Authors would like to thank Peter Mombaerts for the generous gift of OR-GFP mice; Anne Lefranc and the CSGA animal facility for excellent animal care. Funding was provided by CNRS through an ATIP and ATIP Plus grants, by Conseil R&#233;gional de Bourgogne (FABER and PARI grants), by Universit&#233; de Bourgogne (BQR program).

이 프로토콜은 Université 드 부르고뉴의 동물 보호 지침을 다음과 Université 드 부르고뉴 윤리위원회에 의해 승인되었다. 1. 동물 <ol><li> 잭슨 연구소 가능한 유전자 조작 또는-IRES-tauGFP 마우스를 사용합니다. 이러한 마우스는 후각 기관 (19)의 축삭 타겟팅 및 개발을 분석하기 위해 닥터 피터 Mombaerts &#39;실험실에서 개발되었다. 예를 들어, MOR23-IRES-tauGFP 라인, 재고 번호 006643는 공식 변형 이름 B6 곰, 129P2- Olfr16 tm2Mom / MomJ을; 유사하게, SR1-IRES-tauGFP 라인은 재고 번호 6717의 공식 이름 B6 곰, 129P2- Olfr124 tm1Mom / MomJ을. </li><li> 동물의 연령에 대해서는 : 프로토콜의 더 나은 결과를 위해, 생후 2 4 주 사이에 동물을 사용한다. 이 연령 그룹에서 해부 쉽게 (부드러운 뼈, 탄력있는 후각 상피 세포)와 수지상 노브는 양방향입니다입니다gger 오래된 동물에 비교합니다. </li></ol> 전극 및 솔루션 2. 준비 <ol><li> 자극 피펫의 경우 : 구입 피펫을 자극 prepulled. 그렇지 않으면, 수동으로 준비합니다. <ol><li> 화염을 사용하여, 선단에서 약 1cm의 6 1mm 유리 피펫을 구부리. 구멍에 의해 강화 1.5 CM 열 수축 관에이 여섯 피펫 플러스 바로 7 번째를 삽입합니다. </li><li> 열은 배럴 함께 접착을 유지하기 위해 수축 배관. 배럴의 다른 말단에 추가로 열 수축 튜브를 연결합니다. 멀티 배럴 풀러와 함께이 자극 피펫을 당깁니다. </li><li> 굽​​ 팁을 강화하기 위해 구멍 주위에 약간의 흰색 액체 접착제를 추가합니다. 건조 O를 /의 N하자. </li></ol></li><li> 일반 링어의 세포 외 액의 1 또는 2 L 준비 (MM에서 : 염화나트륨 (124)의 KCl 3, 황산 1.3, CaCl2를 2, NaHCO3를 26의 NaH 2 PO 4 1.25, 포도당 (15), pH가 7.6, 305 mOsm). 4 ° C에서 유지사용할 때까지. </li><li> (MM)에 세포 원액 준비 : KCl을 70, KOH (53), 메탄 설 폰산 (30), EGTA 5, HEPES (10), 수 크로스 (70); pH가 7.2 (KOH), 310 mOsm. 사용까지 4 ℃에서 보관하십시오. 몇 주에 대 한 좋은. </li><li> 실험 전에 (마지막 순간) 즉흥적 니 스타틴과 세포 내 기록 솔루션을 준비합니다. <ol><li> DMSO의 50 μl를 추가, 니 스타틴의 3 mg의 무게; 완전히 희석 될 때까지 소용돌이 20 초 후 2 ~ 3 분을 초음파 처리. </li><li> 세포 내 원액 5ml에 DMSO-니 스타틴 용액 20 μl를 추가합니다. 소용돌이 20 초 후 3 분을 초음파 처리. 4 ° C에서이 솔루션을 유지하고 직사광선으로부터 보호, 니 스타틴은 빛에 민감한입니다. 이 용액을 몇 시간 동안 사용할 수있다. 매일 교체합니다. </li><li> 후각 상피 준비가 현미경되면, 전극을 채우기 위해 불꽃 긴 노란색 팁 1 ML의 주사기에이 솔루션의 일부를 가지고; 직사광선으로부터 보호합니다. RT에서, 니 스타틴 용액 일단안정되지; 매 시간마다 주사기 또는 얼음에 보관 ㎖로 1 솔루션을 교체합니다. </li></ol></li><li> 내부 니 스타틴 솔루션을 15 ~ 20 MΩ의 저항과 긴 목과 작은 팁 (~ 2 μm의)를 얻기 위해 풀러와 기록 전극을 당깁니다. </li><li> 흄 후드 아래에 DMSO 0.5 M에서 취제 솔루션을 준비; 나누어지는 및 사용할 때까지 -20 ° C에서 보관하십시오. 원하는 농도까지 링거액에 부 취제를 희석. 