Authors would like to thank Peter Mombaerts for the generous gift of OR-GFP mice; Anne Lefranc and the CSGA animal facility for excellent animal care. Funding was provided by CNRS through an ATIP and ATIP Plus grants, by Conseil R&#233;gional de Bourgogne (FABER and PARI grants), by Universit&#233; de Bourgogne (BQR program).

Bu protokol Université de Bourgogne hayvan bakım kuralları takip ve Université de Bourgogne etik kurul tarafından onaylandı. 1. Hayvanlar <ol><li> Jackson Laboratuvarı&#39;nda mevcut genetik olarak OR-IRES-tauGFP fareler kullanın. Bu fareler koku alma sisteminin 19 akson hedefleme ve gelişimini analiz etmek için Dr. Peter Mombaerts &#39;laboratuvarda geliştirilmiştir. Örneğin, MOR23-IRES-tauGFP hattı, stok numarası 006643, resmi gerilme adı B6 taşır; 129P2- Olfr16 tm2Mom / MomJ; Benzer şekilde, SR1-IRES-tauGFP hattı, stok numarası 6717 resmi adı B6 taşır; 129P2- Olfr124 tm1Mom / MomJ. </li><li> Hayvanların yaşı ile ilgili olarak: protokolünün daha iyi bir sonuç için, yaş 2 ve 4 hafta arasında hayvanları kullanın. Bu yaş grubunda, diseksiyon daha kolay (yumuşak kemikler, sıkı koku epiteli) ve dendritik topuzlar bi olmasıdırgger yaşlı hayvanlarda karşılaştırın. </li></ol> Elektrotlar ve Çözümleri 2. Hazırlık <ol><li> Uyarıcı pipetler için: Satın alma pipetler uyarıcı prepulled. Aksi takdirde, elle onları hazırlamak. <ol><li> Bir alevi kullanarak, ucundan yaklaşık 1 cm altı 1 mm cam pipetler bükün. Bir delikten tarafından güçlendirmek 1,5 cm ısıyla daralan boru bu altı pipetler artı düz 7 inci takın. </li><li> Isı birlikte ekli varil korumak için boru küçültmek. Varil diğer ucuna ek bir ısı shrink boru takın. Çok varil çektirmesi ile bu uyarıcı pipet çekin. </li><li> Bükülmüş ipuçları güçlendirmek için deliğinden etrafında bazı beyaz sıvı tutkal ekleyin. Kuru O / N edelim. </li></ol></li><li> Normal Ringer hücre dışı solüsyon, 1 veya 2 L hazırlayın (mM olarak: NaCl 124, KCI 3, MgSO 4 1.3, CaCl2 2, NaHCO 3 26 NaH 2 PO 4 1.25, glükoz 15; pH 7.6, 305 mOsm). 4 ° C&#39;de tutunkullanılıncaya kadar. </li><li> (MM olarak) hücre içi bir stok çözelti hazırlayın: KCI 70, KOH 53, metansülfonik asit, 30 EGTA 5, HEPES 10, sukroz 70; pH 7.2 (KOH) ve 310 mOsm. Kullanılana kadar 4 ° C &#39;de muhafaza edin. Birkaç hafta için iyi. </li><li> Deneyden önce (son dakikada) ekstemporane nystatin ile hücre içi kayıt çözeltisi hazırlayın. <ol><li> DMSO 50 ul ekleyin, nistatin 3 mg tartılır; tamamen seyreltilmiş kadar vorteks 20 sn sonra 2-3 dakika sonikasyon. </li><li> Hücre içi stok çözeltisi, 5 ml DMSO-nistatin çözeltisi 20 ul ekle. Vortex 20 sn, daha sonra 3 dakika sonikasyon. 4 ° C &#39;de, bu çözüm tutun ve doğrudan ışıktan korumak, nistatin ışığa duyarlıdır. Bu çözelti, birkaç saat süre ile kullanılabilir. Her gün değiştirin. </li><li> Koku epiteli hazırlık mikroskop altında sonra, elektrotlar doldurmak için bir alev uzatılmış sarı ucu ile 1 ml şırınga içinde bu çözümün bir kısmını almak; Doğrudan ışıktan korumak. Oda sıcaklığında, nistatin çözelti bir kezsabit değildir; her saat şırınga veya buz tutmak ml, 1 çözüm değiştirin. </li></ol></li><li> İç nystatin çözeltisi ile 15-20 M? Bir direnç ile uzun boyun ve küçük bir ipucu (~ 2 mikron) elde etmek için bir çektirmenin ile kayıt elektrotları çekin. </li><li> Davlumbaz altında DMSO içinde 0.5 M de odorant çözeltisi hazırlayın; eş-payı ve kullanılana kadar -20 ° C&#39;de saklayın. Istenen konsantrasyona kadar, Ringer çözeltisi içinde Deodorantını seyreltin. Uyarıcı pipet doldurun. </li></ol> Koku Epitelinin 3. hazırlanması Not: TD-IRES-tauGFP fareler ya da promotörün kontrolü altında tauGFP ifade eder. Bu farelerde, ilgi OR ifade tüm nöronlar GFP ile etiketlenmiş. Bu protokol tüm bölgeler ifade ameliyathanelerinde için uyarlanmıştır. Ancak, disseksiyonları ve kayıtlar dorsal bölgesinde ifade ameliyathanelerinde için