Authors would like to thank Peter Mombaerts for the generous gift of OR-GFP mice; Anne Lefranc and the CSGA animal facility for excellent animal care. Funding was provided by CNRS through an ATIP and ATIP Plus grants, by Conseil R&#233;gional de Bourgogne (FABER and PARI grants), by Universit&#233; de Bourgogne (BQR program).

このプロトコルは、大学·デ·ブルゴーニュの動物ケアのガイドラインに従っており、大学·デ·ブルゴーニュの倫理委員会によって承認されました。 1.動物<ol><li>ジャクソン研究所で入手可能な遺伝子操作されたOR-IRES-tauGFPマウスを使用してください。これらのマウスは、嗅覚系19の軸索標的と発展を分析するために、ピーター·Mombaerts「研究室で開発されました。例えば、MOR23-IRES-tauGFPライン、在庫数006643は、公式の歪み名B6を負い、129P2- Olfr16 tm2Mom / MomJ。同様に、SR1-IRES-tauGFPライン、在庫数6717は、正式名称のB6を負い、129P2- Olfr124 tm1Mom / MomJを。 </li><li>動物の年齢について：プロトコルのより良い成果のために、年齢の2および4週間の間、動物を使用しています。この年齢層では、解剖が容易（より柔らかい骨、より強固な嗅上皮）と樹状ノブが双方向であるですgger古い動物と比較します。 </li></ol>電極と溶液の調製<ol><li>刺激ピペットの場合：購入はピペットを刺激prepulled。そうでない場合は、手動でそれらを準備。 <ol><li>炎を使用して、先端から約1cmで6、1mmのガラスピペットを曲げます。アイレットによって強化1.5センチメートル熱収縮チューブでこれらの6つのピペットプラスストレート7 番目に挿入します。 </li><li>熱は、互いに取り付けバレルを維持するためのチューブを縮小します。バレルの他の端に追加の熱収縮チューブを取り付けます。マルチバレルプラーで、この刺激ピペットを引き出します。 </li><li>曲がった先端を強化するためにアイレットの周りにいくつかの白い液体接着剤を追加します。ドライO / Nましょう。 </li></ol></li><li> （：; pHは7.6と305 mOsmでのNaCl 124、KClの3、 硫酸マグネシウム1.3、 塩化カルシウム2、NaHCO 3で26、のNaH 2 PO 4 1.25、グルコース15mMの中で）正常なリンガー細胞外溶液の1または2 Lを準備します。 4°Cで保管してください使用するまで。 </li><li> （mm表示）細胞内のストック溶液を調製する：KClを70、KOH 53、メタンスルホン酸30、EGTA 5、HEPES 10、ショ糖70。 pHを7.2（KOH）と310ミリオスモル。使用するまで4℃で保管してください。数週間のために良いです。 </li><li>実験前（直前に）即時にナイスタチンを有する細胞内記録液を準備します。 <ol><li>ナイスタチンの3 mgの計量、DMSOの50μlを添加します。完全に希釈されるまでボルテックス20秒後、2〜3分を超音波処理します。 </li><li>細胞内の原液5mlのDMSO-ナイスタチン溶液20μlを追加します。ボルテックス20秒は、その後3分間超音波処理します。 4℃でこの溶液を維持し、直接光から保護し、ナイスタチンは、光に敏感です。この溶液は、数時間のために使用することができます。毎日交換してください。 </li><li>嗅上皮製剤は、顕微鏡下であると、電極を埋めるために火炎伸長イエローチップで1mlシリンジに、この溶液の一部を取ります。直接光から保護します。 RT、ナイスタチン溶液を一度に安定していません。時間ごとに注射器や氷の中にそれを保持1mlの溶液を交換してください。 </li></ol></li><li>内部ナイスタチン溶液で15〜20MΩの抵抗と長い首と小さな先端（〜2μm）を得るために、プラーと記録電極を引き出します。 </li><li>ヒュームフードの下でDMSO中に0.5 Mで、付臭剤溶液を調製します。アリコートし、使用するまで-20℃で維持します。