자극 피펫을 채 웁니다. </li></ol> 후각 상피 3. 준비 주 : OR-IRES-tauGFP 마우스는 OR 프로모터의 제어하에 tauGFP 표현. 이 마우스에서 관심의 또는를 표현하는 모든 신경 세포는 GFP로 표시되어 있습니다. 이 프로토콜은 모든 영역에서 발현 논리합하도록 구성된다. 그러나, 해부 및 녹음 등의 영역에서 표현 관찰 보고서에 대한 쉽다. <ol><li> 자일 라진 및 케타민 (150 ㎎ / ㎏ 및 10 ㎎ / ㎏ BOD의 혼합 주사하여 동물을 마취Y 무게, 각각). 참수는 젊은 쥐에 대한 이상 마우스에 대한 제대로 관리 설치류 단두대와 날카로운 가위로 수행 할 수 있습니다. <ol><li> 사용 링 해부 가위는 등쪽 피부를 통해 종 방향 내측 절개를합니다. 그것을 떨어져 당겨 피부를 제거합니다. 가위를 사용하여 턱 관절에서 아래턱을 잘라. 치아 관상 컷 병렬로 위 앞니를 제거합니다. </li><li> 눈 뒤에 머리의 관상 컷을 확인하고 머리의 앞쪽 부분을 유지. 범위에서 해부를위한 얼음처럼 차가운 링거 용액에 담근다. </li></ol></li><li> 범위에서 해부 : 복부 측면에서, 위 턱 / 이빨을 따라 길이 절단을합니다. 비강 배측-외측부 다음, 종 지느러미 뼈를 잘라. 대부분의 뼈와 미각을 제거; 실온에서 산소 벨소리에 부착 된 격벽과 상피 세포를 전송합니다. </li><li> 최종 절개의 경우 : 마우스 오른쪽 버튼으로 녹화를 시작하기 전에세션은, 집게로 기본 격막에서 상피를 벗겨. 집게와의 접착 성이 강한 격막의 앞쪽 부분에 두 4-5mm의 가위 컷 (사용 microvannas 가위)와 상피를 분리합니다. <ol><li> 조심스럽게 중격 상피에 그 등의 연결을 따라 밖으로 절단하여 골코 (vomeronasal) 기관을 제거합니다. 위로 향하게 점액층으로 기록 챔버로 이동 상피; 하프와 챔버에 평면을 유지. </li></ol></li><li> 형광 광학 및 민감한 카메라가 장착 된 수직 현미경 실을 설치합니다. 40X 물 침지 목표 (개구 0.8) 및 확대 렌즈에 의해 달성 여분의 2 배 또는 4 배 확대를 통해 높은 배율에서 컴퓨터 화면의 준비를 시각화. 실온에서 산소 벨소리 (1-2 ml / 분)와 함께 지속적으로 관류. </li></ol> 4. 녹음 세션 <ol><li> 형광 셀에 대한 검색 : 480에서 준비를 자극530-550 nm의 범위에서 발광 용 나노 EGFP; 형광의 밝은 분야에서 확실하게 볼 수 있습니다 하나 수지상 노브를 대상으로. </li><li> 니 스타틴과 세포 내 솔루션 전극을 채우기; 부드럽게 전극에 눌러 거품을 제거합니다. </li><li> , 전극 홀더에 전극을 삽입 피펫에 긍정적 인 압력을 적용; 저항은 15 ~ 20 MΩ해야한다. </li><li> 셀에 가까운 전극을 가져와; 저항 ~ 40 MΩ에 도달하면, 긍정적 인 압력을 해제하고 기가 시일에 도달하려면 약간의 부정적인 압력을 적용합니다. </li><li> 시일에 도달하면, 약 -75 MV의 막 전위를 설정; </li><li> 셀이 열리면 자극 프로토콜 약리 치료 진행. 단일 자극 취제, 기록 자발 활동 200-500 밀리에 대한 응답을 측정하기 위해 500 msec의 자극과 최대 10 초 13 대 세포의 반응을 측정한다. 약물 치료의 경우에서 약리 에이전트를 관류원하는 농도 (20). </li></ol> 5. 데이터 분석 <ol><li> 그 다음으로 취제 자극 유도 전류를 분석 (밀리 초에서 최대 진폭의 90 %에 도달하는데 필요한 시간)의 최대 진폭, 상승 시간, 전체 전류 (PAS의 곡선 아래 영역), 시간을 50 % (개시 및 밀리에서 최대 진폭의 50 %의 응답 시간 사이의 오프셋). <ol><li> 그리는 힐 방정식을 이용하여 투여 량 반응 곡선에 맞는 서로 다른 농도 (최대 진폭에 도달) 피크 전달 전류를 사용 : I = 아이 맥스 / (1 ​​+ (K 1/2 / C) N) I는 피크 전류를 나타내고, , 최대 반응의 절반에 도달되었을 때의 K1 / 2 농도, C 취제의 농도이고; n은 힐 (Hill) 계수를 포화 농도에서 최대 반응을 IMAX. </li></ol></li><li> 최대 탈분극의 현재 클램프자는 tota을 막 전위의 기록을 분석L 전위 (mVsec에서 곡선 아래 면적)를 유발; 30 초 ~ 1 분 녹음을 통해 기록 자발적인 급상승 활동; 전류 (5 ~ 10 PA)의 주입에 의해 유도 스파이크를 통해 기록 흥분. </li></ol>

