Support provided by grant AA019462 to DAH and AA019884 to DDS.

ここ及び添付のビデオで説明したすべての手順は健康科学センターとニューメキシコ大学のメインキャンパスの施設内動物管理使用委員会によって承認されている。 1.出生前エタノール曝露<ol><li>サッカリンナトリウム塩水和物、190プルーフのエタノール（体積95％のアルコール）、ビーズのガラス飲料チューブ、天然ゴム白＃4ストッパー1ホール、1「ベンドチューブボールポイント、WWWから印刷された紙の支配者：すべての必要な材料や化学物質を入手.vendian.org / mncharity / DIR3 / paper_rulers /。 </li><li>ベンダーまたは代替源から実績​​のある大人のブリーダーラットを入手します。このプロトコルで提示方法や代表的なデータのためのロングエバンスブリーダーを使用してください。女性は125〜150グラムと、彼らは（ステップ1.5）の繁殖時に約9〜10週齢であるように、到着時に6〜7週齢の重量を量る。すべての将来のダムが初めての母親であることを確認してください。男性は12であることを確認してください繁殖プロトコルの開始時に到着し、15週齢時の年齢の週。 </li><li>ハウスは、逆12時間の明/暗スケジュールで22℃で個別にプラスチックケージの動物は（9：00時間に21：00から点灯）。すべて飲みセッション中に含めて、研究を通して食品や水道水を自由へのアクセスを提供します。 1.4のステップに進む前に、施設への順化のために少なくとも1週間を許可します。 </li><li>各雌ラットのベースラインの体重を取得します。 </li><li> 2週間雌ラットの妊娠前の飲酒レベルを評価します。手順に従ってください1.5.1-1.5.6ために。 <ol><li>日に1及び2は、水道水中の0.066パーセントのサッカリン溶液（無エタノール）を含有する飲料チューブを埋める。消費がそれを充填する前に飲酒チューブにmmの精度で紙定規を貼付定量化するために。それはエタノール消費を定量化するために、チューブの重さに関連した測定の誤差を減少させるので、この方法を使用します。ルーラー上の20ミリメートルマークにチューブを埋める。 4時間のdrinkiを開始NGセッション（1.5.1-1.5.6と1.7ステップ）活性や飲酒のレベルが最も高い暗期（10時00分時間）の発症後1時間。 </li><li>各飲料セッションの終了時に消費されたサッカリン溶液の量を定量化する。測定を容易にするために、事前に定規に1mm当たり溶液の体積を決定し、ボリュームにミリメートルに変換する。ここで推奨チューブ用各MMは0.366ミリリットルに対応している。 </li><li> 3日目および4日2.5％エタノール（v / v）で、水道水中の0.066パーセントのサッカリン溶液でチューブを埋める。各セッションの終了時に消費されたエタノール溶液（体重1kg当たりの重量）の量を定量する。 </li><li> 5日目、その後、5％エタノール（v / v）で、水道水中の0.066パーセントのサッカリン溶液でチューブを埋める。各セッションの終了時に消費されたエタノール溶液（体重1kg当たりの重量）の量を定量する。 </li><li>妊娠前の飲酒フェーズの終了時に、ラットを計量し、平均エタノールconsumを計算ptionとグループ全体の標準偏差。消費は妊娠中の自発的な飲酒の変動を減らすために研究から意味グループの上または下の1標準偏差よりも大きいことを意味れるラットを削除します。 </li><li>妊娠前の飲酒レベルは2つのグループにできるだけ厳密に一致するようにサッカリン制御やPAE条件のいずれかに残っているラットを割り当てます。 </li></ol></li><li> 1-14日以内にペア実績のある男性のブリーダーと各雌ラット。雌ラットは、繁殖期の間にエタノールを消費しません。膣栓の存在によって妊娠を確認して、雌ラットの重さ、そして個別に彼女を収容する。これは研究から、女性を削除した後、最大5日間、雄ブリーダーと雌ラットを残し、妊娠日1.オプションとして定義されている。 注：妊娠中のエタノール消費が膣栓の存在を妊娠1日目の検査で10：00時間で開始されるために実行する必要がありますこの時間の前に。 </li><li>妊娠期間中の1日4時間（1000 1400時間）のためのエタノールまたはサッカリンソリューションを提供します。 <ol><li>妊娠1日目に開始すると、0％または5％のエタノールとグループの割り当てに基づいて、水道水で0.066パーセントのサッカリン溶液のいずれかとの雌ラットを提供する。サッカリン対照ラットに与え0％エタノール溶液の体積はエタノールラットによって消費5％エタノール溶液の平均体積に一致することを確認する。各セッションの終了時に消費されたまたはサッカリン（体重1kg当たりの重量）のエタノール溶液の量を定量化する。 </li><li>母体の体重増加を評価するために毎週、ラットのダムを量る。 </li><li>飲みセッションを含むすべての回で食品や水道水を提供します。 </li><li>子孫が生まれているときエタノール曝露手続きを中止。出生時のライブ子犬と子犬の重みの数を記録します。生後0日として誕生の日を指定します。 </li><li>生後2-3約10匹にゴミを間引く。 Tを試みるO各リターの雌の動物のオスの等しい比率を維持。これが不可能な場合、男性および女性の等しくない数の10匹に間引く。 </li><li>レコード子犬の重み生後2-3日。 </li><li>同じ出生前処理条件から動物と同性のペアで約生後21-24と家で動物を離乳させる。潜在的なごみの効果を制限するための実験あたりの各ごみから複数の1-2ラットを使用しないでください。 </li></ol></li></ol> 2.社会的行動<ol><li>入手し、すべての必要な資機材を準備します。 <ol><li>社会的相互作用のための装置を得る。きれいにし、消毒するのは簡単です材料で構成され、オープントップでチャンバーを使用してください。装置の前面に撮影用の硬質透明プラスチック（〜2mmの厚さ）で覆われるべきである。洗浄および臭気制御を助けるために、透明なプラスチック（〜2mmの厚さ）に沿って内壁と床。バックインテリアWAに沿ってミラーを配置llは、分析を助けるため。 注：ここにカスタム室を報告した代表的なデータでは（95センチ×47センチメートルワイド×43センチメートル背の高い）オープントップと剛性透明プラスチック（厚さ2mm）インテリア側面を覆うと、装置の床を使用したと。ミラーは、後壁に沿って配置した。特定の寸法および材料は、しかし、それは寸法が本物の社会的相互作用は、他の挙動から区別することができることを確実にするのに十分に大きいことが推奨される社会的行動の測定のための重要なされていない。動物は、互いに近接して必ずしもないように、すなわち、装置が十分に大きくなければならない。 </li><li>すべての撮影が可視スペクトル内ほとんど、あるいは全く周囲の照明を用いて行われるように、低または無光条件下での記録が可能なビデオカメラを入手します。カメラは、そのネイティブで暗い条件の下で、しかし、記録することが可能な任意のカメラを赤外線スペクトル内の高解像度を持っていることを確認してくださいナイトモードまたは追加の赤外線照明器では十分なはずです。 </li><li>装置の周りに位置赤外線照明は、ビデオ記録における装置の照明を改善する。 </li><li>実験室グレードの木材チップ（アスペンチップ）を取得します。 </li><li>セッション及び臭気制御と装置のクリーニングブラシ、ちり取り、二酸化塩素及びイソプロピルアルコール（70％）を得た。 </li></ol></li><li>装置の順化と社会的行動<ol><li>実験のこの段階では、年齢の少なくとも90日である成体ラットで測定を行う。 </li><li>以前は各セッションに、すべての森チップを取り外し、セッションの間に臭いを制御し、新鮮な木材チップを提供するために、イソプロピルアルコールできれいな装置を拭く。木材チップが​​完全に装置の底部をカバーしていることを確認してください。清潔で、必要に応じて、そのような二酸化塩素のような適切な薬剤と装置を消毒する。 </li><li> 3日間連続に動物とそのケージメイトを配置装置に動物を順応さ30分間室。順化セッション中にすべての部屋のライトがオフになっている。 </li><li>第三の順化セッションハウスの最後に、動物を個別に新鮮な寝具、食料、および社会的相互作用をやる気にさせる24時間水を使用して新しいケージで。 </li><li>動物の後に次の日の24時間に録音社会的相互作用を分離した。 <ol><li>きれいな、装置からの木材チップを取り外し、二酸化塩素で消毒、臭いを制御するためにイソプロピルアルコールで拭いて、セッションの前に木材チップを交換してください。 </li><li>相互作用を記録するための位置1つ以上のカメラ。装置の前の位置にある少なくとも1つのカメラ装置の背面壁のミラーは、分析のために、追加の視点を提供することができるように。 </li><li>動物を一度に1を取得し、毛皮のパターンのユニークな機能が注目されるようにカメラの前で動物を保​​持する。これらの特定の特徴毛皮は、分析ではなく、人工的に動物のマーキングの間、ラットを区別するために使用することができる。 注：齧歯類社会的相互作用の多くの側面は、嗅覚シグナルを伴い、パートナーを嗅ぐ​​ので、可能な限り導入外国の臭いを避けるべきである。ロングエバンスラットは、典型的には、動物の任意のペアを区別するために利用することができる毛皮パターンのいくつかの特徴を有する。他の株（ 例えば 、SDラット）のために、このような無香料、色素と尾をマークするなどの代替的なアプローチを使用することができる。これは、関心のある多くの行動は具体的な目標に向けられていることを認識することが重要である（ 例えば 、肛門性器は尾の付け根、脇腹や腹に向け首筋、または積極的な攻撃に向け遊び心の攻撃の近くに指示スニッフィング）。遠く関心のこれらのターゲットから尾の先端に近い動物のマーキングすることをお勧めします。 </li><li>少なくとも12分間社会的相互作用の記録映像。</li><li>セッションを通して戦うために動物を監視します。可能であれば実験者はセッション中に部屋にならないように、モニターまたはウィンドウを経由して動物を見る。 注：ファイティングはまれにしか成体ラットを用いた研究で観察されていない、しかし、動物はセッションを通じて監視する必要があります。過度の戦闘があるか、動物への危害や損傷の兆候がある場合、セッションは中止されるべきである。 </li></ol></li></ol></li><li>行動コーディングと分析。 <ol><li> PAE 1,18で前の仕事に従って関心の次の行動を特定します。