Funding from the Australian Research Council (ARC) and National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) is gratefully acknowledged.

The authors have nothing to disclose.

ラット腸間膜リンパカニュレーションモデルは、直接リンパに腸から（例えば脂質および薬物のような）種々の細胞および分子の輸送の濃度及び割合の定量化および種々の物質の投与に応答して発生し、これらの変化（食事を可能に、抗原、薬物、配合物など ） を 10,27および疾患（癌、ウイルス、大腸炎、インスリン抵抗性、 等 ）5-7。リンパ収集コン?...

リンパは各小腸絨毛1内に含まれているシングルlactealsから発信一方向のプロセスを経て小腸から流れ。 Lactealsこうして流体、巨大​​分子、細胞およびリンパ形成に比較的透過性であるlactealsにこれらの要因のエントリで始まる。 lactealsの初期のリンパはその後、（求心性）のリンパ管、腸間膜リンパ節、最終的にはポスト結節（遠心性）リンパ管のシリーズを集め、リンパ微小血管のネットワークを経由して腸から流入する。ノード内では、リンパ液は交換は、血液からノードに入るノード常駐免疫細胞だけでなく、材料に発生する髄洞の一連を通過する。小腸から流れるすべてのリンパ節は、最終的には遠心性上腸間膜リンパ管、その後槽のchyliに収束する。槽のchyliもINTEST、尾末梢組織に所属リンパを収集ノミナル、肝及び腰椎地域や縦隔と体の頭蓋部分からリンパ液と一緒に胸部リンパ管を結合します。胸部リンパ管は左内頸静と鎖骨下静脈の接合部で静脈系に直接リンパ液を空にします。ここに記載されているプロトコル、上腸間膜リンパ管から直接リンパの収集を可能にし、したがって、腸のリンパ系を介して全身（一般的な）循環への腸から直接遷移する様々な要因の分析を容易にします。 腸のリンパ系に割り当てる主な生理学的機能は、体液平衡を維持するために、脂質と、親油性分子の吸収を促進するために、1適切な免疫応答を可能にするためである。腫瘍細胞およびウイルスも2-4とキーの変更は、いくつかの炎症性および代謝病態5-7にリンパ管内で発生する腸リンパ管を経由して伝播する。缶腸間膜リンパ節内を収集する腸間膜リンパ管のnulation腸リンパ管を介してバルク流体の流れの解析ならびに様々な細胞および分子の濃度および輸送速度の定量化を可能にする。様々な課題（ 例えば、食事、抗原、薬物）に応答して、疾患のモデルにおけるこれらの因子の濃度または輸送に変化（ 例えば、大腸炎、HIV、糖尿病）も評価することができる。それは広範囲に分析し、ここで比較することができる各リンパコンポーネントを記述することは不可能であるが、腸間膜リンパは単純化して、水性、脂質と細胞のフェーズで構成。水相中の目的の構成要素は、抗原または寛容原8などのサイトカインおよび肥満細胞メディエーター9、及びそのようなインクレチン10のような代謝性メディエーターの免疫メッセンジャーとしてのペプチドおよびタンパク質を含む。ポスト結節腸間膜リンパ節の細胞画分は、ほぼ完全に（99％以上）lymphocytの構成されていES 11。さまざまな免疫細胞（樹状細胞、肥満細胞など ） は事前に結節腸間膜リンパ管に入りますが、ノード12内に残る。求心性リンパ節内の細胞に関心がある場合には、腸間膜リンパ節の除去を介してこれらの細胞を収集することが可能である腸間膜リンパ管12のカニューレ挿入の前に数日間ノード。このようにして、求心性および遠心性のリンパ管に直接接続され、輸入リンパリンパ細胞は、腸間膜リンパ管に直接渡す。腸リンパ管を通過する種々の免疫細胞の輸送および表現は、このように調べることができる。おそらく、これまでの腸間膜リンパを収集するために引用した最も一般的な理由は、しかし、食事性脂質および親油性分子10の腸の処理、吸収と輸送を研究することである。 摂取後、食事性脂質は、例えば、トリグリセリドからの脂肪酸とモノグリセリド、phospに（消化され脂肪酸およびリゾリン脂質、脂肪酸およびコレステロールなど ）へのコレステロールエステルのholipid胆汁からの両親媒性物質の添加によって小さなミセルおよび小胞構造に腸管腔の内部に分散（リン脂質、コレステロールおよび胆汁塩）との作用膵酵素10,13。ここから彼らは腸細胞に吸収される。吸収された成分の割合は、吸収細胞（腸細胞）内のトリグリセリド、リン脂質及びコレステロールエステルを形成するために再エステル化されている。これらの再エステル化された脂質は、外因的に脂質成分および胆汁分泌、粘膜脂質プールまたは腸の血液供給13からの内因性脂質成分の摂取の組み合わせから組み立てられる。ここからエステル化脂質はどちら腸細胞内に格納されているか、一緒に様々なアポや他の親油性分子と腸のリポタンパク質（カイロミクロン、超低密度リポタンパク質（VLDL））（に組み立てる<eM&gt;例えば、ビタミン）10,13。腸のlactealsは腸の毛細血管よりも彼らのエントリに対してより透過性であるように、腸細胞を出た後、リポタンパク質は、特に腸間膜リンパ系を介して全身循環への腸から輸送される。吸収された脂質成分の割合はまた、関連した単一の非リポ蛋白質のような毛細血管および門脈を経由して全身循環への腸から運ば14を分子ている。しかしながら、一般的に、門脈搬送経路は短く、中鎖長の脂質の吸収の唯一の重要なプレーヤーである。 腸間膜リンパの集合は、このように腸からのリポタンパク質および関連コンポーネント（脂質、親油性分子、アポ蛋白質）の輸送の評価を可能にします。リポタンパク質は、腸間膜リンパリポタンパク質は、一般に、nascenであるという利点を用いて定量し、特徴付けることができるT状態彼らは広くそのようなリポタンパク質リパーゼ15などの全身の酵素によって変更されていないため。腸間膜リンパカニューレ挿入ラットモデルは、おそらく歴史的に最も広範に腸からの脂質/リポタンパク質輸送を分析するために記載されている一方で、関心の拡大領域は、親油性薬物、プロドラッグ及び他の生体異物13,16の輸送におけるリンパ管の役割であるそのここで説明したモデルの焦点である。 17,18（例外は明らかであるが、長鎖トリグリセリドのlog P&gt; 5と溶解度が、一般的にそれらの&gt; 50ミリグラム/ g）を、プロドラッグ19および他の生体異物13,16は、腸リンパ管のどちらか受動的かによるへのアクセスを親油性薬物を得ることができます積極的に腸のリポタンパク質輸送経路19への統合。 ラット腸間膜リンパカニューレ挿入技術は、このように多くの用途を有する。ボールマンらは、まずtechniqを説明したモデルのバリエーションその後数が記載されているので、UEは、1948年20ラットにおける腸間膜リンパ管にカニューレを挿入する。 15を拘束したり、自由に23,24を移動しながら、ラットを様々な麻酔薬21,22、または意識的な状態で麻酔されている場合たとえば、コレクションが発生する可能性があります。 （ - 5ミリリットル/時間、典型的には0）25ラットは異なる再水和溶液と、胃、腸、又は非経口的に異なる速度で脂質および薬物製剤のような他の物質を投与することができる。いくつかの研究において、胸管ではなく、胸管は、他のリンパ節を受信すると、これは、関心の要因に応じて、小腸の通過を過大評価してもよいが、腸間膜リンパ管は、リンパ管を経由して腸からの輸送を推定するためにカニューレを挿入する地域22,26。リンパカニュレーションモデルはまた、ミニパイ、マウス15,27を含むいくつかの他の種に記載されているGS 12、羊28,29、豚30と犬31。しかし、ラットモデルは、最も広くかつ一貫して引用されている。意識25内リンパの収集に続いて、または22ラットおよびマウス15,27を麻酔腸間膜リンパ管のカニューレ挿入のための詳細なプロトコールは、以前に公開されており、興味のある読者は、これらのプロトコルを対象とする。このプロトコルは、可視化された形式で技術を実証する最初のです。 リンパカニューレラットモデルは、費用の点で大きな動物モデル、外科的および倫理的考慮事項を容易に勝る利点を有する。マウスモデルと比較すると、マウスモデルは、トランスジェニック動物27でより詳細な研究が可能になりますが、腸間膜リンパカニュレーション手術はまた、ラットで簡単です。それにもかかわらず、ラットモデル、生理学の違いに関連した特に、そのリミットextrapolatのいくつかの制限があります他の前臨床および臨床状況にイオン。高い種食品又は脂質、胆汁の流れ32を刺激するのに対し、例えば、ラット胆汁流量が一定と食物摂取と無関係である。これは、より大きな種とヒトに見られるものを反映ラットにおける代表前と食後の環境を得るための課題を作成します。現実的な人間の剤形25の投与後のリンパ輸送を評価する場合、薬物送達研究のために、より大きな種が好ましい場合がある。最近の研究では、腸間膜リンパ節中の脂質輸送速度は、種27を横切っ脂質輸送データを外挿することで、いくつかの信頼性を提供する等価質量と脂質のタイプの投与後の種（マウス、ラット、イヌ）全体で同等であることが見出された。しかし、動物の大きさ（ すなわち、犬&gt;ラット&gt;マウス）の順にランク付けモデル親油性薬物、ハロファントリンの輸送、。スケーリング係数は、このように元に必要とされ得る他の種にラットからのリンパ薬物輸送データをtrapolate。 リンパカニュレーションモデルの制限は、一般に、リンパ管は容器33にカニューレを挿入されると、変更された圧力勾配に対して作用するので、直接リンパ管から受動リンパコレクションはリンパ流および輸送を変更することができるということである。リンパカニュレーションモデルは、技術に精通していない研究室で確立することは困難である。代替モデルは、このように記載されている。例えば、このようなリポタンパク質および親油性分子腸リンパ系を介した因子の輸送は、間接的に採血を介して研究されている。一つのこのようなモデルは、リンパ輸送ブロック34腸リポタンパク質の産生の（シクロヘキシミドを、例えば、コルヒチン、プルロニックL81）を阻害剤の存在下および非存在下での経口投与後の脂質および/ ​​または薬物の血中濃度を比較することを含む。利点血液サンプルの収集を介して間接的にリンパ輸送を定量化モデルの侵襲的手術が35を必要としないように、それは、ヒトにおけるリンパ輸送のいくつかの評価を可能にすることである。しかし、リンパ輸送の阻害剤は特異的ではないとリンパ管を介して輸送される要因は、そのような評価を複雑にし、全身循環中に希釈し、修飾されている。 インビトロ代替物も記載されている。例えば、Caco-2細胞または単離された腸細胞培養物は、より詳細にリンパ36-38に入る分子の腸分泌を研究するために利用されてきた。ヒト腸微小環境のより代表的である高度なin vitroモデルも最近39を説明した。このモデルにおいて、リンパ内皮細胞層は、リンパ管への腸からの物質の移動のより詳細な分析を可能にするのCaco-2細胞と共培養する。しかし、vitrでOセルシステムは、交換の流れを欠き、腸管腔、基礎となる血液とリンパ血管供給にすなわち相互接続を転送します。別のアプローチでは、Kassis ら血管収縮、リンパ流および腸間膜リンパ管33内の蛍光脂質濃度との定量比較を可能にする、その場イメージングシステムにおけるデュアルチャネル（高速明視野ビデオおよび蛍光）を確立した。 インビトロ系における上記に対するこのモデルの利点は、リンパ管を介して免疫細胞の継代の正確な追跡を可能にすることである。質量脂質（または薬物）の絶対測定輸送は、しかしながら、まだイメージング法を使用して確立されていない。 インビトロおよびインシリコ腸リンパ管も40-42公開されているを介して特異的に親油性の薬物輸送の程度を予測することに近づく。いくつかのcは、例えば、ex vivoでの親和性プラズマキロミクロンのためのompoundsは、生体内 41 でのリンパ輸送と合理的に相関することが見出された。その後、同グループは、複数の物理化学的性質40に基づいて、カイロミクロンのための薬物親和性を予測するためにシリコモデルに設立さ。ホルムらもあからさまな分子記述42に基づいて親油性化合物のリンパ輸送を予測するために、 インシリコモデルで比較的複雑なを設立しました。これらのモデルは、未知の薬物のリンパ輸送の程度を予測するための有用なアプローチを提供してもよい。薬物の広い範囲で、別の研究室全体でのモデルの妥当性は、しかし、それらの精度と再現性を確認するために必要とされる。 腸間膜リンパ管のカニューレ挿入は、このように直接小腸および因子（細胞​​、タンパク質の複雑な配列の走行速度を排出リンパのコンテンツを検査する唯一の手段で残るin vivoの状況でリンパ中のペプチド、脂質、薬物）。 】ここで我々を麻酔ラットから腸間膜リンパおよび全身の血液の収集を可能にする腸間膜リンパ管と頸動脈のカニューレ挿入するためのプロトコルについて説明します。代表的なデータは、モデルが腸間膜リンパ系を介して腸からの脂質および薬物輸送を調べるために使用することができる方法を示します。これは、モデルとトラブルシューティングガイドを確立する際に遭遇することができ困難の議論が続いている。確立された後は、モデルは、腸リンパ輸送を調査するための強力なツールです。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" >
	<tbody>
		<tr >
			<td >Sterile saline</td>
			<td>Baxter healthcare</td>
			<td>AHB 1307</td>