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M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Odorant-binding+proteins+and+xenobiotic+metabolizing+enzymes:+implications+in+olfactory+perireceptor+events.">Odorant-binding proteins and xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes: implications in olfactory perireceptor events.</a> Anat Rec (Hoboken). 296 (9), 1333-1345 (2013).</li><li>Pelosi, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Perireceptor+events+in+olfaction).">Perireceptor events in olfaction).</a> J Neurobiol. 30 (1), 3-19 (1996).</li><li>Spehr, M., Wetzel, C. H., Hatt, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=3-phosphoinositides+modulate+cyclic+nucleotide+signaling+in+olfactory+receptor+neurons.">3-phosphoinositides modulate cyclic nucleotide signaling in olfactory receptor neurons.</a> Neuron. 33, 731-739 (2002).</li><li>Chen, S., Lane, A. P., Bock, R., Leinders-Zufall, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Blocking+adenylyl+cyclase+inhibits+olfactory+generator+currents+induced+by+'IP(3)-odors.">Blocking adenylyl cyclase inhibits olfactory generator currents induced by 'IP(3)-odors.</a> J Neurophysiol. 84 (1), 575-580 (2000).</li><li>Savigner, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modulation+of+spontaneous+and+odorant-evoked+activity+of+rat+olfactory+sensory+neurons+by+two+anorectic+peptides,+insulin+and+leptin.">Modulation of spontaneous and odorant-evoked activity of rat olfactory sensory neurons by two anorectic peptides, insulin and leptin.</a> J Neurophysiol. 101 (6), 2898-2906 (2009).</li><li>Ukhanov, K., Brunert, D., Corey, E. 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The authors declare that they have no competing financial interest.