次の動作の最初の発生に期間、頻度および待ち時間を定量化。相手の体の、ボクシング​​、パートナー下/上で（交差点）をクロール、肛門性器スニッフィング、他のスニッフィング（ボディスニッフィング）（ピン止め含む）レスリング、木材チップに掘り/、（相手のグルーミング）をallogrooming飼育、およびスニッフィング。各動作の例は、例示されているこの記事のビデオコンポーネントでD。 </li><li>ビデオからの関心の社会的行動を定量化する。関心の各行動のための最初のインスタンスに周波数、合計時間と待ち時間を取得します。 注：これらの対策の取得を手動で達成することができ、しかし、デジタル化されたビデオのコンピュータ化された分析を使用して、これらの対策の定量化が推奨されます。ビデオや行動の定量化の再生のためのMatlab（www.mathworks.com）このスクリプトは、この記事の補足として提供されています。 </li><li>符号化は、全てのラットについて完了した後、得られた持続時間、周波数および待ち時間のデータは統計パッケージを用いて分析される。 </li></ol></li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Hamilton, D. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Prenatal+exposure+to+moderate+levels+of+ethanol+alters+social+behavior+in+adult+rats:+Relationship+to+structural+plasticity+and+immediate+early+gene+expression+in+frontal+cortex.">Prenatal exposure to moderate levels of ethanol alters social behavior in adult rats: Relationship to structural plasticity and immediate early gene expression in frontal cortex.</a> Behav. Brain Res. 207 (2), 290-304 (2010).</li><li>May, P. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Approaching+the+prevalence+of+the+full+spectrum+of+Fetal+Alcohol+Spectrum+Disorders+in+a+South+African+population-based+study.">Approaching the prevalence of the full spectrum of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders in a South African population-based study.</a> Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 37 (5), 818-830 (2013).</li><li>Chasnoff, I. J., Wells, A. M., Telford, E., Schmidt, C., Messer, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neurodevelopmental+functioning+in+children+with+FAS,+pFAS,+and+ARND.">Neurodevelopmental functioning in children with FAS, pFAS, and ARND.</a> Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics. 31 (3), 192-201 (2010).</li><li>Disney, E. R., Iacono, W., McGue, M., Tully, E., Legrand, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Strengthening+the+case:+Prenatal+alcohol+exposure+is+associated+with+increased+risk+for+conduct+disorder.">Strengthening the case: Prenatal alcohol exposure is associated with increased risk for conduct disorder.</a> Pediatrics. 122 (6), E1225-E1230 (2008).</li><li>Kelly, S. J., Goodlett, C. R., Hannigan, J. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Animal+models+of+fetal+alcohol+spectrum+disorders:+Impact+of+the+social+environment.">Animal models of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: Impact of the social environment.</a> Dev Disabil Res Rev. 15 (3), 200-208 (2009).</li><li>Kelly, S. J., Day, N., Streissguth, A. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+prenatal+alcohol+exposure+on+social+behavior+in+humans+and+other+species.">Effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on social behavior in humans and other species.</a> Neurotoxicol. Teratol. 22 (2), 143-149 (2000).</li><li>Thomas, S. E., Kelly, S. J., Mattson, S. N., Riley, E. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+social+abilities+of+children+with+fetal+alcohol+syndrome+to+those+of+children+with+similar+IQ+scores+and+normal+controls.">Comparison of social abilities of children with fetal alcohol syndrome to those of children with similar IQ scores and normal controls.</a> Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. 22 (2), 528-533 (1998).</li><li>Conry, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neuropsychological+deficits+in+Fetal+Alcohol+Syndrome+and+fetal+alcohol+effects.">Neuropsychological deficits in Fetal Alcohol Syndrome and fetal alcohol effects.</a> Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 14 (5), 650-655 (1990).</li><li>Streissguth, A. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fetal+Alcohol+Syndrome+in+adolescents+and+adults.">Fetal Alcohol Syndrome in adolescents and adults.</a> JAMA-Journal of the American Medical Association. 265 (15), 1961-1967 (1991).</li><li>Streissguth, A. P., Barr, H. M., Sampson, P. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Moderate+prenatal+alcohol+exposure:+effects+on+child+IQ+and+learning+problems+at+age+7+1/2+years.">Moderate prenatal alcohol exposure: effects on child IQ and learning problems at age 7 1/2 years.</a> Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. 14 (5), 662-669 (1990).</li><li>Valenzuela, C. F., Morton, R. A., Diaz, M. R., Topper, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Does+moderate+drinking+harm+the+fetal+brain?+Insights+from+animal+models.">Does moderate drinking harm the fetal brain? Insights from animal models.</a> Trends Neurosci. 35 (5), 284-292 (2012).</li><li>May, P. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Prevalence+of+children+with+severe+Fetal+Alcohol+Spectrum+Disorders+in+communities+near+Rome,+Italy:+New+estimated+rates+are+higher+than+previous+estimates.">Prevalence of children with severe Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders in communities near Rome, Italy: New estimated rates are higher than previous estimates.</a> Int. J. Env. Res. Public Health. 8 (6), 2331-2351 (2011).</li><li>Tunc-Ozcan, E., Ullmann, T. M., Shukla, P. K., Redei, E. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Low-dose+thyroxine+attenuates+autism-associated+adverse+affects+of+fetal+alcohol+in+male+offspring's+social+behavior+and+hippocampal+gene+expression.">Low-dose thyroxine attenuates autism-associated adverse affects of fetal alcohol in male offspring's social behavior and hippocampal gene expression.</a> Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 37 (11), 1986-1995 (2013).</li><li>Middleton, F. A., Varlinskaya, E. I., Mooney, S. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+substrates+of+social+avoidance+seen+following+prenatal+ethanol+exposure+and+its+reversal+by+social+enrichment.">Molecular substrates of social avoidance seen following prenatal ethanol exposure and its reversal by social enrichment.</a> Dev. Neurosci. 34 (2-3), 115-128 (2012).</li><li>Varlinskaya, E. I., Mooney, S. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Acute+exposure+to+ethanol+on+gestational+day+15+affects+social+motivation+of+female+offspring.">Acute exposure to ethanol on gestational day 15 affects social motivation of female offspring.</a> Behav. Brain Res. 261, 106-109 (2014).</li><li>Meyer, L. S., Riley, E. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Social+play+in+juvenile+rats+prenatally+exposed+to+alcohol.">Social play in juvenile rats prenatally exposed to alcohol.</a> Teratology. 34 (1), 1-7 (1986).</li><li>Royalty, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+prenatal+ethanol+exposure+on+juvenile+play-fighting+and+postpubertal+aggression+in+rats.">Effects of prenatal ethanol exposure on juvenile play-fighting and postpubertal aggression in rats.</a> Psychol Rep. 66 (2), 551-560 (1990).</li><li>Hamilton, D. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+moderate+prenatal+ethanol+exposure+and+age+on+social+behavior,+spatial+response+perseveration+errors+and+motor+behavior.">Effects of moderate prenatal ethanol exposure and age on social behavior, spatial response perseveration errors and motor behavior.</a> Behav. Brain Res. 269, 44-54 (2014).</li><li>Kelly, S. J., Dillingham, R. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sexually+dimorphic+effects+of+perinatal+alcohol+exposure+on+social+interactions+and+amygdala+DNA+and+DOPAC+concentrations.">Sexually dimorphic effects of perinatal alcohol exposure on social interactions and amygdala DNA and DOPAC concentrations.</a> Neurotoxicol. Teratol. 16 (4), 377-384 (1994).</li><li>Lugo, J. N., Marino, M. D., Cronise, K., Kelly, S. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+alcohol+exposure+during+development+on+social+behavior+in+rats.">Effects of alcohol exposure during development on social behavior in rats.</a> Physiology and Behavior. 78 (2), 185-194 (2003).</li><li>Lugo, J. N., Marino, M. D., Gass, J. T., Wilson, M. A., Kelly, S. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ethanol+exposure+during+development+reduces+resident+aggression+and+testosterone+in+rats.">Ethanol exposure during development reduces resident aggression and testosterone in rats.</a> Physiology and Behavior. 87 (2), 330-337 (2006).</li><li>Kelly, S. J., Tran, T. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Alcohol+exposure+during+development+alters+social+recognition+and+social+communication+in+rats.">Alcohol exposure during development alters social recognition and social communication in rats.</a> Neurotoxicol. Teratol. 19 (5), 383-389 (1997).</li><li>Mooney, S. M., Varlinskaya, E. I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Acute+prenatal+exposure+to+ethanol+and+social+behavior:+Effects+of+age,+sex,+and+timing+of+exposure.">Acute prenatal exposure to ethanol and social behavior: Effects of age, sex, and timing of exposure.</a> Behav. Brain Res. 216 (1), 358-364 (2011).</li><li>Savage, D. D., Becher, M., de la Torre, A. J., Sutherland, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dose-dependent+effects+of+prenatal+ethanol+exposure+on+synaptic+plasticity+and+learning+in+mature+offspring.">Dose-dependent effects of prenatal ethanol exposure on synaptic plasticity and learning in mature offspring.</a> Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 26 (11), 1752-1758 (2002).</li><li>Rasmussen, D. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chronic+daily+ethanol+and+withdrawal:+1.