Name: use of the open field maze to measure locomotor and anxiety-like behavior in mice
Uploaded: 2015-02-06T15:00:00.000+00:00
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Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Use of the Open Field Maze to Measure Locomotor and Anxiety-like Behavior in Mice at JoVE.com

This work was supported by The National Institute of Health (NIH-2RO1NS033661) and by the Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station (HATCH ALA021-1-09017).

NOTA: Tutte le procedure eseguite qui sono stati presentati ed approvati dalla IACUC (Office of Research Compliance) e sono state condotte seguendo le linee guida NIH. I topi utilizzati nel paradigma comportamentale di prova erano ingenui e non utilizzati per altri test. Il C57BL / 6 wild type e Knock Out topi utilizzati in questo protocollo sono stati descritti in precedenza 9 e i dati qui presentati sono da quel manoscritto. 1. Preparazione della Sala Prove e campo aperto Apparatus <ol><li> Utilizzare un&#39;unità multipla campo aperto labirinto (OFM), composto da quattro camere di attività è stato utilizzato per questa analisi (Figura 1). Ogni camera misura 50 cm (lunghezza) x 50 cm (larghezza) x 38 cm (altezza) e si è fatto da alta densità bianco e plastica non porosa. </li><li> Texture i pavimenti del labirinto per la trazione durante la deambulazione, mentre le pareti del labirinto erano lisce. Quadranti Maze erano completamente vuoto ai fini di questa prova. In considerazione del resto di questo protocol, un solo quadrante del labirinto sopra descritto sarà utilizzato per dimostrare la OFM. </li><li> Pulire la camera con etanolo 95% prima dell&#39;uso e prima prove successive per rimuovere eventuali tracce di profumo lasciate dal mouse precedente soggetto. </li><li> Lasciare che l&#39;etanolo di evaporare completamente prima di testare i topi. Questa operazione potrebbe richiedere 5-10 minuti tra ogni sessione di test. </li><li> Per questa analisi, utilizzare il software SMART Video inseguimento da PANLAB / Harvard Apparatus per registrare e valutare il movimento del mouse. NOTA: Qualsiasi commerciale telecamera di monitoraggio video e software possono essere utilizzati per seguire il soggetto di prova e valutare i risultati del labirinto campo aperto. E &#39;molto importante per l&#39;utente finale di capire come calibrare ed eseguire il software utilizzato per ogni singola analisi. Indipendentemente dalla telecamera e software di monitoraggio utilizzato, i risultati migliori si ottengono quando la telecamera ed il software sono calibrati correttamente secondo le istruzioni del produttore. </li><li> Eseguire l&#39;i testlivello na illuminata sala capace di contenere l&#39;apparato labirinto e il computer richieste per eseguire il software. Sospendere la videocamera sopra il labirinto sia collegandolo al soffitto o utilizzando qualsiasi sistema di supporto elevata che consente l&#39;obiettivo della fotocamera per vedere l&#39;intera area labirinto (figura 2). </li><li> L&#39;amministratore umano del test, assicurarsi di avere abbastanza spazio in camera per essere completamente inosservabile dai soggetti di prova nel labirinto in modo da non influenzare il comportamento dei topi. </li></ol> 2. Preparare il software per misurare l&#39;attività <ol><li> Aprire il software Video monitoraggio. </li><li> Una volta che il software è aperto, spostare il cursore sull&#39;opzione &quot;tracciamento singolo soggetto&quot; che si trova nella scheda &quot;Data Acquisition&quot; e solo clic per aprire questa opzione. </li><li> Scegliere l&#39;opzione &quot;sfondo statico&quot; che si trova nella parte inferiore dello schermo. </li><li> Dopo aver scelto &quot;sfondo statico&quot; è scelton, è necessario utilizzare il software per prendere un&#39;immagine del labirinto prima dell&#39;aggiunta dei soggetti di prova. Per fare questo, spostare il cursore sul pulsante &quot;Foto&quot; situato nella parte inferiore dello schermo e click. NOTA: Il software scattare una foto dello scenario senza