Name: use of the open field maze to measure locomotor and anxiety-like behavior in mice
Uploaded: 2015-02-06T15:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 7 min 12 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Use of the Open Field Maze to Measure Locomotor and Anxiety-like Behavior in Mice at JoVE.com

This work was supported by The National Institute of Health (NIH-2RO1NS033661) and by the Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station (HATCH ALA021-1-09017).

NOTE: Toutes les procédures effectuées ici ont été soumises et approuvées par IACUC (Office of Compliance recherche) et ont été réalisées suivant les directives du NIH. Souris utilisées dans le paradigme de tests comportementaux ont été naïf et ne est pas utilisé pour d&#39;autres tests. Le C57BL / 6 de type sauvage et des souris Knock Out utilisé dans ce protocole ont été précédemment décrit 9 et les données présentées ici sont de ce manuscrit. 1. Préparation de la salle d&#39;examen et Open Appareil de terrain <ol><li> Utilisez un champ ouvert labyrinthe unité multiple (OFM) composé de quatre chambres d&#39;activité a été utilisé pour cette analyse (Figure 1). Chaque chambre mesurée 50 cm (longueur) x 50 cm (largeur) x 38 cm (hauteur) et a été faite du blanc haute densité et de plastique non-poreux. </li><li> Texturer les étages du labyrinthe pour la traction lors de la marche alors que les murs du labyrinthe étaient lisses. Quadrants Maze étaient complètement vides pour le but de ce test. En contrepartie du reste de ce protocol, un seul quadrant du labyrinthe décrit ci-dessus sera utilisé pour démontrer l&#39;OFM. </li><li> Essuyez la chambre avec un éthanol à 95% avant l&#39;utilisation et avant que des tests ultérieurs pour enlever tous les indices de parfum laissées par le sujet souris précédente. </li><li> Laisser l&#39;éthanol se évaporer complètement avant de tester la souris. Cela peut prendre de 5 à 10 min entre chaque séance d&#39;essais. </li><li> Pour cette analyse, utilisez le logiciel SMART Suivi vidéo de PanLab / Harvard Apparatus pour enregistrer et évaluer le mouvement de la souris. NOTE: Ne importe quelle caméra de suivi vidéo commerciale et des logiciels peuvent être utilisés pour suivre le sujet de test et évaluer les résultats de le labyrinthe de plein champ. Il est très important pour l&#39;utilisateur final de comprendre comment calibrer et exécutez le logiciel utilisé pour chaque analyse individuelle. Indépendamment de la caméra vidéo et de logiciels de suivi utilisé, on obtient les meilleurs résultats lorsque l&#39;appareil photo et le logiciel sont correctement étalonnés selon les instructions du fabricant. </li><li> Effectuer les tests inorme na éclairage de la pièce capable de contenir l&#39;appareil de labyrinthe et l&#39;ordinateur requis pour exécuter le logiciel. Suspendre la caméra vidéo au-dessus du labyrinthe soit par fixation au plafond ou en utilisant ne importe quel système de support surélevée qui permet à la lentille de la caméra de voir la zone de labyrinthe ensemble (figure 2). </li><li> Comme l&#39;administrateur humaine du test, assurez-vous d&#39;avoir suffisamment d&#39;espace dans la salle pour être complètement observables par les sujets de test dans le labyrinthe afin de ne pas influencer le comportement des souris. </li></ol> 2. Préparer le logiciel pour mesurer l&#39;activité <ol><li> Ouvrez le logiciel de suivi vidéo. </li><li> Une fois le logiciel ouvert, déplacer le curseur sur l&#39;option &quot;de suivi unique sujet&quot; situé sous l&#39;onglet &quot;Data Acquisition» et seul clic pour ouvrir cette option. </li><li> Choisissez l&#39;option &quot;Arrière-plan statique&quot; situé en bas de l&#39;écran. </li><li> Après avoir choisi «Contexte statique&quot; est choisin, il est nécessaire d&#39;utiliser le logiciel pour prendre une image du labyrinthe avant l&#39;addition des sujets d&#39;essai. Pour ce faire, déplacez le curseur sur le bouton &quot;Photo&quot; situé en bas de l&#39;écran et seul clic. REMARQUE: Le logiciel va prendre une photo du scénario sans que le sujet de test qui sera soustraite