+Long-term+changes+in+the+hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal+axis.">Chronic daily ethanol and withdrawal: 1. Long-term changes in the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis.</a> Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 24 (12), 1836-1849 (2000).</li><li>Savage, D. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+a+Novel+Cognition-Enhancing+Agent+on+Fetal+Ethanol-Induced+Learning+Deficits.">Effects of a Novel Cognition-Enhancing Agent on Fetal Ethanol-Induced Learning Deficits.</a> Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 34 (10), 1793-1802 (2010).</li><li>Goodlett, C. R., Johnson, T. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neonatal+binge+ethanol+exposure+using+intubation:+Timing+and+dose+effects+on+place+learning.">Neonatal binge ethanol exposure using intubation: Timing and dose effects on place learning.</a> Neurotoxicol. Teratol. 19 (6), 435-446 (1997).</li><li>Staples, M. C., Rosenberg, M. J., Allen, N. A., Porch, M. W., Savage, D. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Impact of Combined Prenatal Ethanol and Prenatal Stress Exposure on Anxiety and Hippocampal-Sensitive Learning in Adult. 37 (12), 2039-2047 (2013).</li><li>Champagne, F. A., Francis, D. D., Mar, A., Meaney, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Variations+in+maternal+care+in+the+rat+as+a+mediating+influence+for+the+effects+of+environment+on+development.">Variations in maternal care in the rat as a mediating influence for the effects of environment on development.</a> Physiol. Behav. 79 (3), 359-371 (2003).</li><li>Hamilton, D. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Patterns+of+social-experience-related+c-fos+and+Arc+expression+in+the+frontal+cortices+of+rats+exposed+to+saccharin+or+moderate+levels+of+ethanol+during+prenatal+brain+development.">Patterns of social-experience-related c-fos and Arc expression in the frontal cortices of rats exposed to saccharin or moderate levels of ethanol during prenatal brain development.</a> Behav. Brain Res. 214 (1), 66-74 (2010).</li><li>Barnett, S. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> A study in behaviour: Principles of ethology and behavioural physiology displayed mainly in the rat. , (1963).</li><li>Pellis, S. M., Pellis, V. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Play-fighting+differs+from+serious+fighting+in+both+target+of+attack+and+tactics+of+fighting+in+the+laboratory+rat+Rattus-Norvegicus.">Play-fighting differs from serious fighting in both target of attack and tactics of fighting in the laboratory rat Rattus-Norvegicus.</a> Aggressive Behav. 13 (4), 227-242 (1987).</li><li>Meaney, M. J., Stewart, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+descriptive+study+of+social-development+in+the+rat+(Rattus-Norvegicus).">A descriptive study of social-development in the rat (Rattus-Norvegicus).</a> Anim. Behav. 29 (1), 34-45 (1981).</li><li>Pellis, S. M., Pellis, V. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+prejuvenile+onset+of+play+fighting+in+laboratory+rats+(Rattus+norvegicus).">The prejuvenile onset of play fighting in laboratory rats (Rattus norvegicus).</a> Dev. Psychobiol. 31 (3), 193-205 (1997).</li><li>Himmler, B. T., Pellis, V. C., Pellis, S. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Peering+into+the+dynamics+of+social+interactions:+measuring+play+fighting+in+rats.">Peering into the dynamics of social interactions: measuring play fighting in rats.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (71), e4288-e4288 (2013).</li><li>Panksepp, J., Siviy, S., Normansell, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+psychobiology+of+play+:+Theoretical+and+methodological+perspectives.">The psychobiology of play : Theoretical and methodological perspectives.</a> Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 8 (4), 465-492 (1984).</li><li>Siviy, S. M., Panksepp, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sensory+modulation+of+juvenile+play+in+rats.">Sensory modulation of juvenile play in rats.</a> Dev. Psychobiol. 20 (1), 39-55 (1987).</li><li>Pellis, S. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effects+of+orbital+frontal+cortex+damage+on+the+modulation+of+defensive+responses+by+rats+in+playful+and+nonplayful+social+contexts.">The effects of orbital frontal cortex damage on the modulation of defensive responses by rats in playful and nonplayful social contexts.</a> Behav. Neurosci. 120 (1), 72-84 (2006).</li><li>Blanchard, R. J., Blanchard, D. C., Takahashi, T., Kelley, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Attack+and+defensive+behavior+in+albino-rat.">Attack and defensive behavior in albino-rat.</a> Anim. Behav. 25 (3), 622-634 (1977).</li></ol>