che il soggetto di prova che verrà sottratto l&#39;immagine scattata durante il processo di monitoraggio. Ciò comporta solo il movimento del soggetto analizzata dal software. </li><li> Verificare che l&#39;immagine di sfondo presa sopra viene completamente rimosso dal software di monitoraggio spostando il cursore sul pulsante &quot;Test&quot; situato nella parte inferiore dello schermo e facendo clic una volta. Un campo bianco solido viene visualizzato se l&#39;immagine di sfondo è completamente rimosso dall&#39;immagine inseguimento. Se le condizioni di luce cambiano o il labirinto sono accidentalmente mossi, vedrete nere &quot;ombre&quot; in questo campo indicando le due immagini non perfettamente coincidenti. Per rimediare a questa situazione, è sufficiente ripetere step 2.4. </li><li> Dopo la conferma delle impostazioni di fondo, utilizzare l&#39;opzione Timing per configurare il modo in cui il tempo è controllato durante l&#39;acquisizione. Per fare questo, spostare il cursore nella scheda &quot;Configurazione&quot; e fare clic una volta sulla voce &quot;Tempi&quot;. Utilizzare la finestra appena aperta per immettere i parametri sperimentali. </li><li> Per questo protocollo, ha scelto l&#39;opzione &quot;tempo programmato&quot; da 10 minuti periodo di monitoraggio. Impostare &quot;periodo di latenza&quot; per 5 secondi per consentire all&#39;utente il tempo di posizionare il mouse al centro del labirinto e allontanarsi prima dell&#39;inizio del monitoraggio. Inserire il &quot;tempo di acquisizione&quot; di 10 min per la durata della prova. Impostare il &quot;Stop di controllo&quot; impostato su &quot;Quando il tempo programmato (10 min) è finita&quot;, che spegne automaticamente la fotocamera e la funzione di monitoraggio del software. </li><li> Spostare il cursore sul pulsante &quot;Chiudi&quot; dopo che tutti i tempi sono stati impostati per chiudere la finestra. Ora siete pronti per iniziare il testing procedura. </li></ol> 3. Gestione della Open Field Test NOTA: Il pacchetto software utilizzato in questo protocollo permette l&#39;inseguimento di fino a 16 topi individuali in una sola volta. Per facilitare la compilazione e come menzionato sopra, il protocollo qui discusso è per un singolo mouse utilizzando un singolo quadrante del OFM. Per le attrezzature in uso per questo protocollo, un massimo di 4 topi individuali potrebbe essere rintracciato con ogni quadrante del labirinto. Se utilizzando un labirinto multi-recinto, dopo aver piazzato il primo mouse soggetto nel suo quadrante definito, posizionare i restanti topi nel loro rispettivo quadrante labirinto per il monitoraggio di analisi. Ai fini del presente protocollo, ulteriori istruzioni sarà specifico di un singolo quadrante del labirinto. <ol><li> Portare i topi nelle loro gabbie a casa dalla loro camera alloggio nella stanza di prova. Lasciare i topi si adatti alla camera procedimento per almeno 30 minuti prima di iniziare il test. </li><li> Rimuovere un singolo mOuse dalla gabbia di casa afferrando delicatamente la coda e posizionare il mouse in mezzo al labirinto campo aperto, mentre contemporaneamente l&#39;attivazione del software SMART facendo un solo clic sul pulsante Start per iniziare a tracciare i movimenti del mouse. È normale che il mouse per spostare immediatamente alle pareti periferia del labirinto e la tempistica di rilascio e monitoraggio cattura del mouse dovrebbe coincidere per registrare questo movimento. </li><li> Lasciare libera e ininterrotta del mouse soggetto durante l&#39;rispettivo quadrante del labirinto per un singolo periodo di 10 minuti durante il quale, il software di monitoraggio registrerà movimento (Figura 3). </li><li> Al termine del periodo di prova, prendere il topo soggetto delicatamente, rimuovendolo dal labirinto e tornare alla sua gabbia casa. </li><li> Prima di pulire il labirinto, conta visivamente il pellet Boli fecali presenti nel labirinto e manualmente registrare i numeri per ulteriori analisi. </li><li> Rimuovere tutti i pellets fecali e pulire tutte le macchie