			<td>Any brand can be used. Example here is Baxter 100 ml saline bags, box of 50</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >70 % ethanol in water</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Any brand can be used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Chlorhexidine gluconate solution (Microshield 4)</td>
			<td>Livingstone International</td>
			<td>JJ60243L</td>
			<td>Any brand can be used. http://www.livingstone.com.au/?PG=search_result&#38;CAT=6&#38;search 
			=JJ60243L</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Betadine solution</td>
			<td>Livingstone International</td>
			<td>BU0510</td>
			<td>Any brand can be used. http://www.livingstone.com.au/?PG=search_result&#38;CAT=6&#38;search 
			=BU0510</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Ilium Ketamil (Ketamine 100 mg/ml)</td>
			<td >PROVET VICTORIA&#160;</td>
			<td >KETA I 1</td>
			<td>http://www.provet.com.au/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Ilium Xylazil (Xylazine 100 mg/ml)</td>
			<td >PROVET VICTORIA&#160;</td>
			<td >TRO-3828</td>
			<td>http://www.provet.com.au/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >ACP 10 Injection (Acepromazine 10 mg/ml)</td>
			<td >PROVET VICTORIA&#160;</td>
			<td >VTG-DACP010020</td>
			<td>http://www.provet.com.au/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Sodium pentobarbitone</td>
			<td>PROVET VICTORIA&#160;</td>
			<td>24529</td>
			<td>Any brand can be used. Example here is Lethabarb&#174; 325 mg/ml sodium pentobarbitone, Virbac Animal Health. http://www.provet.com.au</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Heparin (35000I.U. in 35 mL)</td>
			<td>Sigma Pharmaceuticals</td>
			<td>337220</td>
			<td>http://sigmaco.com.au/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) disodium salt dihydrate</td>
			<td >Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td >E1644</td>
			<td>Any brand can be used. Example here is disodium salt of EDTA from Sigma.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Polyethylene (PE) cannula o.d. 0.96 mm x i.d. 0.58 mm</td>
			<td>Microtube extensions</td>
			<td>PE8050</td>
			<td>Any brand can be used. Example here is PE tubing 0.8x0.5 mm, 30 m</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Polyethylene (PE) cannula o.d. 0.8 mm x i.d. 0.5 mm</td>
			<td>Microtube extensions</td>
			<td>PE9658</td>
			<td>Any brand can be used. Example here is PE tubing 0.96x0.58 mm, 30 m</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Ruler</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td ></td>
			<td>Any brand can be used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Markers</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td ></td>
			<td>Any brand can be used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Cigarette lighter</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td ></td>
			<td>Any brand can be used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Cyanoacrylate glue</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td ></td>
			<td>Any brand can be used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >23 gauge needles</td>
			<td>Livingstone International</td>
			<td>DN23GX0.75LV</td>
			<td>Any brand can be used. Example here is Livingstone Disposable Needle, Sterile, 23GX0.75inch, 100/BOX. http://www.livingstone.com.au/?PG=search_result&#38;CAT= 
			6&#38;search=DN23GX0.75LV</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >25 gauge needles</td>
			<td>Livingstone International</td>
			<td>DN25GX1.0LV</td>
			<td>Any brand can be used. Example here is Livingstone Disposable Needle, Sterile, 25GX1.0inch, 100/BOX. http://www.livingstone.com.au/?PG=search_result&#38;CAT=6&#38;search= 
			DN25GX1.0LV</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >1 ml syringe</td>
			<td>Livingstone International</td>
			<td>T3SS01TA</td>
			<td>Any brand can be used. Example here is Terumo syringe 1 ml Slip Tuberculin 100/Box. http://www.livingstone.com.au/?PG=search_result&#38;CAT=6&#38;search 
			=T3SS01TA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >10 ml syringe</td>
			<td>Livingstone International</td>
			<td>T3SS10SA</td>
			<td>Any brand can be used. Example here is Terumo syringe 10 ml Slip 100/Box. http://www.livingstone.com.au/?PG=search_result&#38;CAT=6&#38;search 
			=T3SS10SA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Gauze swabs</td>
			<td>Livingstone International</td>
			<td>GSC075</td>
			<td>Any brand can be used and cut to required size. Example here is gauze swabs cotton filled 7.5x7.5 cm, 8 ply. http://www.livingstone.com.au/?PG=search_result&#38;CAT=6&#38;search 
			=GSC075</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Cotton buds</td>
			<td>Livingstone International</td>
			<td>CTAST075DP</td>
			<td>Any brand can be used. Example here is Livingstone cotton applicator plastic double tipped. 75MM. 100/PK. http://www.livingstone.com.au/?PG=search_result&#38;CAT=6&#38;search 
			=CTAST075DP</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Heating pad</td>
			<td>Ratek</td>
			<td>WT1</td>
			<td>Any brand that keeps temperature at 37C can be used. Example here is Ratek warming tray.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Surgical light</td>
			<td>Harvard Apparatus</td>
			<td>72-0215 with 72-0267</td>
			<td>Any brand can be used. Example here is Harvard apparatus V-Lux 1000 Cold Light Source with Bifurcated Gooseneck Light Guide, Black, 4.7 mm fiber diameter (each arm). http://www.harvardapparatus.com/webapp/wcs/stores/servlet/product_11051_10001_50601_ 
			-1_HAI_ProductDetail and&#160; http://www.harvardapparatus.com/webapp/wcs/stores/servlet/product_11051_10001_35487_ 
			-1_HAI_ProductDetail___</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Surgical microscope</td>
			<td>Zeiss</td>
			<td>495005-0014-000</td>
			<td>Any brand can be used. Example here is Zeiss Stereomicroscope Stemi 2000-C with Stand S Double Spot and KL 300 LED. https://www.micro-shop.zeiss.com/?l=en&#38;p=us&#38;f=e&#38;i=10143</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Silk suture</td>
