この研究は、カナダ保健省ゲノミクス研究開発イニシアティブ（GRDI）とバイオテクノロジーのためのカナダの規制戦略（CRSB）によって資金を供給されました。著者らは、利害の競合を持っていません。

<ol>
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Rev. 27 (2), 120-139 (2009).</li><li>Cadet, J., Bellon, S., Douki, T., Frelon, S., Gasparutto, D., Muller, E., Pouget, J. P., Ravanat, J. L., Romieu, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Radiation-induced+DNA+damage:+formation,+measurement,+and+biochemical+features.">Radiation-induced DNA damage: formation, measurement, and biochemical features.</a> J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol. 23 (1), 23-23 (2004).</li><li>Weiss, J. M., Goode, E. L., Ladiges, W. C., Ulrich, C. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Polymorphic+variation+in+hOGG1+and+risk+of+cancer:+a+review+of+the+functional+and+epidemiologic+literature.">Polymorphic variation in hOGG1 and risk of cancer: a review of the functional and epidemiologic literature.</a> Mol. Carcinog. 42 (3), 127-141 (2005).</li><li>Culp, S. 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L., Douki, T., Duez, P., Gremaud, E., Herbert, K., Hofer, T., Lasserre, L., Saint-Pierre, C., Favier, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cellular+background+level+of+8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine:+an+isotope+based+method+to+evaluate+artefactual+oxidation+of+DNA+during+its+extraction+and+subsequent+work-up.">Cellular background level of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine: an isotope based method to evaluate artefactual oxidation of DNA during its extraction and subsequent work-up.</a> Carcinogenesis. 23 (11), 1911-1918 (2002).</li><li>Gossen, J. A., De Leeuw, W. J. F., Tan, C. H. T., Zwarthoff, E. C., Berends, F., Lohman, P. H. M., Knook, D. L., Vijg, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficient+rescue+of+integrated+shuttle+vectors+from+transgenic+mice:+A+model+for+studying+mutations+in+vivo.">Efficient rescue of integrated shuttle vectors from transgenic mice: A model for studying mutations in vivo.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 86 (20), 7971-7975 (1989).</li><li>Van Campen, L. E., Murphy, W. J., Franks, J. R., Mathias, P. I., Toraason, M. 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M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+an+HPLC+method+with+electrochemical+detection+of+femtomoles+of+8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine+and+8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine+in+the+presence+of+uric+acid.">Development of an HPLC method with electrochemical detection of femtomoles of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine and 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine in the presence of uric acid.</a> Talanta. 63 (2), 323-331 (2004).</li><li>Ravanat, J. -. L., Turesky, R. J., Gremaud, E., Trudel, L. J., Stadler, R. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Determination+of+8-oxoguanine+in+DNA+by+gas+chromatography-mass+spectrometry+and+HPLC-electrochemical+detection:+overestimation+of+the+background+level+of+the+oxidized+base+by+the+gas+chromatography-mass+spectrometry+assay.">Determination of 8-oxoguanine in DNA by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and HPLC-electrochemical detection: overestimation of the background level of the oxidized base by the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry assay.</a> Chem. Res. Toxicol. 8 (8), 1039-1045 (1995).</li><li>Kawanishi, S., Murata, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanism+of+DNA+damage+induced+by+bromate+differs+from+general+types+of+oxidative+stress.">Mechanism of DNA damage induced by bromate differs from general types of oxidative stress.</a> Toxicology. 221 (2-3), 172-178 (2006).</li><li>Tahara, S., Kaneko, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Susceptibility+of+mouse+splenic+cells+to+oxidative+DNA+damage+by+x-ray+irradiation.">Susceptibility of mouse splenic cells to oxidative DNA damage by x-ray irradiation.</a> Biol. Pharm. Bull. 27 (1), 105-108 (2004).</li><li>Garratt, L. W., Mistry, V., Singh, R., Sandhu, J. K., Sheil, B., Cooke, M. S., Sly, P. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interpretation+of+urinary+8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine+is+adversely+affected+by+methodological+inaccuracies+when+using+a+commercial+ELISA.">Interpretation of urinary 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine is adversely affected by methodological inaccuracies when using a commercial ELISA.</a> Free Radic. Biol. Med. 48 (11), 1460-1464 (2012).</li><li>Cooke, M. S., Collins, A., Olinski, R., Rozalski, R., Loft, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Harmonising+measurements+of+8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2&#8242;-deoxyguanosine+in+cellular+DNA+and+urine.">Harmonising measurements of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2&#8242;-deoxyguanosine in cellular DNA and urine.</a> Free Radic. Res. 46 (4), 541-553 (2012).</li><li>Cadet, J., Douki, T., Ravanat, J. 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No conflict of interest or competing financial interests declared.