di minzione. Spruzzare il pavimento e le pareti del quadrante labirinto con il 95% di etanolo e pulire con un tovagliolo di carta pulito. Lasciare la soluzione di etanolo si asciughi completamente prima di testare altri topi. </li><li> Ripetere la procedura con il prossimo mouse. </li></ol> 4. Misura e Analisi di comportamento durante Procedura di test NOTA: Per la misura, tre aspetti del comportamento in campo aperto sono prontamente caratterizzate con questo protocollo (vedi la discussione). Una breve istruzioni su come accedere a queste misure nel software di monitoraggio video segue. <ol><li> Dalla schermata principale del software SMART, spostare il cursore sulla scheda &quot;Zone&quot; e click &quot;Definition&quot; per aprire il Zone Editor. </li><li> Seguire le istruzioni dettagliate nel manuale d&#39;uso del software SMART di non definire zone o griglie di sovrapporre sui sentieri di monitoraggio. Qui, il software è stato utilizzato per definire una griglia 5 x 5 di 10 cm quadrati che coprono il pavimento del labirinto ( <strong&gt; Figura 4). Assicurarsi di salvare il file di zona creati prima di chiudere il Zone Editor. </li><li> Dalla schermata principale del software SMART, spostare il cursore sulla scheda &quot;Analysis&quot; e solo clic per aprire la finestra di analisi dei dati. </li><li> Spostare il cursore sulla scheda &quot;File&quot; e aprire il file di zona creato in precedenza. </li><li> Spostare il cursore sulla scheda &quot;Configurazione&quot; e aprire l&#39;opzione &quot;Analisi Track&quot;. Si aprirà la finestra &quot;Configurazione analisi singolo soggetto&quot;. <ol><li> Spostare il cursore sulla scheda &quot;Standard&quot; e passare il parametro &quot;distanza percorsa&quot; dalla casella Parametri disponibili (lato sinistro) alla casella Parametri Incluso (lato destro). </li><li> Spostare il cursore sulla scheda &quot;Zone Transitions&quot; e spostare tutti i parametri appropriati per il dialogo Parametri Incluso come sopra. </li><li> Assicurarsi che la casella &quot;Full Track&quot; è selezionata nella parte inferiore della finestra. </li><li> Momentove il cursore sul pulsante OK e chiudere la finestra di configurazione di analisi singolo soggetto. NOTA: In base all&#39;analisi che si desidera eseguire, molte altre opzioni possono essere scelti in questa finestra di dati miniera dall&#39;analisi. Leggere il Manuale utente dettagliata del vostro programma specifico per determinare quali parametri sono più importanti per l&#39;analisi dei dati. </li></ol></li><li> Nella scheda File in alto a sinistra della finestra del programma, aprire la finestra singola pista soggetto e mettere un segno di spunta accanto a tutte le tracce in corso di analisi. Spostare il cursore sul pulsante segno di spunta nella parte superiore della finestra e fare clic per chiudere la finestra Traccia Explorer. </li><li> Spostare il cursore sul pulsante &quot;Go&quot; nella finestra di analisi dei dati e solo clic per avviare l&#39;analisi dei dati della traccia. </li><li> I dati di analisi possono essere emessi sia come file di testo ASCII o può essere esportato direttamente in un foglio Excel. Utilizzare gli strumenti di uscita del programma software che si sta utilizzando per l&#39;uscita data per uso personale. NOTA: la distanza totale percorsa e il tempo trascorso in zone indicate verrà emesso seguendo la procedura di analisi dei dati di cui sopra. Anche in questo caso, si sottolinea che le misure per raggiungere queste misure rappresentate qui sarà diverso a seconda del software utente utilizzato. Ma i dati stessi e l&#39;interpretazione dei risultati dovrebbero essere simili indipendente dal programma software utilizzato. E &#39;anche interessante notare che pregiudizi amministratore di prova viene rimosso da questo protocollo, come tutti i dati raccolti è quantificato dati misurati dal software e non l&#39;amministratore. Quindi non vi è alcun elemento qualificabile per i dati raccolti come descritto. </li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