de l&#39;image prise au cours du processus de suivi. Il en résulte que le mouvement de l&#39;objet en cours d&#39;analyse par le logiciel. </li><li> Assurez-vous que l&#39;image de fond pris ci-dessus est complètement éliminée par le logiciel de suivi en déplaçant le curseur sur le bouton «Test» situé au bas de l&#39;écran et en cliquant une fois. Un champ solide blanc se affiche si l&#39;image de fond est complètement supprimé de l&#39;image de suivi. Si les conditions d&#39;éclairage changent ou le labyrinthe est accidentellement déplacé, vous verrez noirs &quot;ombres&quot; dans ce domaine indiquant les deux images ne coïncident pas parfaitement. Pour remédier à cette situation, il suffit de répéter step 2.4 ci-dessus. </li><li> Après avoir vérifié les paramètres de fond, utilisez l&#39;option de synchronisation pour configurer la façon dont le temps est contrôlée lors de l&#39;acquisition. Pour ce faire, déplacez le curseur sur l&#39;onglet &quot;Configuration&quot; et cliquez une fois sur la rubrique «Timing». Utilisez la nouvelle fenêtre ouverte pour entrer dans les paramètres expérimentaux. </li><li> Pour ce protocole, a choisi l&#39;option &quot;Temps programmé&quot; que la période de suivi de 10 min. Réglez la «période de latence» à 5 sec pour laisser le temps de l&#39;utilisateur de placer la souris dans le centre du labyrinthe et de se éloigner avant le début du suivi. Entrez le &quot;Temps d&#39;acquisition&quot; de 10 min pour la durée de l&#39;essai. Réglez le &quot;Stop commande&quot; réglé sur &quot;Lorsque le temps programmé (10 min) est plus&quot; qui éteint automatiquement l&#39;appareil photo et la fonction de suivi du logiciel. </li><li> Déplacez le curseur sur le bouton &quot;Fermer&quot; après que tous les horaires ont été établis pour fermer la fenêtre. Vous êtes maintenant prêt à commencer le testing procédure. </li></ol> 3. Administration du test Open Field REMARQUE: Le logiciel utilisé dans ce protocole permet le suivi de jusqu&#39;à 16 souris individuelles à un moment. Pour la facilité de réalisation et comme mentionné ci-dessus, le protocole présenté ici est pour une seule souris en utilisant un seul quadrant de la BPI. Pour l&#39;équipement utilisé pour ce protocole, un maximum de quatre souris individuelles pourrait être suivie à l&#39;aide chaque quadrant du labyrinthe. Si en utilisant un labyrinthe multi-enceinte, après avoir placé le premier sujet de souris dans son quadrant défini, placer les souris restantes dans leur quadrant labyrinthe respectif pour analyse de suivi. Pour les fins de ce protocole, d&#39;autres instructions sera spécifique à un seul quadrant du labyrinthe. <ol><li> Apportez les souris dans leurs cages à domicile de leur chambre de logement dans la salle d&#39;examen. Laissez la souris de se acclimater à la salle d&#39;intervention pour un minimum de 30 minutes avant de commencer le test. </li><li> Retirer un seul mOuse de la cage de la maison en saisissant doucement sa queue et placez la souris au milieu du labyrinthe de champ ouvert tout en activant simultanément le logiciel SMART en cliquant une seule sur le bouton Démarrer pour commencer à suivre le mouvement de la souris. Il est normal pour la souris pour déplacer immédiatement sur les parois périphériques du labyrinthe et le moment de la libération et le suivi de la capture de la souris devrait coïncider pour enregistrer ce mouvement. </li><li> Permettre le déplacement libre et ininterrompu du sujet tout au long de la souris le quadrant respective du labyrinthe pour une seule période de 10 minutes au cours de laquelle, le logiciel de suivi sera enregistrer le mouvement (Figure 3). </li><li> À la fin de la période d&#39;essai, ramasser l&#39;objet doucement la souris, le retirer du labyrinthe et le retourner à sa cage. </li><li> Avant de nettoyer le labyrinthe, comptez visuellement les pastilles Boli fécaux présents dans le labyrinthe et manuellement enregistrer les numéros pour une analyse ultérieure. </li><li> Retirez toutes les pelotes fécales et essuyer tous les spots de la miction. Vaporiser le sol et les murs du quadrant de