This work was supported by The National Institute of Health (NIH-2RO1NS033661) and by the Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station (HATCH ALA021-1-09017).

ملاحظة: تم تقديم جميع إجراءات تنفيذه هنا لوالموافقة عليها من قبل IACUC (مكتب البحوث الامتثال) وجرت وفقا المبادئ التوجيهية المعاهد الوطنية للصحة. وكانت الفئران المستخدمة في الاختبار السلوكي نموذج السذاجة وعدم استخدامها لإجراء اختبارات أخرى. وقد وصفت البرية نوع C57BL / 6 و نوك اوت الفئران المستخدمة في هذا البروتوكول من قبل 9 والبيانات المقدمة هنا من أن المخطوطة. 1. إعداد غرفة الاختبار وافتح جهاز الميداني <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> استخدام وحدة متعددة متاهة حقل مفتوح (تسجيل الخروج)، ويتألف من أربع غرف النشاط كان يستخدم لهذا التحليل (الشكل 1). كل غرفة قياس 50 سم (طول) × 50 سم (العرض) × 38 سم (ارتفاع)، والمصنوعة من كثافة عالية بيضاء والبلاستيك غير قابلة للاختراق. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> الملمس الطوابق من المتاهة لالجر خلال التمشي في حين كانت جدران المتاهة على نحو سلس. وكانت الأرباع متاهة فارغة تماما لهذا الغرض من هذا الاختبار. في النظر في بقية هذا بروتوالعقيد، وسوف تستخدم رباعي واحد من المتاهة المذكورة أعلاه للتدليل على تسجيل الخروج. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> مسح الغرفة مع الايثانول 95٪ قبل استخدامها وقبل الاختبارات اللاحقة لإزالة أي أدلة رائحة عن طريق الماوس الموضوع السابق غادر. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> السماح للإيثانول لتتبخر تماما مسبق لاختبار الفئران. وهذا قد يستغرق 5-10 دقيقة بين كل دورة الاختبار. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> لهذا التحليل، استخدم برنامج SMART التتبع من جهاز PanLab / هارفارد لتسجيل وتقييم حركة الماوس. ملاحظة: أي كاميرا التجارية التتبع والبرمجيات يمكن استخدامها لتتبع موضوع اختبار وتقييم النتائج من متاهة حقل المفتوحة. من المهم جدا بالنسبة للمستخدم النهائي لفهم كيفية معايرة وتشغيل البرمجيات المستخدمة لكل تحليل فردي. بغض النظر عن كاميرا فيديو وتتبع البرمجيات المستخدمة، ويتم الحصول على أفضل النتائج عندما تكون الكاميرا والبرامج ومعايرة بشكل صحيح وفقا لتعليمات الشركة الصانعة. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> أداء الاختبار الأولغ معيار مضاءة الغرفة قادرة على احتواء الجهاز متاهة والكمبيوتر المطلوبة لتشغيل البرنامج. تعليق كاميرا فيديو فوق متاهة إما عن طريق إرفاقها إلى السقف أو باستخدام أي نظام الدعم المرتفع الذي يسمح للعدسة الكاميرا لرؤية المنطقة بأكملها متاهة (الشكل 2). </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> بصفتك مسؤول البشري للاختبار، ومن المؤكد أن لديك مساحة كافية في الغرفة لتكون غير قابلة للرصد تماما من اختبار المواضيع في متاهات حتى لا تؤثر على سلوك الفئران. </li></ol> 2. إعداد برنامج لقياس آخر <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> فتح برنامج التتبع. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> مرة واحدة يتم فتح البرنامج، حرك المؤشر إلى &quot;تتبع واحدة، يخضع&quot; الخيار الموجود تحت &quot;بيانات اقتناء&quot; علامة التبويب وبنقرة واحدة لفتح هذا الخيار. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> اختيار &quot;خلفية ثابتة&quot; الخيار الموجود في الجزء السفلي من الشاشة. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> بعد اختيار &quot;خلفية ثابتة&quot; هو اختارن، فمن الضروري استخدام البرنامج لالتقاط صورة من المتاهة قبل إضافة مواضيع الاختبار. للقيام بذلك، حرك المؤشر إلى زر &quot;صور&quot; الموجود في الجزء السفلي من الشاشة وبنقرة واحدة. ملاحظة: سوف يقوم البرنامج التقاط صورة من السيناريو دون اختبار الموضوع الذي سوف تطرح من الصورة التي اتخذت خلال عملية تتبع. وينتج عن ذلك سوى حركة هذا الموضوع يجري تحليلها من قبل البرنامج. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> تأكد من أن الصورة الخلفية التي اتخذت فوق إزالة تماما من تتبع البرامج عن طريق تحريك المؤشر إلى الزر &quot;اختبار&quot; الموجود في الجزء السفلي من الشاشة والنقر مرة واحدة. سيظهر حقل الأبيض الصلبة إذا تمت إزالة صورة الخلفية تماما عن الصورة تتبع. إذا تغيرت ظروف الإضاءة أو يتم نقل المتاهة عن طريق الخطأ، وسوف ترى السوداء &quot;الظلال&quot; في هذا المجال مما يدل على الصورتين لا تتطابق تماما. لتصحيح هذا الوضع، ببساطة تكرار الظريفص 2.4 أعلاه. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> بعد التأكد من إعدادات الخلفية، استخدم خيار التوقيت لتكوين الطريقة التي يتم التحكم فيها وقت خلال الاستحواذ. للقيام بذلك، حرك المؤشر إلى &quot;تكوين&quot; علامة التبويب وانقر مرة واحدة على &quot;مواقيت&quot; البند. استخدام إطار افتتح حديثا لدخول المعلمات التجريبية. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> لهذا البروتوكول، اختار &quot;الوقت المبرمج&quot; الخيار كما تتبع فترة 10 دقيقة. تعيين &quot;فترة اختفاء&quot; ل5 ثانية للسماح وقت المستخدم لوضع الماوس في وسط المتاهة، والابتعاد قبل الشروع في تتبع. أدخل &quot;شراء الوقت&quot; من 10 دقيقة لمدة الاختبار. تعيين &quot;أوقفوا السيطرة&quot; لتعيين &quot;عندما الوقت المبرمج (10 دقيقة) هو أكثر&quot; والتي سوف تتحول تلقائيا إلى الكاميرا وظيفة تتبع من البرنامج. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> تحريك المؤشر إلى &quot;انهيار&quot; الزر بعد أن تم تعيين كافة توقيت لإغلاق النافذة. أنت الآن جاهز لبدء الاختبارالإجراء جي. </li></ol> 3. إدارة الاختبار الميداني المفتوحة ملاحظة: حزمة البرامج المستخدمة في هذا البروتوكول يتيح تتبع ما يصل الى 16 الفئران الفردية في وقت واحد. لسهولة إنجاز وكما ذكر أعلاه، فإن بروتوكول مناقشتها هنا هو للماوس واحدة باستخدام رباعي واحد من تسجيل الخروج. لالمعدات المستخدمة لهذا البروتوكول، ويمكن تتبع بحد أقصى 4 الفئران الفردية باستخدام كل رباعي من المتاهة. إذا باستخدام متاهة متعددة الضميمة، بعد وضع الماوس الموضوع الأول في رباعي المحددة لها، ووضع الفئران المتبقية في الربع بهم متاهة المعنية لتتبع التحليل. لأغراض هذا البروتوكول، ومزيد من التعليمات أن تكون محددة لرباعي واحد من المتاهة. <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> جعل الفئران في أقفاص وطنهم من غرفة مساكنهم إلى غرفة الاختبار. السماح للفئران حتى يتأقلم إلى غرفة إجراء مدة لا تقل عن 30 دقيقة قبل بدء الاختبار. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> إزالة متر واحدOUSE من قفص المنزل عن طريق الامساك بلطف ذيله ووضع الماوس في وسط متاهة حقل مفتوح حين تفعيل بالتزامن برنامج سمارت عن طريق النقر على زر واحد على بدء لبدء تتبع حركة الماوس. فمن الطبيعي للالماوس للتحرك فورا على الجدران المحيطة من المتاهة وتوقيت إطلاق وتتبع القبض على الماوس يجب أن تتزامن لتسجيل هذه الحركة. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> السماح بحرية الحركة ودون انقطاع من الفأرة الموضوع في جميع أنحاء رباعي منها من المتاهة لفترة واحدة 10 دقيقة وهي الفترة التي سوف تتبع البرامج تسجل حركة (الشكل 3). </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> في نهاية فترة الاختبار، والتقاط الماوس الموضوع بلطف، وإزالته من هذه المتاهة، وإعادته إلى القفص وطنه. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> قبل تنظيف المتاهة، عد بصريا الكريات بولي البرازية الحالية في متاهات وتسجيل أرقام لمزيد من التحليل يدويا. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> إزالة جميع الكريات البرازية ويمسح عن كل البقع من التبول. رش الأرض وجدران رباعي متاهة مع 95٪ من الإيثانول ومسح أسفل مع منشفة ورقية نظيفة. السماح للحل الإيثانول لتجف تماما قبل اختبار الفئران الأخرى. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> كرر الإجراء مع الماوس المقبل. </li></ol> 4. قياس وتحليل السلوك أثناء إجراء اختبار ملاحظة: للحصول على القياس، وتتميز ثلاثة جوانب من السلوك حقل مفتوح بسهولة باستخدام هذا البروتوكول (انظر المناقشة). في تعليمة موجزا عن كيفية الوصول إلى هذه القياسات في تتبع برامج الفيديو التالي. <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> من الشاشة الرئيسية للبرنامج SMART، حرك المؤشر إلى &quot;المناطق&quot; علامة التبويب وبنقرة واحدة &quot;تعريف&quot; لفتح محرر المنطقة. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> اتبع تعليمات مفصلة في دليل البرامج العضو الذكية لا تحديد مناطق أو شبكات لتراكب على مسارات تتبع. هنا، تم استخدام البرنامج لتحديد 5 × 5 شبكة من 10 سم الساحات التي تغطي الأرض من المتاهة ( <stronز&gt; الشكل 4). تأكد من حفظ ملف المنطقة التي تم إنشاؤها قبل إغلاق محرر المنطقة. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> من الشاشة الرئيسية للبرنامج SMART، حرك المؤشر إلى &quot;تحليل&quot; علامة التبويب وبنقرة واحدة لفتح نافذة تحليل البيانات. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> تحريك المؤشر إلى &quot;ملف&quot; التبويب وفتح ملف المنطقة تم إنشاؤها أعلاه. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> نقل المؤشر إلى &quot;تكوين&quot; علامة التبويب وفتح &quot;تحليل المسار&quot; الخيار. سيؤدي هذا إلى فتح نافذة &quot;التكوين تحليل واحدة، يخضع&quot;. <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> تحريك المؤشر إلى &quot;ستاندارد&quot; علامة التبويب ونقل &quot;المسافة سافر&quot; معلمة من مربع معلمات متاح (الجانب الأيسر) إلى مربع معلمات وشملت (الجانب الأيمن). </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> تحريك المؤشر إلى &quot;مناطق الانتقال&quot; علامة التبويب ونقل كافة المعلمات المناسبة إلى مربع معلمات وشملت على النحو الوارد أعلاه. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> تأكد من تحديد &quot;المسار الكامل&quot; مربع في الجزء السفلي من النافذة. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> مولقد المؤشر إلى زر موافق وأغلق النافذة التكوين تحليل أحادية الموضوع. ملاحظة: اعتمادا على التحليل كنت ترغب في القيام بها، العديد من الخيارات الأخرى يمكن اختيار في هذه النافذة لبيانات الألغام من التحليل. قراءة دليل المستخدم مفصل للبرنامج محدد لتحديد ما هي أهم المعايير لتحليل البيانات الخاصة بك. </li></ol></li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> تحت علامة التبويب ملف في الجانب الأيسر العلوي من إطار البرنامج، افتح نافذة المسار موضوع واحد ووضع علامة الاختيار بجانب كل المسارات التي يجري تحليلها. تحريك المؤشر إلى الزر تحقق الأقسام في الجزء العلوي من النافذة وانقر لإغلاق إطار المسار إكسبلورر. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> تحريك المؤشر إلى زر &quot;الذهاب&quot; في إطار تحليل البيانات وبنقرة واحدة لبدء تحليل البيانات المسار الصحيح. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> يمكن تحليل البيانات أن يكون الناتج إما ملفات نصية ASCII أو أنها يمكن تصديرها مباشرة إلى جدول EXCEL. استخدام أدوات الإخراج من برنامج البرنامج الذي تستخدمه لإخراج داتا للاستخدام الخاص بك. ملاحظة: مجموع المسافة المقطوعة والوقت الذي يقضيه في المناطق المشار إليها سوف يكون الناتج باتباع الخطوات تحليل البيانات المذكورة أعلاه. مرة أخرى، يتم التأكيد على أن الخطوات للوصول إلى هذه القياسات الممثلة هنا سوف تختلف تبعا للبرنامج المستخدم المستخدمة. ولكن البيانات نفسها وتفسير النتائج ينبغي أن تكون مستقلة مماثل للبرنامج البرمجيات المستخدمة. ومن الجدير بالذكر أيضا أن تتم إزالة التحيز المسؤول اختبار من هذا البروتوكول وجميع البيانات التي تم جمعها وكميا البيانات المقاسة من قبل البرنامج وليس المسؤول. وبالتالي لا يوجد أي عنصر qualifiable إلى البيانات التي تم جمعها كما هو موضح. </li></ol>