daha kolaydır. <ol><li> Ketamin ve ksilazin (150 mg / kg ve 10 mg / kg Yönetim Kurulu karışımı enjekte edilerek hayvan anestezisiy ağırlık). Dekapitasyon genç farelerde ya da yaşlı fareler için uygun bir şekilde muhafaza kemirgen giyotinle birlikte keskin bir makasla gerçekleştirilebilir. <ol><li> Kullanımı halka diseksiyon makas dorsal deri yoluyla uzunlamasına bir medial kesi yapmak. Bunu dışında çekerek cildi çıkartın. Makas kullanarak, çene eklemi alt çene kesti. Dişlere koronal kesim paralel olarak üst ön dişleri çıkarın. </li><li> Gözlerinin arkasında başın bir koronal kesim olun ve başın sadece ön kısmını tutun. Kapsamında diseksiyon için buz Ringer çözeltisi içinde bunu batırın. </li></ol></li><li> Kapsamında ayır: ventral tarafında, üst çene / diş boyunca uzunlamasına kesim yapmak. Burun boşluğunun dorso-yan tarafında takip, uzunlamasına sırt kemikleri kesin. En kemikleri ve damak kaldır; oda sıcaklığında oksijenli Ringer buna bağlı septum ve epitel aktarın. </li><li> Son diseksiyon için: Sağ kayda başlamadan önceoturum forseps ile altta yatan septum gelen epitel uzak soyun. Forseps ile ve yapışma güçlü septum ön kısmında iki 4-5 mm makas darbeleri (kullanım microvannas makas) ile epitel ayırın. <ol><li> Dikkatle septal epiteline dorsal bağlantısı boyunca dışarı keserek vomeronasal organı çıkarın. Yukarı bakacak şekilde mukus tabakası ile bir kayıt odasına epitel aktarın; Bir harp ile odasında düz tutun. </li></ol></li><li> Floresan optik ve hassas bir kamera ile donatılmış dik bir mikroskop altında odasını takın. 40X su daldırma hedefi (sayısal açıklık 0.8) ve bir büyüteç ile elde ekstra bir 2X veya 4X büyütme ile yüksek büyütmede bilgisayar ekranında hazırlık gözünüzde canlandırın. Oda sıcaklığında oksijenli Ringer (1-2 ml / dakika) sürekli serpmek. </li></ol> 4. Kayıt Oturumu <ol><li> Floresan hücreye Ara: 480 de hazırlık heyecanlandırmak530-550 nm aralığında ışık yayar EGFP nm; floresan ve parlak bir alan altında güvenilir görünür tek dendritik topuzu hedef. </li><li> Nystatin ile hücre içi çözelti ile elektrot doldurun; hafifçe elektrot üzerinde dokunarak kabarcıkları. </li><li> Elektrot tutucu elektrot yerleştirin pipet pozitif basınç uygulayın; Direnç 15-20 M? Olmalıdır. </li><li> Hücreye yakın elektrot getirin; Direnç ~ 40 M? ulaştığında, pozitif basınç serbest bırakın ve bir gigaseal ulaşmak için hafif negatif basınç uygulayın. </li><li> Conta ulaşıldığında, yaklaşık -75 mV zar potansiyeli ayarlanır; </li><li> Hücre açıldıktan sonra, stimülasyon protokolleri, farmakolojik tedaviler ile devam edin. Tek bir odorant stimülasyon, kayıt spontan aktivite 200-500 milisaniye kadar yanıtı ölçmek için, 500 milisaniye boyunca canlandırmayı ve 10 saniye 13 hücre yanıtı ölçmek. Farmakolojik tedaviler için de farmakolojik ajanlar serpmekİstenen bir konsantrasyon, 20. </li></ol> 5. Veri Analizi <ol><li> Olarak takip Odorant uyarılmasıyla ortaya akımları analiz: (msn maksimum genlik% 90 ulaşmak için gerekli zaman,) maksimum genlik, yükselme zamanı, toplam akım (PAS eğrinin altında kalan alan), zaman% 50 (başlangıcı ve msn&#39;de, azami amplitüd% 50 karşılık mahsup arasındaki süre). <ol><li> Çizip Hill denklemi kullanarak bir doz yanıt eğrisi ayarı, farklı konsantrasyonda (maksimum amplitüd ulaştı) tepe iletim akımları kullanılarak: I = Imax / (1 ​​+ (K 02/01 / C) n-i) tepe akımını temsil eder, , maksimum cevabın yarısı erişildiği K1 / 2 konsantrasyonu, C odorant konsantrasyonu ve n Hill katsayısı doyurarak konsantrasyonlarda maksimum cevap IMAX. </li></ol></li><li> Maksimum depolarizasyon için geçerli kelepçe tota membran potansiyeli kayıtları analizl potansiyeli (mVsec eğrinin altında kalan alan) ortaya çıkardı; 30 sn 1 dk kayıtları üzerinde rekor spontan spike aktivitesi; akımlar (5-10 pA) enjeksiyonu ile ortaya sivri aracılığıyla kayıt heyecanlanma. </li></ol>