Il Campo Aperto Maze è una delle piattaforme più utilizzate in studi comportamentali su animali. Un certo numero di importanti parametri convenzionali e comportamentali 2,4 possono essere raccolti e analizzati durante l&#39;esecuzione del OFM. Questi dati permettono al ricercatore di misurare i comportamenti che vanno dall&#39;attività locomotoria generale di ansia legati comportamenti emotivi 8. Tuttavia, l&#39;uso di OFM non è priva di difetti. Un problema di confusione è la vasta gamma di v...

The Open Field Maze (OFM) was initially developed in 1934 as a test to measure emotionality in rodents1. It has attained the status of being one of the most widely used measures of behavior in animal psychology2. It provides an easy and fairly rapid assessment of well-defined behaviors requiring no training to the test subject and little to no specialized training for the human administering the test. These attributes have led to wide-spread use of the open field maze in research extended to other animal species such as calves, pigs, rabbits, primates, honeybees and lobsters3. Part of its popularity arises from the fact that the psychological and physiological concepts underlying the tests are generally straight-forward and well understood. For example, it has been postulated that evolutionary forces have selected for a common response in animals such that most species display anxiety-mediated fear or flight responses to specific stimuli. Rodents for example, show distinct aversions to large, brightly lit, open and unknown environments4. We can assume they have been phylogenetically conditioned to see these types of environments as dangerous. All of these features are incorporated in the open field maze and form the basis of its use in behavioral paradigm testing.
An open field maze consists of a wall-enclosed area that is of sufficient height to prevent the subject from escaping. Typical maze shapes are circular or square with an area large enough, based on the size of the subject tested, to elicit a feeling of openness in the center of the maze. A number of variables can be scored in the open field maze with most parameters involving differing types of motor activity2. Ambulation is the most common behavior studied but others such as latency or rearing can also be measured. Most often, rodent behavior is analyzed in a bare maze. However, the addition of objects, either one or many to the maze floor, adds the ability to see how the subject interacts with novel additional stimuli2. Relevant parameters when objects are presented are typically the number of approaches to an object or in some cases, preference or aversion for one object over another.
Many behavioral tests of anxiety are based on the subject animal&#8217;s body activity and locomotion5. Interpreting behavioral tests for emotionality while separating non-emotional confounding factors, such as motor activity, has been the subject of intense debate6,7. As the OFM was originally described, two measures of emotionality can be deduced, locomotor activity and fecal boli deposits or defecation1. However, these two measures have been shown in some studies to be unrelated supporting the conclusion that emotionality in rodents is multidimensional5. Regardless, discrepancies in the literature regarding these measures and emotionality or anxiety in mouse models may be attributed to differences in analysis criteria or differences in testing procedures. Studies have conclusively linked results from OFM analysis with other measures of anxiety when comparing mouse models8.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Multi Unit Open Field Test</td><td>San Diego Instruments, Inc.</td><td>White 7001-0354</td><td>Any single or multi unit open field maze can be used</td></tr><tr><td>SMART DT Tracking Software</td><td>PanLab/Harvard Apparatus</td><td>76-0695</td><td>Any tracking software can be utilized with this protocol</td></tr><tr><td>Sony 990x Video Camera Recorder</td><td>Sony</td><td>CCD-TRV328</td><td>Any suitable video camera can be attached to computer for recording tracking profiles.</td></tr></tbody></table>

use of the open field maze to measure locomotor and anxiety-like behavior in mice

Animal models have proven to be invaluable to researchers trying to answer questions regarding the mechanisms of behavior. The Open Field Maze is one of the most commonly used platforms to measure behaviors in animal models. It is a fast and relatively easy test that provides a variety of behavioral information ranging from general ambulatory ability to data regarding the emotionality of the subject animal. As it relates to rodent models, the procedure allows the study of different strains of mice or rats both laboratory bred and wild-captured. The technique also readily lends itself to the investigation of different pharmacological compounds for anxiolytic or anxiogenic effects. Here, a protocol for use of the open field maze to describe mouse behaviors is detailed and a simple analysis of general locomotor ability and anxiety-related emotional behaviors between two strains of C57BL/6 mice is performed. Briefly, using the described protocol we show Wild Type mice exhibited significantly less anxiety related behaviors than did age-matched Knock Out mice while both strains exhibited similar ambulatory ability.

Il numero medio di individui per ceppo di topi testati nella maggior parte dei casi, è di circa il 20 per generare rilevanza statistica sufficiente. Tuttavia, questo numero può essere compreso nell&#39;intervallo di 8-30 a seconda della disponibilità mouse. A seconda della misura o comparazioni richiesto, è anche favorevole utilizzare soggetti di pari età. Il primo e forse più importante parametro specifico per misurare in campo aperto Maze è la distanza totale ambulatoriale. Mentre l...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Use of the Open Field Maze to Measure Locomotor and Anxiety-like Behavior in Mice at JoVE.com

Use of the Open Field Maze to Measure Locomotor and Anxiety-like Behavior in Mice

A protocol is provided to use an Open Field Maze to access general locomotor activity, anxiety and emotionality in a laboratory mouse model.