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H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Open-field+behavior+in+the+rat:+what+does+it+mean.">Open-field behavior in the rat: what does it mean.</a> Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 159, 852-859 (1969).</li><li>Stanford, S. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+open+field+test:+reinventing+the+wheel.">The open field test: reinventing the wheel.</a> J. Psychopharm. 21, 134-135 (2007).</li><li>Ennaceur, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tests+of+unconditional+anxiety+&#8211;+pitfalls+and+disappointments.">Tests of unconditional anxiety &#8211; pitfalls and disappointments.</a> J. Phys. Behav. 135, 55-71 (2014).</li><li>Borta, A., Schwarting, R. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inhibitory+avoidance,+pain+reactivity,+and+plus-maze+behavior+in+Wistar+rats+with+high+versus+low+rearing+activity.">Inhibitory avoidance, pain reactivity, and plus-maze behavior in Wistar rats with high versus low rearing activity.</a> J. Phys. Behav. 84, 387-396 (2005).</li><li>Costall, B., Jones, B. J., Kelly, M. E., Naylor, R. J., Tomkins, D. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Exploration+of+mice+in+a+black+and+white+test+box:+validation+as+a+model+of+anxiety.">Exploration of mice in a black and white test box: validation as a model of anxiety.</a> Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 32, 777-785 (1989).</li><li>Bouwknecht, J. A., Paylor, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pitfalls+in+the+interpretation+of+genetic+and+pharmacological+effects+on+anxiety-like+behavior+in+rodents.">Pitfalls in the interpretation of genetic and pharmacological effects on anxiety-like behavior in rodents.</a> Behav. Pharm. 19, 385-402 (2008).</li><li>Webster, D. G., Baumgardner, D. J., Dewsbury, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Open+field+behavior+in+eight+taxa+of+muriod+rodents.">Open field behavior in eight taxa of muriod rodents.</a> Bull. Psychonom. Soc. 13, 90-92 (1979).</li><li>Wilson, R. C., Vacek, T., Lanier, D. L., Dewsbury, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Open+field+behavior+in+muroid+rodents.">Open field behavior in muroid rodents.</a> Behav. Biol. 17, 495-506 (1976).</li><li>Crawley, J. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Behavioral+phenotyping+of+transgenic+and+knockout+mice:+experimental+designs+and+evaluation+of+general+health,+sensory+functions,+motor+abilities+and+specific+behavioral+tests.">Behavioral phenotyping of transgenic and knockout mice: experimental designs and evaluation of general health, sensory functions, motor abilities and specific behavioral tests.</a> Brain Res. 835, 18-26 (1999).</li><li>Simon, P., Dupuis, R., Costentin, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Thigmotaxis+as+an+index+of+anxiety+in+mice.+influence+of+dopaminergic+transmissions.">Thigmotaxis as an index of anxiety in mice. influence of dopaminergic transmissions.</a> Behav. Brain Res. 61, 59-64 (1994).</li><li>Miller, B. H., Schultz, L. E., Gulati, A., Su, A. I., Pletcher, M. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Phenotypic+characterization+of+a+genetically+diverse+panel+of+mice+for+behavioral+despair+and+anxiety.">Phenotypic characterization of a genetically diverse panel of mice for behavioral despair and anxiety.</a> PLoS One. 5, e14458 (2010).</li><li>Tannenbaum, B., Anisman, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Impact+of+chronic+intermittent+challenges+in+stressor-susceptible+and+resilient+strains+of+mice.">Impact of chronic intermittent challenges in stressor-susceptible and resilient strains of mice.</a> Biol. Psych. 53, 292-303 (2003).</li><li>Lister, R. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ethologically-based+animal+models+of+anxiety+disorders.">Ethologically-based animal models of anxiety disorders.</a> Pharmacol. Ther. 46, 321-340 (1990).</li><li>Kulesskaya, N., Voikar, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Assessment+of+mouse+anxiety-like+behavior+in+the+light-dark+box+and+open-field+arena:+role+of+equipment+and+procedure.">Assessment of mouse anxiety-like behavior in the light-dark box and open-field arena: role of equipment and procedure.</a> Phys. Behav. 133, 30-38 (2014).</li><li>Han, H., Du, W., Zhou, B., Zhang, W., Xu, G., Niu, R., Sun, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+chronic+fluoride+exposure+on+object+recognition+memory+and+mRNA+expression+of+SNARE+complex+in+hippocampus+of+male+mice.">Effects of chronic fluoride exposure on object recognition memory and mRNA expression of SNARE complex in hippocampus of male mice.</a> Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 158, 58-64 (2014).</li><li>Barrow, P., Leconte, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+influence+of+body+weight+on+open+field+and+swimming+maze+performance+during+the+post-weaning+period+in+the+rat.">The influence of body weight on open field and swimming maze performance during the post-weaning period in the rat.</a> Lab. Animals. 30, 22-27 (1996).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