올바르게 건강한 OSNs의 특성을 모니터링이 프로토콜의 능력은 제제의 품질에 크게 의존한다. 따라서, 해부 단계는 매우 중요하다. 첫째는 품질 (PH, 삼투압), 산소 및 온도 (빙냉하지만 냉동 생략) 해부 배지에 주목하는 것이 중요하다. 둘째, 해부 도구 상피의 조작 등의 손상을 피하기 위해 가능한 한 제한해야한다. 마지막으로, 가능한 최대 OSN 인구를 액세스하기 위해 가능한 한 평탄 제제를 얻는 ?...

후각 감각 뉴런 (OSN)는 후각 인식의 첫 번째 단계를 나타냅니다. 설치류의 비강에 선을 긋고있는 후각 상피에 위치한, 그들은 뇌에 자신의 축삭을 통해 전송 활동 전위에 냄새 물질의 화학적 정보를 변환. 더 후각 부호화 메커니즘을 이해하기 위해서는 OSNs의 전달 및 막 특성을 특성화하는 것이 필요하다. 최근까지, 포유 동물 OSNs의 성질을 특성화하기 위해 사용되는 기법은 대부분 해리 OSNs 1-4에서 수행 하였다. 해리 과정은 자신의 환경에서 OSNs을 확보하기 위해 다양한 기계 및 화학 물질 (즉, 효소) 프로세스를 사용합니다. 이러한 과정은 녹화 가능 세포의 낮은 번호를 유도한다. 이러한 낮은 수는 GFP 표지 된 세포의 경우에 훨씬 더 중요 할 수있다. 해리도 및 OSNs surviv 중을 상승시킬 수 후각 상피의 다른 셀 간의 로컬 세포 간 상호 작용을 제거알과 OSNs &#39;속성의 변조. 해리 과정을 생략하기 위해, 제제는 그대로 5 개발되었다. 각 OSN은 큰 multigene 가족 (6)에서 선택 (OR) 하나의 후각 수용체를 표현한다. 마우스의 주요 후각 상피 세포에서 발현 1,000 관찰 보고서는 ~가 있습니다. 인해 야생형 동물 OR의 다수에, 기회는 동일한 발현 OSNs 기록 OR 매우 낮은한다. 이러한 한계를 극복하기 위해, 유전자 표적으로 마우스를 사용할 수있는 식별 또는 형광 단백질 7-9로 표시되어 표현하는 모든 OSNs. 이 표시 OSNs는 해리 준비 앞에서 언급 한 단점과 7,10,11에 기능 분석을 수행 하였다. 유전자 표지 된 마우스의 상피 손상 5- 따라서 이러한 문제를 회피. 이것은 VI에서에 가까운 환경에서 정확하게 정의 논리합을 표현 OSNs의 활동의 모니터링을 허용가능한 한 VO. 게다가, OSNs의 패치 클램프 녹음도 막 특성, 전달 경로의 약리학, 리간드 / 또는 상호 작용의 정확한 분석을 할 수 있습니다. 이러한 모든 항목은 거의 세포 외 녹음을 사용하여 분석 할 수 없습니다. 우리 취제 수용체 SR1 및 MOR23 12,13 발현 OSNs의 응답을 모니터링하기 위해이 기술을 사용했다. 기술의 실현 가능성은 뉴런 15,16 표현 OSNs 14 발현 MOR23에 다른 그룹뿐만 아니라 다른 논리합에 의해 확인 하였다. OSNs의 정의 인구의 모니터링 (17) 노화, 이러한 개발 (14)와 같은 많은 다른 상황에서 그 특성의 분석으로 이어질 수, 부 취제 유도 소성 (18), 15 코딩 냄새에 후각 수용체의 서열 변화의 역할. 이 프로토콜은, 따라서 멤브레인 레벨에서 정의 OSNs의 기능적 특성을 모니터링하는 강력한 도구를 제공한다.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="4">heavy equipment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>vibration table with Faraday cage</td>
			<td>TMC</td>
			<td>63-500 SERIES</td>
			<td>required : isolates the recording system from vibrations induced by the environment (movements of experimenter, vibrations of equipment such as fans for cooling computers, etc); can also be purchased with a Faraday cage, or equipped by a custom made Faraday cage; this cage is recommended to avoid electric noise from the environment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="4">optics</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>microscope</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>BX51WI</td>
			<td>upright microcope equipped with epifluorescence; fixed or moving stage depending on the user&#39;s preference</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>objectives</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>LUMPLFL40XW</td>
			<td>at least 2 objectives required: a 4x or 10x for coarse approach to the cell; and a 40x immersion long distance example Olympus LUMPLFL40XW/IR/0,8/WD:3.3 MM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>magnifier</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>U-TVCAC</td>
			<td>ABSOLUTELY REQUIRED: placed in the light path between the objective and the camera; allows to magnify the image on the screen in order to reach precisely the knob with the recording electrode</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>camera</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>DP72</td>
			<td>a good camera is required to see the neurons in fluorescence as well as in bright field; the controlling software is simple and allows to take pictures and do live camera image to monitor the approach of the electrode to the cell. An ultrasensitive camera is not necessary</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>filters</td>
			<td>Olympus/Chroma</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>depending on the fluorescent protein used in the mice; example for GFP: excitation : BP460-490: emission: HQ530/50m</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="4">recording electrodes /system</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>amplifier</td>
			<td>HEKA</td>
			<td>EPC10 USB</td>
			<td>monitors the currents flowing through the recording electrode and also controls the puffing by sending a TTL signal to the spritzer; the EPC10 setup is controled by computer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>software</td>
			<td>HEKA</td>
			<td>Patchmaster</td>
			<td>controls the amplifier during the experiment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>micromanipulator</td>
			<td>Sutter</td>
			<td>MP225</td>
			<td>precision micromanipulator, allows precise movements down to 1/1Oth of a micrometer; this model is very stable; avoid hydraulic manipulators that may drift</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>electrode puller</td>
			<td>sutter</td>
			<td>P97</td>
			<td>with a FT345-B wide trough filament;&#160; to prepare recording pipets of about 2&#181;m diameter with a long tip to reach the cells; the resistance should be 15 to 20Mohm with perforated patch clamp solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>glass</td>
			<td>sutter</td>
			<td>BF120-69-10</td>
			<td>in our recording conditions, this glass is ideal for recording pipets</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>recording chamber</td>
			<td>warner instruments</td>
			<td>RC-26G</td>
			<td>a chamber is needed to set the preparation under the microscope. To maintain the preparation in the center of the chamber, a net/anchor should be used.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="4">stimulation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>glass</td>
			<td>WPI</td>
			<td>TW100F-4</td>
			<td>attached in groups of 7, these pipettes are used to prepare prepulled stimulating pipettes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>multibarrel puller</td>
			<td>MDI</td>
			<td>PMP-107-Z</td>
			<td>by association of pull and twist, this puller allows us to prepare puffing electrodes with 7 barrels</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>precision pressure injector&#160;</td>
			<td>Toohey Company</td>
			<td>P/N T25-1-900 Single Channel&#160;&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>this precision pressure injector&#160; controls the pressure ejected in the multibarrel puller; it is controlled manually or by the amplifier by a 5V&#160; TTLs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>micromanipulator</td>
			<td>Narishige</td>
			<td>YOU-1</td>
			<td>a coarse manipulator is enough to bring the puffing electrode close to the recording site</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>tubings</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>tygon tubing to bring the pressure from the puffer to the puffing pipette</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="4">solutions/perfusion/chemicals</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>vacuum pump</td>
			<td>gardner denver</td>
			<td>300 series</td>
			<td>a vibrating membrane pump is more quiet and efficient than other types of pumps</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>perfusion system</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>gravity perfusion system with polyethlylen tubing to bring in and out the external solution from the recording chamber</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>nystatin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>N3503</td>
			<td>mandatory to perpare internal solution for perforated patch clamp</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DIMETHYL SULFOXIDE</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>D5879</td>
			<td>used to disolve nystatin for internal solution for perforated patch&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium chloride</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>S9625</td>
			<td>extracellular solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium chloride</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P4504</td>
			<td>intracellular/extracellular solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Calcium chloride di hydrate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>C7902</td>
			<td>extracellular solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium phosphate monobasic monohydrate (NaH2PO4)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>S9638</td>
			<td>extracellular solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Magnesium sulfate heptahydrate (MgSO4 7H2O)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>63140</td>
			<td>extracellular solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glucose</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>G8270</td>
			<td>extracellular solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium bicarbonate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>S6297</td>
			<td>extracellular solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EGTA (Ethylene glycol-bis(2-aminoethylether)-N,N,N&#8242;,N&#8242;-tetraacetic acid)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>E3889</td>
			<td>internal solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium hydroxyde</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P1767</td>
			<td>internal solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MethylSulfoxide</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>47,135-6</td>
			<td>intracellular solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hepes-Na</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>H7006</td>
			<td>intracellular solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sucrose</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>S0389</td>
			<td>intracellular solution</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

perforated patch-clamp recording of mouse olfactory sensory neurons in intact neuroepithelium: functional analysis of neurons expressing an identified odorant receptor