所望の濃度まで、リンゲル液中の付臭剤を希釈します。刺激ピペットを埋めます。 </li></ol>嗅上皮の調製注：OR-IRES-tauGFPマウスまたはプロモーターの制御下tauGFPを発現します。これらのマウスでは、関心のORを表す全てのニューロンをGFPで標識されます。このプロトコルは、すべてのゾーンで発現和するように適合されています。しかし、解剖や録音は背側ゾーンで発現論理和のために容易です。 <ol><li>ケタミンとキシラジンの混合を注入することにより、動物を麻酔（150ミリグラム/ kgおよび10mg / kgのBODY体重、それぞれ）。断頭は、若いマウスに対する鋭いハサミでまたは古いマウスに対する適切に維持げっ歯類ギロチンで行うことができます。 <ol><li>リング解剖ハサミを使用すると、背側の皮膚を介して長手方向の内側の切開を行います。それを引き離すことにより、皮膚を削除します。はさみを使用して、顎関節に下顎を切りました。歯に冠状カット平行な上部の前歯を削除します。 </li><li>目の後ろの頭の冠状カットを行い、ヘッドのだけ前方部分を保持します。スコープの下で解剖用の氷冷リンゲル液でそれを浸し。 </li></ol></li><li>スコープの下で解剖：腹側に、上顎/歯に沿った長手方向のカットを行います。鼻腔の背側面以下、縦方向に背側骨をカットします。ほとんどの骨と口蓋を削除します。セプタム、室温で酸素化リンガーにそれに接続されている上皮を転送します。 </li><li>最終的な解剖のための：右の記録を開始する前にセッションでは、ピンセットで基本となる隔壁から上皮を引き剥がします。鉗子でとの密着性が強い中隔の前の部分にある2つの4〜5ミリメ​​ートルのシザーカット（使用microvannasはさみ）で上皮を外します。 <ol><li>慎重中隔上皮への背側の接続に沿ってそれを切断することにより鋤鼻器官を削除します。上向きに粘液層を有する記録チャンバーに上皮を移します。ハープと室内でフラットに保ちます。 </li></ol></li><li>蛍光光学系と感度カメラを搭載した正立顕微鏡下でチャンバーをインストールします。 40Xの水浸対物レンズ（開口数0.8）と拡大レンズによって達成余分2Xや4X拡大による高倍率でのコンピュータ画面上の準備を可視化します。室温で酸素化リンガー（1-2 ml /分）で連続的に灌流。 </li></ol> 4.レコーディングセッション<ol><li>蛍光細胞を検索：480で準備を励起530から550 nmの範囲の光を放射するためのEGFPナノメートル;蛍光と明視野の下で確実に表示されている1樹状ノブをターゲットにしています。 </li><li>ナイスタチンと細胞内液と電極を埋めます。そっと電極をタップして気泡を除去。 </li><li>電極ホルダに電極を挿入し、ピペットで正圧を適用します。抵抗は15〜20MΩでなければなりません。 </li><li>セルの近くに電極をもたらします。抵抗は〜40MΩに達すると、正圧を解放し、ギガシールに到達するまでのわずかな負圧を適用します。 </li><li>シールに到達すると、約-75 mVの膜電位に設定し、 </li><li>セルが開かれると、刺激プロトコル、薬理学的治療を進めます。単一の付臭剤の刺激、自発的活動の記録200〜500ミリ秒の応答を測定するために、500ミリ秒のために刺激して、最大10秒13のための細胞の応答を測定します。薬理学的治療については、次の薬剤を灌流所望の濃度20。 </li></ol> 5.データ解析<ol><li>以下のように、付臭剤の刺激によって誘発された電流を分析します（ミリ秒での最大振幅の90％に達するのに必要な時間、）最大振幅、立上り時間、合計電流（PASの曲線下面積）、時間を50％に（ミリ秒で開始し、最大振幅の50％で応答オフセットとの間の時間）。 <ol><li>描き、ヒル方程式を用いて用量反応曲線をフィット、異なる濃度（最大振幅に達した）ピーク伝達電流を使用する：I = Imaxと/（1 +（K 1/2 / C）N）Iがピーク電流を表します。 、最大応答の半分に達したときのK1 / 2濃度、C付臭剤の濃度とnヒル係数を飽和濃度で最大応答をIMAX。 </li></ol></li><li>最大脱分極のための電流クランプ、踏太で膜電位の記録を分析しますL電位は（mVsecの曲線下面積）を誘発しました。 30秒〜1分の記録を超えるレコード自発スパイク活動。電流（5-10 pA）での注射によって誘発されたスパイクを介してレコード興奮。 </li></ol>

