membranes that function as barriers and in compartmentalization of cellular processes, and recently, as important intracellular signalling molecules. However, unlike proteins, lipids are small hydrophobic molecules that traffic primarily by poorly described nonvesicular routes, which are hypothesized to occur at membrane contact sites (MCSs). MCSs are regions where the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) makes direct physical contact with a partnering organelle, e.g., plasma membrane (PM). The ER portion of ER-PM MCSs is enriched in lipid-synthesizing enzymes, suggesting that lipid synthesis is directed to these sites and implying that MCSs are important for lipid traffic. Yeast is an ideal model to study ER-PM MCSs because of their abundance, with over 1000 contacts per cell, and their conserved nature in all eukaryotes. Uncovering the proteins that constitute MCSs is critical to understanding how lipids traffic is accomplished in cells, and how they act as signaling molecules. We have found that an ER called Scs2p localize to ER-PM MCSs and is important for their formation. We are focused on uncovering the molecular partners of Scs2p. Identification of protein complexes traditionally relies on first resolving purified protein samples by gel electrophoresis, followed by in-gel digestion of protein bands and analysis of peptides by mass spectrometry. This often limits the study to a small subset of proteins. Also, protein complexes are exposed to denaturing or non-physiological conditions during the procedure. To circumvent these problems, we have implemented a large-scale quantitative proteomics technique to extract unbiased and quantified data. We use stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) to incorporate staple isotope nuclei in proteins in an untagged control strain. Equal volumes of tagged culture and untagged, SILAC-labeled culture are mixed together and lysed by grinding in liquid nitrogen. We then carry out an affinity purification procedure to pull down protein complexes. Finally, we precipitate the protein sample, which is ready for analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography/ tandem mass spectrometry. Most importantly, proteins in the control strain are labeled by the heavy isotope and will produce a mass/ charge shift that can be quantified against the unlabeled proteins in the bait strain. Therefore, contaminants, or unspecific binding can be easily eliminated. By using this approach, we have identified several novel proteins that localize to ER-PM MCSs. Here we present a detailed description of our approach. 

Here we describe a new quantitative proteomics technique for identifying protein complexes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In this study, we have used the SILAC method together with affinity purification followed by tandem mass spectrometry to identify with high specificity the binding partners of an ER protein, Scs2p.

S. cerevisiaeの定量的プロテオミクスとタンパク質の複合体の同定

Lipids are the building blocks of cellular membranes that function as barriers and in compartmentalization of cellular processes, and recently, as ...

生物学

Detection of Homologous Recombination Intermediates via Proximity Ligation and Quantitative PCR in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

DNA damage, including DNA double-stranded breaks and inter-strand cross-links, incurred during the S and G2 phases of the cell cycle can be repaired by homologous recombination (HR). In addition, HR represents an important mechanism of replication fork rescue following stalling or collapse. The regulation of the many reversible and irreversible steps of this complex pathway promotes its fidelity. The physical analysis of the recombination intermediates formed during HR enables the characterization of these controls by various nucleoprotein factors and their interactors. Though there are well-established methods to assay specific events and intermediates in the recombination pathway, the detection of D-loop formation and extension, two critical steps in this pathway, has proved challenging until recently. Here, efficient methods for detecting key events in the HR pathway, namely DNA double-stranded break formation, D-loop formation, D-loop extension, and the formation of products via break-induced replication (BIR) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae are described. These assays detect their relevant recombination intermediates and products with high sensitivity and are independent of cellular viability. The detection of D-loops, D-loop extension, and the BIR product is based on proximity ligation. Together, these assays allow for the study of the kinetics of HR at the population level to finely address the functions of HR proteins and regulators at significant steps in the pathway.

Detection of Homologous Recombination Intermediates via Proximity Ligation and Quantitative PCR in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The D-loop capture (DLC) and D-loop extension (DLE) assays utilize the principle of proximity ligation together with quantitative PCR to quantify D-loop formation, D-loop extension, and product formation at the site of an inducible double-stranded break in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

出芽酵母における近接ライゲーションと定量PCRによる相同組換え中間体の検出

DNA damage, including DNA double-stranded breaks and inter-strand cross-links, incurred during the S and G2 phases of the cell cycle can be repaired by ...

Utilization of Grafix for the Detection of Transient Interactors of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Spliceosome Subcomplexes

Pre-mRNA splicing is a very dynamic process that involves many molecular rearrangements of the spliceosome subcomplexes during assembly, RNA processing, and release of the complex components. Glycerol gradient centrifugation has been used for the separation of protein or RNP (RiboNucleoProtein) complexes for functional and structural studies. Here, we describe the utilization of Grafix (Gradient Fixation), which was first developed to purify and stabilize macromolecular complexes for single particle cryo-electron microscopy, to identify interactions between splicing factors that bind transiently to the spliceosome complex. This method is based on the centrifugation of samples into an increasing concentration of a fixation reagent to stabilize complexes. After centrifugation of yeast total extracts loaded on glycerol gradients, recovered fractions are analyzed by dot blot for the identification of the spliceosome sub-complexes and determination of the presence of individual splicing factors.