The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.

ここで説明する出生前のアルコール暴露パラダイムは、妊娠中のラットダムによるエタノールの自主的な消費を（5％v / v）を伴う。エタノール投与のタイミング、投与量、持続時間および経路に関してならびに研究中の種と異なり、文献に示される脳の発達中にエタノールに非ヒト動物を露出させるための多くのプロトコルが存在する。種々の露光プロトコルの利点の完全な治療がここで提?...

子供の推定1から5パーセントは、胎児性アルコール症候群（FAS）、部分的なFAS（PFAS）、およびアルコール関連神経発達障害（ARNDs）3、胎児性アルコールスペクトラム障害（FASDs）2、と診断されている。社会的行動と認知の赤字はFASDs 4-7の小児において観察された最も一般的な有害転帰の一つです。否定的な結果が重い出生前のアルコール暴露（PAE）に限定されないが、目立った形態学的にはつながらない適度なPAEとして、FASの行動および認知障害特性FASDs 8-10ヒトにおける、比較的微妙な、しかしそれにもかかわらず、永続的な障害を引き起こす可能性非ヒト動物は、脳の発達11中のエタノールに曝露した。適度なPAEの行動と対応する神経生物学的影響を理解することの重要性は、現在の見積りによって強調されるFASD症例の大多数は少ない秒内に収まることを示すスペクトル12のエヴェーレ範囲。 いくつかの独立した研究室は、社会的な刺激に、17,18の応答性の変化を積極的な相互作用を増加し、調査と相互作用1,13-15減の変更されたプレイ14,16,17を含む、脳の発達の間に露出をエタノールに関連する齧歯類社会的行動の変化を報告している19-21、そして社会的に獲得した食べ物の好みと社会的認識メモリ22の欠損。社会的行動の赤字が重い（血中エタノール濃度（BECは）〜300mgの/ DL）22,23またはエタノールのより緩やかなレベル（BECを〜80mgの/ DL）1、および他の重要なパラメータの幅広い以下の露出を観察されている行動測定時の露光タイミング、曝露期間、年齢などの要因。 これまでの研究では、社会的なint型の特定の側面でその変化を実証した成人期におけるeractionは1,18サッカリンに暴露された対照動物からのアルコールの適度なレベルに暴露されたラットを区別する。成人期に（相手のスニッフィング、 例えば ）具体的には、適度なPAEは一貫して積極的な行動の増加を示唆している、レスリングで堅牢な増加と関連している、と社会調査のより低いレベル。社会的行動の変化は、PAEの信頼性のある結果であるため、PAE以下の社会的行動の定量化は、社会的行動におけるPAE関連の変化の神経基盤のより完全な理解とインターベンショナルアプローチの開発に向けて進んための重要性を保持することができる。この論文と関連するビデオの目標は、中程度のPAEプロトコルと確実に区別出生前非露光ラットの子孫からアルコールに露出している大人の子孫における社会的行動の定量化のための方法に命令を提供することです。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Saccharin sodium salt hydrate</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>S1002</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>190 proof ethanol</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>493538</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Beaded glass drinking tubes</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>14-955K</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Natural rubber white #4 stopper one hole</td>
			<td>Plasticoid</td>
			<td>LSG4M181</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1&#34; bend tubes-ball point</td>
			<td>Ancare</td>
			<td>TD-199-3&#34;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paper rulers</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td><a href="http://www.vendian.org/mncharity/dir3/paper_rulers">www.vendian.org/mncharity/dir3/paper_rulers</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Apparatus for social interaction</td>
			<td>Custom built</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>95 cm X 47 cm X 43 cm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Video cameras</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Capable of recording low/no light conditions</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Infrared illuminators</td>
			<td>Vitek</td>
			<td>VT-IR1-12</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Teklad laboratory grade sani-chips</td>
			<td>Harlan</td>
			<td>7090A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Brush and dustpan</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isopropyl alcohol</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>W292907</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chlorine Dioxide (1.5 mg Tablets)</td>
			<td>Quiplabs</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Prepare per manufacturer&#39;s recommendation</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

moderate prenatal alcohol exposure and quantification of social behavior in adult rats

Alterations in social behavior are among the major negative consequences observed in children with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASDs). Several independent laboratories have demonstrated robust alterations in the social behavior of rodents exposed to alcohol during brain development across a wide range of exposure durations, timing, doses, and ages at the time of behavioral quantification. Prior work from this laboratory has identified reliable alterations in specific forms of social interaction following moderate prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) in the rat that persist well into adulthood, including increased wrestling and decreased investigation. These behavioral alterations have been useful in identifying neural circuits altered by moderate PAE1, and may hold importance for progressing toward a more complete understanding of the neural bases of PAE-related alterations in social behavior. This paper describes procedures for performing moderate PAE in which rat dams voluntarily consume ethanol or saccharin (control) throughout gestation, and measurement of social behaviors in adult offspring.