			<td>Livingstone International</td>
			<td>DTSK163019F4</td>
			<td>Any brand can be used. Example here is *&#160; 
			Email this item to my friend 
			3/8 Circle Reverse Cut Silk Suture 3/0 Thread 19mm. http://www.livingstone.com.au/?PG=search_result&#38;CAT=6&#38;search 
			=DTSK163019F4</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Scalpel blades</td>
			<td >Fine Science Tools (FST)</td>
			<td >10020-00</td>
			<td>Any brand can be used. Example here is FST Scalpel Blade #20. http://www.finescience.ca/Special-Pages/Products.aspx?ProductId=191</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Scalpel handle</td>
			<td >Fine Science Tools (FST)</td>
			<td>10004-13</td>
			<td>Any brand can be used. Example here is FST Scalpel Handle #4. http://www.finescience.ca/Special-Pages/Products.aspx?ProductId=298&#38;CategoryId=51</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >1 x Small surgical scissors</td>
			<td >Fine Science Tools (FST)</td>
			<td>14060-09</td>
			<td>Any brand can be used. Example here is FST Fine Scissors, 9 cm with 21 mm cutting edge, sharp, straight. http://www.finescience.ca/Special-Pages/Products.aspx?ProductId=40&#38;CategoryId=17</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >2 x Forceps with serrated curved tip</td>
			<td >Fine Science Tools (FST)</td>
			<td >11001-13</td>
			<td>Any brand can be used. Example here is FST 13 cm standard pattern forceps with curved 2.8x1.4 mm tip. http://www.finescience.ca/Special-Pages/Products.aspx?ProductId=405&#38;CategoryId=32</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >1 x Iridectomy scissors</td>
			<td >Fine Science Tools (FST)</td>
			<td>15000-08</td>
			<td>Any brand can be used. Example here is FST Vannas Spring Scissors - 2.5mm Cutting Edge, Straight. http://www.finescience.ca/Special-Pages/Products.aspx?ProductId=17&#38;CategoryId=16&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >1 x Forceps with straight serated tip</td>
			<td >Fine Science Tools (FST)</td>
			<td>11650-10</td>
			<td>Any brand can be used. Example here is FST Graefe 10 cm straight with serrated 1 x 0.99 mm tip. http://www.finescience.ca/Special-Pages/Products.aspx?ProductId=390&#38;CategoryId=32</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >1 x Forceps with smooth sharp straight fine tip</td>
			<td >Fine Science Tools (FST)</td>
			<td>11251-10</td>
			<td>Any brand can be used. Example here is FST Dumont #5 forceps straight 11cm with 0.08 x 0.04mm tip. http://www.finescience.ca/Special-Pages/Products.aspx?ProductId=335&#38;CategoryId=29</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >1 x Forceps with smooth fine curved forceps</td>
			<td >Fine Science Tools (FST)</td>
			<td>11063-07</td>
			<td>Any brand can be used. Example here is FST Delicate Forceps 9 cm with smooth 0.4 x 0.3mm tip. http://www.finescience.ca/Special-Pages/Products.aspx?ProductId=360</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >2 x Hemostats</td>
			<td >Fine Science Tools (FST)</td>
			<td >13010-12</td>
			<td>Any brand can be used. Not all operators use the hemostats. Example here is FST 12 cm Micro-Mosquito Hemostats with 20 mm length x 1.3 mm width serrated, straight tip. http://www.finescience.ca/Special-Pages/Products.aspx?ProductId=377&#38;CategoryId=33</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >1 x Suture needle holder</td>
			<td >Fine Science Tools (FST)</td>
			<td>12001-13</td>
			<td>Any brand can be used. Example here is FST 13cm Hasley Needle Holder with 16 mm length x 1.9 mm width tip. http://www.finescience.ca/Special-Pages/Products.aspx?ProductId=254&#38;CategoryId=70</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >1 x Artery clamp</td>
			<td >Fine Science Tools (FST)</td>
			<td>18050-28</td>
			<td>Any brand can be used. Example here is FST Bulldog Serrefines straight, 28 mm long, 9x1.6 mm jaw dimension with medium clamp press. http://www.finescience.ca/Special-Pages/Products.aspx?ProductId=270&#38;CategoryId=82</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Oleic acid</td>
			<td >Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td >O1008</td>
			<td>When required, any brand can be used. Example here is 99% pure oleic acid. http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/sial/o1008?lang=en&#38;region=AU</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >14C-oleic acid</td>
			<td >Perkin&#160;</td>
			<td>NEC317050UC&#160;</td>
			<td>Any brand can be used. Example here is Oleic Acid, [1-14C]-, 50&#181;Ci (1.85MBq). http://www.perkinelmer.com/Catalog/Product/ID/NEC317050UC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Sodium taurocholate</td>
			<td >Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td >T4009</td>
			<td>Any brand can be used. Example here is taurocholic acid sodium salt hydrate &#8805;95% (TLC) . http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/sigma/t4009?lang=en&#38;region=AU</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Halofantrine</td>
			<td >Glaxo Smith Kline</td>
			<td ></td>
			<td>Halofantrine was kindly provided as a gift from Glaxo Smith Kline</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Sodium phosphate monobasic</td>
			<td >Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td >71507</td>
			<td >Any brand can be used. Example here is sodium phosphate monobasic monohydrate, BioXtra, for molecular biology, &#62;99.5%. http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/sigma/71643?lang=en&#38;region=AU</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Sodium phosphate dibasic</td>
			<td >Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td >71643</td>
			<td >Any brand can be used. Example here is sodium phosphate dibasic dihydrate, BioUltra, for molecular biology, &#62;99%. http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/sigma/71507?lang=en&#38;region=AU</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