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The authors declare that they have no competing financial interest.

正しく健全なOSNsの特性を監視するために、このプロトコルの能力は、製剤の品質に大きく依存します。したがって、解剖の手順は非常に重要です。最初に、解剖媒体の質（pHは、浸透圧）、酸素および温度（氷のように冷たいが、凍結していない）に注意を払うことが重要です。第二に、解剖ツールと上皮の操作は、損害を回避することができるように制限する必要があります。最後に、可?...

嗅細胞（OSN）は、嗅覚の最初のステップを表しています。げっ歯類で鼻腔を裏打ちする嗅上皮に位置し、彼らは脳にその軸索を介して送信される活​​動電位への臭気物質の化学情報を変換します。より良い嗅覚符号化メカニズムを理解するためには、OSNsの伝達及び膜特性を特徴付けることが必要です。最近まで、哺乳類OSNsの性質を特徴づけるために使用される技術のほとんどが解離OSNs 1-4で行いました。解離過程は、その環境からOSNsを解放するために、様々な機械的および化学的（ すなわち 、酵素）プロセスを使用しています。これらのプロセスは、記録のために利用可能な細胞の数が少ないを誘導します。この低い数字は、GFP標識細胞の場合にはより一層重要になることがあります。解離もsurvivを高めることができるOSNsと嗅上皮の他の細胞との間の局所細胞と細胞の相互作用を除去しますアルとOSNsのプロパティの調整。解離手順を回避するためには、無傷の製剤は、5開発しました。 各OSNは、大規模な多重遺伝子ファミリーの6から選択される一つの嗅覚受容体（OR）を発現します。マウスの主嗅上皮で発現〜千論理和があります。野生型動物で、または多数の、同一または非常に低い発現をOSNsを記録するための機会のために。これらの制限を克服するために、遺伝子標的化マウスが利用可能であるもので識別されたOR蛍光タンパク質で標識されている7-9表す全てOSNs。これらの標識されたOSNsは、前述の欠点を持つ解離準備7,10,11で機能解析を行うために使用されました。遺伝的に標識されたマウスからの無傷の上皮の準備5は、したがって、これらの問題を回避します。それはviの中に近い環境で正確に定義された論理和を表現OSNsの活動の監視を可能にしますできるだけVO。また、OSNsのパッチクランプ記録は、膜の特性、伝達経路の薬理学、リガンド/ OR相互作用の正確な分析を可能にします。すべてのこれらのトピックはほとんど細胞外記録を用いて分析することはできません。我々は、嗅覚受容体SR1とMOR23 12,13を表現OSNsの応答を監視するには、この技術を使用していました。技術の実現可能性は、ニューロン15,16を表現OSNs 14を発現しているMOR23上の他のグループだけでなく、上の他の論理和により確認されました。 OSNsの定義された集団の監視は17、付臭剤誘起塑性18、及び臭気コーディング15における嗅覚受容体の配列の変異の役割を老化、このような開発14のような多くの異なる状況での特性の分析につながることができます。このプロトコルは、このように、膜レベルで定義されたOSNsの機能的特性を監視するための強力なツールを提供します。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="4">heavy equipment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>vibration table with Faraday cage</td>
			<td>TMC</td>
			<td>63-500 SERIES</td>
			<td>required : isolates the recording system from vibrations induced by the environment (movements of experimenter, vibrations of equipment such as fans for cooling computers, etc); can also be purchased with a Faraday cage, or equipped by a custom made Faraday cage; this cage is recommended to avoid electric noise from the environment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="4">optics</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>microscope</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>BX51WI</td>
			<td>upright microcope equipped with epifluorescence; fixed or moving stage depending on the user&#39;s preference</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>objectives</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>LUMPLFL40XW</td>
			<td>at least 2 objectives required: a 4x or 10x for coarse approach to the cell; and a 40x immersion long distance example Olympus LUMPLFL40XW/IR/0,8/WD:3.3 MM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>magnifier</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>U-TVCAC</td>
			<td>ABSOLUTELY REQUIRED: placed in the light path between the objective and the camera; allows to magnify the image on the screen in order to reach precisely the knob with the recording electrode</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>camera</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>DP72</td>
			<td>a good camera is required to see the neurons in fluorescence as well as in bright field; the controlling software is simple and allows to take pictures and do live camera image to monitor the approach of the electrode to the cell. An ultrasensitive camera is not necessary</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>filters</td>
			<td>Olympus/Chroma</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>depending on the fluorescent protein used in the mice; example for GFP: excitation : BP460-490: emission: HQ530/50m</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="4">recording electrodes /system</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>amplifier</td>
			<td>HEKA</td>
			<td>EPC10 USB</td>
			<td>monitors the currents flowing through the recording electrode and also controls the puffing by sending a TTL signal to the spritzer; the EPC10 setup is controled by computer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>software</td>
			<td>HEKA</td>
			<td>Patchmaster</td>
			<td>controls the amplifier during the experiment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>micromanipulator</td>
			<td>Sutter</td>
			<td>MP225</td>
			<td>precision micromanipulator, allows precise movements down to 1/1Oth of a micrometer; this model is very stable; avoid hydraulic manipulators that may drift</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>electrode puller</td>
			<td>sutter</td>
			<td>P97</td>
			<td>with a FT345-B wide trough filament;&#160; to prepare recording pipets of about 2&#181;m diameter with a long tip to reach the cells; the resistance should be 15 to 20Mohm with perforated patch clamp solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>glass</td>
			<td>sutter</td>
			<td>BF120-69-10</td>
			<td>in our recording conditions, this glass is ideal for recording pipets</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>recording chamber</td>
			<td>warner instruments</td>
			<td>RC-26G</td>
			<td>a chamber is needed to set the preparation under the microscope. To maintain the preparation in the center of the chamber, a net/anchor should be used.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="4">stimulation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>glass</td>
			<td>WPI</td>
			<td>TW100F-4</td>
			<td>attached in groups of 7, these pipettes are used to prepare prepulled stimulating pipettes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>multibarrel puller</td>
			<td>MDI</td>
			<td>PMP-107-Z</td>
			<td>by association of pull and twist, this puller allows us to prepare puffing electrodes with 7 barrels</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>precision pressure injector&#160;</td>
			<td>Toohey Company</td>
			<td>P/N T25-1-900 Single Channel&#160;&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>this precision pressure injector&#160; controls the pressure ejected in the multibarrel puller; it is controlled manually or by the amplifier by a 5V&#160; TTLs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>micromanipulator</td>
			<td>Narishige</td>
			<td>YOU-1</td>
			<td>a coarse manipulator is enough to bring the puffing electrode close to the recording site</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>tubings</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>tygon tubing to bring the pressure from the puffer to the puffing pipette</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="4">solutions/perfusion/chemicals</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>vacuum pump</td>
			<td>gardner denver</td>
			<td>300 series</td>
			<td>a vibrating membrane pump is more quiet and efficient than other types of pumps</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>perfusion system</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>gravity perfusion system with polyethlylen tubing to bring in and out the external solution from the recording chamber</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>nystatin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>N3503</td>
			<td>mandatory to perpare internal solution for perforated patch clamp</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DIMETHYL SULFOXIDE</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>D5879</td>
			<td>used to disolve nystatin for internal solution for perforated patch&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium chloride</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>S9625</td>
			<td>extracellular solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium chloride</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P4504</td>
			<td>intracellular/extracellular solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Calcium chloride di hydrate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>C7902</td>
			<td>extracellular solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium phosphate monobasic monohydrate (NaH2PO4)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>S9638</td>
			<td>extracellular solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Magnesium sulfate heptahydrate (MgSO4 7H2O)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>63140</td>
			<td>extracellular solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glucose</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>G8270</td>
			<td>extracellular solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium bicarbonate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>S6297</td>
			<td>extracellular solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EGTA (Ethylene glycol-bis(2-aminoethylether)-N,N,N&#8242;,N&#8242;-tetraacetic acid)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>E3889</td>
			<td>internal solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium hydroxyde</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P1767</td>
			<td>internal solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MethylSulfoxide</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>47,135-6</td>
			<td>intracellular solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hepes-Na</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>H7006</td>
			<td>intracellular solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sucrose</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>S0389</td>
			<td>intracellular solution</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