فتح المتاهة الميدان هي واحدة من المنصات الأكثر استخداما على نطاق واسع في الدراسات السلوكية الحيوانية. وهناك عدد من المعلمات التقليدية وعلم السلوك الهامة 2،4 يمكن جمعها وتحليلها خلال أداء تسجيل الخروج. هذه البيانات تسمح الباحث لقياس السلوكيات تتراوح بين النشاط...

The Open Field Maze (OFM) was initially developed in 1934 as a test to measure emotionality in rodents1. It has attained the status of being one of the most widely used measures of behavior in animal psychology2. It provides an easy and fairly rapid assessment of well-defined behaviors requiring no training to the test subject and little to no specialized training for the human administering the test. These attributes have led to wide-spread use of the open field maze in research extended to other animal species such as calves, pigs, rabbits, primates, honeybees and lobsters3. Part of its popularity arises from the fact that the psychological and physiological concepts underlying the tests are generally straight-forward and well understood. For example, it has been postulated that evolutionary forces have selected for a common response in animals such that most species display anxiety-mediated fear or flight responses to specific stimuli. Rodents for example, show distinct aversions to large, brightly lit, open and unknown environments4. We can assume they have been phylogenetically conditioned to see these types of environments as dangerous. All of these features are incorporated in the open field maze and form the basis of its use in behavioral paradigm testing.
An open field maze consists of a wall-enclosed area that is of sufficient height to prevent the subject from escaping. Typical maze shapes are circular or square with an area large enough, based on the size of the subject tested, to elicit a feeling of openness in the center of the maze. A number of variables can be scored in the open field maze with most parameters involving differing types of motor activity2. Ambulation is the most common behavior studied but others such as latency or rearing can also be measured. Most often, rodent behavior is analyzed in a bare maze. However, the addition of objects, either one or many to the maze floor, adds the ability to see how the subject interacts with novel additional stimuli2. Relevant parameters when objects are presented are typically the number of approaches to an object or in some cases, preference or aversion for one object over another.
Many behavioral tests of anxiety are based on the subject animal&#8217;s body activity and locomotion5. Interpreting behavioral tests for emotionality while separating non-emotional confounding factors, such as motor activity, has been the subject of intense debate6,7. As the OFM was originally described, two measures of emotionality can be deduced, locomotor activity and fecal boli deposits or defecation1. However, these two measures have been shown in some studies to be unrelated supporting the conclusion that emotionality in rodents is multidimensional5. Regardless, discrepancies in the literature regarding these measures and emotionality or anxiety in mouse models may be attributed to differences in analysis criteria or differences in testing procedures. Studies have conclusively linked results from OFM analysis with other measures of anxiety when comparing mouse models8.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="631">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:160px;">Multi Unit Open Field Test</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">San Diego Instruments, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">White 7001-0354</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Any single or multi unit open field maze can be used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:160px;">SMART DT Tracking Software</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">PanLab/Harvard Apparatus</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">76-0695</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Any tracking software can be utilized with this protocol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:160px;">Sony 990x Video Camera Recorder</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Sony</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">CCD-TRV328</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Any suitable video camera can be attached to computer for recording tracking profiles.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

use of the open field maze to measure locomotor and anxiety-like behavior in mice

Animal models have proven to be invaluable to researchers trying to answer questions regarding the mechanisms of behavior. The Open Field Maze is one of the most commonly used platforms to measure behaviors in animal models. It is a fast and relatively easy test that provides a variety of behavioral information ranging from general ambulatory ability to data regarding the emotionality of the subject animal. As it relates to rodent models, the procedure allows the study of different strains of mice or rats both laboratory bred and wild-captured. The technique also readily lends itself to the investigation of different pharmacological compounds for anxiolytic or anxiogenic effects. Here, a protocol for use of the open field maze to describe mouse behaviors is detailed and a simple analysis of general locomotor ability and anxiety-related emotional behaviors between two strains of C57BL/6 mice is performed. Briefly, using the described protocol we show Wild Type mice exhibited significantly less anxiety related behaviors than did age-matched Knock Out mice while both strains exhibited similar ambulatory ability.

متوسط ​​عدد الأفراد لكل سلالة من الفئران تم اختبارها في معظم الحالات هو ما يقرب من 20 إلى توليد أهمية إحصائية كافية. ومع ذلك، يمكن لهذا العدد أن يكون في حدود 8-30 اعتمادا على توافر الماوس. اعتمادا على قياس أو المقارنات المطلوبة، بل هو أيضا مواتية لاستخدام موضوعات العمر ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Use of the Open Field Maze to Measure Locomotor and Anxiety-like Behavior in Mice at JoVE.com

Use of the Open Field Maze to Measure Locomotor and Anxiety-like Behavior in Mice

A protocol is provided to use an Open Field Maze to access general locomotor activity, anxiety and emotionality in a laboratory mouse model.

استخدام فتح المتاهة ميدانية لقياس الحركي والقلق تشبه السلوك في الفئران

Animal models have proven to be invaluable to researchers trying to answer questions regarding the mechanisms of behavior. The Open Field Maze is one of ...

use-open-field-maze-to-measure-locomotor-anxiety-like-behavior

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

71.9K Views.  Auburn University. A protocol is provided to use an Open Field Maze to access general locomotor activity, anxiety and emotionality in a laboratory mouse model.

Video: Use of the Open Field Maze to Measure Locomotor and Anxiety-like Behavior in Mice

Shallow Water (Paddling) Variants of Water Maze Tests in Mice

When Richard Morris devised his water maze in 19817, most behavioral work was done in rats. However, the greater understanding of mouse genetics led to the mouse becoming increasingly important. But researchers found that some strains of mutant mice were prone to problems like passively floating or diving when they were tested in the Morris water maze11. This was unsurprising considering their natural habitat; rats swim naturally (classically, the "sewer rat"), whereas mice evolved in the dry areas of central Asia.
To overcome these problems, it was considered whether shallow water would be a sufficient stimulus to provide escape motivation for mice. This would also avoid the problems of drying the small creatures with a towel and then putting them in a heated recovery chamber to avoid hypothermia, which is a much more serious problem than with rats; the large ratio of surface area to volume of a mouse makes it particularly vulnerable to rapid heat loss.
Another consideration was whether a more natural escape strategy could be used, to facilitate learning. Since animals that fall into water and swim away from the safety of the shore are unlikely to pass on their genes, animals have evolved a natural tendency to swim to the edge of a body of water. The Morris water maze, however, requires them to swim to a hidden platform towards the center of the maze - exactly opposite to their evolved behavior. Therefore the paddling maze should incorporate escape to the edge of the apparatus. This feature, coupled with the use of relatively non-aversive shallow water, embodies the "Refinement" aspect of the "3 Rs" of Russell and Burch8.
Various types of maze design were tried; the common feature was that the water was always shallow (2 cm deep) and escape was via a tube piercing the transparent wall of the apparatus. Other tubes ("false exits") were also placed around the walls but these were blocked off. From the inside of the maze all false exits and the single true exit looked the same. Currently a dodecagonal (12-sided) maze is in use in Oxford, with 12 true/false exits set in the corners. In a recent development a transparent paddling Y-maze has been tested successfully.