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The authors declare that they have no competing financial interest.

doğru, sağlıklı OSNs özelliklerini izlemek için bu protokolün yeteneği hazırlık kalitesine büyük ölçüde bağlıdır. Bu nedenle, diseksiyon adımlar önemlidir. Önce kalite (pH, osmolarite), oksijenasyon ve sıcaklık (buz-soğuk ama dondurulmuş değil) diseksiyon orta dikkat etmek önemlidir. İkincisi, diseksiyon araçları ile epitel manipülasyon olarak zarar görmemesi için mümkün olduğunca sınırlı olmalıdır. Son olarak, mümkün olduğunca büyük OSN popülasyonu erişmek amacıyla, müm...

Koku alma duyu nöronları (OSN) koku algı ilk adımı temsil etmektedir. Kemirgenlerde burun boşluğunu çevreleyen koku epiteli bulunan beyinle kendi akson yoluyla gönderilen aksiyon potansiyelleri içine koku kimyasal bilgi dönüşümü. Daha iyi koku kodlama mekanizmaları anlamak için, OSNs iletimi ve membran özelliklerini karakterize etmek gereklidir. Yakın zamana kadar, memeli OSNs özelliklerini karakterize etmek için kullanılan teknikler çok ayrışmış OSNs 1-4 üzerinde gerçekleştirilmiştir. ayrışma süreci çevrelerinden OSNs boşaltmak için çeşitli mekanik ve kimyasal (yani enzimler) süreçleri kullanır. Bu işlemler, kayıtlar için uygun bir hücre, düşük uyarmaktadır. Bu az sayıda GFP etiketli hücrelerin durumunda daha da kritik öneme sahip olabilir. Aynşması da OSNs ve Surviv artırabilir koku epitel başka hücreler arasındaki yerel hücre-hücre etkileşimleri ortadan kaldırırEl ve OSNs &#39;özelliklerinin modülasyonu. Ayrışma işlemini atlamak için, sağlam bir preparat 5 geliştirilmiştir. Her OSN büyük bir çoklu gen ailesi 6 arasından seçildiği (OR), bir koku reseptörü ifade eder. Fare ana koku epiteli olarak ifade 1,000 OR ~ vardır. Nedeniyle vahşi tip hayvanlarda OR çok sayıda, büyük ihtimalle aynı ifade OSNs kayıt YA çok düşük etmek. Bu sınırlamaları aşmak için, gen hedeflenen fareler mevcut olduğu bir tespit VEYA floresan proteini 7-9 ile etiketlenmiş ifade tüm OSNs. Bu etiketli OSNs ayrışmış hazırlıkları Daha önce de belirttiğimiz sakıncaları ile 7,10,11 fonksiyonel analiz yapmak için kullanıldı. Genetik etiketli farelerden alınan sağlam bir epitel hazırlık 5 Dolayısıyla bu sorunları circumvents. Vi yakın olarak bir ortamda tam olarak tanımlanmış ORs ifade OSNs aktivitesi izlenmesine olanak sağlarmümkün olduğunca vo. Ayrıca, OSNs patch-kelepçe kayıtları da zar özellikleri, iletim yolu farmakoloji, ligand / VEYA etkileşimlerinin hassas analiz sağlar. Bütün bu konular pek dışı kayıtları kullanılarak analiz edilebilir. Biz koku reseptörü SR1 ve MOR23 12,13 ifade OSNs yanıtları izlemek için bu tekniği kullanılır. teknik fizibilite nöronlar 15,16 ifade OSNs 14 eksprese eden MOR23 üzerinde diğer gruplar yanı sıra, diğer ORs ile teyit edilmiştir. OSNs tanımlanmış bir nüfus izleme 17 yaşlanma, böyle bir gelişme 14 gibi pek çok farklı bağlamlarda özelliklerinin analizi yol açabilir, odorant indüklenen plastisite 18 ve 15 kodlama koku odorant reseptörün dizilimindeki rolü. Bu protokol, böylece zar düzeyinde tanımlanan OSNs fonksiyonel özelliklerini izlemek için güçlü bir araç sağlar.