the mesenteric lymph duct cannulated rat model: application to the assessment of intestinal lymphatic drug transport

腸のリンパ系は、流体輸送、脂質吸収および免疫機能において重要な役割を果たしている。リンパは上腸間膜リンパ管に収束リンパ管と一連のノードを経由して小腸から直接流れます。腸間膜リンパ管のカニュレーションは、このように腸から流れる腸間膜リンパの収集を可能にします。腸間膜リンパは、免疫細胞（99％リンパ球）、水性画分（流体、例えばサイトカインおよび消化管ホルモンなどのペプチドおよびタンパク質）およびリポタンパク質画分（脂質、親油性分子とアポ蛋白質）の細胞画分で構成されています。腸間膜リンパ管カニュレーションモデルは、従って、リンパ系を介して濃度および腸からの因子の範囲の輸送速度を測定するために使用することができる。別の課題に応じて、これらの要因への変更（ 例えば、ダイエット、抗原、薬物）と疾病（ 例えば、炎症性腸疾患、HIVは、糖尿病）は、Bもできるeが決定。関心の拡大領域は、腸脂質吸収経路に関連付ける経口投与した親油性薬物およびプロドラッグの吸収のリンパ輸送の役割である。ここでは、詳細には、腸内送達後数時間リンパ系を介して脂質および薬物輸送の速度および程度を評価することができる腸間膜リンパ管カニューレ挿入ラットモデルを記述する。この方法は、リンパ内の他のパラメータの測定に容易に適合可能である。我々は、実験の成功を確認し、得られたデータを解釈する方法に関する指示を提供するために、この複雑な外科的方法を確立する際に遭遇することが困難の詳細な説明、ならびに失敗と成功した実験からの代表的なデータを提供する。

