Support provided by grant AA019462 to DAH and AA019884 to DDS.

Todos los procedimientos descritos aquí y en el video que lo acompaña han sido aprobados por los Comités de Cuidado y Uso de Animales Institucional del Centro de Ciencias de la Salud y el campus principal de la Universidad de Nuevo México. 1. Exposición prenatal al alcohol <ol><li> Obtener todos los materiales y productos químicos necesarios: Sacarina hidrato de sal de sodio, 190 etanol de prueba (95% de alcohol por volumen), tubos de vidrio para beber de cuentas, el caucho natural blanco # 4 tapón un agujero, 1 &quot;punto de inflexión tubos-ball, los gobernantes de papel impreso desde www .vendian.org / mncharity / dir3 / paper_rulers /. </li><li> Obtener probadas ratas adultas reproductoras de un vendedor o una fuente alternativa. Utilice criadores Long-Evans de los métodos y datos representativos se presentan en este protocolo. Las hembras pesan 125-150 g y 6-7 semanas de edad a la llegada de tal manera que son aproximadamente 9-10 semanas de edad en el momento de la reproducción (paso 1.5). Asegúrese de que todas las presas potenciales son madres por primera vez. Asegúrese de que los hombres son 12semanas de edad a la llegada y 15 semanas de edad al inicio del protocolo de cría. </li><li> La Casa de los animales individualmente en jaulas de plástico a 22 ° C en un 12 horas de luz / oscuridad calendario inversa (se ilumina en 21:00-09:00 hr). Facilitar el acceso a los alimentos y el agua del grifo ad libitum durante todo el estudio, incluso durante todas las sesiones de beber. Deje por lo menos 1 semana de aclimatación a la instalación antes de continuar con el paso 1.4. </li><li> Obtener el peso corporal de referencia para cada rata hembra. </li><li> Evaluar los niveles de consumo de alcohol antes del embarazo en ratas hembras durante 2 semanas. Siga los pasos 1.5.1-1.5.6 en orden. <ol><li> Los días 1 y 2 de llenar un tubo de bebida que contiene 0,066% de solución de sacarina (sin etanol) en el agua del grifo. Para cuantificar el consumo de colocar una regla de papel con mm de precisión para el tubo para beber antes de llenarlo. Utilice este método, ya que reduce el error en la medición asociada con un peso de tubos para cuantificar el consumo de etanol. Llenar el tubo hasta la marca de 20 mm en la regla. Comience drinki de cuatro horassesiones ng (pasos 1.5.1-1.5.6 y 1.7) 1 hora después del inicio de la fase de oscuridad (10:00 h), cuando los niveles de actividad y consumo de alcohol son más altos. </li><li> Al final de cada sesión de bebida cuantificar el volumen de la solución de sacarina que se consumía. Para facilitar la medición, determinar el volumen de solución por mm en la regla de antemano y convertir mm a los volúmenes. Para los tubos recomendados aquí cada mm corresponde a 0.366 ml. </li><li> En los días 3 y 4 llenar un tubo con etanol 2,5% (v / v) y la solución de sacarina 0,066% en agua del grifo. Al final de cada sesión de cuantificar la cantidad de solución de etanol (peso por kg de peso corporal) que se había consumido. </li><li> En el día 5 y, posteriormente llenar un tubo con 5% de etanol (v / v) y la solución de sacarina 0,066% en agua del grifo. Al final de cada sesión de cuantificar la cantidad de solución de etanol (peso por kg de peso corporal) que se había consumido. </li><li> Al término de la fase de beber antes del embarazo pesan las ratas y calcular la media de etanol consumpción y la desviación estándar para todo el grupo. Eliminar las ratas para que el consumo medio es superior a 1 desviación estándar por encima o por debajo de la media del grupo de estudio para reducir la variabilidad en la ingesta voluntaria durante el embarazo. </li><li> Asignar las ratas restantes para ya sea el control sacarina o condiciones PAE tal que los niveles de consumo de alcohol antes del embarazo se hacen coincidir tan estrechamente como sea posible para los dos grupos. </li></ol></li><li> Dentro de 1-14 días par cada rata hembra con un macho reproductor probado. Las ratas hembra no consumen etanol durante la fase de cría. Confirmar el embarazo por la presencia de un tapón vaginal, pese la rata hembra, y alojarla individualmente. Esto se define como el día gestacional 1. Opcionalmente, deje las ratas hembra con un criador masculino para un máximo de 5 días, después de que eliminan las mujeres del estudio. NOTA: Debido a que el consumo de etanol durante el embarazo comienza a las 10:00 h en gestacional día 1 de inspección para detectar la presencia de un tapón vaginal se debe realizarantes de este tiempo. </li><li> Proporcionar soluciones de etanol o sacarina durante 4 horas por día (1.000 a 1.400 hr) para la duración del embarazo. <ol><li> Comenzando el día gestacional 1 proporciona la rata hembra, ya sea con 0% o 5% de etanol y solución de sacarina 0,066% en agua del grifo basado en la asignación de grupo. Asegúrese de que el volumen de solución de etanol 0% proporcionado a las ratas de control de sacarina se corresponde con el volumen medio de solución de etanol al 5% de etanol consumido por las ratas. Al final de cada sesión de cuantificar la cantidad de solución de etanol (peso por kg de peso corporal) o sacarina que se había consumido. </li><li> Pesar ratas madre semanalmente para evaluar el aumento de peso materno. </li><li> Proporcionar alimentos y el agua del grifo en todo momento, incluyendo las sesiones de beber. </li><li> Cese de los procedimientos de exposición de etanol cuando nacen las crías. Anote el número de crías vivas y peso de las crías al nacer. Designar el día del nacimiento como el día postnatal 0. </li><li> Cull la camada de 10 cachorros de todo el día postnatal 2-3. Remate to mantener una relación igual de macho a las hembras en cada camada. Si esto no es posible, sacrificar a 10 crías con un número desigual de hombres y mujeres. </li><li> Grabar peso de las crías 2-3 días después del nacimiento. </li><li> Destete los animales en día aproximadamente postnatal 21-24 y la casa en parejas del mismo sexo con un animal de la misma condición de tratamiento prenatal. No utilice más de 1-2 ratas de cada camada por experimento para limitar los efectos potenciales de basura. </li></ol></li></ol> 2. Comportamiento Social <ol><li> Obtener y preparar todos los materiales y equipos necesarios. <ol><li> Obtener un aparato para la interacción social. Utilice una cámara con una parte superior abierta construida de un material fácil de limpiar y desinfectar. La parte frontal del aparato se debe cubrir