labyrinthe avec 95% d&#39;éthanol et essuyer avec une serviette en papier propre. Permettre à la solution de l&#39;éthanol pour sécher complètement avant de tester d&#39;autres souris. </li><li> Répétez la procédure avec la prochaine souris. </li></ol> 4. Mesure et analyse du comportement lors de la procédure d&#39;essais NOTE: Pour la mesure, trois aspects du comportement en plein champ sont facilement caractérisés en utilisant ce protocole (voir la discussion). Une brève instruction sur la façon d&#39;accéder à ces mesures dans le logiciel de suivi vidéo suit. <ol><li> De l&#39;écran principal du logiciel SMART, déplacer le curseur sur l&#39;onglet &quot;Zones&quot; et seul clic &quot;Définition&quot; pour ouvrir l&#39;éditeur Zone. </li><li> Suivez les instructions détaillées dans le manuel de l&#39;utilisateur du logiciel SMART ne définir des zones ou des grilles de superposer sur les chemins de suivi. Ici, le logiciel a été utilisé pour définir une grille de 5 x 5 cm de 10 cases couvrant la surface du labyrinthe ( <strong&gt; Figure 4). Veillez à enregistrer le fichier de zone créé avant la fermeture de l&#39;éditeur Zone. </li><li> De l&#39;écran principal du logiciel SMART, déplacer le curseur sur l&#39;onglet «Analyse» et seul clic pour ouvrir la fenêtre d&#39;analyse des données. </li><li> Déplacez le curseur sur l&#39;onglet &quot;Fichier&quot; et ouvrez le fichier de zone créé ci-dessus. </li><li> Déplacez le curseur sur l&#39;onglet &quot;Configuration&quot; et ouvrez l&#39;option &quot;Analyse Track&quot;. Cela va ouvrir la fenêtre &quot;configuration d&#39;analyse unique objet&quot;. <ol><li> Déplacez le curseur sur l&#39;onglet &quot;Standard&quot; et déplacer le paramètre &quot;Distance parcourue&quot; Paramètres de la zone Disponible (côté gauche) à la boîte de paramètres inclus (côté droit). </li><li> Déplacez le curseur sur l&#39;onglet &quot;Zones Transitions&quot; et mettre tous les paramètres appropriés à la boîte de paramètres inclus comme ci-dessus. </li><li> Vérifiez que la case &quot;Full Track&quot; est cochée en bas de la fenêtre. </li><li> Move le curseur sur le bouton OK et fermez la fenêtre à sujet unique configuration d&#39;analyse. REMARQUE: Selon l&#39;analyse que vous souhaitez effectuer, beaucoup d&#39;autres options peuvent être choisies dans cette fenêtre pour extraire des données de l&#39;analyse. Lire le manuel de votre programme spécifique de l&#39;utilisateur détaillée pour déterminer quels sont les paramètres les plus importants pour l&#39;analyse de vos données. </li></ol></li><li> Sous l&#39;onglet Fichier en haut à gauche de la fenêtre du programme, ouvrez la fenêtre unique objet de la piste et placer une coche à côté de toutes les pistes en cours d&#39;analyse. Déplacez le curseur sur le bouton coche en haut de la fenêtre et cliquez sur pour fermer la fenêtre Track Explorer. </li><li> Déplacez le curseur sur le bouton &quot;Go&quot; dans la fenêtre d&#39;analyse de données et cliquez pour lancer l&#39;analyse des données de la piste. </li><li> des données d&#39;analyse peuvent être sortie comme soit des fichiers texte ASCII ou il peut être directement exporté dans un tableur Excel. Utilisez les outils de sortie du logiciel que vous utilisez pour la sortie du data pour votre propre usage. REMARQUE: la distance totale parcourue et le temps passé dans les zones indiquées sera sortie en suivant les étapes de l&#39;analyse de données décrites ci-dessus. Encore une fois, il est souligné que les étapes pour atteindre ces mesures représentées ici diffèrent en fonction du logiciel de l&#39;utilisateur utilisé. Mais la donnée elle-même et l&#39;interprétation des résultats doivent être indépendants similaire du programme de logiciel utilisé. Il est également intéressant de noter que le biais de l&#39;administrateur de test est retiré de ce protocole que toutes les données recueillies est quantifiée données mesurées par le logiciel et non l&#39;administrateur. Il n&#39;y a donc pas d&#39;élément qualifiable aux données recueillies de la manière décrite. </li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