8-オキソdGuoがDNA酸化の有用なバイオマーカーとして報告されているが、その信頼性の定量化は、チャレンジを提起することができます。いくつか公開された方法が存在するが、それらの研究室での方法を展開する研究者を可能にするプロトコルの包括的、説明的な概要が必要とされています。ここでは、8オキソdGuoの検出および定量化のための効果的な方法を確立するために新しいユーザー?...

その定常状態レベルの酸化的DNA損傷の頻度の増加に寄与し、多くの病的状態とxenotoxic代謝中に増加させることができる反応性酸素種（ROS）。いくつかの可能な核酸塩基の酸化物の中でも、酸化的DNA損傷を容易に &#39;2の酸化形態の一つである安定したマーカー8-オキソ-7,8-ジヒドロ-2&#39;-デオキシグアノシン（8-オキソdGuo）を用いて測定することができます-deoxyguanosine（dGuo）1。 8-オキソdGuoは最も豊富なDNA損傷2であり、したがって、複数のDNAの酸化生成物3の存在にもかかわらず、DNA酸化のバイオマーカーとして、より詳細に検討されています。ヒトでは、この損傷は8-オキソグアニングリコシラーゼ1（hOGG1）4によって塩基除去修復を経て修復することができます。未修復のままにすると、8-オキソdGuoが塩基対置換変異の形成（ すなわち 、Gは転換をTに）に貢献することができる4。重要なことは、8-オキソdGuoは、確立されたマーカーのFOです開始と発癌2の促進に関連するr個のDNA損傷。したがって、8-オキソdGuoの正確な定量は、酸化的DNA損傷5の有用なバイオマーカーであると望ましいです。 さらに広まっ2デオキシグアノシンの酸化的損傷を受けた形態のための正しい名前に関する文献における混乱と、日常的に酸化的DNA損傷6のバイオマーカーとして測定した化合物（複数可）の正しい名前があります。 8-オキソdGuo（ 図1に示す）の6,8-ジケトおよび6エノール、8-ケト互変異性型は、文献5,7で説明した2つの最も顕著な互変異性体です。 6,8-ジケトフォーム7.4の生理的pHで最も顕著な形態であり、そして最も顕著なDNAの酸化生成物7です。したがって、8-オキソdGuoはなく8-ヒドロキシdGuoこの酸化生成物6のための最も適切な名前です。むしろnucleobより、2 - デオキシグアノシン（dGuo）ことに注意することも重要ですアーゼのグアニン（グア）またはリボグアノシン（郭）が、それぞれ、最も方法6により検出されます。 DNAサンプルの消化i）においてばらつき、試料調製中に発生する可能性がある8-オキソdGuoにdGuoのii）の不定酸化、 およびiii）必要性：8-オキソdGuoの正確な検出および定量化が原因に困難です分析HPLC-ED法8の効果的な検証のため。 III）を部分的にのみを含めることによって対処している間にこのプロトコルでは、封入金属キレート剤とキレート剤処理されたソリューションと特殊なDNA単離試薬によって、我々は完全なDNA消化のための有利な条件を提供することにより、）私を達成することを目的とし、II）ポジティブコントロールは、したがって、本方法は、生物学的試料中の8-オキソdGuoを検出することができることを提供します。さらなる検証はこの論文の範囲を超えています。しかし、このプロトコルは将来のを助けると確信していますユーザーは、彼らが正式にその目的に応じて、プロトコルを検証する必要がどの程度を決定します。メソッドの仮の検証に必要な手順のリストがさらに提供されます。 8-オキソdGuo検出のための方法の開発と展開の間に、公表された方法を検討し、併合されました。したがって、この方法は、8-オキソdGuoの検出および定量のための方法がうまく採用されている場合にも、検査の迅速かつ簡単な手段を提供しながら、多くの場合、重要な実験の詳細を欠いている、いくつかの公開されたソースから情報を収集する必要がなくなります。この適応方法は、正常培養細胞およびマウス組織からDNAサンプルを分析するために使用しました。このビデオの記事は、HPLC-EDによる8-オキソdGuoを確実に検出および定量化のための効果的な方法を確立する他のグループを支援します。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>8-oxo-dGuo standard</td>
			<td>Cayman Chemical Company</td>
			<td>89320</td>
			<td>Inappropriately referred to as &#34;8-hydroxy-2&#39;-deoxy Guanosine&#34; - see Fig. 1 and text for details</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alkaline phosphatase&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P5931</td>
			<td>From E.coli</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chelex 100</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>C7901</td>
			<td>Chelates heavy metals</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Desferoxamine mesylate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>D9533</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>dGuo standard</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>D7145</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dibasic sodium phosphate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>S9390</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DNA from salmon sperm</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>D1626</td>
			<td>Sodium salt</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DNase I</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>D4527</td>
			<td>TypeII, from bovine pancreas</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DNAzol</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>10503-27</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt dihydrate (EDTA)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>E4884</td>
			<td>The compound would not completely dissolve until solution pH is adjusted to 8.0 with e.g. NaOH</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>F12-K media</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>30-2004</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Foetal bovine serum</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>30-2020</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Guard column</td>
			<td>Chromatographic Specialties</td>
			<td>YBA 99S03 0204GC</td>
			<td>Protects colum from contamination; may also lead to pressure build-up</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Magnesium chloride</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>M8266</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Monobasic sodium phosphate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>S9638</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin-Streptomycin</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>15140-122</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphate buffered saline</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>15190-250</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphodiesterase I enzyme&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P3243</td>
			<td>Type II from Crotalus adamaneus venom</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Teflon homogenizer</td>
			<td>Thomas Scientific</td>
			<td>7724T-1 or 7724T-5 for 1 or 5 mL, respectively</td>
			<td>Volume (holding capacity) depends on the amount of sample to be processed.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypsin</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>15050-065</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>YMC-BASIC column with bonded spherical silica</td>
			<td>Chromatographic Specialties</td>
			<td>YBA 99S03 1546WT</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