多くの繁殖ラウンドの過程でエタノール状態の雌ラットは、一貫して4時間の飲み会あたりのエタノールの約2.1グラム/ kgの平均を飲む。ラットダムは45分の時点で測定された約60mg / dlのピーク母体血清中のエタノール濃度が、結果として、飲料チューブを導入した後の最初の15〜30分の間に4時間の合計の約半分を消費する。飲酒期間の残りの3.5時間かけて、それらは0.4グラム/ kg体重/時間の下?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Moderate Prenatal Alcohol Exposure and Quantification of Social Behavior in Adult Rats at JoVE.com

Moderate Prenatal Alcohol Exposure and Quantification of Social Behavior in Adult Rats

The goal of the protocol presented here is to describe procedures to expose rats to moderate levels of alcohol during prenatal brain development and to quantify resulting alterations in social behavior during adulthood.

適度な出生前アルコール暴露と成体ラットにおける社会行動の定量化

Alterations in social behavior are among the major negative consequences observed in children with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASDs). Several ...

moderate-prenatal-alcohol-exposure-quantification-social-behavior

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

9.6K ビュー.  University of New Mexico. The goal of the protocol presented here is to describe procedures to expose rats to moderate levels of alcohol during prenatal brain development and to quantify resulting alterations in social behavior during adulthood. 

ビデオ: Moderate Prenatal Alcohol Exposure and Quantification of Social Behavior in Adult Rats

A Procedure to Observe Context-induced Renewal of Pavlovian-conditioned Alcohol-seeking Behavior in Rats

Environmental contexts in which drugs of abuse are consumed can trigger craving, a subjective Pavlovian-conditioned response that can facilitate drug-seeking behavior and prompt relapse in abstinent drug users. We have developed a procedure to study the behavioral and neural processes that mediate the impact of context on alcohol-seeking behavior in rats. Following acclimation to the taste and pharmacological effects of 15% ethanol in the home cage, male Long-Evans rats receive Pavlovian discrimination training (PDT) in conditioning chambers. In each daily (Mon-Fri) PDT session, 16 trials each of two different 10 sec auditory conditioned stimuli occur. During one stimulus, the CS+, 0.2 ml of 15% ethanol is delivered into a fluid port for oral consumption. The second stimulus, the CS-, is not paired with ethanol. Across sessions, entries into the fluid port during the CS+ increase, whereas entries during the CS- stabilize at a lower level, indicating that a predictive association between the CS+ and ethanol is acquired. During PDT each chamber is equipped with a specific configuration of visual, olfactory and tactile contextual stimuli. Following PDT, extinction training is conducted in the same chamber that is now equipped with a different configuration of contextual stimuli. The CS+ and CS- are presented as before, but ethanol is withheld, which causes a gradual decline in port entries during the CS+. At test, rats are placed back into the PDT context and presented with the CS+ and CS- as before, but without ethanol. This manipulation triggers a robust and selective increase in the number of port entries made during the alcohol predictive CS+, with no change in responding during the CS-. This effect, referred to as context-induced renewal, illustrates the powerful capacity of contexts associated with alcohol consumption to stimulate alcohol-seeking behavior in response to Pavlovian alcohol cues.

A procedure to study the capacity of an alcohol associated environmental context to trigger the renewal of alcohol-seeking behavior in rats is described.

ラットにおけるパブロフ付きアルコール探索行動の状況誘発性のリニューアルを観察する手順

Environmental contexts in which drugs of abuse are consumed can trigger craving, a subjective Pavlovian-conditioned response that can facilitate ...

行動学

The Modified Hole Board - Measuring Behavior, Cognition and Social Interaction in Mice and Rats

This protocol describes the modified hole board (mHB), which combines features from a traditional hole board and open field and is designed to measure multiple dimensions of unconditioned behavior in small laboratory mammals (e.g., mice, rats, tree shrews and small primates). This paradigm is a valuable alternative for the use of a behavioral test battery, since a broad behavioral spectrum of an animal&#8217;s behavioral profile can be investigated in one single test.
The apparatus consists of a box, representing the &#8216;protected&#8217; area, separated from a group compartment. A board, on which small cylinders are staggered in three lines, is placed in the center of the box, representing the &#8216;unprotected&#8217; area of the set-up. The cognitive abilities of the animals can be measured by baiting some cylinders on the board and measuring the working and reference memory. Other unconditioned behavior, such as activity-related-, anxiety-related- and social behavior, can be observed using this paradigm. Behavioral flexibility and the ability to habituate to a novel environment can additionally be observed by subjecting the animals to multiple trials in the mHB, revealing insight into the animals&#8217; adaptive capacities.
Due to testing order effects in a behavioral test battery, na&#239;ve animals should be used for each individual experiment. By testing multiple behavioral dimensions in a single paradigm and thereby circumventing this issue, the number of experimental animals used is reduced. Furthermore, by avoiding social isolation during testing and without the need to food deprive the animals, the mHB represents a behavioral test system, inducing if any, very low amount of stress.

This protocol describes the modified hole board, which is a behavioral test set-up that comprises the characteristics of an open field and a traditional hole board. This set-up enables the differential analysis of unconditioned behavior of small laboratory mammals as well as the analysis of cognitive abilities.

変更された穴会は - マウスとラットにおける行動、認知と社会的相互作用を測定する

This protocol describes the modified hole board (mHB), which combines features from a traditional hole board and open field and is designed to measure ...