특정 리간드로 자극시 후각 감각 뉴런의 생리적 반응 (OSN)를 분석하는 것은 후각 구동 동작과 그 변조의 기초를 이해하는 것이 중요하다. 이러한 코딩 특성은 냄새 분자와 후각 수용체 (OR) 사이의 초기 상호 작용에 크게 의존하는 OSNs로 표현. 명시 적 또는 중요한의 ID, 특이 리간드 스펙트럼. 또는의 리간드를 찾을 수있는 확률은 상피 내에서 무작위로 선택된 OSN 매우 낮은 표현했다. 이러한 과제를 해결하기 위해,이 프로토콜은 전적으로 정의 논리합의 프로모터의 제어하에 형광 단백질 GFP를 발현하는 태깅 된 마우스를 사용한다. OSNs는 이웃 세포가 자신의 성숙과 기능에 영향을 미치는으로, 비강 안감 꽉 및 조직 상피에 있습니다. 여기에서 우리는 OSNs 전자의 속성을 그대로 후각 상피를 분리하고 패치 클램프 녹음을 기록하는 방법을 설명정의 후각 수용체를 xpressing. 프로토콜은 인접한 조직의 영향을 유지하면서 하나 OSN 막 성질을 특성화 할 수있다. 패치 클램프 결과의 분석은 리간드 / 또는 상호 작용, 전달 경로 및 약리학, OSNs &#39;코딩 특성과 막 수준에서 자신의 변조의 정확한 정량을 산출한다.

이 프로토콜의 결과는 절개의 품질에 따라 달라집니다. 이 해부 단계는 짧은 (이하 10 분 ~ 15) 및 (즉, 상피 세포의 손상을 방지하기 위해) 정확해야합니다. 그림 1은 이상적인 준비가 다른 배율 수준에서처럼 보이는 방법을 보여줍니다. 밝은 필드 아래 낮은 배율 (예컨대 세포를지지 OSNs의 손잡이와 같은) 다른 유형의 세포는 구별 (도 1A)이다. 최대 배율 수준에서, 일?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Perforated Patch-clamp Recording of Mouse Olfactory Sensory Neurons in Intact Neuroepithelium: Functional Analysis of Neurons Expressing an Identified Odorant

Perforated Patch-clamp Recording of Mouse Olfactory Sensory Neurons in Intact Neuroepithelium: Functional Analysis of Neurons Expressing an Identified Odorant Receptor

Analyzing the physiological properties of olfactory sensory neurons still faces technical limitations. Here we record them through perforated patch-clamp in an intact preparation of the olfactory epithelium in gene-targeted mice. This technique allows the characterization of membrane properties and responses to specific ligands of neurons expressing defined olfactory receptors.

본래 Neuroepithelium에서 마우스 강한 감각 뉴런의 천공 패치 클램프 녹음 : 확인 된 부 취제 수용체를 발현 뉴런의 기능 분석

Analyzing the physiological responses of olfactory sensory neurons (OSN) when stimulated with specific ligands is critical to understand the basis of ...

perforated-patch-clamp-recording-mouse-olfactory-sensory-neurons

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Neuroscience

26.6K 조회수.  Université de Bourgogne. Analyzing the physiological properties of olfactory sensory neurons still faces technical limitations. Here we record them through perforated patch-clamp in an intact preparation of the olfactory epithelium in gene-targeted mice. This technique allows the characterization of membrane properties and responses to specific ligands of neurons expressing defined olfactory receptors.

비디오: Perforated Patch-clamp Recording of Mouse Olfactory Sensory Neurons in Intact Neuroepithelium: Functional Analysis of Neurons Expressing an Identified Odorant Receptor

Analyzing Responses of Mouse Olfactory Sensory Neurons Using the Air-phase Electroolfactogram Recording

Animals depend on olfaction for many critical behaviors, such as finding food sources, avoiding predators, and identifying conspecifics for mating and other social interactions. The electroolfactogram (EOG) recording is an informative, easy to conduct, and reliable method to assay olfactory function at the level of the olfactory epithelium. Since the 1956 description of the EOG by Ottoson in frogs1, the EOG recording has been applied in many vertebrates including salamanders, rabbits, rats, mice, and humans (reviewed by Scott and Scott-Johnson, 2002, ref. 2). The recent advances in genetic modification in mice have rekindled interest in recording the EOG for physiological characterization of olfactory function in knock-out and knock-in mice. EOG recordings have been successfully applied to demonstrate the central role of olfactory signal transduction components3-8, and more recently to characterize the contribution of certain regulatory mechanisms to OSN responses9-12.
Odorant detection occurs at the surface of the olfactory epithelium on the cilia of OSNs, where a signal transduction cascade leads to opening of ion channels, generating a current that flows into the cilia and depolarizes the membrane13. The EOG is the negative potential recorded extracellularly at the surface of the olfactory epithelium upon odorant stimulation, resulting from a summation of the potential changes caused by individual responsive OSNs in the recording field2. Comparison of the amplitude and kinetics of the EOG thus provide valuable information about how genetic modification and other experimental manipulations influence the molecular signaling underlying the OSN response to odor. 
Here we describe an air-phase EOG recording on a preparation of mouse olfactory turbinates. Briefly, after sacrificing the mouse, the olfactory turbinates are exposed by bisecting the head along the midline and removing the septum. The turbinate preparation is then placed in the recording setup, and a recording electrode is placed at the surface of the olfactory epithelium on one of the medial turbinates. A reference electrode is electrically connected to the tissue through a buffer solution. A continuous stream of humidified air is blown over the surface of the epithelium to keep it moist. The vapor of odorant solutions is puffed into the stream of humidified air to stimulate the epithelium. Responses are recorded and digitized for further analysis.

The electroolfactogram (EOG) recording is an informative, easy-to-conduct, and reliable way of assessing olfactory function at the level of the olfactory epithelium. This protocol describes a recording setup, mouse tissue preparation, data collection, and basic data analysis.

에어 - 상 Electroolfactogram 기록을 사용하여 마우스 강한 감각 뉴런의 분석 응답

Animals depend on olfaction for many critical behaviors, such as finding food sources, avoiding predators, and identifying conspecifics for mating and ...