con plástico rígido transparente (~ 2 mm de espesor) para la filmación. Línea de las paredes interiores y el suelo con plástico transparente (~ 2 mm de espesor) para ayudar en la limpieza y control de olores. Colocar espejos a lo largo del wa interior espaldall para ayudar a análisis. NOTA: Para obtener los datos representativos informaron aquí una cámara de medida (95 cm de largo x 47 cm de ancho x 43 cm de alto) con una parte superior abierta y transparente de plástico rígido (2 mm de espesor) que cubre los lados interiores y el piso del aparato se utilizó. Espejos fueron colocados a lo largo de la pared del fondo. Las dimensiones y materiales específicos no son críticos para la medición del comportamiento social, sin embargo, se recomienda que las dimensiones sean lo suficientemente grande como para asegurar que la auténtica interacción social se puede distinguir de otros comportamientos. Es decir, el aparato debe ser lo suficientemente grande para que los animales no son siempre en estrecha proximidad entre sí. </li><li> Obtener las cámaras de vídeo capaz de grabar en condiciones de baja o nula luz como toda la filmación se llevó a cabo con una iluminación escasa o nula ambiente dentro del espectro visible. Asegúrese de que la cámara tiene una alta resolución en el espectro infrarrojo, sin embargo, cualquier cámara capaz de grabar en condiciones de oscuridad en su nativamodo de noche o con iluminadores infrarrojos adicionales debe ser suficiente. </li><li> Posición iluminadores infrarrojos alrededor del aparato para mejorar la iluminación del aparato en la grabación de vídeo. </li><li> Obtener las virutas de madera de grado laboratorio (chips chopos). </li><li> Obtener un cepillo, recogedor de polvo, dióxido de cloro y alcohol isopropílico (70%) para limpiar el aparato entre las sesiones y el control del olor. </li></ol></li><li> Aclimatación aparato y el comportamiento social <ol><li> Para esta fase del experimento, realizar mediciones en ratas adultas que son al menos 90 días de edad. </li><li> Antes de cada sesión de quitar cualquier maderas fichas, limpie el aparato limpia con alcohol isopropílico para controlar los olores entre sesiones y proveer los chips de madera fresca. Asegúrese de que las virutas de madera cubren totalmente la parte inferior del aparato. Limpiar y desinfectar el aparato con un agente apropiado, tal como dióxido de cloro, según sea necesario. </li><li> Durante tres días consecutivos colocar un animal y su compañero de jaula en elcámara durante 30 minutos para aclimatar los animales al aparato. Durante las sesiones de aclimatación todas las luces de la sala se apagan. </li><li> Al final de la tercera casa sesión de aclimatación de los animales individualmente en nuevas jaulas con ropa de cama fresca, comida y agua para 24 horas para motivar la interacción social. </li><li> Interacción social grabar en los siguientes días las 24 horas después de que los animales se separaron. <ol><li> Retire las virutas de madera desde el aparato, limpie y desinfecte con dióxido de cloro, limpie con alcohol isopropílico para controlar los olores, y reemplazar las astillas de madera antes de la sesión. </li><li> Colocar una o más cámaras para registrar la interacción. Posición al menos una cámara en frente del aparato de modo que los espejos en la pared trasera del aparato puede proporcionar una perspectiva adicional para el análisis. </li><li> Recuperar los animales uno a la vez y mantenga el animal delante de la cámara para que las características únicas del modelo de la piel pueden ser observados. Estas señas de identidad dela piel se puede utilizar para distinguir ratas durante el análisis en lugar de marcado artificialmente los animales. NOTA: Debido a que muchos aspectos de roedor interacción social implican señales olfativas y oliendo la pareja, siempre que sea posible la introducción de olores extraños deben ser evitados. Ratas Long-Evans tienen típicamente alguna característica del modelo de la piel que puede ser utilizado para distinguir cualquier par dado de animales. Para otras cepas (por ejemplo, ratas Sprague-Dawley) se podrían utilizar aproximaciones alternativas tales como la cola marcado con un tinte sin aroma. Es importante reconocer que muchos de los comportamientos de interés se dirigen hacia objetivos específicos (por ejemplo., Anogenital sniffing dirigidas cerca de la base de la cola, los ataques lúdicas dirigidas a la altura de la nuca, o ataques agresivos dirigidos hacia los flancos o vientre). Se recomienda el marcado de los animales más cerca de la punta de la cola lejos de estos objetivos de interés. </li><li> Grabar vídeo de la interacción social durante al menos 12 min.</li><li> Monitorear los animales para combatir toda la sesión. Si es posible, observar a los animales a través de un monitor o ventana para que el experimentador no está en la sala durante la sesión. NOTA: Los combates han sido raramente observada en estudios con ratas adultas, sin embargo, los animales deben ser monitoreados durante toda la sesión. La sesión deberá suspenderse si hay peleas excesivas o hay signos de daños o lesiones a un animal. </li></ol></li></ol></li><li> Codificación y análisis de comportamiento. <ol><li> Identificar los siguientes comportamientos de interés como por el trabajo previo con PAE 1,18. Cuantificar la duración, la frecuencia y la latencia hasta la primera aparición de los siguientes comportamientos; lucha libre (incluyendo el fijar), el boxeo, el rastreo (cruce) más / menos el socio, anogenital oler, otra inhalación del cuerpo de la pareja (cuerpo sniffing), allogrooming (aseo de la pareja), la cría, y olfateando / cavando en las astillas de madera . Ejemplos de cada comportamiento son ilustrand en el componente de video de este artículo. </li><li> Cuantificar los comportamientos sociales de interés del vídeo. Obtener la frecuencia, la duración total y la latencia a la primera instancia para cada conducta de interés. NOTA: La obtención de estas medidas se puede lograr de forma manual, sin embargo, se recomienda la cuantificación de estas medidas mediante análisis computarizado de vídeo digitalizado. A Matlab (www.mathworks.com) guión para la reproducción del vídeo y la cuantificación de los comportamientos se proporciona como un suplemento a este artículo. </li><li> Después de la codificación se completa para todas las ratas los datos de duración, frecuencia y latencia resultantes se analizan con un paquete estadístico. </li></ol></li></ol>