L&#39;uso del campo aperto Maze misurare Locomotore e ansia-come comportamento nei topi

Animal models have proven to be invaluable to researchers trying to answer questions regarding the mechanisms of behavior. The Open Field Maze is one of ...

use-open-field-maze-to-measure-locomotor-anxiety-like-behavior

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

72.5K Views.  Auburn University. A protocol is provided to use an Open Field Maze to access general locomotor activity, anxiety and emotionality in a laboratory mouse model.

Video: Use of the Open Field Maze to Measure Locomotor and Anxiety-like Behavior in Mice

The Successive Alleys Test of Anxiety in Mice and Rats

The plus-maze was derived from the early work of Montgomery. He observed that rats tended to avoid the open arms of a maze, preferring the enclosed ones. Handley, Mithani and File et al. performed the first studies on the plus-maze design we use today, and in 1987 Lister published a design for use with mice. 
Time spent on, and entries into, the open arms are an index of anxiety; the lower these indices, the more anxious the mouse is. Alternatively, a mouse that spends most of its time in the closed arms is classed as anxious. 
One of the problems of the plus-maze is that, while time spent on, and entries into, the open arms is a fairly unambiguous measure of anxiety, time in the central area is more difficult to interpret, although time spent here has been classified as &#x201C;decision making&#x201D;. In many tests central area time is a considerable part of the total test time.
Shepherd et al. produced an ingenious design to eliminate the central area, which they called the &#x201C;zero maze&#x201D;. However, although used by several groups, it has never been as widely adopted as the plus-maze. 
In the present article I describe a modification of the plus-maze design that not only eliminates the central area but also incorporates elements from other anxiety tests, such as the light-dark box and emergence tests. It is a linear series of four alleys, each having increasing anxiogenic properties. It has given similar results to the plus-maze in general. Although it may not be more sensitive than the plus-maze (more data is needed before a firm conclusion can be reached on this point), it provides a useful confirmation of plus-maze results which would be useful when, for example, only a single example of a mutant mouse was available, as, for example, in ENU-based mutagenesis programs.

The plus-maze measures anxiety-like behaviour in rodents. There are two opposite closed and two opposite open arms; anxious rodents avoid the open arms. The central area is neither completely open nor closed, so time spent here is ambiguous and difficult to interpret. Here a modification of the plus-maze protocol eliminating this area is described.

Le successive Vicoli test di ansia nei topi e nei ratti

The plus-maze was derived from the early work of Montgomery. He observed that rats tended to avoid the open arms of a maze, preferring the enclosed ones.  ...

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Comportamento

Low-stress Route Learning Using the Lashley III Maze in Mice

Many behavior tests designed to assess learning and memory in rodents, particularly mice, rely on visual cues, food and/or water deprivation, or other aversive stimuli to motivate task acquisition. As animals age, sensory modalities deteriorate. For example, many strains of mice develop hearing deficits or cataracts. Changes in the sensory systems required to guide mice during task acquisition present potential confounds in interpreting learning changes in aging animals. Moreover, the use of aversive stimuli to motivate animals to learn tasks is potentially confounding when comparing mice with differential sensitivities to stress. To minimize these types of confounding effects, we have implemented a modified version of the Lashley III maze. This maze relies on route learning, whereby mice learn to navigate a maze via repeated exposure under low stress conditions, e.g. dark phase, no food/water deprivation, until they navigate a path from the start location to a pseudo-home cage with 0 or 1 error(s) on two consecutive trials. We classify this as a low-stress behavior test because it does not rely on aversive stimuli to encourage exploration of the maze and learning of the task. The apparatus consists of a modular start box, a 4-arm maze body, and a goal box. At the end of the goal box is a pseudo-home cage that contains bedding similar to that found in the animal&#x2019;s home cage and is specific to each animal for the duration of maze testing. It has been demonstrated previously that this pseudo-home cage provides sufficient reward to motivate mice to learn to navigate the maze1. Here, we present the visualization of the Lashley III maze procedure in the context of evaluating age-related differences in learning and memory in mice along with a comparison of learning behavior in two different background strains of mice. We hope that other investigators interested in evaluating the effects of aging or stress vulnerability in mice will consider this maze an attractive alternative to behavioral tests that involve more stressful learning tasks and/or visual cues.