<table><tbody><tr><td>vibration table with Faraday cage</td><td>TMC</td><td>63-500 SERIES</td><td>required : isolates the recording system from vibrations induced by the environment (movements of experimenter, vibrations of equipment such as fans for cooling computers, etc); can also be purchased with a Faraday cage, or equipped by a custom made Faraday cage; this cage is recommended to avoid electric noise from the environment</td></tr><tr><td>optics</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>microscope</td><td>Olympus</td><td>BX51WI</td><td>upright microcope equipped with epifluorescence; fixed or moving stage depending on the user&#039;s preference</td></tr><tr><td>objectives</td><td>Olympus</td><td>LUMPLFL40XW</td><td>at least 2 objectives required: a 4X or 10X for coarse approach to the cell; and a 40X immersion long distance example Olympus LUMPLFL40XW / IR /0,8 / WD:3.3 MM</td></tr><tr><td>magnifier</td><td>Olympus</td><td>U-TVCAC</td><td>ABSOLUTELY REQUIRED: placed in the light path between the objective and the camera; allows to magnify the image on the screen in order to reach precisely the knob with the recording electrode</td></tr><tr><td>camera</td><td>Olympus</td><td>DP72</td><td>a good camera is required to see the neurons in fluorescence as well as in bright field; the controlling software is simple and allows to take pictures and do live camera image to monitor the approach of the electrode to the cell. An ultrasensitive camera is not necessary</td></tr><tr><td>filters</td><td>Olympus/Chroma</td><td></td><td>depending on the fluorescent protein used in the mice; example for GFP: excitation : BP460-490: emission: HQ530/50m</td></tr><tr><td>amplifier</td><td>HEKA</td><td>EPC10 USB</td><td>monitors the currents flowing through the recording electrode and also controls the puffing by sending a TTL signal to the spritzer; the EPC10 setup is controled by computer</td></tr><tr><td>software</td><td>HEKA</td><td>Patchmaster</td><td>controls the amplifier during the experiment</td></tr><tr><td>micromanipulator</td><td>Sutter</td><td>MP225</td><td>precision micromanipulator, allows precise movements down to 1/10th of a micrometer; this model is very stable; avoid hydraulic manipulators that may drift</td></tr><tr><td>electrode puller</td><td>Sutter</td><td>P97</td><td>with a FT345-B wide trough filament;&amp;nbsp; to prepare recording pipets of about 2&amp;micro;m diameter with a long tip to reach the cells; the resistance should be 15 to 20Mohm with perforated patch clamp solution</td></tr><tr><td>glass</td><td>Sutter</td><td>BF120-69-10</td><td>in our recording conditions, this glass is ideal for recording pipets</td></tr><tr><td>recording chamber</td><td>Warner Instruments</td><td>RC-26G</td><td>a chamber is needed to set the preparation under the microscope. To maintain the preparation in the center of the chamber, a net/anchor should be used.</td></tr><tr><td>stimulation</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>glass</td><td>WPI</td><td>TW100F-4</td><td>attached in groups of 7, these pipettes are used to prepare prepulled stimulating pipettes</td></tr><tr><td>multibarrel puller</td><td>MDI</td><td>PMP-107-Z</td><td>by association of pull and twist, this puller allows us to prepare puffing electrodes with 7 barrels</td></tr><tr><td>precision pressure injector&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Toohey Company</td><td>P/N T25-1-900 Single Channel&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;</td><td>this precision pressure injector&amp;nbsp; controls the pressure ejected in the multibarrel puller; it is controlled manually or by the amplifier by a 5V&amp;nbsp; TTLs</td></tr><tr><td>micromanipulator</td><td>Narishige</td><td>YOU-1</td><td>a coarse manipulator is enough to bring the puffing electrode close to the recording site</td></tr><tr><td>tubings</td><td>N/A</td><td></td><td>tygon tubing to bring the pressure from the puffer to the puffing pipette</td></tr><tr><td>solutions/perfusion/chemicals</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>vacuum pump</td><td>gardner denver</td><td>300 series</td><td>a vibrating membrane pump is more quiet and efficient than other types of pumps</td></tr><tr><td>perfusion system</td><td>N/A</td><td>N/A</td><td>gravity perfusion system with polyethlylen tubing to bring in and out the external solution from the recording chamber</td></tr><tr><td>nystatin</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>N3503</td><td>mandatory to perpare internal solution for perforated patch clamp</td></tr><tr><td>DIMETHYL SULFOXIDE</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>D5879</td><td>used to disolve nystatin for internal solution for perforated patch&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Sodium chloride</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>S9625</td><td>extracellular solution</td></tr><tr><td>Potassium chloride</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>P4504</td><td>intracellular/extracellular solution</td></tr><tr><td>Calcium chloride dihydrate</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>C7902</td><td>extracellular solution</td></tr><tr><td>Sodium phosphate monobasic monohydrate (NaH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;PO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;)</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>S9638</td><td>extracellular solution</td></tr><tr><td>Magnesium sulfate heptahydrate (MgSO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; 7H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O)</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>63140</td><td>extracellular solution</td></tr><tr><td>Glucose</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>G8270</td><td>extracellular solution</td></tr><tr><td>Sodium bicarbonate</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>S6297</td><td>extracellular solution</td></tr><tr><td>EGTA (Ethylene glycol-bis(2-aminoethylether)-N,N,N&amp;prime;,N&amp;prime;-tetraacetic acid)</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>E3889</td><td>internal solution</td></tr><tr><td>Potassium hydroxyde</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>P1767</td><td>internal solution</td></tr><tr><td>Methyl Sulfoxide</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>W387509</td><td>intracellular solution</td></tr><tr><td>Hepes-Na</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>H7006</td><td>intracellular solution</td></tr><tr><td>Sucrose</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>S0389</td><td>intracellular solution</td></tr></tbody></table>