연구

신경과학

Flash Photolysis of Caged Compounds in the Cilia of Olfactory Sensory  Neurons

Photolysis of caged compounds allows the production of rapid and localized increases in the concentration of various physiologically active compounds1. Caged compounds are molecules made physiologically inactive by a chemical cage that can be broken by a flash of ultraviolet light. Here, we show how to obtain patch-clamp recordings combined with photolysis of caged compounds for the study of olfactory transduction in dissociated mouse olfactory sensory neurons. The process of olfactory transduction (Figure 1) takes place in the cilia of olfactory sensory neurons, where odorant binding to receptors leads to the increase of cAMP that opens cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) channels2. Ca entry through CNG channels activates Ca-activated Cl channels. We show how to dissociate neurons from the mouse olfactory epithelium3 and how to activate CNG channels or Ca-activated Cl channels by photolysis of caged cAMP4 or caged Ca5. We use a flash lamp6,7 to apply ultraviolet flashes to the ciliary region to uncage cAMP or Ca while patch-clamp recordings are taken to measure the current in the whole-cell voltage-clamp configuration8-11.

Photolysis of caged compounds allows the production of rapid and localized increases in the concentration of various physiologically active compounds. Here, we show how to obtain patch-clamp recordings combined with photolysis of caged cAMP or caged Ca for the study of olfactory transduction in dissociated mouse olfactory sensory neurons.

강한 감각 뉴런의 속눈썹에 갇힌 화합물의 플래시 광분해

Photolysis of caged compounds allows the production of rapid and localized increases in the concentration of various physiologically active compounds1. ...

Odorant-induced Responses Recorded from Olfactory Receptor Neurons using the Suction Pipette Technique

Animals sample the odorous environment around them through the chemosensory systems located in the nasal cavity. Chemosensory signals affect complex behaviors such as food choice, predator, conspecific and mate recognition and other socially relevant cues. Olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) are located in the dorsal part of the nasal cavity embedded in the olfactory epithelium. These bipolar neurons send an axon to the olfactory bulb (see Fig. 1, Reisert &amp; Zhao1, originally published in the Journal of General Physiology) and extend a single dendrite to the epithelial border from where cilia radiate into the mucus that covers the olfactory epithelium. The cilia contain the signal transduction machinery that ultimately leads to excitatory current influx through the ciliary transduction channels, a cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) channel and a Ca2+-activated Cl- channel (Fig. 1). The ensuing depolarization triggers action potential generation at the cell body2-4.
In this video we describe the use of the "suction pipette technique" to record odorant-induced responses from ORNs. This method was originally developed to record from rod photoreceptors5 and a variant of this method can be found at jove.com modified to record from mouse cone photoreceptors6. The suction pipette technique was later adapted to also record from ORNs7,8. Briefly, following dissociation of the olfactory epithelium and cell isolation, the entire cell body of an ORN is sucked into the tip of a recording pipette. The dendrite and the cilia remain exposed to the bath solution and thus accessible to solution changes to enable e.g. odorant or pharmacological blocker application. In this configuration, no access to the intracellular environment is gained (no whole-cell voltage clamp) and the intracellular voltage remains free to vary. This allows the simultaneous recording of the slow receptor current that originates at the cilia and fast action potentials fired by the cell body9. The difference in kinetics between these two signals allows them to be separated using different filter settings. This technique can be used on any wild type or knockout mouse or to record selectively from ORNs that also express GFP to label specific subsets of ORNs, e.g. expressing a given odorant receptor or ion channel.

Olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) convert odor signals first into a receptor current that in turn triggers action potentials that are conveyed to second order neurons in the olfactory bulb. Here we describe the suction pipette technique to record simultaneously the odorant-induced receptor current and action potentials from mouse ORNs.

흡입 피펫 기법을 사용하여 강한 수용체 뉴런에서 기록 Odorant 유발 응답

Animals sample the odorous environment around them through the chemosensory systems located in the nasal cavity. Chemosensory signals affect complex ...

Retrograde Fluorescent Labeling Allows for Targeted Extracellular Single-unit Recording from Identified Neurons In vivo

The overall goal of this method is to record single-unit responses from an identified population of neurons. In vivo electrophysiological recordings from individual neurons are critical for understanding how neural circuits function under natural conditions. Traditionally, these recordings have been performed 'blind', meaning the identity of the recorded cell is unknown at the start of the recording. Cellular identity can be subsequently determined via intracellular1, juxtacellular2 or loose-patch3 iontophoresis of dye, but these recordings cannot be pre-targeted to specific neurons in regions with functionally heterogeneous cell types. Fluorescent proteins can be expressed in a cell-type specific manner permitting visually-guided single-cell electrophysiology4-6. However, there are many model systems for which these genetic tools are not available. Even in genetically accessible model systems, the desired promoter may be unknown or genetically homogenous neurons may have varying projection patterns. Similarly, viral vectors have been used to label specific subgroups of projection neurons7, but use of this method is limited by toxicity and lack of trans-synaptic specificity. Thus, additional techniques that offer specific pre-visualization to record from identified single neurons in vivo are needed. Pre-visualization of the target neuron is particularly useful for challenging recording conditions, for which classical single-cell recordings are often prohibitively difficult8-11. The novel technique described in this paper uses retrograde transport of a fluorescent dye applied using tungsten needles to rapidly and selectively label a specific subset of cells within a particular brain region based on their unique axonal projections, thereby providing a visual cue to obtain targeted electrophysiological recordings from identified neurons in an intact circuit within a vertebrate CNS.
The most significant novel advancement of our method is the use of fluorescent labeling to target specific cell types in a non-genetically accessible model system. Weakly electric fish are an excellent model system for studying neural circuits in awake, behaving animals12. We utilized this technique to study sensory processing by "small cells" in the anterior exterolateral nucleus (ELa) of weakly electric mormyrid fish. "Small cells" are hypothesized to be time comparator neurons important for detecting submillisecond differences in the arrival times of presynaptic spikes13. However, anatomical features such as dense myelin, engulfing synapses, and small cell bodies have made it extremely difficult to record from these cells using traditional methods11, 14. Here we demonstrate that our novel method selectively labels these cells in 28% of preparations, allowing for reliable, robust recordings and characterization of responses to electrosensory stimulation.