L&#39;Open Field Maze est une des plateformes les plus largement utilisés dans les études de comportement des animaux. Un certain nombre de paramètres classiques et éthologiques importants 2,4 peut être collecté et analysé pendant l&#39;exécution de la BCI. Ces données permettent aux chercheurs de mesurer les comportements allant de l&#39;activité globale locomotrice à des comportements émotionnels liés à l&#39;anxiété 8. Cependant, l&#39;utilisation de BCI ne est pas sans ses défa...

The Open Field Maze (OFM) was initially developed in 1934 as a test to measure emotionality in rodents1. It has attained the status of being one of the most widely used measures of behavior in animal psychology2. It provides an easy and fairly rapid assessment of well-defined behaviors requiring no training to the test subject and little to no specialized training for the human administering the test. These attributes have led to wide-spread use of the open field maze in research extended to other animal species such as calves, pigs, rabbits, primates, honeybees and lobsters3. Part of its popularity arises from the fact that the psychological and physiological concepts underlying the tests are generally straight-forward and well understood. For example, it has been postulated that evolutionary forces have selected for a common response in animals such that most species display anxiety-mediated fear or flight responses to specific stimuli. Rodents for example, show distinct aversions to large, brightly lit, open and unknown environments4. We can assume they have been phylogenetically conditioned to see these types of environments as dangerous. All of these features are incorporated in the open field maze and form the basis of its use in behavioral paradigm testing.
An open field maze consists of a wall-enclosed area that is of sufficient height to prevent the subject from escaping. Typical maze shapes are circular or square with an area large enough, based on the size of the subject tested, to elicit a feeling of openness in the center of the maze. A number of variables can be scored in the open field maze with most parameters involving differing types of motor activity2. Ambulation is the most common behavior studied but others such as latency or rearing can also be measured. Most often, rodent behavior is analyzed in a bare maze. However, the addition of objects, either one or many to the maze floor, adds the ability to see how the subject interacts with novel additional stimuli2. Relevant parameters when objects are presented are typically the number of approaches to an object or in some cases, preference or aversion for one object over another.
Many behavioral tests of anxiety are based on the subject animal&#8217;s body activity and locomotion5. Interpreting behavioral tests for emotionality while separating non-emotional confounding factors, such as motor activity, has been the subject of intense debate6,7. As the OFM was originally described, two measures of emotionality can be deduced, locomotor activity and fecal boli deposits or defecation1. However, these two measures have been shown in some studies to be unrelated supporting the conclusion that emotionality in rodents is multidimensional5. Regardless, discrepancies in the literature regarding these measures and emotionality or anxiety in mouse models may be attributed to differences in analysis criteria or differences in testing procedures. Studies have conclusively linked results from OFM analysis with other measures of anxiety when comparing mouse models8.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Multi Unit Open Field Test</td><td>San Diego Instruments, Inc.</td><td>White 7001-0354</td><td>Any single or multi unit open field maze can be used</td></tr><tr><td>SMART DT Tracking Software</td><td>PanLab/Harvard Apparatus</td><td>76-0695</td><td>Any tracking software can be utilized with this protocol</td></tr><tr><td>Sony 990x Video Camera Recorder</td><td>Sony</td><td>CCD-TRV328</td><td>Any suitable video camera can be attached to computer for recording tracking profiles.</td></tr></tbody></table>

use of the open field maze to measure locomotor and anxiety-like behavior in mice

Animal models have proven to be invaluable to researchers trying to answer questions regarding the mechanisms of behavior. The Open Field Maze is one of the most commonly used platforms to measure behaviors in animal models. It is a fast and relatively easy test that provides a variety of behavioral information ranging from general ambulatory ability to data regarding the emotionality of the subject animal. As it relates to rodent models, the procedure allows the study of different strains of mice or rats both laboratory bred and wild-captured. The technique also readily lends itself to the investigation of different pharmacological compounds for anxiolytic or anxiogenic effects. Here, a protocol for use of the open field maze to describe mouse behaviors is detailed and a simple analysis of general locomotor ability and anxiety-related emotional behaviors between two strains of C57BL/6 mice is performed. Briefly, using the described protocol we show Wild Type mice exhibited significantly less anxiety related behaviors than did age-matched Knock Out mice while both strains exhibited similar ambulatory ability.

Le nombre moyen d&#39;individus par souche de souris testées dans la plupart des cas est d&#39;environ 20 pour générer pertinence statistique suffisante. Toutefois, ce nombre peut être de l&#39;ordre de 8 à 30 en fonction de la disponibilité de la souris. En fonction de la mesure ou la comparaison de besoin, il est également avantageux d&#39;utiliser des sujets de même âge. Le premier et sans doute le plus important paramètre spécifique pour mesurer dans le Open Field Maze est la ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Use of the Open Field Maze to Measure Locomotor and Anxiety-like Behavior in Mice at JoVE.com

Use of the Open Field Maze to Measure Locomotor and Anxiety-like Behavior in Mice

A protocol is provided to use an Open Field Maze to access general locomotor activity, anxiety and emotionality in a laboratory mouse model.