Rodent Brain Microinjection to Study Molecular Substrates of Motivated Behavior

Brain microinjection can aid elucidation of the molecular substrates of complex behaviors, such as motivation. For this purpose rodents can serve as appropriate models, partly because the response to behaviorally relevant stimuli and the circuitry parsing stimulus-action outcomes is astonishingly similar between humans and rodents. In studying molecular substrates of complex behaviors, the microinjection of reagents that modify, augment, or silence specific systems is an invaluable technique. However, it is crucial that the microinjection site is precisely targeted in order to aid interpretation of the results. We present a method for the manufacture of surgical implements and microinjection needles that enables accurate microinjection and unlimited customizability with minimal cost. Importantly, this technique can be successfully completed in awake rodents if conducted in conjunction with other JoVE articles that covered requisite surgical procedures. Additionally, there are many behavioral paradigms that are well suited for measuring motivation. The progressive ratio is a commonly used method that quantifies the efficacy of a reinforcer to maintain responding despite an (often exponentially) increasing work requirement. This assay is sensitive to reinforcer magnitude and pharmacological manipulations, which allows reinforcing efficacy and/ or motivation to be determined. We also present a straightforward approach to program operant software to accommodate a progressive ratio reinforcement schedule.

Rodents are an appropriate model to investigate the molecular substrates of behavior and complex psychiatric disorders. Brain microinjection in awake rodents can be used to elucidate disease substrates. An efficient and customizable brain microinjection method as well as the execution of an operant paradigm that quantifies motivation is presented.

動機付け行動の分子基質を研究するために齧歯類の脳マイクロインジェクション

Brain microinjection can aid elucidation of the molecular substrates of complex behaviors, such as motivation. For this purpose rodents can serve as ...

The Social Dimension of Stress: Experimental Manipulations of Social Support and Social Identity in the Trier Social Stress Test

In many situations humans are influenced by the behavior of other people and their relationships with them. For example, in stressful situations supportive behavior of other people as well as positive social relationships can act as powerful resources to cope with stress. In order to study the interplay between these variables, this protocol describes two effective experimental manipulations of social relationships and supportive behavior in the laboratory. In the present article, these two manipulations are implemented in the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST)&#8212;a standard stress induction paradigm in which participants are subjected to a simulated job interview. More precisely, we propose (a) a manipulation of the relationship between different protagonists in the TSST by making a shared social identity salient and (b) a manipulation of the behavior of the TSST-selection committee, which acts either supportively or unsupportively. These two experimental manipulations are designed in a modular fashion and can be applied independently of each other but can also be combined. Moreover, these two manipulations can also be integrated into other stress protocols and into other standardized social interactions such as trust games, negotiation tasks, or other group tasks.

Previous research on the social dimension of stress has focused on two important variables: social identity and social support. This protocol introduces an effective experimental manipulation of these two social variables and describes their implementation in a standard stress induction paradigm (Trier Social Stress Test).

トリーアの社会ストレステストにおけるソーシャルサポートと社会的アイデンティティの実験操作：ストレスの社会的側面

In many situations humans are influenced by the behavior of other people and their relationships with them. For example, in stressful situations ...

A Method for Evaluating the Reinforcing Properties of Ethanol in Rats without Water Deprivation, Saccharin Fading or Extended Access Training

Operant oral self-administration methods are commonly used to study the reinforcing properties of ethanol in animals. However, the standard methods require saccharin/sucrose fading, water deprivation and/or extended training to initiate operant responding in rats. This paper describes a novel and efficient method to quickly initiate operant responding for ethanol that is convenient for experimenters and does not require water deprivation or saccharin/sucrose fading, thus eliminating the potential confound of using sweeteners in ethanol operant self-administration studies. With this method, Wistar rats typically acquire and maintain self-administration of a 20% ethanol solution in less than two weeks of training. Furthermore, blood ethanol concentrations and rewards are positively correlated for a 30 min self-administration session. Moreover, naltrexone, an FDA-approved medication for alcohol dependence that has been shown to suppress ethanol self-administration in rodents, dose-dependently decreases alcohol intake and motivation to consume alcohol for rats self-administering 20% ethanol, thus validating the use of this new method to study the reinforcing properties of alcohol in rats.

This protocol describes a novel and efficient method to quickly initiate operant responding for ethanol in rats that, contrary to standard methods, does not require water deprivation or saccharin/sucrose fading to initiate responding.

水剥奪、サッカリンフェージングまたは拡張アクセストレーニングなしでラットにおけるエタノールの補強性を評価するための方法

Operant oral self-administration methods are commonly used to study the reinforcing properties of ethanol in animals. However, the standard methods ...

Examining Recall Memory in Infancy and Early Childhood Using the Elicited Imitation Paradigm

The ability to recall the past allows us to report on details of previous experiences, from the everyday to the significant. Because recall memory is commonly assessed using verbal report paradigms in adults, studying the development of this ability in preverbal infants and children proved challenging. Over the past 30 years, researchers have developed a non-verbal means of assessing recall memory known as the elicited or deferred imitation paradigm. In one variant of the procedure, participants are presented with novel three-dimensional stimuli for a brief baseline period before a researcher demonstrates a series of actions that culminate in an end- or goal-state. The participant is allowed to imitate the demonstrated actions immediately, after a delay, or both. Recall performance is then compared to baseline or to performance on novel control sequences presented at the same session; memory can be assessed for the individual target actions and the order in which they were completed. This procedure is an accepted analogue to the verbal report techniques used with adults, and it has served to establish a solid foundation of the nature of recall memory in infancy and early childhood. In addition, the elicited or deferred imitation procedure has been modified and adapted to answer questions relevant to other aspects of cognitive functioning. The broad utility and application of imitation paradigms is discussed, along with limitations of the approach and directions for future research.

The elicited imitation procedure was established to examine the development of recall memory in infancy and early childhood. This procedure has been widely used to establish a solid foundation of the nature of recall memory in infancy and early childhood.

誘発された模倣パラダイムを使用して乳児期や幼児期にリコールメモリを調べます

The ability to recall the past allows us to report on details of previous experiences, from the everyday to the significant. Because recall memory is ...