Shallow Water Paddling Variants of Water Maze Tests in Mice

Mice can swim, but many strains appear to find this activity stressful. To overcome this problem mazes have been devised where escape from shallow water is used to motivate behaviour. These have been demonstrated to support learning at least as good as the traditional and widely used Morris water maze.

المياه الضحلة (التجديف) المتغيرات الاختبارات المتاهة المائية في الفئران

When Richard Morris devised his water maze in 19817, most behavioral work was done in rats. However, the greater understanding of mouse genetics led to ...

Use of the Operant Orofacial Pain Assessment Device (OPAD) to Measure Changes in Nociceptive Behavior

We present an operant system for the detection of pain in awake, conscious rodents. The Orofacial Pain Assessment Device (OPAD) assesses pain behaviors in a more clinically relevant way by not relying on reflex-based measures of nociception. Food fasted, hairless (or shaved) rodents are placed into a Plexiglas chamber which has two Peltier-based thermodes that can be programmed to any temperature between 7 &deg;C and 60 &deg;C. The rodent is trained to make contact with these in order to access a reward bottle. During a session, a number of behavioral pain outcomes are automatically recorded and saved. These measures include the number of reward bottle activations (licks) and facial contact stimuli (face contacts), but custom measures like the lick/face ratio (total number of licks per session/total number of contacts) can also be created. The stimulus temperature can be set to a single temperature or multiple temperatures within a session. The OPAD is a high-throughput, easy to use operant assay which will lead to better translation of pain research in the future as it includes cortical input instead of relying on spinal reflex-based nociceptive assays.

Use of the Operant Orofacial Pain Assessment Device OPAD to Measure Changes in Nociceptive Behavior

We present a user-friendly, high-throughput operant system for the evaluation of pain behaviors in awake, conscious rodents. The Orofacial Pain Assessment Device (OPAD) can assess pain through a reward/conflict paradigm thus providing a more humane way of testing. This protocol will yield more clinically relevant and translational data from rodents.

استخدام للجهاز فموي وجهي تقييم الألم استثابي (OPAD) لقياس التغيرات في سلوك مسبب

We present an operant  system for the detection of pain in awake, conscious rodents. The Orofacial  Pain Assessment Device (OPAD) assesses pain behaviors ...

Use of an Eight-arm Radial Water Maze to Assess Working and Reference Memory Following Neonatal Brain Injury

Working and reference memory are commonly assessed using the land based radial arm maze.&#160;However, this paradigm requires pretraining, food deprivation, and may introduce scent cue confounds. The eight-arm radial water maze is designed to evaluate reference and working memory performance simultaneously by requiring subjects to use extra-maze cues to locate escape platforms and remedies the limitations observed in land based radial arm maze designs. Specifically, subjects are required to avoid the arms previously used for escape during each testing day (working memory) as well as avoid the fixed arms, which never contain escape platforms (reference memory). Re-entries into arms that have already been used for escape during a testing session (and thus the escape platform has been removed) and re-entries into reference memory arms are indicative of working memory deficits. Alternatively, first entries into reference memory arms are indicative of reference memory deficits. We used this maze to compare performance of rats with neonatal brain injury and sham controls following induction of hypoxia-ischemia and show significant deficits in both working and reference memory after eleven days of testing. This protocol could be easily modified to examine many other models of learning impairment.

The eight-arm radial water maze is designed to evaluate reference and working memory performance simultaneously by requiring subjects to use extra-maze cues to locate escape platforms and remedies the limitations observed in land based radial arm maze designs.

Working and reference memory are commonly assessed using the land based radial arm maze.&#160;However, this paradigm requires pretraining, food ...

Behavioral and Locomotor Measurements Using an Open Field Activity Monitoring System for Skeletal Muscle Diseases

The open field activity monitoring system comprehensively assesses locomotor and behavioral activity levels of mice. It is a useful tool for assessing locomotive impairment in animal models of neuromuscular disease and efficacy of therapeutic drugs that may improve locomotion and/or muscle function. The open field activity measurement provides a different measure than muscle strength, which is commonly assessed by grip strength measurements. It can also show how drugs may affect other body systems as well when used with additional outcome measures. In addition, measures such as total distance traveled mirror the 6 min walk test, a clinical trial outcome measure. However, open field activity monitoring is also associated with significant challenges: Open field activity measurements vary according to animal strain, age, sex, and circadian rhythm. In addition, room temperature, humidity, lighting, noise, and even odor can affect assessment outcomes. Overall, this manuscript provides a well-tested and standardized open field activity SOP for preclinical trials in animal models of neuromuscular diseases. We provide a discussion of important considerations, typical results, data analysis, and detail the strengths and weaknesses of open field testing. In addition, we provide recommendations for optimal study design when using open field activity in a preclinical trial.