L&#39;utilisation de l&#39;Open Field Maze mesurer locomoteur et de l&#39;anxiété comme comportement chez la souris

Animal models have proven to be invaluable to researchers trying to answer questions regarding the mechanisms of behavior. The Open Field Maze is one of ...

use-open-field-maze-to-measure-locomotor-anxiety-like-behavior

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

72.5K vues.  Auburn University. A protocol is provided to use an Open Field Maze to access general locomotor activity, anxiety and emotionality in a laboratory mouse model.

Vidéo: Use of the Open Field Maze to Measure Locomotor and Anxiety-like Behavior in Mice

The Successive Alleys Test of Anxiety in Mice and Rats

The plus-maze was derived from the early work of Montgomery. He observed that rats tended to avoid the open arms of a maze, preferring the enclosed ones. Handley, Mithani and File et al. performed the first studies on the plus-maze design we use today, and in 1987 Lister published a design for use with mice. 
Time spent on, and entries into, the open arms are an index of anxiety; the lower these indices, the more anxious the mouse is. Alternatively, a mouse that spends most of its time in the closed arms is classed as anxious. 
One of the problems of the plus-maze is that, while time spent on, and entries into, the open arms is a fairly unambiguous measure of anxiety, time in the central area is more difficult to interpret, although time spent here has been classified as &#x201C;decision making&#x201D;. In many tests central area time is a considerable part of the total test time.
Shepherd et al. produced an ingenious design to eliminate the central area, which they called the &#x201C;zero maze&#x201D;. However, although used by several groups, it has never been as widely adopted as the plus-maze. 
In the present article I describe a modification of the plus-maze design that not only eliminates the central area but also incorporates elements from other anxiety tests, such as the light-dark box and emergence tests. It is a linear series of four alleys, each having increasing anxiogenic properties. It has given similar results to the plus-maze in general. Although it may not be more sensitive than the plus-maze (more data is needed before a firm conclusion can be reached on this point), it provides a useful confirmation of plus-maze results which would be useful when, for example, only a single example of a mutant mouse was available, as, for example, in ENU-based mutagenesis programs.

The plus-maze measures anxiety-like behaviour in rodents. There are two opposite closed and two opposite open arms; anxious rodents avoid the open arms. The central area is neither completely open nor closed, so time spent here is ambiguous and difficult to interpret. Here a modification of the plus-maze protocol eliminating this area is described.

Les ruelles essais successifs de l&#39;anxiété chez les souris et les rats

The plus-maze was derived from the early work of Montgomery. He observed that rats tended to avoid the open arms of a maze, preferring the enclosed ones.  ...

Recherche

Sciences du comportement

Low-stress Route Learning Using the Lashley III Maze in Mice

Many behavior tests designed to assess learning and memory in rodents, particularly mice, rely on visual cues, food and/or water deprivation, or other aversive stimuli to motivate task acquisition. As animals age, sensory modalities deteriorate. For example, many strains of mice develop hearing deficits or cataracts. Changes in the sensory systems required to guide mice during task acquisition present potential confounds in interpreting learning changes in aging animals. Moreover, the use of aversive stimuli to motivate animals to learn tasks is potentially confounding when comparing mice with differential sensitivities to stress. To minimize these types of confounding effects, we have implemented a modified version of the Lashley III maze. This maze relies on route learning, whereby mice learn to navigate a maze via repeated exposure under low stress conditions, e.g. dark phase, no food/water deprivation, until they navigate a path from the start location to a pseudo-home cage with 0 or 1 error(s) on two consecutive trials. We classify this as a low-stress behavior test because it does not rely on aversive stimuli to encourage exploration of the maze and learning of the task. The apparatus consists of a modular start box, a 4-arm maze body, and a goal box. At the end of the goal box is a pseudo-home cage that contains bedding similar to that found in the animal&#x2019;s home cage and is specific to each animal for the duration of maze testing. It has been demonstrated previously that this pseudo-home cage provides sufficient reward to motivate mice to learn to navigate the maze1. Here, we present the visualization of the Lashley III maze procedure in the context of evaluating age-related differences in learning and memory in mice along with a comparison of learning behavior in two different background strains of mice. We hope that other investigators interested in evaluating the effects of aging or stress vulnerability in mice will consider this maze an attractive alternative to behavioral tests that involve more stressful learning tasks and/or visual cues.