腸間膜リンパカニュレーションモデルを使用して、腸送達の後リンパ系を介して脂質および薬物輸送の累積範囲および速度を定量するための代表的な実験の結果を図4および図5に示す。この実験では、モデルの親油性200μgのとリン酸緩衝5 mMのタウロコール酸ナトリウムの5.6ミリリットル中に分散7.1 mgの2-モノオレイン-薬物ハロファントリンは、40mgの（5μCiの14</sup...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The Mesenteric Lymph Duct Cannulated Rat Model: Application to the Assessment of Intestinal Lymphatic Drug Transport at JoVE.com

The Mesenteric Lymph Duct Cannulated Rat Model: Application to the Assessment of Intestinal Lymphatic Drug Transport

Here we describe a technique to cannulate the mesenteric lymph duct in rats which enables quantification of lipid and drug transport via the lymphatic system following intestinal delivery. The technique can be adapted to assess mesenteric lymph concentrations and/or transport of fluid, immune cells, peptides, proteins and lipophilic molecules.

腸間膜リンパダクトカニューレを挿入ラットモデル：腸のリンパ医薬品輸送の評価への応用

The intestinal lymphatic system plays key roles in fluid transport, lipid absorption and immune function. Lymph flows directly from the small intestine ...

the-mesenteric-lymph-duct-cannulated-rat-model-application-to

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

28.2K ビュー.  Monash University (Parkville Campus). Here we describe a technique to cannulate the mesenteric lymph duct in rats which enables quantification of lipid and drug transport via the lymphatic system following intestinal delivery. The technique can be adapted to assess mesenteric lymph concentrations and/or transport of fluid, immune cells, peptides, proteins and lipophilic molecules.

ビデオ: The Mesenteric Lymph Duct Cannulated Rat Model: Application to the Assessment of Intestinal Lymphatic Drug Transport

Intravital Microscopy of the Inguinal Lymph Node

Lymph nodes (LN's), located throughout the body, are an integral component of the immune system. They serve as a site for induction of adaptive immune response and therefore, the development of effector cells. As such, LNs are key to fighting invading pathogens and maintaining health. The choice of LN to study is dictated by accessibility and the desired model; the inguinal lymph node is well situated and easily supports studies of biologically relevant models of skin and genital mucosal infection.
The inguinal LN, like all LNs, has an extensive microvascular network supplying it with blood. In general, this microvascular network includes the main feed arteriole of the LN that subsequently branches and feeds high endothelial venules (HEVs). HEVs are specialized for facilitating the trafficking of immune cells into the LN during both homeostasis and infection. How HEVs regulate trafficking into the LN under both of these circumstances is an area of intense exploration. The LN feed arteriole, has direct upstream influence on the HEVs and is the main supply of nutrients and cell rich blood into the LN. Furthermore, changes in the feed arteriole are implicated in facilitating induction of adaptive immune response. The LN microvasculature has obvious importance in maintaining an optimal blood supply to the LN and regulating immune cell influx into the LN, which are crucial elements in proper LN function and subsequently immune response. 
The ability to study the LN microvasculature in vivo is key to elucidating how the immune system and the microvasculature interact and influence one another within the LN. Here, we present a method for in vivo imaging of the inguinal lymph node. We focus on imaging of the microvasculature of the LN, paying particular attention to methods that ensure the study of healthy vessels, the ability to maintain imaging of viable vessels over a number of hours, and quantification of vessel magnitude. Methods for perfusion of the microvasculature with vasoactive drugs as well as the potential to trace and quantify cellular traffic are also presented. 
Intravital microscopy of the inguinal LN allows direct evaluation of microvascular functionality and real-time interface of the direct interface between immune cells, the LN, and the microcirculation. This technique potential to be combined with many immunological techniques and fluorescent cell labelling as well as manipulated to study vasculature of other LNs.