Open field activity levels are used to assess locomotive and behavioral activity levels. This protocol provides a well-designed, standardized protocol to use in preclinical trials for neuromuscular disorders.

القياسات السلوكية والحركي عن طريق حقل نظام رصد نشاط مفتوح للأمراض العضلات الهيكلية

The open field activity monitoring system comprehensively assesses locomotor and behavioral activity levels of mice. It is a useful tool for assessing ...

The Attentional Set Shifting Task: A Measure of Cognitive Flexibility in Mice

Cognitive impairment, particularly involving dysfunction of circuitry within the prefrontal cortex (PFC), represents a core feature of many neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders, including depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorder. Deficits in cognitive function also represent the most difficult symptom domain&#160;to successfully treat, as serotonin reuptake inhibitors and tricyclic antidepressants have only modest effects. Functional neuroimaging studies and postmortem analysis of human brain tissue implicate the PFC as being a primary region of dysregulation in patients with these disorders. However, preclinical behavioral assays used to assess these deficits in mouse models which can be readily manipulated genetically and could provide the basis for studies of new treatment avenues have been underutilized. Here we describe the adaptation of a behavioral assay, the attentional set shifting task (AST), to be performed in mice to assess prefrontal cortex mediated cognitive deficits. The neural circuits underlying behavior during the AST are highly conserved across humans, nonhuman primates and rodents, providing excellent face, construct and predictive validity.

The goal of this protocol is to perform a behavioral assay such as the attentional set shifting task (AST) to assess prefrontal cortex-mediated cognitive flexibility in mice.

فرقة سيكلوجية الإنتباه مجموعة التحول: على قدر من المرونة الإدراكية في الفئران

Cognitive impairment, particularly involving dysfunction of circuitry within the prefrontal cortex (PFC), represents a core feature of many ...

Place and Response Learning in the Open-field Tower Maze

This protocol describes how the Open-field Tower Maze (OFTM) paradigm is used to study spatial learning in rodents. This maze is especially useful for examining how rats learn to use a place- or response-learning to successfully navigate in an open-field arena. Additionally, this protocol describes how the OFTM differs from other behavioral maze paradigms that are commonly used to study spatial learning in rodents. The OFTM described in this article was adapted from the one previously described by Cole, Clipperton, and Walt (2007). Specifically, the OFTM was created to test spatial learning in rodents without the experimenter having to consider how &#8220;stress&#8221; might play a role as a confounding variable. Experiments have shown that stress-alone can significantly affect cognitive function1. The representative results section contains data from an experiment that used the OFTM to examine the effects of estradiol treatment on place- and response-learning in adult female Sprague Dawley rats2. Future studies will be designed to examine the role of the hippocampus and striatum in place- and response-learning in the OFTM.

The Open-field Tower Maze (OFTM) is a maze created to study the behavioral and neural mechanisms of spatial learning (e.g., place- or response-learning) in rats. This maze is especially useful for experimenters who want to use a non-stressful maze paradigm to investigate spatial learning in their research.

مكان والتعلم الاستجابة في فتح الميدان برج المتاهة

This protocol describes how the Open-field Tower Maze (OFTM) paradigm is used to study spatial learning in rodents. This maze is especially useful for ...

Basic Methods for the Study of Reproductive Ecology of Fish in Aquaria

Captive-rearing observations are valuable for revealing aspects of fish behavior and ecology when continuous field investigations are impossible. Here, a series of basic techniques are described to enable observations of the reproductive behavior of a wild-caught gobiid fish, as a model, kept in an aquarium. The method focuses on three steps: collection, transport, and observations of reproductive ecology of a substrate spawner. Essential aspects of live fish collection and transport are (1) preventing injury to the fish, and (2) careful acclimation to the aquarium. Preventing harm through injuries such as scratches or a sudden change of water pressure is imperative when collecting live fish, as any physical damage is likely to negatively affect the survival and later behavior of the fish. Careful acclimation to aquaria decreases the incidence death and mitigates the shock of transport. Observations during captive rearing include (1) the identification of individual fish and (2) monitoring spawned eggs without negative effects to the fish or eggs, thereby enabling detailed investigation of the study species' reproductive ecology. The subcutaneous injection of a visible implant elastomer (VIE) tag is a precise method for the subsequent identification of individual fish, and it can be used with a wide size range of fish, with minimal influence on their survival and behavior. If the study species is a substrate spawner that deposits adhesive eggs, an artificial nest site constructed from polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipe with the addition of a removable waterproof sheet will facilitate counting and monitoring the eggs, lessening the investigator's influence on the nest-holding and egg-guarding behavior of the fish. Although this basic method entails techniques that are seldom mentioned in detail in research articles, they are fundamental for undertaking experiments that require the captive rearing of a wild fish.

A series of basic methods to enable the study of the reproductive ecology of fish kept in aquaria are described. These are useful protocols for collecting fish using SCUBA, transporting live fish, and observing the reproductive behavior of wild-caught fish kept in aquaria.