The Lashley III maze is a route-learning task that does not rely on aversive stimuli or visual cues. It is thus a highly attractive option for evaluating learning and memory, especially in aging mice or otherwise where stress is a consideration.

Apprendre la route à faible stress en utilisant le labyrinthe Lashley III chez des souris

Many behavior tests designed to assess learning and memory in rodents, particularly mice, rely on visual cues, food and/or water deprivation, or other ...

Neurosciences

Barnes Maze Testing Strategies with Small and Large Rodent Models

Spatial learning and memory of laboratory rodents is often assessed via navigational ability in mazes, most popular of which are the water and dry-land (Barnes) mazes. Improved performance over sessions or trials is thought to reflect learning and memory of the escape cage/platform location. Considered less stressful than water mazes, the Barnes maze is a relatively simple design of a circular platform top with several holes equally spaced around the perimeter edge. All but one of the holes are false-bottomed or blind-ending, while one leads to an escape cage. Mildly aversive stimuli (e.g.&#160;bright overhead lights) provide motivation to locate the escape cage. Latency to locate the escape cage can be measured during the session; however, additional endpoints typically require video recording. From those video recordings, use of automated tracking software can generate a variety of endpoints that are similar to those produced in water mazes (e.g.&#160;distance traveled, velocity/speed, time spent in the correct quadrant, time spent moving/resting, and confirmation of latency). Type of search strategy (i.e.&#160;random, serial, or direct) can be categorized as well. Barnes maze construction and testing methodologies can differ for small rodents, such as mice, and large rodents, such as rats. For example, while extra-maze cues are effective for rats, smaller wild rodents may require intra-maze cues with a visual barrier around the maze. Appropriate stimuli must be identified which motivate the rodent to locate the escape cage. Both Barnes and water mazes can be time consuming as 4-7 test trials are typically required to detect improved learning and memory performance (e.g.&#160;shorter latencies or path lengths to locate the escape platform or cage) and/or differences between experimental groups. Even so, the Barnes maze is a widely employed behavioral assessment measuring spatial navigational abilities and their potential disruption by genetic, neurobehavioral manipulations, or drug/ toxicant exposure.

The dry-land Barnes maze is widely used to measure spatial navigation ability in response to mildly aversive stimuli. Over consecutive days, performance (e.g.&#160;latency to locate escape cage) of control subjects improves, indicative of normal learning and memory. Differences between rats and mice necessitate apparatus and methodology changes that are detailed here.

Barnes Maze Stratégies de test avec les petites et grandes des modèles de rongeurs

Spatial learning and memory of laboratory rodents is often assessed via navigational ability in mazes, most popular of which are the water and dry-land ...

Place and Response Learning in the Open-field Tower Maze

This protocol describes how the Open-field Tower Maze (OFTM) paradigm is used to study spatial learning in rodents. This maze is especially useful for examining how rats learn to use a place- or response-learning to successfully navigate in an open-field arena. Additionally, this protocol describes how the OFTM differs from other behavioral maze paradigms that are commonly used to study spatial learning in rodents. The OFTM described in this article was adapted from the one previously described by Cole, Clipperton, and Walt (2007). Specifically, the OFTM was created to test spatial learning in rodents without the experimenter having to consider how &#8220;stress&#8221; might play a role as a confounding variable. Experiments have shown that stress-alone can significantly affect cognitive function1. The representative results section contains data from an experiment that used the OFTM to examine the effects of estradiol treatment on place- and response-learning in adult female Sprague Dawley rats2. Future studies will be designed to examine the role of the hippocampus and striatum in place- and response-learning in the OFTM.

The Open-field Tower Maze (OFTM) is a maze created to study the behavioral and neural mechanisms of spatial learning (e.g., place- or response-learning) in rats. This maze is especially useful for experimenters who want to use a non-stressful maze paradigm to investigate spatial learning in their research.

Placez et l&#39;apprentissage de réponse à l&#39;Open-champ Tour Maze

This protocol describes how the Open-field Tower Maze (OFTM) paradigm is used to study spatial learning in rodents. This maze is especially useful for ...