perforated patch-clamp recording of mouse olfactory sensory neurons in intact neuroepithelium: functional analysis of neurons expressing an identified odorant receptor

特異的なリガンドで刺激すると嗅細胞（OSN）の生理的反応を分析する嗅覚主導の行動とその変調の基礎を理解することが重要です。これらの符号化特性は、匂い分子と嗅覚受容体（OR）との間の最初の相互作用に大きく依存OSNsで表されます。表現または重要であるのアイデンティティ、特異性およびリガンドスペクトル。 ORのリガンドを発見する確率は非常に低い上皮内でランダムに選択されたOSNで表されます。この課題に対処するため、このプロトコルは、定義されたORのプロモーターの制御下で蛍光タンパク質GFPを発現する遺伝子タグ付きマウスを使用しています。 OSNsは、隣接するセルは、それらの成熟と機能に影響を与えると、鼻腔ライニングしっかりと組織化上皮に位置しています。ここでは、OSNs eの特性をそのまま嗅上皮を分離し、パッチクランプ記録を介して記録する方法を説明します定義された嗅覚受容体をxpressing。プロトコルは、隣接する組織の影響力を維持しながら一つはOSNの膜特性を特徴付けることができます。パッチクランプ結果の分析は、リガンド/ OR相互作用、伝達経路および薬理学、OSNs &#39;コードの特性と膜レベルでのそれらの変調の正確な定量化をもたらします。

このプロトコルの結果は、解剖の品質に依存します。この解剖の手順は、（ すなわち、上皮の損傷を避けるために）短い（10〜15分未満）および正確でなければなりません。 図1は、理想的な準備は、異なる倍率レベルでどのように見えるかを示しています。明視野下での低倍率では（例えば、支持細胞OSNsのノブなど）異なる細胞型は区別できる（ 図1A）です?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Perforated Patch-clamp Recording of Mouse Olfactory Sensory Neurons in Intact Neuroepithelium: Functional Analysis of Neurons Expressing an Identified Odorant

Perforated Patch-clamp Recording of Mouse Olfactory Sensory Neurons in Intact Neuroepithelium: Functional Analysis of Neurons Expressing an Identified Odorant Receptor

Analyzing the physiological properties of olfactory sensory neurons still faces technical limitations. Here we record them through perforated patch-clamp in an intact preparation of the olfactory epithelium in gene-targeted mice. This technique allows the characterization of membrane properties and responses to specific ligands of neurons expressing defined olfactory receptors.

無傷の神経上皮におけるマウス嗅細胞の穿孔パッチクランプ記録：同定された嗅覚受容体を発現するニューロンの機能解析

Analyzing the physiological responses of olfactory sensory neurons (OSN) when stimulated with specific ligands is critical to understand the basis of ...

perforated-patch-clamp-recording-mouse-olfactory-sensory-neurons

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

26.6K ビュー.  Université de Bourgogne. Analyzing the physiological properties of olfactory sensory neurons still faces technical limitations. Here we record them through perforated patch-clamp in an intact preparation of the olfactory epithelium in gene-targeted mice. This technique allows the characterization of membrane properties and responses to specific ligands of neurons expressing defined olfactory receptors.