A technique for performing intravital microscopy of the inguinal lymph node (LN) is outlined. Such technique allows for real-time, in vivo study of the lymph node microvasculature and structure both during homeostasis and infection. This technique can be adapted to cell trafficking studies and to other lymph node sites.

鼠径リンパ節の生体顕微鏡

Lymph nodes (LN's), located throughout the body, are an integral component of the immune system. They serve as a site for induction of adaptive immune ...

免疫・感染学

Intravital Imaging of the Mouse Popliteal Lymph Node

Lymph nodes (LNs) are secondary lymphoid organs, which are strategically located throughout the body to allow for trapping and presentation of foreign antigens from peripheral tissues to prime the adaptive immune response. Juxtaposed between innate and adaptive immune responses, the LN is an ideal site to study immune cell interactions1,2. Lymphocytes (T cells, B cells and NK cells), dendritic cells (DCs), and macrophages comprise the bulk of bone marrow-derived cellular elements of the LN. These cells are strategically positioned in the LN to allow efficient surveillance of self antigens and potential foreign antigens3-5. The process by which lymphocytes successfully encounter cognate antigens is a subject of intense investigation in recent years, and involves an integration of molecular contacts including antigen receptors, adhesion molecules, chemokines, and stromal structures such as the fibro-reticular network2,6-12. 
Prior to the development of high-resolution real-time fluorescent in vivo imaging, investigators relied on static imaging, which only offers answers regarding morphology, position, and architecture. While these questions are fundamental in our understanding of immune cell behavior, the limitations intrinsic with this technique does not permit analysis to decipher lymphocyte trafficking and environmental clues that affect dynamic cell behavior. Recently, the development of intravital two-photon laser scanning microscopy (2P-LSM) has allowed investigators to view the dynamic movements and interactions of individual cells within live LNs in situ12-16. In particular, we and others have applied this technique to image cellular behavior and interactions within the popliteal LN, where its compact, dense nature offers the advantage of multiplex data acquisition over a large tissue area with diverse tissue sub-structures11,17-18. It is important to note that this technique offers added benefits over explanted tissue imaging techniques, which require disruption of blood, lymph flow, and ultimately the cellular dynamics of the system. Additionally, explanted tissues have a very limited window of time in which the tissue remains viable for imaging after explant. With proper hydration and monitoring of the animal's environmental conditions, the imaging time can be significantly extended with this intravital technique. Here, we present a detailed method of preparing mouse popliteal LN for the purpose of performing intravital imaging.

Recent advances in 2-photon microscopy have enabled real-time in situ imaging of live tissues in animal models, thereby enhancing our ability to investigate cellular behavior in both physiologic and pathologic conditions. Here, we outline the preparations required to perform intravital imaging of the mouse popliteal lymph node.

マウス膝窩リンパ節の生体内イメージング

Lymph nodes (LNs) are secondary lymphoid organs, which are strategically located throughout the body to allow for trapping and presentation of foreign ...

Non-invasive Optical Imaging of the Lymphatic Vasculature of a Mouse

The lymphatic vascular system is an important component of the circulatory system that maintains fluid homeostasis, provides immune surveillance, and mediates fat absorption in the gut. Yet despite its critical function, there is comparatively little understanding of how the lymphatic system adapts to serve these functions in health and disease1. Recently, we have demonstrated the ability to dynamically image lymphatic architecture and lymph "pumping" action in normal human subjects as well as in persons suffering lymphatic dysfunction using trace administration of a near-infrared fluorescent (NIRF) dye and a custom, Gen III-intensified imaging system2-4. NIRF imaging showed dramatic changes in lymphatic architecture and function with human disease. It remains unclear how these changes occur and new animal models are being developed to elucidate their genetic and molecular basis. In this protocol, we present NIRF lymphatic, small animal imaging5,6 using indocyanine green (ICG), a dye that has been used for 50 years in humans7, and a NIRF dye-labeled cyclic albumin binding domain (cABD-IRDye800) peptide that preferentially binds mouse and human albumin8. Approximately 5.5 times brighter than ICG, cABD-IRDye800 has a similar lymphatic clearance profile and can be injected in smaller doses than ICG to achieve sufficient NIRF signals for imaging8. Because both cABD-IRDye800 and ICG bind to albumin in the interstitial space8, they both may depict active protein transport into and within the lymphatics. Intradermal (ID) injections (5-50 &mu;l) of ICG (645 &mu;M) or cABD-IRDye800 (200 &mu;M) in saline are administered to the dorsal aspect of each hind paw and/or the left and right side of the base of the tail of an isoflurane-anesthetized mouse. The resulting dye concentration in the animal is 83-1,250 &mu;g/kg for ICG or 113-1,700 &mu;g/kg for cABD-IRDye800. Immediately following injections, functional lymphatic imaging is conducted for up to 1 hr using a customized, small animal NIRF imaging system. Whole animal spatial resolution can depict fluorescent lymphatic vessels of 100 microns or less, and images of structures up to 3 cm in depth can be acquired9. Images are acquired using V++ software and analyzed using ImageJ or MATLAB software. During analysis, consecutive regions of interest (ROIs) encompassing the entire vessel diameter are drawn along a given lymph vessel. The dimensions for each ROI are kept constant for a given vessel and NIRF intensity is measured for each ROI to quantitatively assess "packets" of lymph moving through vessels.

Recently developed imaging techniques using near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) may help elucidate the role the lymphatic system plays in cancer metastasis, immune response, wound repair, and other lymphatic-associated diseases.

マウスのリンパ脈管構造の非侵襲的光イメージング

The lymphatic  vascular system is an important component of the circulatory system that  maintains fluid homeostasis, provides immune surveillance, and ...