Novel Object Exploration as a Potential Assay for Higher Order Repetitive Behaviors in Mice

Restricted, repetitive behaviors (RRBs) are a core feature of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and disrupt the lives of affected individuals. RRBs are commonly split into lower-order and higher-order components, with lower order RRBs consisting of motor stereotypies and higher order RRBs consisting of perseverative and sequencing behaviors. Higher order RRBs are challenging to model in mice. Current assays for RRBs in mice focus primarily on the lower order components, making basic biomedical research into potential treatments or interventions for higher-order RRBs difficult. Here we describe a new assay, novel object exploration. This assay uses a basic open-field arena with four novel objects placed around the perimeter. The test mouse is allowed to freely explore the arena and the order in which the mouse investigates the novel objects is recorded. From these data, patterned sequences of exploration can be identified, as can the most preferred object for each mouse. The representative data shared here and past results using the novel object exploration assay illustrate that inbred mouse strains do demonstrate different behavior in this assay and that strains with elevated lower order RRBs also show elevated patterned behavior. As such, the novel object exploration assay appears to possess good face validity for higher order RRBs in humans and may be a valuable assay for future studies investigating novel therapeutics for ASD.

Higher order restricted, repetitive behaviors (RRBs) disrupt the lives of affected individuals. These behaviors are challenging to model in rodents, making basic biomedical research into potential treatments or interventions for RRBs difficult. Here we describe novel object exploration as a potential assay for higher order RRBs in mice.

Novel Exploration de l&#39;objet comme un test potentiel pour ordre supérieur Comportements répétitifs chez la souris

Restricted, repetitive behaviors (RRBs) are a core feature of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and disrupt the lives of affected individuals.  RRBs are ...

Elevated Plus Maze for Mice

Although the mouse genome is now completely sequenced, the functions of most of the genes expressed in the brain are not known. The influence of a given gene on a specific behavior can be determined by behavioral analysis of mutant mice. If a target gene is expressed in the brain, behavioral phenotype of the mutant mice could elucidate the genetic mechanism of normal behaviors. The elevated plus maze test is one of the most widely used tests for measuring anxiety-like behavior. The test is based on the natural aversion of mice for open and elevated areas, as well as on their natural spontaneous exploratory behavior in novel environments. The apparatus consists of open arms and closed arms, crossed in the middle perpendicularly to each other, and a center area. Mice are given access to all of the arms and are allowed to move freely between them. The number of entries into the open arms and the time spent in the open arms are used as indices of open space-induced anxiety in mice. Unfortunately, the procedural differences that exist between laboratories make it difficult to duplicate and compare results among laboratories. Here, we present a detailed movie demonstrating our protocol for the elevated plus maze test. In our laboratory, we have assessed more than 90 strains of mutant mice using the protocol shown in the movie. These data will be disclosed as a part of a public database that we are now constructing.
Visualization of the protocol will promote better understanding of the details of the entire experimental procedure, allowing for standardization of the protocols used in different laboratories and comparisons of the behavioral phenotypes of various strains of mutant mice assessed using this test. 


The elevated plus maze test is one of the most widely used tests for measuring anxiety-like behavior in mice. Here, we present a movie showing the detailed procedures for conducting the test.

Elevated Maze Plus pour Souris

Although the mouse genome is now completely sequenced, the functions of most of the genes expressed in the brain are not known. The influence of a given ...

Biologie

Analyzing Spatial Learning and Prosocial Behavior in Mice Using the Barnes Maze and Damsel-in-Distress Paradigms

The Barnes maze is a reliable measure of spatial learning and memory that does not require food restriction or exposure to extremely stressful stimuli. The Barnes maze can also assess other mouse behaviors, such as general motivation to escape from the maze platform and exploratory behavior. The Barnes maze can measure whether a genetic mutation or environmental variable can impact the acquisition and retention of spatial memories, as well as provide information about the search strategy employed by the mice. Here we use the Barnes maze to detect a memory deficit in adult mice following a single developmental ethanol exposure event. The newly described Damsel-in-Distress paradigm exposes a male mouse to a female mouse trapped in a chamber in the open center field of the arena. It provides an opportunity for the mouse to socially respond to the trapped female and exhibit prosocial behavior. The Damsel-in-Distress paradigm can also be used to examine mouse behavior in a novel arena and measure locomotor activity. Both the Barnes Maze and the Damsel-in-Distress protocols require minimal financial investment and most aspects of the tests can be constructed from common lab supplies. These flexible and accessible tools can also be used to detect behavioral changes over the course of development.

This protocol measures spatial learning and memory using the Barnes maze. A novel Damsel-in-Distress paradigm is used to assess locomotor activity and prosocial behavior in mice.