ビデオ: Perforated Patch-clamp Recording of Mouse Olfactory Sensory Neurons in Intact Neuroepithelium: Functional Analysis of Neurons Expressing an Identified Odorant Receptor

Analyzing Responses of Mouse Olfactory Sensory Neurons Using the Air-phase Electroolfactogram Recording

Animals depend on olfaction for many critical behaviors, such as finding food sources, avoiding predators, and identifying conspecifics for mating and other social interactions. The electroolfactogram (EOG) recording is an informative, easy to conduct, and reliable method to assay olfactory function at the level of the olfactory epithelium. Since the 1956 description of the EOG by Ottoson in frogs1, the EOG recording has been applied in many vertebrates including salamanders, rabbits, rats, mice, and humans (reviewed by Scott and Scott-Johnson, 2002, ref. 2). The recent advances in genetic modification in mice have rekindled interest in recording the EOG for physiological characterization of olfactory function in knock-out and knock-in mice. EOG recordings have been successfully applied to demonstrate the central role of olfactory signal transduction components3-8, and more recently to characterize the contribution of certain regulatory mechanisms to OSN responses9-12.
Odorant detection occurs at the surface of the olfactory epithelium on the cilia of OSNs, where a signal transduction cascade leads to opening of ion channels, generating a current that flows into the cilia and depolarizes the membrane13. The EOG is the negative potential recorded extracellularly at the surface of the olfactory epithelium upon odorant stimulation, resulting from a summation of the potential changes caused by individual responsive OSNs in the recording field2. Comparison of the amplitude and kinetics of the EOG thus provide valuable information about how genetic modification and other experimental manipulations influence the molecular signaling underlying the OSN response to odor. 
Here we describe an air-phase EOG recording on a preparation of mouse olfactory turbinates. Briefly, after sacrificing the mouse, the olfactory turbinates are exposed by bisecting the head along the midline and removing the septum. The turbinate preparation is then placed in the recording setup, and a recording electrode is placed at the surface of the olfactory epithelium on one of the medial turbinates. A reference electrode is electrically connected to the tissue through a buffer solution. A continuous stream of humidified air is blown over the surface of the epithelium to keep it moist. The vapor of odorant solutions is puffed into the stream of humidified air to stimulate the epithelium. Responses are recorded and digitized for further analysis.

The electroolfactogram (EOG) recording is an informative, easy-to-conduct, and reliable way of assessing olfactory function at the level of the olfactory epithelium. This protocol describes a recording setup, mouse tissue preparation, data collection, and basic data analysis.

空気相Electroolfactogram記録を用いたマウス嗅覚神経細胞の分析応答

Animals depend on olfaction for many critical behaviors, such as finding food sources, avoiding predators, and identifying conspecifics for mating and ...

神経科学

Patch Clamp Recordings from Mouse Retinal Neurons in a Dark-adapted Slice Preparation

Our visual experience is initiated when the visual pigment in our retinal photoreceptors absorbs photons of light energy and initiates a cascade of intracellular events that lead to closure of cyclic-nucleotide-gated channels in the cell membrane. The resulting change in membrane potential leads in turn to reductions in the amount of neurotransmitter release from both rod and cone synaptic terminals. To measure how the light-evoked change in photoreceptor membrane potential leads to downstream activity in the retina, scientists have made electrophysiological recordings from retinal slice preparations for decades1,2. In the past these slices have been cut manually with a razor blade on retinal tissue that is attached to filter paper; in recent years another method of slicing has been developed whereby retinal tissue is embedded in low gelling temperature agar and sliced in cool solution with a vibrating microtome3,4. This preparation produces retinal slices with less surface damage and very robust light-evoked responses. Here we document how this procedure can be done under infrared light to avoid bleaching the visual pigment.

Here we describe a procedure for generating dark-adapted slices of the mouse retina for electrophysiological recordings.

暗順応スライス標本におけるマウス網膜神経細胞からパッチクランプ記録

Our visual experience is initiated when the visual pigment in our retinal photoreceptors absorbs photons of light energy and initiates a cascade of ...

Lentivirus-mediated Genetic Manipulation and Visualization of Olfactory Sensory Neurons in vivo

Development of a precise olfactory circuit relies on accurate projection of olfactory sensory neuron (OSN) axons to their synaptic 
targets in the olfactory bulb (OB). The molecular mechanisms of OSN axon growth and targeting are not well understood. Manipulating gene expression and subsequent 
visualizing of single OSN axons and their terminal arbor morphology have thus far been challenging. To study gene function at the single cell level within a specified 
time frame, we developed a lentiviral based technique to manipulate gene expression in OSNs in vivo. Lentiviral particles are delivered to OSNs by microinjection 
into the olfactory epithelium (OE). Expression cassettes are then permanently integrated into the genome of transduced OSNs. Green fluorescent protein expression 
identifies infected OSNs and outlines their entire morphology, including the axon terminal arbor. Due to the short turnaround time between microinjection and 
reporter detection, gene function studies can be focused within a very narrow period of development. With this method, we have detected GFP expression within as 
few as three days and as long as three months following injection. We have achieved both over-expression and shRNA mediated knock-down by lentiviral microinjection. 
This method provides detailed morphologies of OSN cell bodies and axons at the single cell level in vivo, and thus allows characterization of candidate gene function 
during olfactory development.