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D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+a+Novel+Cognition-Enhancing+Agent+on+Fetal+Ethanol-Induced+Learning+Deficits.">Effects of a Novel Cognition-Enhancing Agent on Fetal Ethanol-Induced Learning Deficits.</a> Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 34 (10), 1793-1802 (2010).</li><li>Goodlett, C. R., Johnson, T. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neonatal+binge+ethanol+exposure+using+intubation:+Timing+and+dose+effects+on+place+learning.">Neonatal binge ethanol exposure using intubation: Timing and dose effects on place learning.</a> Neurotoxicol. Teratol. 19 (6), 435-446 (1997).</li><li>Staples, M. C., Rosenberg, M. J., Allen, N. A., Porch, M. W., Savage, D. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Impact of Combined Prenatal Ethanol and Prenatal Stress Exposure on Anxiety and Hippocampal-Sensitive Learning in Adult. 37 (12), 2039-2047 (2013).</li><li>Champagne, F. A., Francis, D. D., Mar, A., Meaney, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Variations+in+maternal+care+in+the+rat+as+a+mediating+influence+for+the+effects+of+environment+on+development.">Variations in maternal care in the rat as a mediating influence for the effects of environment on development.</a> Physiol. Behav. 79 (3), 359-371 (2003).</li><li>Hamilton, D. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Patterns+of+social-experience-related+c-fos+and+Arc+expression+in+the+frontal+cortices+of+rats+exposed+to+saccharin+or+moderate+levels+of+ethanol+during+prenatal+brain+development.">Patterns of social-experience-related c-fos and Arc expression in the frontal cortices of rats exposed to saccharin or moderate levels of ethanol during prenatal brain development.</a> Behav. Brain Res. 214 (1), 66-74 (2010).</li><li>Barnett, S. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> A study in behaviour: Principles of ethology and behavioural physiology displayed mainly in the rat. , (1963).</li><li>Pellis, S. M., Pellis, V. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Play-fighting+differs+from+serious+fighting+in+both+target+of+attack+and+tactics+of+fighting+in+the+laboratory+rat+Rattus-Norvegicus.">Play-fighting differs from serious fighting in both target of attack and tactics of fighting in the laboratory rat Rattus-Norvegicus.</a> Aggressive Behav. 13 (4), 227-242 (1987).</li><li>Meaney, M. J., Stewart, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+descriptive+study+of+social-development+in+the+rat+(Rattus-Norvegicus).">A descriptive study of social-development in the rat (Rattus-Norvegicus).</a> Anim. Behav. 29 (1), 34-45 (1981).</li><li>Pellis, S. M., Pellis, V. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+prejuvenile+onset+of+play+fighting+in+laboratory+rats+(Rattus+norvegicus).">The prejuvenile onset of play fighting in laboratory rats (Rattus norvegicus).</a> Dev. Psychobiol. 31 (3), 193-205 (1997).</li><li>Himmler, B. T., Pellis, V. C., Pellis, S. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Peering+into+the+dynamics+of+social+interactions:+measuring+play+fighting+in+rats.">Peering into the dynamics of social interactions: measuring play fighting in rats.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (71), e4288-e4288 (2013).</li><li>Panksepp, J., Siviy, S., Normansell, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+psychobiology+of+play+:+Theoretical+and+methodological+perspectives.">The psychobiology of play : Theoretical and methodological perspectives.</a> Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 8 (4), 465-492 (1984).</li><li>Siviy, S. M., Panksepp, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sensory+modulation+of+juvenile+play+in+rats.">Sensory modulation of juvenile play in rats.</a> Dev. Psychobiol. 20 (1), 39-55 (1987).</li><li>Pellis, S. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effects+of+orbital+frontal+cortex+damage+on+the+modulation+of+defensive+responses+by+rats+in+playful+and+nonplayful+social+contexts.">The effects of orbital frontal cortex damage on the modulation of defensive responses by rats in playful and nonplayful social contexts.</a> Behav. Neurosci. 120 (1), 72-84 (2006).</li><li>Blanchard, R. J., Blanchard, D. C., Takahashi, T., Kelley, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Attack+and+defensive+behavior+in+albino-rat.">Attack and defensive behavior in albino-rat.</a> Anim. Behav. 25 (3), 622-634 (1977).</li></ol>