Generation of Lymph Node-fat Pad Chimeras for the Study of Lymph Node Stromal Cell Origin

The stroma is a key component of the lymph node structure and function. However, little is known about its origin, exact cellular composition and the mechanisms governing its formation. Lymph nodes are always encapsulated in adipose tissue and we recently demonstrated the importance of this relation for the formation of lymph node stroma. Adipocyte precursor cells migrate into the lymph node during its development and upon engagement of the Lymphotoxin-b receptor switch off adipogenesis and differentiate into lymphoid stromal cells (B&#233;n&#233;zech&#160;et al.14). Based on the lymphoid stroma potential of adipose tissue, we present a method using a lymph node/fat pad chimera that allows the lineage tracing of lymph node stromal cell precursors. We show how to isolate newborn lymph nodes and EYFP+ embryonic adipose tissue and make a LN/ EYFP+ fat pad chimera. After transfer under the kidney capsule of a host mouse, the lymph node incorporates local adipose tissue precursor cells and finishes its formation. Progeny analysis of EYFP+ fat pad cells in the resulting lymph nodes can be performed by flow-cytometric analysis of enzymatically digested lymph nodes or by immunofluorescence analysis of lymph nodes cryosections. By using fat pads from different knockout mouse models, this method will provide an efficient way of analyzing the origin of the different lymph node stromal cell populations.

Generation of lymph node/fat pad chimeras for the study of lymph node stromal cell origin is described. The method involves the isolation of lymph nodes from newborn mice and embryonic fat pads, the generation of chimeric lymph node-fat pads, and their transfer under the kidney capsule of a host mouse.

The stroma is a key component of the lymph node structure and function. However, little is known about its origin, exact cellular composition and the ...

Magnetic Stirrer Method for the Detection of Trichinella Larvae in Muscle Samples

Trichinellosis is a debilitating disease in humans and is caused by the consumption of raw or undercooked meat of animals infected with the nematode larvae of the genus Trichinella. The most important sources of human infections worldwide are game meat and pork or pork products. In many countries, the prevention of human trichinellosis is based on the identification of infected animals by means of the artificial digestion of muscle samples from susceptible animal carcasses.
There are several methods based on the digestion of meat but the magnetic stirrer method is considered the gold standard. This method allows the detection of Trichinella larvae by microscopy after the enzymatic digestion of muscle samples and subsequent filtration and sedimentation steps. Although this method does not require special and expensive equipment, internal controls cannot be used. Therefore, stringent quality management should be applied throughout the test. The aim of the present work is to provide detailed handling instructions and critical control points of the method to analysts, based on the experience of the European Union Reference Laboratory for Parasites and the National Reference Laboratory of Germany for Trichinella.

Magnetic Stirrer Method for the Detection of Trichinella Larvae in Muscle Samples

The prevention of human trichinellosis in many countries worldwide is based on the laboratory examination of muscle samples from susceptible animals by methods of digestion, of which the magnetic stirrer method is considered the gold standard.

の検出のための磁気スターラー方法<em&gt;旋毛虫</em筋肉試料中&gt;幼虫

Trichinellosis is a debilitating disease in humans and is caused by the consumption of raw or undercooked meat of animals infected with the nematode ...

Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction-based Analyses of Murine Intestinal Microbiota After Oral Antibiotic Treatment

The gut microbiota has a central influence on human health. Microbial dysbiosis is associated with many common immunopathologies such as inflammatory bowel disease, asthma and arthritis. Thus, understanding the mechanisms underlying microbiota-immune system crosstalk is of crucial importance. Antibiotic administration, while aiding pathogen clearance, also induces drastic changes in the size and composition of intestinal bacterial communities which can have an impact on human health. Antibiotic treatment in mice recapitulates the impact and long-term changes in human microbiota from antibiotic treated patients, and enables investigation of the mechanistic links between changes in microbial communities and immune cell function. While several methods for antibiotic treatment of mice have been described, some of them induce severe dehydration and weight-loss complicating the interpretation of the data. Here, we provide two protocols for oral antibiotic administration which can be used for long-term treatment of mice without inducing major weight-loss. These protocols make use of a combination of antibiotics that target both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and can be provided either ad libitum in the drinking water or by oral gavage. Moreover, we describe a method for the quantification of microbial density in fecal samples by qPCR which can be used to validate the efficacy of the antibiotic treatment. The combination of these approaches provides a reliable methodology for the manipulation of the intestinal microbiota and the study of the effects of antibiotic treatment in mice.

Here we provide detailed protocols for the oral administration of antibiotics to mice, collection of fecal samples, DNA extraction and quantification of fecal bacteria by qPCR.

経口抗生物質による治療後マウス腸内細菌叢の量的なポリメラーゼの連鎖反応に基づく分析

The gut microbiota has a central influence on human health. Microbial dysbiosis is associated with many common immunopathologies such as inflammatory ...

Chronic Salmonella Infection Induced Intestinal Fibrosis

Tissue fibrosis characterized by the pathological accumulation of extracellular matrix such as collagen is the outcome of persistent inflammation and dysregulated repair. In inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), fibrosis leads to recurrent stricture formations for which there is no effective therapy other than surgical resection. Due to its late onset, the processes that drive fibrosis is less studied and largely unknown. Therefore, fibrotic complications represent a major challenge in IBD. In this protocol, a robust in vivo model of intestinal fibrosis is described where streptomycin pre-treatment of C57Bl/6 mice followed by oral gavage with vaccine grade Salmonella Typhimurium &#916;AroA mutant leads to persistent pathogen colonization and fibrosis of the cecum. Methodologies for preparing S. Typhimurium &#916;AroA for inoculation, quantifying pathogen loads in the cecum and spleen, and evaluating collagen deposition in intestinal tissues are explained. This experimental disease model is useful for examining host factors that either enhance or exacerbate CD-like intestinal fibrosis.

This protocol describes a mouse model of Salmonella driven intestinal fibrosis that resembles key pathological hallmarks of Crohn&#8217;s disease including transmural inflammation and fibrosis. This method can be used to evaluate host factors that alter fibrotic outcomes using mutant mice maintained on a C57Bl/6 genetic background.