Lentivirus-mediated Genetic Manipulation and Visualization of Olfactory Sensory Neurons in vivo

We present a lentiviral technique for genetic manipulation and visualization of single olfactory sensory neuron axon and its terminal arborization in vivo.

嗅神経細胞のレンチウイルスを介した遺伝子操作と可視化 in vivoで</em

Development of a precise olfactory circuit relies on accurate projection of olfactory sensory neuron (OSN) axons to their synaptic 
targets in the ...

Flash Photolysis of Caged Compounds in the Cilia of Olfactory Sensory  Neurons

Photolysis of caged compounds allows the production of rapid and localized increases in the concentration of various physiologically active compounds1. Caged compounds are molecules made physiologically inactive by a chemical cage that can be broken by a flash of ultraviolet light. Here, we show how to obtain patch-clamp recordings combined with photolysis of caged compounds for the study of olfactory transduction in dissociated mouse olfactory sensory neurons. The process of olfactory transduction (Figure 1) takes place in the cilia of olfactory sensory neurons, where odorant binding to receptors leads to the increase of cAMP that opens cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) channels2. Ca entry through CNG channels activates Ca-activated Cl channels. We show how to dissociate neurons from the mouse olfactory epithelium3 and how to activate CNG channels or Ca-activated Cl channels by photolysis of caged cAMP4 or caged Ca5. We use a flash lamp6,7 to apply ultraviolet flashes to the ciliary region to uncage cAMP or Ca while patch-clamp recordings are taken to measure the current in the whole-cell voltage-clamp configuration8-11.

Photolysis of caged compounds allows the production of rapid and localized increases in the concentration of various physiologically active compounds. Here, we show how to obtain patch-clamp recordings combined with photolysis of caged cAMP or caged Ca for the study of olfactory transduction in dissociated mouse olfactory sensory neurons.

嗅神経細胞の繊毛のケージド化合物のフラッシュフォトリシス

Photolysis of caged compounds allows the production of rapid and localized increases in the concentration of various physiologically active compounds1. ...

Simultaneous Recording of Calcium Signals from Identified Neurons and Feeding Behavior of Drosophila melanogaster

To study neuronal networks in terms of their function in behavior, we must analyze how neurons operate when each behavioral pattern is generated. Thus, simultaneous recordings of neuronal activity and behavior are essential to correlate brain activity to behavior. For such behavioral analyses, the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, allows us to incorporate genetically encoded calcium indicators such as GCaMP1, to monitor neuronal activity, and to use sophisticated genetic manipulations for optogenetic or thermogenetic techniques to specifically activate identified neurons2-5. Use of a thermogenetic technique has led us to find critical neurons for feeding behavior (Flood et al., under revision). As a main part of feeding behavior, a Drosophila adult extends its proboscis for feeding6 (proboscis extension response; PER), responding to a sweet stimulus from sensory cells on its proboscis or tarsi. Combining the protocol for PER7 with a calcium imaging technique8 using GCaMP3.01, 9, I have established an experimental system, where we can monitor activity of neurons in the feeding center &#x2013; the suboesophageal ganglion (SOG), simultaneously with behavioral observation of the proboscis. I have designed an apparatus ("Fly brain Live Imaging and Electrophysiology Stage": "FLIES") to accommodate a Drosophila adult, allowing its proboscis to freely move while its brain is exposed to the bath for Ca2+ imaging through a water immersion lens. The FLIES is also appropriate for many types of live experiments on fly brains such as electrophysiological recording or time lapse imaging of synaptic morphology. Because the results from live imaging can be directly correlated with the simultaneous PER behavior, this methodology can provide an excellent experimental system to study information processing of neuronal networks, and how this cellular activity is coupled to plastic processes and memory.

Simultaneous Recording of Calcium Signals from Identified Neurons and Feeding Behavior of Drosophila melanogaster

The fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, extends its proboscis for feeding, responding to a sugar stimulus from its proboscis or tarsus. I have combined observations of the proboscis extension response (PER) with a calcium imaging technique, allowing us to monitor the activity of neurons in the brain, simultaneously with behavioral observation.

同定されたニューロンと摂食行動からカルシウム信号の同時記録キイロショウジョウバエ</em

To study neuronal networks in terms of their function in behavior, we must analyze how neurons operate when each behavioral pattern is generated.  Thus, ...