The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.

El paradigma de la exposición prenatal al alcohol descrito aquí implica el consumo voluntario de etanol (5% v / v) por las presas de rata durante el embarazo. Hay un número de protocolos para la exposición de los animales no humanos a etanol durante el desarrollo del cerebro representado en la literatura, que difieren con respecto a la temporización, la dosis, duración y la vía de administración de etanol, así como las especies objeto de la investigación. Aunque un tratamiento exhaustivo de las ventajas de los...

Se estima que el 1-5% de los niños diagnosticados con trastornos del espectro alcohólico fetal (TEAF) 2, que incluyen el síndrome de alcoholismo fetal (FAS), SAF parcial (AFPs), y relacionados con el alcohol (ARND Trastornos del desarrollo neurológico) 3. Los déficits en la conducta social y la cognición son algunos de los resultados adversos más comunes observados en los niños con TEAF 4-7. Las consecuencias negativas no se limitan a la fuerte exposición prenatal al alcohol (PAE), como PAE moderada que no conduce a la déficits morfológicos, conductuales y cognitivos conspicua característica de FAS puede causar relativamente sutil, pero no obstante persistente déficit en los seres humanos con TEAF 08.10 y los animales no humanos expuestos a etanol durante el desarrollo cerebral 11. La importancia de comprender las consecuencias neurobiológicas del comportamiento y correspondientes de PAE moderada es subrayada por las estimaciones actuales indican que la gran mayoría de los casos EDAF caen dentro de los menos sEvere rango del espectro 12. Varios laboratorios independientes han reportado alteraciones en el comportamiento social de roedores relacionados con etanol exposición durante el desarrollo del cerebro, incluyendo la disminución de la investigación y la interacción 1,13-15, alterado juego 14,16,17, el aumento de las interacciones agresivas 17,18, alteraciones en la capacidad de respuesta a los estímulos sociales 19-21, y déficit en las preferencias alimentarias socialmente adquiridos y la memoria de reconocimiento social 22. Déficits de comportamiento social se han observado tras la exposición a concentraciones de etanol (sangre (BEC) ~ 300 mg / dl) 22,23 pesados ​​o los niveles más moderados de etanol (BEC ~ 80 mg / dl) 1, ya través de una amplia gama de parámetros para otro significativo factores, incluyendo el tiempo de exposición, la duración de la exposición, y la edad en el momento de la medición del comportamiento. Investigaciones anteriores han demostrado que las alteraciones en aspectos específicos de int socialeseraction en la edad adulta discrimina ratas expuestas a niveles moderados de alcohol de los animales control expuestos a la sacarina 1,18. En particular, PAE moderado consistentemente se ha asociado con fuertes incrementos en la lucha libre, lo que sugiere un aumento del comportamiento agresivo, y los niveles más bajos de investigación social (por ejemplo, la inhalación de la pareja) en la edad adulta. Debido a las alteraciones en el comportamiento social son consecuencias fiables de PAE, la cuantificación de la conducta social siguiente PAE podrá celebrar importancia para avanzar hacia una comprensión más completa de las bases neurales de alteraciones relacionadas con el PAE en el comportamiento social y el desarrollo de enfoques de intervención. El objetivo de este trabajo y el vídeo asociado es proporcionar instrucción sobre el protocolo PAE moderado y métodos para la cuantificación de la conducta social en los hijos adultos que tienen fácil distinguir prenatal expuesto al alcohol de la descendencia no expuesta rata.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Saccharin sodium salt hydrate</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>S1002</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>190 proof ethanol</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>493538</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Beaded glass drinking tubes</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>14-955K</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Natural rubber white #4 stopper one hole</td>
			<td>Plasticoid</td>
			<td>LSG4M181</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1&#34; bend tubes-ball point</td>
			<td>Ancare</td>
			<td>TD-199-3&#34;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paper rulers</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td><a href="http://www.vendian.org/mncharity/dir3/paper_rulers">www.vendian.org/mncharity/dir3/paper_rulers</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Apparatus for social interaction</td>
			<td>Custom built</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>95 cm X 47 cm X 43 cm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Video cameras</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Capable of recording low/no light conditions</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Infrared illuminators</td>
			<td>Vitek</td>
			<td>VT-IR1-12</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Teklad laboratory grade sani-chips</td>
			<td>Harlan</td>
			<td>7090A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Brush and dustpan</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isopropyl alcohol</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>W292907</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chlorine Dioxide (1.5 mg Tablets)</td>
			<td>Quiplabs</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Prepare per manufacturer&#39;s recommendation</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