Retrograde Fluorescent Labeling Allows for Targeted Extracellular Single-unit Recording from Identified Neurons In vivo

Retrograde transport of fluorescent dye labels a sub-population of neurons based on anatomical projection. Labeled axons can be visually targeted in vivo, permitting extracellular recording from identified axons. This technique facilitates recording when neurons cannot be labeled through genetic manipulation or are difficult to isolate using 'blind' in vivo approaches.

역행 형광 라벨이 확인 된 신경 세포의 표적 세포 외 단일 단위 기록을 허용<em&gt; 생체 내</em

The overall goal of this method is to record single-unit responses from an identified population of neurons. In vivo electrophysiological recordings from ...

Recording Electrical Activity from Identified Neurons in the Intact Brain of Transgenic Fish

Understanding the cell physiology of neural circuits that regulate complex behaviors is greatly enhanced by using model systems in which this work can be performed in an intact brain preparation where the neural circuitry of the CNS remains intact. We use transgenic fish in which gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons are genetically tagged with green fluorescent protein for identification in the intact brain. Fish have multiple populations of GnRH neurons, and their functions are dependent on their location in the brain and the GnRH gene that they express1 . We have focused our demonstration on GnRH3 neurons located in the terminal nerves (TN) associated with the olfactory bulbs using the intact brain of transgenic medaka fish (Figure 1B and C). Studies suggest that medaka TN-GnRH3 neurons are neuromodulatory, acting as a transmitter of information from the external environment to the central nervous system; they do not play a direct role in regulating pituitary-gonadal functions, as do the well-known hypothalamic GnRH1 neurons2, 3 .The tonic pattern of spontaneous action potential firing of TN-GnRH3 neurons is an intrinsic property4-6, the frequency of which is modulated by visual cues from conspecifics2 and the neuropeptide kisspeptin 15. In this video, we use a stable line of transgenic medaka in which TN-GnRH3 neurons express a transgene containing the promoter region of Gnrh3 linked to enhanced green fluorescent protein7 to show you how to identify neurons and monitor their electrical activity in the whole brain preparation6.

In this video, we will demonstrate how to record electrical activity from identified single neurons in a whole brain preparation, which preserves complex neural circuits. We use transgenic fish in which gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons are genetically tagged with a fluorescent protein for identification in the intact brain preparation.

형질 전환 생선의 본래 뇌에서 발견 뉴런의 전기적 활동을 기록

Understanding the cell physiology of neural circuits that regulate complex behaviors is greatly enhanced by using model systems in which this work can be ...

Isolation of Sensory Neurons of Aplysia californica for Patch Clamp Recordings of Glutamatergic Currents

The marine gastropod mollusk Aplysia californica has a venerable history as a model of nervous system function, with particular significance in studies of learning and memory. The typical preparations for such studies are ones in which the sensory and motoneurons are left intact in a minimally dissected animal, or a technically elaborate neuronal co-culture of individual sensory and motoneurons. Less common is the isolated neuronal preparation in which small clusters of nominally homogeneous neurons are dissociated into single cells in short term culture. Such isolated cells are useful for the biophysical characterization of ion currents using patch clamp techniques, and targeted modulation of these conductances. A protocol for preparing such cultures is described. The protocol takes advantage of the easily identifiable glutamatergic sensory neurons of the pleural and buccal ganglia, and describes their dissociation and minimal maintenance in culture for several days without serum.

Isolation of Sensory Neurons of Aplysia californica for Patch Clamp Recordings of Glutamatergic Currents

We describe the dissection of the nervous system of the marine sea hare Aplysia after anesthesia, the isolation of neurons for short term-tissue culture, and recordings of single cell ion currents via the patch clamp technique.

의 감각 뉴런의 분리<em&gt; 군소 californica</em&gt; 글루타메이트 전류의 패치 클램프 녹음을위한

The marine gastropod mollusk Aplysia californica has a venerable  history as a model of nervous system function, with particular significance in  studies ...

Intracellular Recording, Sensory Field Mapping, and Culturing Identified Neurons in the Leech, Hirudo medicinalis

The freshwater leech, Hirudo medicinalis, is a versatile model organism that has been used to address scientific questions in the fields of neurophysiology, neuroethology, and developmental biology. The goal of this report is to consolidate experimental techniques from the leech system into a single article that will be of use to physiologists with expertise in other nervous system preparations, or to biology students with little or no electrophysiology experience. We demonstrate how to dissect the leech for recording intracellularly from identified neural circuits in the ganglion. Next we show how individual cells of known function can be removed from the ganglion to be cultured in a Petri dish, and how to record from those neurons in culture. Then we demonstrate how to prepare a patch of innervated skin to be used for mapping sensory or motor fields. These leech preparations are still widely used to address basic electrical properties of neural networks, behavior, synaptogenesis, and development. They are also an appropriate training module for neuroscience or physiology teaching laboratories.