The Lashley III maze is a route-learning task that does not rely on aversive stimuli or visual cues. It is thus a highly attractive option for evaluating learning and memory, especially in aging mice or otherwise where stress is a consideration.

Low-stress Learning percorso con la Maze Lashley III nel Mice

Many behavior tests designed to assess learning and memory in rodents, particularly mice, rely on visual cues, food and/or water deprivation, or other ...

Neuroscienze

Barnes Maze Testing Strategies with Small and Large Rodent Models

Spatial learning and memory of laboratory rodents is often assessed via navigational ability in mazes, most popular of which are the water and dry-land (Barnes) mazes. Improved performance over sessions or trials is thought to reflect learning and memory of the escape cage/platform location. Considered less stressful than water mazes, the Barnes maze is a relatively simple design of a circular platform top with several holes equally spaced around the perimeter edge. All but one of the holes are false-bottomed or blind-ending, while one leads to an escape cage. Mildly aversive stimuli (e.g.&#160;bright overhead lights) provide motivation to locate the escape cage. Latency to locate the escape cage can be measured during the session; however, additional endpoints typically require video recording. From those video recordings, use of automated tracking software can generate a variety of endpoints that are similar to those produced in water mazes (e.g.&#160;distance traveled, velocity/speed, time spent in the correct quadrant, time spent moving/resting, and confirmation of latency). Type of search strategy (i.e.&#160;random, serial, or direct) can be categorized as well. Barnes maze construction and testing methodologies can differ for small rodents, such as mice, and large rodents, such as rats. For example, while extra-maze cues are effective for rats, smaller wild rodents may require intra-maze cues with a visual barrier around the maze. Appropriate stimuli must be identified which motivate the rodent to locate the escape cage. Both Barnes and water mazes can be time consuming as 4-7 test trials are typically required to detect improved learning and memory performance (e.g.&#160;shorter latencies or path lengths to locate the escape platform or cage) and/or differences between experimental groups. Even so, the Barnes maze is a widely employed behavioral assessment measuring spatial navigational abilities and their potential disruption by genetic, neurobehavioral manipulations, or drug/ toxicant exposure.

The dry-land Barnes maze is widely used to measure spatial navigation ability in response to mildly aversive stimuli. Over consecutive days, performance (e.g.&#160;latency to locate escape cage) of control subjects improves, indicative of normal learning and memory. Differences between rats and mice necessitate apparatus and methodology changes that are detailed here.

Barnes strategie di sperimentazione Maze con piccole e grandi modelli di roditori

Spatial learning and memory of laboratory rodents is often assessed via navigational ability in mazes, most popular of which are the water and dry-land ...

Place and Response Learning in the Open-field Tower Maze

This protocol describes how the Open-field Tower Maze (OFTM) paradigm is used to study spatial learning in rodents. This maze is especially useful for examining how rats learn to use a place- or response-learning to successfully navigate in an open-field arena. Additionally, this protocol describes how the OFTM differs from other behavioral maze paradigms that are commonly used to study spatial learning in rodents. The OFTM described in this article was adapted from the one previously described by Cole, Clipperton, and Walt (2007). Specifically, the OFTM was created to test spatial learning in rodents without the experimenter having to consider how &#8220;stress&#8221; might play a role as a confounding variable. Experiments have shown that stress-alone can significantly affect cognitive function1. The representative results section contains data from an experiment that used the OFTM to examine the effects of estradiol treatment on place- and response-learning in adult female Sprague Dawley rats2. Future studies will be designed to examine the role of the hippocampus and striatum in place- and response-learning in the OFTM.

The Open-field Tower Maze (OFTM) is a maze created to study the behavioral and neural mechanisms of spatial learning (e.g., place- or response-learning) in rats. This maze is especially useful for experimenters who want to use a non-stressful maze paradigm to investigate spatial learning in their research.

Posizionare e risposta apprendimento nel campo aperto Torre Maze

This protocol describes how the Open-field Tower Maze (OFTM) paradigm is used to study spatial learning in rodents. This maze is especially useful for ...