moderate prenatal alcohol exposure and quantification of social behavior in adult rats

Alterations in social behavior are among the major negative consequences observed in children with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASDs). Several independent laboratories have demonstrated robust alterations in the social behavior of rodents exposed to alcohol during brain development across a wide range of exposure durations, timing, doses, and ages at the time of behavioral quantification. Prior work from this laboratory has identified reliable alterations in specific forms of social interaction following moderate prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) in the rat that persist well into adulthood, including increased wrestling and decreased investigation. These behavioral alterations have been useful in identifying neural circuits altered by moderate PAE1, and may hold importance for progressing toward a more complete understanding of the neural bases of PAE-related alterations in social behavior. This paper describes procedures for performing moderate PAE in which rat dams voluntarily consume ethanol or saccharin (control) throughout gestation, and measurement of social behaviors in adult offspring.

En el transcurso de muchas rondas de cría ratas hembras en la condición de etanol beben consistentemente un promedio de alrededor de 2,1 g / kg de etanol por sesión de bebida 4 hr. Presas rata consumen aproximadamente la mitad del total de cuatro horas durante el primer 15 a 30 min después de la introducción de los tubos de agua potable, lo que resulta en una concentración de etanol en suero materno pico de aproximadamente 60 mg / dl, medida en el punto de tiempo de 45 min. Durante el 3,5 hr restante del período ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Moderate Prenatal Alcohol Exposure and Quantification of Social Behavior in Adult Rats at JoVE.com

Moderate Prenatal Alcohol Exposure and Quantification of Social Behavior in Adult Rats

The goal of the protocol presented here is to describe procedures to expose rats to moderate levels of alcohol during prenatal brain development and to quantify resulting alterations in social behavior during adulthood.

Moderada exposición prenatal al alcohol y cuantificación de la conducta social en ratas adultas

Alterations in social behavior are among the major negative consequences observed in children with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASDs). Several ...

moderate-prenatal-alcohol-exposure-quantification-social-behavior

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

9.6K vistas.  University of New Mexico. The goal of the protocol presented here is to describe procedures to expose rats to moderate levels of alcohol during prenatal brain development and to quantify resulting alterations in social behavior during adulthood. 

Video: Moderate Prenatal Alcohol Exposure and Quantification of Social Behavior in Adult Rats

A Procedure to Observe Context-induced Renewal of Pavlovian-conditioned Alcohol-seeking Behavior in Rats

Environmental contexts in which drugs of abuse are consumed can trigger craving, a subjective Pavlovian-conditioned response that can facilitate drug-seeking behavior and prompt relapse in abstinent drug users. We have developed a procedure to study the behavioral and neural processes that mediate the impact of context on alcohol-seeking behavior in rats. Following acclimation to the taste and pharmacological effects of 15% ethanol in the home cage, male Long-Evans rats receive Pavlovian discrimination training (PDT) in conditioning chambers. In each daily (Mon-Fri) PDT session, 16 trials each of two different 10 sec auditory conditioned stimuli occur. During one stimulus, the CS+, 0.2 ml of 15% ethanol is delivered into a fluid port for oral consumption. The second stimulus, the CS-, is not paired with ethanol. Across sessions, entries into the fluid port during the CS+ increase, whereas entries during the CS- stabilize at a lower level, indicating that a predictive association between the CS+ and ethanol is acquired. During PDT each chamber is equipped with a specific configuration of visual, olfactory and tactile contextual stimuli. Following PDT, extinction training is conducted in the same chamber that is now equipped with a different configuration of contextual stimuli. The CS+ and CS- are presented as before, but ethanol is withheld, which causes a gradual decline in port entries during the CS+. At test, rats are placed back into the PDT context and presented with the CS+ and CS- as before, but without ethanol. This manipulation triggers a robust and selective increase in the number of port entries made during the alcohol predictive CS+, with no change in responding during the CS-. This effect, referred to as context-induced renewal, illustrates the powerful capacity of contexts associated with alcohol consumption to stimulate alcohol-seeking behavior in response to Pavlovian alcohol cues.