Odorant-induced Responses Recorded from Olfactory Receptor Neurons using the Suction Pipette Technique

Animals sample the odorous environment around them through the chemosensory systems located in the nasal cavity. Chemosensory signals affect complex behaviors such as food choice, predator, conspecific and mate recognition and other socially relevant cues. Olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) are located in the dorsal part of the nasal cavity embedded in the olfactory epithelium. These bipolar neurons send an axon to the olfactory bulb (see Fig. 1, Reisert &amp; Zhao1, originally published in the Journal of General Physiology) and extend a single dendrite to the epithelial border from where cilia radiate into the mucus that covers the olfactory epithelium. The cilia contain the signal transduction machinery that ultimately leads to excitatory current influx through the ciliary transduction channels, a cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) channel and a Ca2+-activated Cl- channel (Fig. 1). The ensuing depolarization triggers action potential generation at the cell body2-4.
In this video we describe the use of the "suction pipette technique" to record odorant-induced responses from ORNs. This method was originally developed to record from rod photoreceptors5 and a variant of this method can be found at jove.com modified to record from mouse cone photoreceptors6. The suction pipette technique was later adapted to also record from ORNs7,8. Briefly, following dissociation of the olfactory epithelium and cell isolation, the entire cell body of an ORN is sucked into the tip of a recording pipette. The dendrite and the cilia remain exposed to the bath solution and thus accessible to solution changes to enable e.g. odorant or pharmacological blocker application. In this configuration, no access to the intracellular environment is gained (no whole-cell voltage clamp) and the intracellular voltage remains free to vary. This allows the simultaneous recording of the slow receptor current that originates at the cilia and fast action potentials fired by the cell body9. The difference in kinetics between these two signals allows them to be separated using different filter settings. This technique can be used on any wild type or knockout mouse or to record selectively from ORNs that also express GFP to label specific subsets of ORNs, e.g. expressing a given odorant receptor or ion channel.

Olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) convert odor signals first into a receptor current that in turn triggers action potentials that are conveyed to second order neurons in the olfactory bulb. Here we describe the suction pipette technique to record simultaneously the odorant-induced receptor current and action potentials from mouse ORNs.

吸引ピペット技術を用いた嗅覚受容ニューロンから記録匂い物質誘発性応答

Animals sample the odorous environment around them through the chemosensory systems located in the nasal cavity. Chemosensory signals affect complex ...

Retrograde Fluorescent Labeling Allows for Targeted Extracellular Single-unit Recording from Identified Neurons In vivo

The overall goal of this method is to record single-unit responses from an identified population of neurons. In vivo electrophysiological recordings from individual neurons are critical for understanding how neural circuits function under natural conditions. Traditionally, these recordings have been performed 'blind', meaning the identity of the recorded cell is unknown at the start of the recording. Cellular identity can be subsequently determined via intracellular1, juxtacellular2 or loose-patch3 iontophoresis of dye, but these recordings cannot be pre-targeted to specific neurons in regions with functionally heterogeneous cell types. Fluorescent proteins can be expressed in a cell-type specific manner permitting visually-guided single-cell electrophysiology4-6. However, there are many model systems for which these genetic tools are not available. Even in genetically accessible model systems, the desired promoter may be unknown or genetically homogenous neurons may have varying projection patterns. Similarly, viral vectors have been used to label specific subgroups of projection neurons7, but use of this method is limited by toxicity and lack of trans-synaptic specificity. Thus, additional techniques that offer specific pre-visualization to record from identified single neurons in vivo are needed. Pre-visualization of the target neuron is particularly useful for challenging recording conditions, for which classical single-cell recordings are often prohibitively difficult8-11. The novel technique described in this paper uses retrograde transport of a fluorescent dye applied using tungsten needles to rapidly and selectively label a specific subset of cells within a particular brain region based on their unique axonal projections, thereby providing a visual cue to obtain targeted electrophysiological recordings from identified neurons in an intact circuit within a vertebrate CNS.
The most significant novel advancement of our method is the use of fluorescent labeling to target specific cell types in a non-genetically accessible model system. Weakly electric fish are an excellent model system for studying neural circuits in awake, behaving animals12. We utilized this technique to study sensory processing by "small cells" in the anterior exterolateral nucleus (ELa) of weakly electric mormyrid fish. "Small cells" are hypothesized to be time comparator neurons important for detecting submillisecond differences in the arrival times of presynaptic spikes13. However, anatomical features such as dense myelin, engulfing synapses, and small cell bodies have made it extremely difficult to record from these cells using traditional methods11, 14. Here we demonstrate that our novel method selectively labels these cells in 28% of preparations, allowing for reliable, robust recordings and characterization of responses to electrosensory stimulation.

Retrograde Fluorescent Labeling Allows for Targeted Extracellular Single-unit Recording from Identified Neurons In vivo

Retrograde transport of fluorescent dye labels a sub-population of neurons based on anatomical projection. Labeled axons can be visually targeted in vivo, permitting extracellular recording from identified axons. This technique facilitates recording when neurons cannot be labeled through genetic manipulation or are difficult to isolate using 'blind' in vivo approaches.

逆行性蛍光標識は、特定された神経細胞から標的細胞外シングルユニット記録を可能にします<em生体内で&gt;</em

The overall goal of this method is to record single-unit responses from an identified population of neurons. In vivo electrophysiological recordings from ...