perforated patch-clamp recording of mouse olfactory sensory neurons in intact neuroepithelium: functional analysis of neurons expressing an identified odorant receptor

Özel bağ ile uyarıldıkları zaman koku duyu nöronlarının fizyolojik tepkilerini (OSN) analiz koku tahrikli davranışları ve modülasyon temelini anlamak önemlidir. Bu kodlama özellikleri koku molekülleri ve koku reseptörü (OR) arasındaki ilk etkileşim ağır bağımlı OSNs olarak ifade edilmiştir. ifade YA kritik kimliği, özgünlüğü ve ligand spektrumu. OR ligandı bulmak için olasılık epitel içinde rastgele seçilen bir OSN çok düşüktür dile getirdi. Bu sorunu çözmek için, bu protokol, genetik olarak tanımlanmış ORs promoterinin kontrolü altında floresan protein GFP ifade isim levhası fareler kullanır. OSNs komşu hücrelerin olgunlaşması ve fonksiyonu etkileyen ile burun boşluğuna astar sıkı ve organize epitel yer almaktadır. Burada OSNs e özelliklerini sağlam bir koku epiteli izole ve patch-kelepçe kayıtları ile kaydetmek için bir yöntem tariftanımlanan koku reseptörü xpressing. protokol komşu dokuya etkisi tutarken tek OSN membran özelliklerini karakterize sağlar. Patch-kelepçe sonuçlarının analizi ligand / VEYA etkileşimleri, iletim yollarının ve farmakoloji, OSNs &#39;kodlama özellikleri ve membran düzeyde modülasyon kesin miktarının verir.

Bu protokolün sonuç diseksiyon kalitesine bağlıdır. Bu diseksiyon adımlar kısa (en az 10 dk 15) ve (yani, epitel zarar görmemesi için) kesin olmalıdır. Şekil 1 ideal hazırlık farklı büyütme seviyelerinde nasıl göründüğünü göstermektedir. Parlak saha altında düşük büyütme (bu tür hücreleri desteklemek OSNs tokmakları gibi), farklı hücre tipleri ayırt (Şekil 1A) &#39;dir. En yüksek büyütme düzeyinde, genellikle 80X 160x, aydınlık alanda...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Perforated Patch-clamp Recording of Mouse Olfactory Sensory Neurons in Intact Neuroepithelium: Functional Analysis of Neurons Expressing an Identified Odorant

Perforated Patch-clamp Recording of Mouse Olfactory Sensory Neurons in Intact Neuroepithelium: Functional Analysis of Neurons Expressing an Identified Odorant Receptor

Analyzing the physiological properties of olfactory sensory neurons still faces technical limitations. Here we record them through perforated patch-clamp in an intact preparation of the olfactory epithelium in gene-targeted mice. This technique allows the characterization of membrane properties and responses to specific ligands of neurons expressing defined olfactory receptors.

Bozulmamış neuroepithelium Fare Koku Duyu Nöronlar Delikli Patch-kelepçe Kayıt: Bir Belirlenen Odorant Reseptör ifade Nöronlar Fonksiyonel Analiz

Analyzing the physiological responses of olfactory sensory neurons (OSN) when stimulated with specific ligands is critical to understand the basis of ...

perforated-patch-clamp-recording-mouse-olfactory-sensory-neurons

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

26.7K Görüntüleme.  Université de Bourgogne. Analyzing the physiological properties of olfactory sensory neurons still faces technical limitations. Here we record them through perforated patch-clamp in an intact preparation of the olfactory epithelium in gene-targeted mice. This technique allows the characterization of membrane properties and responses to specific ligands of neurons expressing defined olfactory receptors.