A procedure to study the capacity of an alcohol associated environmental context to trigger the renewal of alcohol-seeking behavior in rats is described.

Un procedimiento para observar inducida Contexto-Renovación-pavloviano acondicionado Alcohol comportamiento de búsqueda en ratas

Environmental contexts in which drugs of abuse are consumed can trigger craving, a subjective Pavlovian-conditioned response that can facilitate ...

Investigación

Comportamiento

The Modified Hole Board - Measuring Behavior, Cognition and Social Interaction in Mice and Rats

This protocol describes the modified hole board (mHB), which combines features from a traditional hole board and open field and is designed to measure multiple dimensions of unconditioned behavior in small laboratory mammals (e.g., mice, rats, tree shrews and small primates). This paradigm is a valuable alternative for the use of a behavioral test battery, since a broad behavioral spectrum of an animal&#8217;s behavioral profile can be investigated in one single test.
The apparatus consists of a box, representing the &#8216;protected&#8217; area, separated from a group compartment. A board, on which small cylinders are staggered in three lines, is placed in the center of the box, representing the &#8216;unprotected&#8217; area of the set-up. The cognitive abilities of the animals can be measured by baiting some cylinders on the board and measuring the working and reference memory. Other unconditioned behavior, such as activity-related-, anxiety-related- and social behavior, can be observed using this paradigm. Behavioral flexibility and the ability to habituate to a novel environment can additionally be observed by subjecting the animals to multiple trials in the mHB, revealing insight into the animals&#8217; adaptive capacities.
Due to testing order effects in a behavioral test battery, na&#239;ve animals should be used for each individual experiment. By testing multiple behavioral dimensions in a single paradigm and thereby circumventing this issue, the number of experimental animals used is reduced. Furthermore, by avoiding social isolation during testing and without the need to food deprive the animals, the mHB represents a behavioral test system, inducing if any, very low amount of stress.

This protocol describes the modified hole board, which is a behavioral test set-up that comprises the characteristics of an open field and a traditional hole board. This set-up enables the differential analysis of unconditioned behavior of small laboratory mammals as well as the analysis of cognitive abilities.

La Junta Agujero Modificado - Medición de Comportamiento, Cognición e interacción social en ratones y ratas

This protocol describes the modified hole board (mHB), which combines features from a traditional hole board and open field and is designed to measure ...

Rodent Brain Microinjection to Study Molecular Substrates of Motivated Behavior

Brain microinjection can aid elucidation of the molecular substrates of complex behaviors, such as motivation. For this purpose rodents can serve as appropriate models, partly because the response to behaviorally relevant stimuli and the circuitry parsing stimulus-action outcomes is astonishingly similar between humans and rodents. In studying molecular substrates of complex behaviors, the microinjection of reagents that modify, augment, or silence specific systems is an invaluable technique. However, it is crucial that the microinjection site is precisely targeted in order to aid interpretation of the results. We present a method for the manufacture of surgical implements and microinjection needles that enables accurate microinjection and unlimited customizability with minimal cost. Importantly, this technique can be successfully completed in awake rodents if conducted in conjunction with other JoVE articles that covered requisite surgical procedures. Additionally, there are many behavioral paradigms that are well suited for measuring motivation. The progressive ratio is a commonly used method that quantifies the efficacy of a reinforcer to maintain responding despite an (often exponentially) increasing work requirement. This assay is sensitive to reinforcer magnitude and pharmacological manipulations, which allows reinforcing efficacy and/ or motivation to be determined. We also present a straightforward approach to program operant software to accommodate a progressive ratio reinforcement schedule.

Rodents are an appropriate model to investigate the molecular substrates of behavior and complex psychiatric disorders. Brain microinjection in awake rodents can be used to elucidate disease substrates. An efficient and customizable brain microinjection method as well as the execution of an operant paradigm that quantifies motivation is presented.

Roedor cerebro microinyección para el Estudio de los sustratos moleculares de Comportamiento Motivado

Brain microinjection can aid elucidation of the molecular substrates of complex behaviors, such as motivation. For this purpose rodents can serve as ...