Intracellular Recording, Sensory Field Mapping, and Culturing Identified Neurons in the Leech, Hirudo medicinalis

This article describes three nervous system preparations using leeches: intracellular recording from neurons in ventral ganglia, culturing neurons from ventral ganglia, and recording from a patch of innervated skin to map sensory fields.

세포 내 기록, 감각이 필드를 매핑하고, 거머리의 배양 확인 된 뉴런, Hirudo의 medicinalis</i

The freshwater leech, Hirudo medicinalis, is a versatile model organism that has been used to address scientific questions in the fields of ...

Whole Mount Immunolabeling of Olfactory Receptor Neurons in the Drosophila Antenna

Odorant molecules bind to their target receptors in a precise and coordinated manner. Each receptor recognizes a specific signal and relays this information to the brain. As such, determining how olfactory information is transferred to the brain, modifying both perception and behavior, merits investigation. Interestingly, there is emerging evidence that cellular transduction and transcriptional factors are involved in the diversification of olfactory receptor neuron. Here we provide a robust whole mount immunological labeling method to assay in vivo olfactory receptor neuron organization. Using this method, we identified all olfactory receptor neurons with anti-ELAV antibody, a known pan-neural marker and Or49a-mCD8::GFP, an olfactory receptor neuron specifically expressed in Nba neuron using anti-GFP antibody.

Whole Mount Immunolabeling of Olfactory Receptor Neurons in the Drosophila Antenna

Herein we describe the process of whole mount immunostaining of Drosophila antennae, which enables us to better understand the molecular mechanisms involved in the diversification of olfactory receptor neurons (ORN)s.

에있는 후각 수용체 뉴런의 전체 마운트 Immunolabeling<em&gt; 초파리</em&gt; 안테나

Odorant molecules bind to their target receptors in a precise and coordinated manner. Each receptor recognizes a specific signal and relays this ...

Recording Light-evoked Postsynaptic Responses in Neurons in Dark-adapted, Mouse Retinal Slice Preparations Using Patch Clamp Techniques

The retina is the gateway to the visual system. To understand visual signal processing mechanisms, we investigate retinal neural network functions. Retinal neurons in the network comprise of numerous subtypes. More than 10 subtypes of bipolar cells, ganglion cells, and amacrine cells have been identified by morphological studies. Multiple subtypes of retinal neurons are thought to encode distinct features of visual signaling, such as motion and color, and form multiple neural pathways. However, the functional roles of each neuron in visual signal processing are not fully understood. The patch clamp method is useful to address this fundamental question. Here, a protocol to record light-evoked synaptic responses in mouse retinal neurons using patch clamp recordings in dark-adapted conditions is provided. The mouse eyes are dark-adapted O/N, and retinal slice preparations are dissected in a dark room using infrared illumination and viewers. Infrared light does not activate mouse photoreceptors and thus preserves their light responsiveness. Patch clamp is used to record light-evoked responses in retinal neurons. A fluorescent dye is injected during recordings to characterize neuronal morphological subtypes. This procedure enables us to determine the physiological functions of each neuron in the mouse retina.

We will demonstrate how to prepare retinal slices from the mouse eye and record light responses in retinal neurons. The entire procedure is conducted in dark-adapted conditions.

녹화 패치 클램프 기술을 사용하여 어두운 적응 마우스 망막 슬라이스 준비에 신경 세포의 시냅스 응답 빛-유발

The retina is the gateway to the visual system. To understand visual signal processing mechanisms, we investigate retinal neural network functions. ...

Preparations and Protocols for Whole Cell Patch Clamp Recording of Xenopus laevis Tectal Neurons

The Xenopus tadpole retinotectal circuit, comprised of the retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in the eye which form synapses directly onto neurons in the optic tectum, is a popular model to study how neural circuits self-assemble. The ability to carry out whole cell patch clamp recordings from tectal neurons and to record RGC-evoked responses, either in vivo or using a whole brain preparation, has generated a large body of high-resolution data about the mechanisms underlying normal, and abnormal, circuit formation and function. Here we describe how to perform the in vivo preparation, the original whole brain preparation, and a more recently developed horizontal brain slice preparation for obtaining whole cell patch clamp recordings from tectal neurons. Each preparation has unique experimental advantages. The in vivo preparation enables the recording of the direct response of tectal neurons to visual stimuli projected onto the eye. The whole brain preparation allows for the RGC axons to be activated in a highly controlled manner, and the horizontal brain slice preparation allows recording from across all layers of the tectum.

Preparations and Protocols for Whole Cell Patch Clamp Recording of Xenopus laevis Tectal Neurons

In this paper, we discuss three brain preparations used for whole cell patch clamp recording to study the retinotectal circuit of Xenopus laevis tadpoles. Each preparation, with its own specific advantages, contributes to the experimental tractability of the Xenopus tadpole as a model to study neural circuit function.

준비 및 Xenopus laevis Tectal 신경의 전체 셀 패치 클램프 기록에 대 한 프로토콜

The Xenopus tadpole retinotectal circuit, comprised of the retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in the eye which form synapses directly onto neurons in the optic ...