Novel Object Exploration as a Potential Assay for Higher Order Repetitive Behaviors in Mice

Restricted, repetitive behaviors (RRBs) are a core feature of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and disrupt the lives of affected individuals. RRBs are commonly split into lower-order and higher-order components, with lower order RRBs consisting of motor stereotypies and higher order RRBs consisting of perseverative and sequencing behaviors. Higher order RRBs are challenging to model in mice. Current assays for RRBs in mice focus primarily on the lower order components, making basic biomedical research into potential treatments or interventions for higher-order RRBs difficult. Here we describe a new assay, novel object exploration. This assay uses a basic open-field arena with four novel objects placed around the perimeter. The test mouse is allowed to freely explore the arena and the order in which the mouse investigates the novel objects is recorded. From these data, patterned sequences of exploration can be identified, as can the most preferred object for each mouse. The representative data shared here and past results using the novel object exploration assay illustrate that inbred mouse strains do demonstrate different behavior in this assay and that strains with elevated lower order RRBs also show elevated patterned behavior. As such, the novel object exploration assay appears to possess good face validity for higher order RRBs in humans and may be a valuable assay for future studies investigating novel therapeutics for ASD.

Higher order restricted, repetitive behaviors (RRBs) disrupt the lives of affected individuals. These behaviors are challenging to model in rodents, making basic biomedical research into potential treatments or interventions for RRBs difficult. Here we describe novel object exploration as a potential assay for higher order RRBs in mice.

Esplorazione oggetto romanzo come un test Potenziale di ordine superiore ripetitivi comportamenti nei topi

Restricted, repetitive behaviors (RRBs) are a core feature of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and disrupt the lives of affected individuals.  RRBs are ...

Elevated Plus Maze for Mice

Although the mouse genome is now completely sequenced, the functions of most of the genes expressed in the brain are not known. The influence of a given gene on a specific behavior can be determined by behavioral analysis of mutant mice. If a target gene is expressed in the brain, behavioral phenotype of the mutant mice could elucidate the genetic mechanism of normal behaviors. The elevated plus maze test is one of the most widely used tests for measuring anxiety-like behavior. The test is based on the natural aversion of mice for open and elevated areas, as well as on their natural spontaneous exploratory behavior in novel environments. The apparatus consists of open arms and closed arms, crossed in the middle perpendicularly to each other, and a center area. Mice are given access to all of the arms and are allowed to move freely between them. The number of entries into the open arms and the time spent in the open arms are used as indices of open space-induced anxiety in mice. Unfortunately, the procedural differences that exist between laboratories make it difficult to duplicate and compare results among laboratories. Here, we present a detailed movie demonstrating our protocol for the elevated plus maze test. In our laboratory, we have assessed more than 90 strains of mutant mice using the protocol shown in the movie. These data will be disclosed as a part of a public database that we are now constructing.
Visualization of the protocol will promote better understanding of the details of the entire experimental procedure, allowing for standardization of the protocols used in different laboratories and comparisons of the behavioral phenotypes of various strains of mutant mice assessed using this test. 


The elevated plus maze test is one of the most widely used tests for measuring anxiety-like behavior in mice. Here, we present a movie showing the detailed procedures for conducting the test.

Elevata Maze Plus per topi

Although the mouse genome is now completely sequenced, the functions of most of the genes expressed in the brain are not known. The influence of a given ...

Biologia

Analyzing Spatial Learning and Prosocial Behavior in Mice Using the Barnes Maze and Damsel-in-Distress Paradigms

The Barnes maze is a reliable measure of spatial learning and memory that does not require food restriction or exposure to extremely stressful stimuli. The Barnes maze can also assess other mouse behaviors, such as general motivation to escape from the maze platform and exploratory behavior. The Barnes maze can measure whether a genetic mutation or environmental variable can impact the acquisition and retention of spatial memories, as well as provide information about the search strategy employed by the mice. Here we use the Barnes maze to detect a memory deficit in adult mice following a single developmental ethanol exposure event. The newly described Damsel-in-Distress paradigm exposes a male mouse to a female mouse trapped in a chamber in the open center field of the arena. It provides an opportunity for the mouse to socially respond to the trapped female and exhibit prosocial behavior. The Damsel-in-Distress paradigm can also be used to examine mouse behavior in a novel arena and measure locomotor activity. Both the Barnes Maze and the Damsel-in-Distress protocols require minimal financial investment and most aspects of the tests can be constructed from common lab supplies. These flexible and accessible tools can also be used to detect behavioral changes over the course of development.

This protocol measures spatial learning and memory using the Barnes maze. A novel Damsel-in-Distress paradigm is used to assess locomotor activity and prosocial behavior in mice.