The Social Dimension of Stress: Experimental Manipulations of Social Support and Social Identity in the Trier Social Stress Test

In many situations humans are influenced by the behavior of other people and their relationships with them. For example, in stressful situations supportive behavior of other people as well as positive social relationships can act as powerful resources to cope with stress. In order to study the interplay between these variables, this protocol describes two effective experimental manipulations of social relationships and supportive behavior in the laboratory. In the present article, these two manipulations are implemented in the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST)&#8212;a standard stress induction paradigm in which participants are subjected to a simulated job interview. More precisely, we propose (a) a manipulation of the relationship between different protagonists in the TSST by making a shared social identity salient and (b) a manipulation of the behavior of the TSST-selection committee, which acts either supportively or unsupportively. These two experimental manipulations are designed in a modular fashion and can be applied independently of each other but can also be combined. Moreover, these two manipulations can also be integrated into other stress protocols and into other standardized social interactions such as trust games, negotiation tasks, or other group tasks.

Previous research on the social dimension of stress has focused on two important variables: social identity and social support. This protocol introduces an effective experimental manipulation of these two social variables and describes their implementation in a standard stress induction paradigm (Trier Social Stress Test).

La dimensión social del estrés: Manipulaciones experimentales de Apoyo Social e Identidad Social en el Trier Social Estrés Prueba

In many situations humans are influenced by the behavior of other people and their relationships with them. For example, in stressful situations ...

A Method for Evaluating the Reinforcing Properties of Ethanol in Rats without Water Deprivation, Saccharin Fading or Extended Access Training

Operant oral self-administration methods are commonly used to study the reinforcing properties of ethanol in animals. However, the standard methods require saccharin/sucrose fading, water deprivation and/or extended training to initiate operant responding in rats. This paper describes a novel and efficient method to quickly initiate operant responding for ethanol that is convenient for experimenters and does not require water deprivation or saccharin/sucrose fading, thus eliminating the potential confound of using sweeteners in ethanol operant self-administration studies. With this method, Wistar rats typically acquire and maintain self-administration of a 20% ethanol solution in less than two weeks of training. Furthermore, blood ethanol concentrations and rewards are positively correlated for a 30 min self-administration session. Moreover, naltrexone, an FDA-approved medication for alcohol dependence that has been shown to suppress ethanol self-administration in rodents, dose-dependently decreases alcohol intake and motivation to consume alcohol for rats self-administering 20% ethanol, thus validating the use of this new method to study the reinforcing properties of alcohol in rats.

This protocol describes a novel and efficient method to quickly initiate operant responding for ethanol in rats that, contrary to standard methods, does not require water deprivation or saccharin/sucrose fading to initiate responding.

Un método para evaluar las propiedades reforzantes de etanol en ratas sin privación de agua, la sacarina o el desvanecimiento de Formación Extended Access

Operant oral self-administration methods are commonly used to study the reinforcing properties of ethanol in animals. However, the standard methods ...

Examining Recall Memory in Infancy and Early Childhood Using the Elicited Imitation Paradigm

The ability to recall the past allows us to report on details of previous experiences, from the everyday to the significant. Because recall memory is commonly assessed using verbal report paradigms in adults, studying the development of this ability in preverbal infants and children proved challenging. Over the past 30 years, researchers have developed a non-verbal means of assessing recall memory known as the elicited or deferred imitation paradigm. In one variant of the procedure, participants are presented with novel three-dimensional stimuli for a brief baseline period before a researcher demonstrates a series of actions that culminate in an end- or goal-state. The participant is allowed to imitate the demonstrated actions immediately, after a delay, or both. Recall performance is then compared to baseline or to performance on novel control sequences presented at the same session; memory can be assessed for the individual target actions and the order in which they were completed. This procedure is an accepted analogue to the verbal report techniques used with adults, and it has served to establish a solid foundation of the nature of recall memory in infancy and early childhood. In addition, the elicited or deferred imitation procedure has been modified and adapted to answer questions relevant to other aspects of cognitive functioning. The broad utility and application of imitation paradigms is discussed, along with limitations of the approach and directions for future research.

The elicited imitation procedure was established to examine the development of recall memory in infancy and early childhood. This procedure has been widely used to establish a solid foundation of the nature of recall memory in infancy and early childhood.

El examen de recuperación de memoria en la infancia y la niñez Uso de la imitación provocada Paradigma

The ability to recall the past allows us to report on details of previous experiences, from the everyday to the significant. Because recall memory is ...

The Rodent Psychomotor Vigilance Test (rPVT): A Method for Assessing Neurobehavioral Performance in Rats and Mice

The human Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT) is a widely used procedure for measuring changes in fatigue and sustained attention. The present article describes a rodent version of the PVT&#8212;termed the &#34;rPVT&#34;&#8212;that measures similar aspects of attention (i.e., performance accuracy, motor speed, premature responding, and lapses in attention). Data are presented that demonstrate both the short- and long-term usefulness of the rPVT when employed with laboratory rats. Rats easily learn the rPVT, and learning to perform the basic procedure takes less than two weeks of training. Once acquired, rat performances in the rPVT show a high degree of similarity to these same performance measures in the human PVT, including similarities in, lapses in attention, reaction times, vigilance decrements across session time (i.e., the human &#34;time-on-task&#34; effects), and the response-stimulus interval (RSI) effect described for humans. Thus the rPVT can be an extremely valuable tool for assessing the effects of a wide range of variables on sustained attention quite similar to human PVT performances, and thus can be useful for developing novel treatments for neurobehavioral dysfunctions.