Recording Electrical Activity from Identified Neurons in the Intact Brain of Transgenic Fish

Understanding the cell physiology of neural circuits that regulate complex behaviors is greatly enhanced by using model systems in which this work can be performed in an intact brain preparation where the neural circuitry of the CNS remains intact. We use transgenic fish in which gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons are genetically tagged with green fluorescent protein for identification in the intact brain. Fish have multiple populations of GnRH neurons, and their functions are dependent on their location in the brain and the GnRH gene that they express1 . We have focused our demonstration on GnRH3 neurons located in the terminal nerves (TN) associated with the olfactory bulbs using the intact brain of transgenic medaka fish (Figure 1B and C). Studies suggest that medaka TN-GnRH3 neurons are neuromodulatory, acting as a transmitter of information from the external environment to the central nervous system; they do not play a direct role in regulating pituitary-gonadal functions, as do the well-known hypothalamic GnRH1 neurons2, 3 .The tonic pattern of spontaneous action potential firing of TN-GnRH3 neurons is an intrinsic property4-6, the frequency of which is modulated by visual cues from conspecifics2 and the neuropeptide kisspeptin 15. In this video, we use a stable line of transgenic medaka in which TN-GnRH3 neurons express a transgene containing the promoter region of Gnrh3 linked to enhanced green fluorescent protein7 to show you how to identify neurons and monitor their electrical activity in the whole brain preparation6.

In this video, we will demonstrate how to record electrical activity from identified single neurons in a whole brain preparation, which preserves complex neural circuits. We use transgenic fish in which gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons are genetically tagged with a fluorescent protein for identification in the intact brain preparation.

トランスジェニックフィッシュの無傷の脳内で識別ニューロンからの電気的活動を記録する

Understanding the cell physiology of neural circuits that regulate complex behaviors is greatly enhanced by using model systems in which this work can be ...

Isolation of Sensory Neurons of Aplysia californica for Patch Clamp Recordings of Glutamatergic Currents

The marine gastropod mollusk Aplysia californica has a venerable history as a model of nervous system function, with particular significance in studies of learning and memory. The typical preparations for such studies are ones in which the sensory and motoneurons are left intact in a minimally dissected animal, or a technically elaborate neuronal co-culture of individual sensory and motoneurons. Less common is the isolated neuronal preparation in which small clusters of nominally homogeneous neurons are dissociated into single cells in short term culture. Such isolated cells are useful for the biophysical characterization of ion currents using patch clamp techniques, and targeted modulation of these conductances. A protocol for preparing such cultures is described. The protocol takes advantage of the easily identifiable glutamatergic sensory neurons of the pleural and buccal ganglia, and describes their dissociation and minimal maintenance in culture for several days without serum.

Isolation of Sensory Neurons of Aplysia californica for Patch Clamp Recordings of Glutamatergic Currents

We describe the dissection of the nervous system of the marine sea hare Aplysia after anesthesia, the isolation of neurons for short term-tissue culture, and recordings of single cell ion currents via the patch clamp technique.

の感覚ニューロンの分離<em&gt;アメフラシカリフォルニ</em&gt;グルタミン酸作動電流のパッチクランプ記録のために

The marine gastropod mollusk Aplysia californica has a venerable  history as a model of nervous system function, with particular significance in  studies ...

Intracellular Recording, Sensory Field Mapping, and Culturing Identified Neurons in the Leech, Hirudo medicinalis

The freshwater leech, Hirudo medicinalis, is a versatile model organism that has been used to address scientific questions in the fields of neurophysiology, neuroethology, and developmental biology. The goal of this report is to consolidate experimental techniques from the leech system into a single article that will be of use to physiologists with expertise in other nervous system preparations, or to biology students with little or no electrophysiology experience. We demonstrate how to dissect the leech for recording intracellularly from identified neural circuits in the ganglion. Next we show how individual cells of known function can be removed from the ganglion to be cultured in a Petri dish, and how to record from those neurons in culture. Then we demonstrate how to prepare a patch of innervated skin to be used for mapping sensory or motor fields. These leech preparations are still widely used to address basic electrical properties of neural networks, behavior, synaptogenesis, and development. They are also an appropriate training module for neuroscience or physiology teaching laboratories.

Intracellular Recording, Sensory Field Mapping, and Culturing Identified Neurons in the Leech, Hirudo medicinalis

This article describes three nervous system preparations using leeches: intracellular recording from neurons in ventral ganglia, culturing neurons from ventral ganglia, and recording from a patch of innervated skin to map sensory fields.

無傷の神経上皮におけるマウス嗅細胞の穿孔パッチクランプ記録：同定された嗅覚受容体を発現するニューロンの機能解析

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空気相Electroolfactogram記録を用いたマウス嗅覚神経細胞の分析応答

暗順応スライス標本におけるマウス網膜神経細胞からパッチクランプ記録

嗅神経細胞のレンチウイルスを介した遺伝子操作と可視化 in vivoで

嗅神経細胞の繊毛のケージド化合物のフラッシュフォトリシス

同定されたニューロンと摂食行動からカルシウム信号の同時記録キイロショウジョウバエ

吸引ピペット技術を用いた嗅覚受容ニューロンから記録匂い物質誘発性応答

逆行性蛍光標識は、特定された神経細胞から標的細胞外シングルユニット記録を可能にします

トランスジェニックフィッシュの無傷の脳内で識別ニューロンからの電気的活動を記録する

の感覚ニューロンの分離

細胞内記録、感覚野のマッピング、および培養は、リーチのニューロンを同定しヒルドmedicinalis