Video: Perforated Patch-clamp Recording of Mouse Olfactory Sensory Neurons in Intact Neuroepithelium: Functional Analysis of Neurons Expressing an Identified Odorant Receptor

Analyzing Responses of Mouse Olfactory Sensory Neurons Using the Air-phase Electroolfactogram Recording

Animals depend on olfaction for many critical behaviors, such as finding food sources, avoiding predators, and identifying conspecifics for mating and other social interactions. The electroolfactogram (EOG) recording is an informative, easy to conduct, and reliable method to assay olfactory function at the level of the olfactory epithelium. Since the 1956 description of the EOG by Ottoson in frogs1, the EOG recording has been applied in many vertebrates including salamanders, rabbits, rats, mice, and humans (reviewed by Scott and Scott-Johnson, 2002, ref. 2). The recent advances in genetic modification in mice have rekindled interest in recording the EOG for physiological characterization of olfactory function in knock-out and knock-in mice. EOG recordings have been successfully applied to demonstrate the central role of olfactory signal transduction components3-8, and more recently to characterize the contribution of certain regulatory mechanisms to OSN responses9-12.
Odorant detection occurs at the surface of the olfactory epithelium on the cilia of OSNs, where a signal transduction cascade leads to opening of ion channels, generating a current that flows into the cilia and depolarizes the membrane13. The EOG is the negative potential recorded extracellularly at the surface of the olfactory epithelium upon odorant stimulation, resulting from a summation of the potential changes caused by individual responsive OSNs in the recording field2. Comparison of the amplitude and kinetics of the EOG thus provide valuable information about how genetic modification and other experimental manipulations influence the molecular signaling underlying the OSN response to odor. 
Here we describe an air-phase EOG recording on a preparation of mouse olfactory turbinates. Briefly, after sacrificing the mouse, the olfactory turbinates are exposed by bisecting the head along the midline and removing the septum. The turbinate preparation is then placed in the recording setup, and a recording electrode is placed at the surface of the olfactory epithelium on one of the medial turbinates. A reference electrode is electrically connected to the tissue through a buffer solution. A continuous stream of humidified air is blown over the surface of the epithelium to keep it moist. The vapor of odorant solutions is puffed into the stream of humidified air to stimulate the epithelium. Responses are recorded and digitized for further analysis.

The electroolfactogram (EOG) recording is an informative, easy-to-conduct, and reliable way of assessing olfactory function at the level of the olfactory epithelium. This protocol describes a recording setup, mouse tissue preparation, data collection, and basic data analysis.

Hava-faz Electroolfactogram Kayıt Fare Koku Duyu Nöronlar analizi Yanıtları

Animals depend on olfaction for many critical behaviors, such as finding food sources, avoiding predators, and identifying conspecifics for mating and ...

Nörobilim

Patch Clamp Recordings from Mouse Retinal Neurons in a Dark-adapted Slice Preparation

Our visual experience is initiated when the visual pigment in our retinal photoreceptors absorbs photons of light energy and initiates a cascade of intracellular events that lead to closure of cyclic-nucleotide-gated channels in the cell membrane. The resulting change in membrane potential leads in turn to reductions in the amount of neurotransmitter release from both rod and cone synaptic terminals. To measure how the light-evoked change in photoreceptor membrane potential leads to downstream activity in the retina, scientists have made electrophysiological recordings from retinal slice preparations for decades1,2. In the past these slices have been cut manually with a razor blade on retinal tissue that is attached to filter paper; in recent years another method of slicing has been developed whereby retinal tissue is embedded in low gelling temperature agar and sliced in cool solution with a vibrating microtome3,4. This preparation produces retinal slices with less surface damage and very robust light-evoked responses. Here we document how this procedure can be done under infrared light to avoid bleaching the visual pigment.

Here we describe a procedure for generating dark-adapted slices of the mouse retina for electrophysiological recordings.

Patch Kelepçe bir Karanlık adapte Dilim Hazırlık Fare Retina Nöronlar Kayıtlar

Our visual experience is initiated when the visual pigment in our retinal photoreceptors absorbs photons of light energy and initiates a cascade of ...

Odorant-induced Responses Recorded from Olfactory Receptor Neurons using the Suction Pipette Technique

Animals sample the odorous environment around them through the chemosensory systems located in the nasal cavity. Chemosensory signals affect complex behaviors such as food choice, predator, conspecific and mate recognition and other socially relevant cues. Olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) are located in the dorsal part of the nasal cavity embedded in the olfactory epithelium. These bipolar neurons send an axon to the olfactory bulb (see Fig. 1, Reisert &amp; Zhao1, originally published in the Journal of General Physiology) and extend a single dendrite to the epithelial border from where cilia radiate into the mucus that covers the olfactory epithelium. The cilia contain the signal transduction machinery that ultimately leads to excitatory current influx through the ciliary transduction channels, a cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) channel and a Ca2+-activated Cl- channel (Fig. 1). The ensuing depolarization triggers action potential generation at the cell body2-4.
In this video we describe the use of the "suction pipette technique" to record odorant-induced responses from ORNs. This method was originally developed to record from rod photoreceptors5 and a variant of this method can be found at jove.com modified to record from mouse cone photoreceptors6. The suction pipette technique was later adapted to also record from ORNs7,8. Briefly, following dissociation of the olfactory epithelium and cell isolation, the entire cell body of an ORN is sucked into the tip of a recording pipette. The dendrite and the cilia remain exposed to the bath solution and thus accessible to solution changes to enable e.g. odorant or pharmacological blocker application. In this configuration, no access to the intracellular environment is gained (no whole-cell voltage clamp) and the intracellular voltage remains free to vary. This allows the simultaneous recording of the slow receptor current that originates at the cilia and fast action potentials fired by the cell body9. The difference in kinetics between these two signals allows them to be separated using different filter settings. This technique can be used on any wild type or knockout mouse or to record selectively from ORNs that also express GFP to label specific subsets of ORNs, e.g. expressing a given odorant receptor or ion channel.

Olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) convert odor signals first into a receptor current that in turn triggers action potentials that are conveyed to second order neurons in the olfactory bulb. Here we describe the suction pipette technique to record simultaneously the odorant-induced receptor current and action potentials from mouse ORNs.

Emme Pipet Tekniği kullanılarak Olfaktör Reseptör Nöronlar Kaydedilmiş odorant bağlı Cevapları

Animals sample the odorous environment around them through the chemosensory systems located in the nasal cavity. Chemosensory signals affect complex ...

Multi-unit Recording Methods to Characterize Neural Activity in the Locust (Schistocerca Americana) Olfactory Circuits

Detection and interpretation of olfactory cues are critical for the survival of many organisms. Remarkably, species across phyla have strikingly similar olfactory systems suggesting that the biological approach to chemical sensing has been optimized over evolutionary time1. In the insect olfactory system, odorants are transduced by olfactory receptor neurons (ORN) in the antenna, which convert chemical stimuli into trains of action potentials. Sensory input from the ORNs is then relayed to the antennal lobe (AL; a structure analogous to the vertebrate olfactory bulb). In the AL, neural representations for odors take the form of spatiotemporal firing patterns distributed across ensembles of principal neurons (PNs; also referred to as projection neurons)2,3. The AL output is subsequently processed by Kenyon cells (KCs) in the downstream mushroom body (MB), a structure associated with olfactory memory and learning4,5. Here, we present electrophysiological recording techniques to monitor odor-evoked neural responses in these olfactory circuits.
First, we present a single sensillum recording method to study odor-evoked responses at the level of populations of ORNs6,7. We discuss the use of saline filled sharpened glass pipettes as electrodes to extracellularly monitor ORN responses. Next, we present a method to extracellularly monitor PN responses using a commercial 16-channel electrode3. A similar approach using a custom-made 8-channel twisted wire tetrode is demonstrated for Kenyon cell recordings8. We provide details of our experimental setup and present representative recording traces for each of these techniques.

Multi-unit Recording Methods to Characterize Neural Activity in the Locust Schistocerca Americana Olfactory Circuits

We demonstrate variations of the extracellular multi-unit recording technique to characterize odor-evoked responses in the first three stages of the invertebrate olfactory pathway. These techniques can easily be adapted to examine ensemble activity in other neural systems as well.

Locust Sinir Aktivitesi Karakterize Multi-ünite Kayıt Yöntemleri (<em&gt; Schistocerca Americana</em&gt;) Olfaktör Devreler

Detection and interpretation of olfactory cues are critical for the survival  of many organisms. Remarkably, species across phyla have strikingly similar ...

In-depth Physiological Analysis of Defined Cell Populations in Acute Tissue Slices of the Mouse Vomeronasal Organ

In most mammals, the vomeronasal organ (VNO) is a chemosensory structure that detects both hetero- and conspecific social cues. Vomeronasal sensory neurons (VSNs) express a specific type of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) from at least three different chemoreceptor gene families allowing sensitive and specific detection of chemosensory cues. These families comprise the V1r and V2r gene families as well as the formyl peptide receptor (FPR)-related sequence (Fpr-rs) family of putative chemoreceptor genes. In order to understand the physiology of vomeronasal receptor-ligand interactions and downstream signaling, it is essential to identify the biophysical properties inherent to each specific class of VSNs.
The physiological approach described here allows identification and in-depth analysis of a defined population of sensory neurons using a transgenic mouse line (Fpr-rs3-i-Venus). The use of this protocol, however, is not restricted to this specific line and thus can easily be extended to other genetically modified lines or wild type animals.

Here, we describe a physiological approach that allows identification and in-depth analysis of a defined population of sensory neurons in acute coronal tissue slices of the mouse vomeronasal organ using whole-cell patch-clamp recordings.

Fare Vomeronazal Organ Akut Doku Dilimleri Tanımlı hücre popülasyonlarının derinlemesine Fizyolojik Analizi

In most mammals, the vomeronasal organ (VNO) is a chemosensory structure that detects both hetero- and conspecific social cues. Vomeronasal sensory ...