The Rodent Psychomotor Vigilance Test rPVT: A Method for Assessing Neurobehavioral Performance in Rats and Mice

A rat version of the human Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT) is described that measures aspects of attention similar to those measured with the human PVT, including aspects of human vigilance such as performance accuracy, motor speed, premature responding, and lapses in attention.

La prueba de roedores psicomotor Vigilancia (rPVT): Un método para evaluar el rendimiento neuroconductual en ratas y ratones

The human Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT) is a widely used procedure for measuring changes in fatigue and sustained attention. The present article ...

Using Clicker Training and Social Observation to Teach Rats to Voluntarily Change Cages

Cage cleaning is a routinely performed husbandry procedure and is known to induce stress in laboratory rats. As stress can have a negative impact on well-being and can affect the comparability and reproducibility of research results, the amount of stress experienced by laboratory animals should be minimized and avoided when possible. Further, the direct contact between the rat and animal caretaker during the cage change bears hygiene risks and therefore possibly negatively impacts the well-being of the rats and the quality of the research. 
Our protocol aims to improve the routinely performed cage changing procedure. For this reason, we present a feasible protocol that enables rats to learn via clicker training and observation to voluntarily change to a clean cage. This training helps to reduce stress caused by the physical disturbance and handling associated with the cage changes and concurrently enables a reduction in direct contact between animal and animal caretaker after the training phase is completed.
The implementation of clicker training to rats is fast and easy. Rats are generally interested in the training and efficiently learn the desired behavior, which entails changing cages through a pipe. Even without training, the rats learn to perform the desired behavior by observation, as 80% of the observational learning group successfully changed cages when tested. The training further helps to establish a relationship of trust between trainer and animal. As hygiene and well-being are both very important in animal experiments, this protocol might also help to improve high-quality research.

This protocol introduces a method of cage change for rats via clicker training. Rats learn the desired behavior not only by direct training but also by observational learning. The implementation of this fast and easy protocol might help to improve well-being and hygiene in rodent facilities.

Utilizando Clicker formación y observación Social enseñar a ratas voluntariamente cambiar jaulas

Cage cleaning is a routinely performed husbandry procedure and is known to induce stress in laboratory rats. As stress can have a negative impact on ...

Integrating Computerized Linguistic and Social Network Analyses to Capture Addiction Recovery Capital in an Online Community

The article describes a new methodology designed with the aim of finding a comprehensive, unobtrusive, and accurate way of capturing social recovery capital development in online communities of recovery from alcohol and drug (AOD) addiction. Recovery capital was conceptualised as both engagement in the online recovery community and identification with the community. To measure recovery capital development, naturally occurring data were extracted from the social media page of a specific recovery program, with the page being set up as a resource for a face-to-face recovery program. To map engagement with the online community, social network analysis (SNA) capturing online social interaction was performed. Social interaction was measured through the linkages between the online contributors/members of the online community as represented by program clients, staff, and supporters from the broader community. To capture markers of social identification with the online community, computerised linguistic analysis of the textual data (content from posts and comments) was conducted. Recovery capital captured in this way was analysed against retention data (a proxy outcome indicator), as days spent in the (face-to-face) recovery program. The online data extracted was linked to participant data in regards to program retention to test prediction of a key recovery outcome. This approach allowed the examination of the role of online support communities and assessment of the association between recovery capital (developed via the online community of recovery) and recovery outcomes.

The article describes a novel approach for analyzing dynamic online social interactions (in an online context) exemplified by a study of an online community of recovery from alcohol and drug addiction.

Integración de análisis computarizados de redes linguísticas y sociales para capturar capital de recuperación de adicciones en una comunidad en línea

The article describes a new methodology designed with the aim of finding a comprehensive, unobtrusive, and accurate way of capturing social recovery ...

A Complex Diving-For-Food Task to Investigate Social Organization and Interactions in Rats

For many species, where status is a vital motivator that can affect health, social hierarchies influence behavior. Social hierarchies that include dominant-submissive relationships are common in both animal and human societies. These relationships can be affected by interactions with others and with their environment, making them difficult to analyze in a controlled study. Rather than a simple dominance hierarchy, this formation has a complicated presentation that allows rats to avoid aggression. Status can be stagnant or mutable, and results in complex societal stratifications. Here we describe a complex diving-for-food task to investigate rodent social hierarchy and behavioral interactions. This animal model may allow us to assess the relationship between a wide range of mental illnesses and social organization, as well as to study the effectiveness of therapy on social dysfunction.

This protocol describes a method of examining social hierarchy in a rat model. Rats perform a complex diving-for-food task in which they form a distinct hierarchy according to their willingness to dive underwater and swim to obtain a food pellet. This method is used to understand decision making and social relationships among highly social animals in small groups.