慢性サルモネラ感染誘発性腸線維症

Tissue fibrosis characterized by the pathological accumulation of extracellular matrix such as collagen is the outcome of persistent inflammation and ...

Blocking Lymph Flow by Suturing Afferent Lymphatic Vessels in Mice

Lymphatic vessels are critical in maintaining tissue fluid balance and optimizing immune protection by transporting antigens, cytokines, and cells to draining lymph nodes (LNs). Interruption of lymph flow is an important method when studying the function of lymphatic vessels. The afferent lymphatic vessels from the murine footpad to the popliteal lymph nodes (pLNs) are well-defined as the only routes for lymph drainage into the pLNs. Suturing these afferent lymphatic vessels can selectively prevent lymph flow to the pLNs. This method allows for interference in lymph flow with minimal damage to the lymphatic endothelial cells in the draining pLN, the afferent lymphatic vessels, as well as other lymphatic vessels around the area. This method has been used to study how lymph impacts high endothelial venules (HEV) and chemokine expression in the LN, and how lymph flows through the adipose tissue surrounding the LN in the absence of functional lymphatic vessels. With the growing recognition of the importance of lymphatic function, this method will have broader applications to further unravel the function of lymphatic vessels in regulating the LN microenvironment and immune responses.

A protocol to block lymph flow by surgical suturing of afferent lymphatic vessels is presented.

マウスの不感性リンパ管を縫合することによりリンパ流を遮断する

Lymphatic vessels are critical in maintaining tissue fluid balance and optimizing immune protection by transporting antigens, cytokines, and cells to ...

Functional Assessment of Intestinal Permeability and Neutrophil Transepithelial Migration in Mice using a Standardized Intestinal Loop Model

The intestinal mucosa is lined by a single layer of epithelial cells that forms a dynamic barrier allowing paracellular transport of nutrients and water while preventing passage of luminal bacteria and exogenous substances. A breach of this layer results in increased permeability to luminal contents and recruitment of immune cells, both of which are hallmarks of pathologic states in the gut including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). 
Mechanisms regulating epithelial barrier function and transepithelial migration (TEpM) of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) are incompletely understood due to the lack of experimental in vivo methods allowing quantitative analyses. Here, we describe a robust murine experimental model that employs an exteriorized intestinal segment of either ileum or proximal colon. The exteriorized intestinal loop (iLoop) is fully vascularized and offers physiological advantages over ex vivo chamber-based approaches commonly used to study permeability and PMN migration across epithelial cell monolayers.
We demonstrate two applications of this model in detail: (1) quantitative measurement of intestinal permeability through detection of fluorescence-labeled dextrans in serum after intraluminal injection, (2) quantitative assessment of migrated PMN across the intestinal epithelium into the gut lumen after intraluminal introduction of chemoattractants. We demonstrate feasibility of this model and provide results utilizing the iLoop in mice lacking the epithelial tight junction-associated protein JAM-A compared to controls. JAM-A has been shown to regulate epithelial barrier function as well as PMN TEpM during inflammatory responses. Our results using the iLoop confirm previous studies and highlight the importance of JAM-A in regulation of intestinal permeability and PMN TEpM in vivo during homeostasis and disease. 
The iLoop model provides a highly standardized method for reproducible in vivo studies of intestinal homeostasis and inflammation and will significantly enhance understanding of intestinal barrier function and mucosal inflammation in diseases such as IBD.

Dysregulated intestinal epithelial barrier function and immune responses are hallmarks of inflammatory bowel disease that remain poorly investigated due to a lack of physiological models. Here, we describe a mouse intestinal loop model that employs a well-vascularized and exteriorized bowel segment to study mucosal permeability and leukocyte recruitment in vivo.

標準化腸ループモデルを用いたマウスにおける腸透過性と好中球経上皮移動の機能評価

The intestinal mucosa is lined by a single layer of epithelial cells that forms a dynamic barrier allowing paracellular transport of nutrients and water ...

Canine Intestinal Organoids in a Dual-Chamber Permeable Support System

The permeable support system is typically used in conjunction with traditional two-dimensional (2D) cell lines as an in vitro tool for evaluating the oral permeability of new therapeutic drug candidates. However, the use of these conventional cell lines has limitations, such as altered expression of tight junctions, partial cell differentiation, and the absence of key nuclear receptors. Despite these shortcomings, the Caco-2 and MDCK models are widely accepted and validated for the prediction of human in vivo oral permeability.
Dogs are a relevant translational model for biomedical research due to their similarities in gastrointestinal anatomy and intestinal microflora with humans. Accordingly, and in support of parallel drug development, the elaboration of an efficient and accurate in vitro tool for predicting in vivo drug permeability characteristics both in dogs and humans is highly desirable. Such a tool could be the canine intestinal organoid system, characterized by three-dimensional (3D), self-assembled epithelial structures derived from adult stem cells.
The (1) Permeable Support Seeding Protocol describes the experimental methods for dissociating and seeding canine organoids in the inserts. Canine organoid isolation, culture, and harvest have been previously described in a separate set of protocols in this special issue. Methods for general upkeep of the canine intestinal organoid monolayer are discussed thoroughly in the (2) Monolayer Maintenance Protocol. Additionally, this protocol describes methods to assess the structural integrity of the monolayer via transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) measurements and light microscopy. Finally, the (3) Permeability Experimental Protocol&#160;describes the tasks directly preceding an experiment, including in vitro validation of experimental results.
Overall, the canine organoid model, combined with a dual-chamber cell culture technology, overcomes limitations associated with 2D experimental models, thereby improving the reliability of predictions of the apparent oral permeability of therapeutic drug candidates both in the canine and human patient.

Here, we present a protocol describing the culture of canine intestinal organoids in a dual-chamber, permeable support system. Organoid seeding in the permeable supports, the monolayer maintenance, and subsequent drug permeability experiments are described.

デュアルチャンバー透過性サポートシステム内の犬腸オルガノイド

The permeable support system is typically used in conjunction with traditional two-dimensional (2D) cell lines as an in vitro tool for evaluating the oral ...