Utilization of Grafix for the Detection of Transient Interactors of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Spliceosome Subcomplexes

Here, we describe the utilization of Grafix (Gradient Fixation), a glycerol gradient centrifugation in the presence of a crosslinker, to identify interactions between splicing factors that bind transiently to the spliceosome complex.

サッカロミセス・セレビシエ・スプライセソソーム・サブコンプレックスの過渡性インターアクター検出のためのグラフィックスの利用

Pre-mRNA splicing is a very dynamic process that involves many molecular rearrangements of the spliceosome subcomplexes during assembly, RNA processing, ...

生化学

Microarray Analysis for Saccharomyces cerevisiae

In this protocol, gene expression in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) is changed after exposure to oxidative stress induced by the addition of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), an oxidizing agent. In the experiment, yeast is grown for 48 hours in 1/2X YPD broth containing 3X glucose. The culture is split into a control and treated group. The experiment culture is treated with 0.5 mM H2O2 in Hanks Buffered Saline (HBSS) for 1 hour. The control culture is treated with HBSS only. Total RNA is extracted from both cultures and is converted to a biotin-labeled cRNA product through a multistep process. The final synthesis product is taken back to the UVM Microarray Core Facility and hybridized to the Affymetrix yeast GeneChips. The resulting gene expression data are uploaded into bioinformatics data analysis software.

Microarray Analysis for Saccharomyces cerevisiae

In this protocol, gene expression in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) is changed after exposure to oxidative stress induced by the addition of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), an oxidizing agent.

マイクロアレイ解析のためのサッカロマイセスセレビシエ</em

In this protocol, gene expression in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) is changed after exposure to oxidative stress induced by the addition of hydrogen ...

Competitive Genomic Screens of Barcoded Yeast Libraries

By virtue of advances in next generation sequencing technologies, we have access to new genome sequences almost daily. The tempo of these advances is accelerating, promising greater depth and breadth. In light of these extraordinary advances, the need for fast, parallel methods to define gene function becomes ever more important. Collections of genome-wide deletion mutants in yeasts and E. coli have served as workhorses for functional characterization of gene function, but this approach is not scalable, current gene-deletion approaches require each of the thousands of genes that comprise a genome to be deleted and verified. Only after this work is complete can we pursue high-throughput phenotyping. Over the past decade, our laboratory has refined a portfolio of competitive, miniaturized, high-throughput genome-wide assays that can be performed in parallel. This parallelization is possible because of the inclusion of DNA 'tags', or 'barcodes,' into each mutant, with the barcode serving as a proxy for the mutation and one can measure the barcode abundance to assess mutant fitness. In this study, we seek to fill the gap between DNA sequence and barcoded mutant collections. To accomplish this we introduce a combined transposon disruption-barcoding approach that opens up parallel barcode assays to newly sequenced, but poorly characterized microbes. To illustrate this approach we present a new Candida albicans barcoded disruption collection and describe how both microarray-based and next generation sequencing-based platforms can be used to collect 10,000 - 1,000,000 gene-gene and drug-gene interactions in a single experiment.

We have developed comprehensive, unbiased genome-wide screens to understand gene-drug and gene-environment interactions. Methods for screening these mutant collections are presented.

バーコード酵母ライブラリーの競争力のあるゲノム画面

By virtue of advances in next generation sequencing technologies, we have access to new genome sequences almost daily.  The tempo of these advances is ...

Growth-based Determination and Biochemical Confirmation of Genetic Requirements for Protein Degradation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Regulated protein degradation is crucial for virtually every cellular function. Much of what is known about the molecular mechanisms and genetic requirements for eukaryotic protein degradation was initially established in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Classical analyses of protein degradation have relied on biochemical pulse-chase and cycloheximide-chase methodologies. While these techniques provide sensitive means for observing protein degradation, they are laborious, time-consuming, and low-throughput. These approaches are not amenable to rapid or large-scale screening for mutations that prevent protein degradation. Here, a yeast growth-based assay for the facile identification of genetic requirements for protein degradation is described. In this assay, a reporter enzyme required for growth under specific selective conditions is fused to an unstable protein. Cells lacking the endogenous reporter enzyme but expressing the fusion protein can grow under selective conditions only when the fusion protein is stabilized (i.e. when protein degradation is compromised). In the growth assay described here, serial dilutions of wild-type and mutant yeast cells harboring a plasmid encoding a fusion protein are spotted onto selective and non-selective medium. Growth under selective conditions is consistent with degradation impairment by a given mutation. Increased protein abundance should be biochemically confirmed. A method for the rapid extraction of yeast proteins in a form suitable for electrophoresis and western blotting is also demonstrated. A growth-based readout for protein stability, combined with a simple protocol for protein extraction for biochemical analysis, facilitates rapid identification of genetic requirements for protein degradation. These techniques can be adapted to monitor degradation of a variety of short-lived proteins. In the example presented, the His3 enzyme, which is required for histidine biosynthesis, was fused to Deg1-Sec62. Deg1-Sec62 is targeted for degradation after it aberrantly engages the endoplasmic reticulum translocon. Cells harboring Deg1-Sec62-His3 were able to grow under selective conditions when the protein was stabilized.