الطرق الأساسية لدراسة الإيكولوجيا الإنجابية للأسماك في أكواريا

Captive-rearing observations are valuable for revealing aspects of fish behavior and ecology when continuous field investigations are impossible. Here, a ...

Central and Divided Visual Field Presentation of Emotional Images to Measure Hemispheric Differences in Motivated Attention

Two dominant theories on lateralized processing of emotional information exist in the literature. One theory posits that unpleasant emotions are processed by right frontal regions, while pleasant emotions are processed by left frontal regions. The other theory posits that the right hemisphere is more specialized for the processing of emotional information overall, particularly in posterior regions.
Assessing the different roles of the cerebral hemispheres in processing emotional information can be difficult without the use of neuroimaging methodologies, which are not accessible or affordable to all scientists. Divided visual field presentation of stimuli can allow for the investigation of lateralized processing of information without the use of neuroimaging technology. 
This study compared central versus divided visual field presentations of emotional images to assess differences in motivated attention between the two hemispheres. The late positive potential (LPP) was recorded using electroencephalography (EEG) and event-related potentials (ERPs) methodologies to assess motivated attention. Future work will pair this paradigm with a more active behavioral task to explore the behavioral impacts on the attentional differences found.

This study compared central versus divided visual field presentations of emotional images to assess differences in motivated attention between the two hemispheres. The late positive potential (LPP) was recorded using electroencephalography (EEG) and event-related potentials (ERPs) methodologies to assess motivated attention.

عرض المجال البصري المركزي وتقسيم الصور العاطفية لقياس الاختلافات نصف الكرة الغربي بدافع الاهتمام

Two dominant theories on lateralized processing of emotional information exist in the literature. One theory posits that unpleasant emotions are processed ...

Testing Animal Anxiety in Rats: Effects of Open Arm Ledges and Closed Arm Wall Transparency in Elevated Plus Maze Test

The elevated plus maze test is a behavioral test for assessing animal anxiety in rodents. Although this test is widely applied in the field of behavioral science, conflicting outcomes are often provided from different laboratories. To identify reasons for the different outcomes, we previously focused on arm features, which differ between laboratories, most notably the presence/absence of ledges at the sides of open arms and the transparency/opaqueness of closed arm walls. In a previous report, we used a custom designed container to compare rat behavior on different combinations of open and closed arm designs under otherwise identical experimental conditions, and showed that differences in arm features interfere with experimental outcomes. In brief, open arm ledges significantly increased anxiety-like behavior in rats, while transparent arms may also have decreased this behavior. Furthermore, we verified a higher detection sensitivity of the effect of an anxiolytic drug in a combination of no-ledged open arm + opaque walled closed arm compared with a combination of ledged open arm + transparent walled closed arm. In this report, we introduce our protocol for the elevated plus maze test, together with discussion of the key results from the previous report and our experimental experience. We believe this report will provide useful information for researchers who have employed or who plan to use the elevated plus maze in their studies.

Rats' anxiety-like behavior tested by the elevated plus maze varies highly depending on the testing environment. Here we show how apparatus settings, especially arm structure, affect behavior on the maze, and we explain a reliable protocol to detect effects of anxiolytic drugs. This report will contribute to anxiety research.

اختبار القلق الحيوان في الفئران: آثار الحواف ذراع مفتوحة ومغلقة الذراع الجدار الشفافية في مرتفعة بالإضافة إلى اختبار المتاهة

The elevated plus maze test is a behavioral test for assessing animal anxiety in rodents. Although this test is widely applied in the field of behavioral ...

Analyzing Spatial Learning and Prosocial Behavior in Mice Using the Barnes Maze and Damsel-in-Distress Paradigms

The Barnes maze is a reliable measure of spatial learning and memory that does not require food restriction or exposure to extremely stressful stimuli. The Barnes maze can also assess other mouse behaviors, such as general motivation to escape from the maze platform and exploratory behavior. The Barnes maze can measure whether a genetic mutation or environmental variable can impact the acquisition and retention of spatial memories, as well as provide information about the search strategy employed by the mice. Here we use the Barnes maze to detect a memory deficit in adult mice following a single developmental ethanol exposure event. The newly described Damsel-in-Distress paradigm exposes a male mouse to a female mouse trapped in a chamber in the open center field of the arena. It provides an opportunity for the mouse to socially respond to the trapped female and exhibit prosocial behavior. The Damsel-in-Distress paradigm can also be used to examine mouse behavior in a novel arena and measure locomotor activity. Both the Barnes Maze and the Damsel-in-Distress protocols require minimal financial investment and most aspects of the tests can be constructed from common lab supplies. These flexible and accessible tools can also be used to detect behavioral changes over the course of development.

This protocol measures spatial learning and memory using the Barnes maze. A novel Damsel-in-Distress paradigm is used to assess locomotor activity and prosocial behavior in mice.

تحليل المكاني التعلم والسلوك بروسوسيال في الفئران باستخدام المتاهة بارنز ونماذج الفتاة في محنة

The Barnes maze is a reliable measure of spatial learning and memory that does not require food restriction or exposure to extremely stressful stimuli. ...