An Effective Manual Deboning Method To Prepare Intact Mouse Nasal Tissue With Preserved Anatomical Organization

The mammalian nose is a multi-functional organ with intricate internal structures. The nasal cavity is lined with various epithelia such as olfactory, respiratory, and squamous epithelia which differ markedly in anatomical locations, morphology, and functions. In adult mice, the nose is covered with various skull bones, limiting experimental access to internal structures, especially those in the posterior such as the main olfactory epithelium (MOE). Here we describe an effective method for obtaining almost the entire and intact nasal tissues with preserved anatomical organization. Using surgical tools under a dissecting microscope, we sequentially remove the skull bones surrounding the nasal tissue. This procedure can be performed on both paraformaldehyde-fixed and freshly dissected, skinned mouse heads. The entire deboning procedure takes about 20-30 min, which is significantly shorter than the experimental time required for conventional chemical-based decalcification. In addition, we present an easy method to remove air bubbles trapped between turbinates, which is critical for obtaining intact thin horizontal or coronal or sagittal sections from the nasal tissue preparation. Nasal tissue prepared using our method can be used for whole mount observation of the entire epithelia, as well as morphological, immunocytochemical, RNA in situ hybridization, and physiological studies, especially in studies where region-specific examination and comparison are of interest.

Korunan Anatomik Örgütü ile bozulmamış Fare Burun Doku hazırlamak için etkili bir Manuel kemik sıyırma Yöntemi

The mammalian nose is a multi-functional organ with intricate internal structures.  The nasal cavity is lined with various epithelia such as olfactory, ...

Biyoloji

Establishing a Whole-Cell Patch Clamp for Electrophysiological Recording from a Flat-Mount Mouse Retina

Source: Tu, H., et al. <a href="https://app.jove.com/v/54608">Patch Clamp Recording of Starburst Amacrine Cells in a Flat-mount Preparation of Deafferentated Mouse Retina.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (2016).
This video demonstrates a whole-cell patch-clamp technique for electrophysiological recording from a flat-mount mouse retina. A thin glass pipette with an electrode is used to approach starburst amacrine cells (SACs) within the retina. After forming a seal, suction is applied to rupture the membrane and form the whole-cell patch-clamp configuration. Finally, the flow of ions through the SAC synaptic receptors is measured using the configuration.

Düz Montajlı Bir Fare Retinasından Elektrofizyolojik Kayıt için Tam Hücre Yama Kelepçesi Oluşturma

All procedures involving sample collection have been performed in accordance with the institute&#39;s IRB guidelines.
1. External and Internal Solutions

	...

JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments

Neurophysiology

Electrophysiology Techniques

Perforated Patch-Clamp Recordings of Inner Ear Sensory Neuron Cell Bodies

Source: Iyer, M. R., et al. <a href="https://app.jove.com/v/64908">Isolating and Culturing Vestibular and Spiral Ganglion Somata from Neonatal Rodents for Patch-Clamp Recordings.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (2023).
This video demonstrates the patch-clamp technique for measuring ionic currents in inner ear sensory neuron cell bodies. It details the preparation and use of a polished patch-clamp pipette filled with an internal solution containing amphotericin B, which perforates the membrane to allow ion movement while preserving intracellular conditions. Voltage pulses are applied to trigger and record ion channel activity, providing insights into their properties and behavior.

İç Kulak Duyusal Nöron Hücre Gövdelerinin Delikli Yama-Klemp Kayıtları

1. Recording
NOTE: In this procedure, patch-clamp recordings from the isolated ganglion are typically performed 12-24 h after the plating. Other labs have ...

Imaging and Optical Techniques

Perforated Patch-Clamp Recording of Olfactory Sensory Neurons in Mice

Source: Jarriault, D., et al. <a href="https://app.jove.com/v/52652">Perforated Patch-clamp Recording of Mouse Olfactory Sensory Neurons in Intact Neuroepithelium: Functional Analysis of Neurons Expressing an Identified Odorant Receptor.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (2015).
This video demonstrates electrophysiological recording of olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) in mice using a perforated patch-clamp technique. The olfactory epithelium, containing OSNs with fluorophore-tagged odor receptors, is isolated from a mouse and secured in a recording chamber. A recording pipette is clamped to the dendritic knob of an OSN, and nystatin within the pipette perforates the membrane to form electrical connectivity with the cell. Finally, another pipette is used to deliver an odor stimulant, and the electrophysiological activity of the patched cell is recorded.

Farelerde Koku Alma Duyu Nöronlarının Delikli Yama-Kelepçe Kaydı

All procedures involving animal models have been reviewed by the local institutional animal care committee and the JoVE veterinary review board.
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Auditory Nerve Root Stimulation and Postsynaptic Current Recordings in a Mouse Brain Wedge Slice

Source: Fischl, M. J., et al. <a href="https://app.jove.com/v/61664">In Vitro Wedge Slice Preparation for Mimicking In Vivo Neuronal Circuit Connectivity.</a> J. Vis. Exp.(2020)
This video demonstrates a protocol for stimulating the auditory nerve root and recording postsynaptic currents in medial olivocochlear neurons in mouse brain wedge slices.

Bir Fare Beyin Kaması Diliminde İşitsel Sinir Kökü Stimülasyonu ve postsinaptik akım kayıtları

All procedures involving animal samples have been reviewed and approved by the appropriate animal ethical review committee.
1. Electrophysiology set-up ...