Analysant l’apprentissage Spatial et comportement Prosocial chez la souris à l’aide de la Maze de Barnes et paradigmes de la demoiselle en détresse

The Barnes maze is a reliable measure of spatial learning and memory that does not require food restriction or exposure to extremely stressful stimuli. ...

A Behavioral Test Battery for the Repeated Assessment of Motor Skills, Mood, and Cognition in Mice

Pharmacological and toxicological studies in neurodegeneration require comprehensive behavioral analysis in mice because motor dysfunctions and dysfunctions in mood and cognition are common and often shared symptoms in neurodegenerative diseases. Shown here is a behavioral test battery for motor, mood, and cognition, which can be repeatedly tested in a longitudinal study. This battery assesses the overall behavioral phenotype in mice by examining each domain of behavior with at least two independent well-accepted tests (i.e., open-field test and rotarod test for motor function, social interaction test, elevated plus maze test, and forced swim test for emotional function, and Morris water maze test and novel object recognition test for cognitive function). Therefore, this sensitive and comprehensive test battery is a powerful tool for the study of behavioral alternation in neurodegeneration.

A comprehensive behavioral test battery of motor skills, mood&#8212;including social interaction, depression, and anxiety&#8212;and cognition is designed for the repeated assessment of neurodegeneration-related behavioral changes in mice.

Une batterie de tests comportementaux pour l’évaluation répétée de la motricité, l’humeur et Cognition chez les souris

Pharmacological and toxicological studies in neurodegeneration require comprehensive behavioral analysis in mice because motor dysfunctions and ...

Investigating Migraine-Like Behavior Using Light Aversion in Mice

Migraine is a complex neurological disorder characterized by headache and sensory abnormalities, such as hypersensitivity to light, observed as photophobia. Whilst it is impossible to confirm that a mouse is experiencing migraine, light aversion can be used as a behavioral surrogate for the migraine symptom of photophobia. To test for light aversion, we utilize the light/dark assay to measure the time mice freely choose to spend in either a light or dark environment. The assay has been refined by introducing two critical modifications: pre-exposures to the chamber prior to running the test procedure and adjustable chamber lighting, permitting the use of a range of light intensities from 55 lux to 27,000 lux. Because the choice to spend more time in the dark is also indicative of anxiety, we also utilize a light-independent anxiety test, the open field assay, to distinguish anxiety from light-aversive behavior. Here, we describe a modified test paradigm for the light/dark and open field assays. The application of these assays is described for intraperitoneal injection of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in two mouse strains and for optogenetic brain stimulation studies.

Rodents are not able to report migraine symptoms. Here, we describe a manageable test paradigm (light/dark and open field assays) to measure light aversion, one of the most common and bothersome symptoms in patients with migraines.

Étudier le comportement migraineux à l’aide de l’aversion à la lumière chez la souris

Migraine is a complex neurological disorder characterized by headache and sensory abnormalities, such as hypersensitivity to light, observed as ...

Validation d’un modèle murin du syndrome d’Angelman à l’aide de tests comportementaux

Behavioral Characterization of an Angelman Syndrome Mouse Model

This manuscript describes a battery of behavioral tests available to characterize Angelman syndrome (AS)-like phenotypes in an established murine model of AS. We use the rotarod learning paradigm, detailed gait analysis, and nest building test to detect and characterize animal motor impairments. We test animal emotionality in the open field and elevated plus maze tests, as well as the affect in the tail suspension test. When AS mice are tested in the open field test, the results should be interpreted with care, since motor dysfunctions influence mouse behavior in the maze and alter activity scores.
The reproducibility and effectiveness of the presented behavioral tests has already been validated in several independent Uba3a mouse lines with different knockout variants, establishing this set of tests as an excellent validation tool in AS research. Models with the relevant construct and face validity will warrant further investigations to elucidate the pathophysiology of the disease and grant the development of causal treatments.

Pleins feux sur l’auteur : Une batterie de tests comportementaux hautement reproductibles pour valider un modèle murin du syndrome d’Angelman 

This manuscript presents a set of highly reproducible behavioral tests to validate an Angelman syndrome mouse model.

Caractérisation comportementale d’un modèle murin du syndrome d’Angelman

This manuscript describes a battery of behavioral tests available to characterize Angelman syndrome (AS)-like phenotypes in an established murine model of ...

L'utilisation de l'Open Field Maze mesurer locomoteur et de l'anxiété comme comportement chez la souris

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Les ruelles essais successifs de l'anxiété chez les souris et les rats