Growth-based Determination and Biochemical Confirmation of Genetic Requirements for Protein Degradation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

This article describes a yeast growth-based assay for the determination of genetic requirements for protein degradation. It also demonstrates a method for rapid extraction of yeast proteins, suitable for western blotting to biochemically confirm degradation requirements. These techniques can be adapted to monitor degradation of a variety of proteins.

増殖に基​​づく決定とタンパク質分解に対する遺伝的要件の生化学的確認で<em&gt;サッカロマイセス·セレビシエ</em

Regulated protein degradation is crucial for virtually every cellular function. Much of what is known about the molecular mechanisms and genetic ...

Genetic Screen for Identification of Multicopy Suppressors in Schizosaccharomyces pombe

Identification of genetic interactions is a powerful tool to decipher the functions of gene(s) by providing insights into their functional relationships with other genes and organization into biological pathways and processes. Although the majority of the genetic screens were initially developed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a complementary platform for carrying out these genetic screens has been provided by Schizosaccharomyces pombe. One of the common approaches used to identify genetic interactions is by overexpression of clones from a genome-wide, high-copy-number plasmid library in a loss-of-function mutant, followed by selection of clones that suppress the mutant phenotype.
This paper describes a protocol for carrying out this &#39;multicopy suppression&#39;-based genetic screen in S. pombe. This screen has helped identify multicopy suppressor(s) of the genotoxic stress-sensitive phenotype associated with the absence of the Ell1 transcription elongation factor in S. pombe. The screen was initiated by transformation of the query ell1 null mutant strain with a high-copy-number S. pombe cDNA plasmid library and selecting the suppressors on EMM2 plates containing 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide (4-NQO), a genotoxic stress-inducing compound. Subsequently, plasmid was isolated from two shortlisted suppressor colonies and digested by restriction enzymes to release the insert DNA. Plasmids releasing an insert DNA fragment were retransformed into the ell1 deletion strain to confirm the ability of these suppressor plasmid clones to restore growth of the ell1 deletion mutant in the presence of 4-NQO and other genotoxic compounds. Those plasmids showing a rescue of the deletion phenotype were sequenced to identify the gene(s) responsible for suppression of the ell1 deletion-associated genotoxic stress-sensitive phenotype.

Genetic Screen for Identification of Multicopy Suppressors in Schizosaccharomyces pombe

This work describes a protocol for a multicopy suppressor genetic screen in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. This screen uses a genome-wide plasmid library to identify suppressor clone(s) of a loss-of-function phenotype associated with a query mutant strain. Novel genetic suppressors of the ell1 null mutant were identified using this screen.

シゾサッカロミセス・ポンベにおけるマルチコピーサプレッサー同定のための遺伝子スクリーニング

Identification of genetic interactions is a powerful tool to decipher the functions of gene(s) by providing insights into their functional relationships ...

における化学遺伝の相互作用の迅速な同定

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この動画の章

ChEC-seqとのタンパク質 - DNA相互作用のゲノムワイドマッピング

分裂酵母分裂酵母のディープシーケンスアシスト、自発的な抑制画面

ゲノムワイド往復半角化分析によるサッカロマイセス酵母の種間の熱耐性の遺伝学的マッピング

S. cerevisiaeの定量的プロテオミクスとタンパク質の複合体の同定

出芽酵母における近接ライゲーションと定量PCRによる相同組換え中間体の検出

サッカロミセス・セレビシエ・スプライセソソーム・サブコンプレックスの過渡性インターアクター検出のためのグラフィックスの利用

マイクロアレイ解析のためのサッカロマイセスセレビシエ

バーコード酵母ライブラリーの競争力のあるゲノム画面

増殖に基づく決定とタンパク質分解に対する遺伝的要件の生化学的確認で

シゾサッカロミセス・ポンベにおけるマルチコピーサプレッサー同定のための遺伝子スクリーニング

における化学遺伝の相互作用の迅速な同定

要約

さらに動画を探す

この動画の章

ChEC-seqとのタンパク質 - DNA相互作用のゲノムワイドマッピング

分裂酵母分裂酵母のディープ シーケンス アシスト、自発的な抑制画面

ゲノムワイド往復半角化分析によるサッカロマイセス酵母の種間の熱耐性の遺伝学的マッピング

S. cerevisiaeの定量的プロテオミクスとタンパク質の複合体の同定

出芽酵母における近接ライゲーションと定量PCRによる相同組換え中間体の検出

サッカロミセス・セレビシエ・スプライセソソーム・サブコンプレックスの過渡性インターアクター検出のためのグラフィックスの利用

マイクロアレイ解析のためのサッカロマイセスセレビシエ

バーコード酵母ライブラリーの競争力のあるゲノム画面

増殖に基​​づく決定とタンパク質分解に対する遺伝的要件の生化学的確認で

シゾサッカロミセス・ポンベにおけるマルチコピーサプレッサー同定のための遺伝子スクリーニング

分裂酵母分裂酵母のディープシーケンスアシスト、自発的な抑制画面

増殖に基づく決定とタンパク質分解に対する遺伝的要件の生化学的確認で