The Rodent Psychomotor Vigilance Test (rPVT): A Method for Assessing Neurobehavioral Performance in Rats and Mice

The human Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT) is a widely used procedure for measuring changes in fatigue and sustained attention. The present article describes a rodent version of the PVT&#8212;termed the &#34;rPVT&#34;&#8212;that measures similar aspects of attention (i.e., performance accuracy, motor speed, premature responding, and lapses in attention). Data are presented that demonstrate both the short- and long-term usefulness of the rPVT when employed with laboratory rats. Rats easily learn the rPVT, and learning to perform the basic procedure takes less than two weeks of training. Once acquired, rat performances in the rPVT show a high degree of similarity to these same performance measures in the human PVT, including similarities in, lapses in attention, reaction times, vigilance decrements across session time (i.e., the human &#34;time-on-task&#34; effects), and the response-stimulus interval (RSI) effect described for humans. Thus the rPVT can be an extremely valuable tool for assessing the effects of a wide range of variables on sustained attention quite similar to human PVT performances, and thus can be useful for developing novel treatments for neurobehavioral dysfunctions.

The Rodent Psychomotor Vigilance Test rPVT: A Method for Assessing Neurobehavioral Performance in Rats and Mice

A rat version of the human Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT) is described that measures aspects of attention similar to those measured with the human PVT, including aspects of human vigilance such as performance accuracy, motor speed, premature responding, and lapses in attention.

げっ歯類精神運動警戒試験（rPVT）：ラットとマウスの神経行動のパフォーマンスを評価するための方法

The human Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT) is a widely used procedure for measuring changes in fatigue and sustained attention. The present article ...

Using Clicker Training and Social Observation to Teach Rats to Voluntarily Change Cages

Cage cleaning is a routinely performed husbandry procedure and is known to induce stress in laboratory rats. As stress can have a negative impact on well-being and can affect the comparability and reproducibility of research results, the amount of stress experienced by laboratory animals should be minimized and avoided when possible. Further, the direct contact between the rat and animal caretaker during the cage change bears hygiene risks and therefore possibly negatively impacts the well-being of the rats and the quality of the research. 
Our protocol aims to improve the routinely performed cage changing procedure. For this reason, we present a feasible protocol that enables rats to learn via clicker training and observation to voluntarily change to a clean cage. This training helps to reduce stress caused by the physical disturbance and handling associated with the cage changes and concurrently enables a reduction in direct contact between animal and animal caretaker after the training phase is completed.
The implementation of clicker training to rats is fast and easy. Rats are generally interested in the training and efficiently learn the desired behavior, which entails changing cages through a pipe. Even without training, the rats learn to perform the desired behavior by observation, as 80% of the observational learning group successfully changed cages when tested. The training further helps to establish a relationship of trust between trainer and animal. As hygiene and well-being are both very important in animal experiments, this protocol might also help to improve high-quality research.

This protocol introduces a method of cage change for rats via clicker training. Rats learn the desired behavior not only by direct training but also by observational learning. The implementation of this fast and easy protocol might help to improve well-being and hygiene in rodent facilities.

自らケージを変更するラットを教えるためのクリッカー トレーニングと社会の観察を使用してください。

Cage cleaning is a routinely performed husbandry procedure and is known to induce stress in laboratory rats. As stress can have a negative impact on ...

Integrating Computerized Linguistic and Social Network Analyses to Capture Addiction Recovery Capital in an Online Community

The article describes a new methodology designed with the aim of finding a comprehensive, unobtrusive, and accurate way of capturing social recovery capital development in online communities of recovery from alcohol and drug (AOD) addiction. Recovery capital was conceptualised as both engagement in the online recovery community and identification with the community. To measure recovery capital development, naturally occurring data were extracted from the social media page of a specific recovery program, with the page being set up as a resource for a face-to-face recovery program. To map engagement with the online community, social network analysis (SNA) capturing online social interaction was performed. Social interaction was measured through the linkages between the online contributors/members of the online community as represented by program clients, staff, and supporters from the broader community. To capture markers of social identification with the online community, computerised linguistic analysis of the textual data (content from posts and comments) was conducted. Recovery capital captured in this way was analysed against retention data (a proxy outcome indicator), as days spent in the (face-to-face) recovery program. The online data extracted was linked to participant data in regards to program retention to test prediction of a key recovery outcome. This approach allowed the examination of the role of online support communities and assessment of the association between recovery capital (developed via the online community of recovery) and recovery outcomes.

The article describes a novel approach for analyzing dynamic online social interactions (in an online context) exemplified by a study of an online community of recovery from alcohol and drug addiction.

コンピュータ化された言語分析とソーシャルネットワーク分析を統合し、オンラインコミュニティにおける依存症回復資本を獲得

The article describes a new methodology designed with the aim of finding a comprehensive, unobtrusive, and accurate way of capturing social recovery ...

A Complex Diving-For-Food Task to Investigate Social Organization and Interactions in Rats

For many species, where status is a vital motivator that can affect health, social hierarchies influence behavior. Social hierarchies that include dominant-submissive relationships are common in both animal and human societies. These relationships can be affected by interactions with others and with their environment, making them difficult to analyze in a controlled study. Rather than a simple dominance hierarchy, this formation has a complicated presentation that allows rats to avoid aggression. Status can be stagnant or mutable, and results in complex societal stratifications. Here we describe a complex diving-for-food task to investigate rodent social hierarchy and behavioral interactions. This animal model may allow us to assess the relationship between a wide range of mental illnesses and social organization, as well as to study the effectiveness of therapy on social dysfunction.

This protocol describes a method of examining social hierarchy in a rat model. Rats perform a complex diving-for-food task in which they form a distinct hierarchy according to their willingness to dive underwater and swim to obtain a food pellet. This method is used to understand decision making and social relationships among highly social animals in small groups.