Analisi apprendimento spaziale e comportamento prosociale nei topi utilizzando il labirinto di Barnes e paradigmi Damsel in Distress

The Barnes maze is a reliable measure of spatial learning and memory that does not require food restriction or exposure to extremely stressful stimuli. ...

A Behavioral Test Battery for the Repeated Assessment of Motor Skills, Mood, and Cognition in Mice

Pharmacological and toxicological studies in neurodegeneration require comprehensive behavioral analysis in mice because motor dysfunctions and dysfunctions in mood and cognition are common and often shared symptoms in neurodegenerative diseases. Shown here is a behavioral test battery for motor, mood, and cognition, which can be repeatedly tested in a longitudinal study. This battery assesses the overall behavioral phenotype in mice by examining each domain of behavior with at least two independent well-accepted tests (i.e., open-field test and rotarod test for motor function, social interaction test, elevated plus maze test, and forced swim test for emotional function, and Morris water maze test and novel object recognition test for cognitive function). Therefore, this sensitive and comprehensive test battery is a powerful tool for the study of behavioral alternation in neurodegeneration.

A comprehensive behavioral test battery of motor skills, mood&#8212;including social interaction, depression, and anxiety&#8212;and cognition is designed for the repeated assessment of neurodegeneration-related behavioral changes in mice.

Una batteria di Test comportamentali per la valutazione ripetuta di abilità motorie, l'umore e cognizione in topi

Pharmacological and toxicological studies in neurodegeneration require comprehensive behavioral analysis in mice because motor dysfunctions and ...

Investigating Migraine-Like Behavior Using Light Aversion in Mice

Migraine is a complex neurological disorder characterized by headache and sensory abnormalities, such as hypersensitivity to light, observed as photophobia. Whilst it is impossible to confirm that a mouse is experiencing migraine, light aversion can be used as a behavioral surrogate for the migraine symptom of photophobia. To test for light aversion, we utilize the light/dark assay to measure the time mice freely choose to spend in either a light or dark environment. The assay has been refined by introducing two critical modifications: pre-exposures to the chamber prior to running the test procedure and adjustable chamber lighting, permitting the use of a range of light intensities from 55 lux to 27,000 lux. Because the choice to spend more time in the dark is also indicative of anxiety, we also utilize a light-independent anxiety test, the open field assay, to distinguish anxiety from light-aversive behavior. Here, we describe a modified test paradigm for the light/dark and open field assays. The application of these assays is described for intraperitoneal injection of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in two mouse strains and for optogenetic brain stimulation studies.

Rodents are not able to report migraine symptoms. Here, we describe a manageable test paradigm (light/dark and open field assays) to measure light aversion, one of the most common and bothersome symptoms in patients with migraines.

Studiare il comportamento simile all'emicrania usando l'avversione alla luce nei topi

Migraine is a complex neurological disorder characterized by headache and sensory abnormalities, such as hypersensitivity to light, observed as ...

Validazione di un modello murino della sindrome di Angelman mediante test comportamentali

Behavioral Characterization of an Angelman Syndrome Mouse Model

This manuscript describes a battery of behavioral tests available to characterize Angelman syndrome (AS)-like phenotypes in an established murine model of AS. We use the rotarod learning paradigm, detailed gait analysis, and nest building test to detect and characterize animal motor impairments. We test animal emotionality in the open field and elevated plus maze tests, as well as the affect in the tail suspension test. When AS mice are tested in the open field test, the results should be interpreted with care, since motor dysfunctions influence mouse behavior in the maze and alter activity scores.
The reproducibility and effectiveness of the presented behavioral tests has already been validated in several independent Uba3a mouse lines with different knockout variants, establishing this set of tests as an excellent validation tool in AS research. Models with the relevant construct and face validity will warrant further investigations to elucidate the pathophysiology of the disease and grant the development of causal treatments.

Autore in primo piano: una batteria di test comportamentali altamente riproducibili per convalidare un modello murino della sindrome di Angelman 

This manuscript presents a set of highly reproducible behavioral tests to validate an Angelman syndrome mouse model.

Caratterizzazione comportamentale di un modello murino con sindrome di Angelman

This manuscript describes a battery of behavioral tests available to characterize Angelman syndrome (AS)-like phenotypes in an established murine model of ...

L'uso del campo aperto Maze misurare Locomotore e ansia-come comportamento nei topi

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