hplc measurement of the dna oxidation biomarker, 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2&#8217;-deoxyguanosine, in cultured cells and animal tissues

酸化ストレスは、DNAなどの生体高分子の酸化につながる、多くの生理学的および病理学的プロセス、ならびに生体異物代謝に関連しています。そのため、DNAの酸化の効率的な検出は、医学と毒物学などの研究分野、各種のために重要です。酸化的損傷を受けたDNAの一般的なバイオマーカーは、8-オキソ-7,8-ジヒドロ-2&#39;-デオキシグアノシン（8-オキソdGuoあるしばしば誤っと称される8-ヒドロキシ-2&#39;-デオキシグアノシン（8-OH-dGuoまたは8 - オキソ - dGの））。電気化学検出（HPLC-ED）と、高圧液体クロマトグラフィーにより8-オキソdGuo測定するためのいくつかのプロトコルが記載されています。しかし、これらは主に酸化促進剤で処理された精製されたDNAに適用しました。また、原因の研究室間の方法論の違いに、主に分析機器の違いによる、HPLC-EDによる8-オキソdGuoの検出のための公表された方法の採用は、各研究室によって慎重な最適化を必要とします。 Aこのような最適化処理を説明する包括的なプロトコルは、不足しています。ここでは、詳細なプロトコールは、培養細胞または動物組織からのDNAにおいて、HPLC-EDによって8-オキソdGuoの検出のために記載されています。これは、DNA試料の調製を容易かつ迅速に試料調製の間に発生することが望ましくないDNAの酸化を最小にするように最適化することができる方法を示します。このプロトコルは、酸化剤KBrO 3で処理した培養ヒト歯槽腺癌細胞（ すなわち 、A549細胞）における、および多環式芳香族炭化水素ジベンゾ（DEF、P）クリセンに曝露されたマウスの脾臓から8-オキソdGuoを検出する方法を示しています（DBC、旧ジベンゾとして知られている（L）ピレン、DalP）。全体的に、この作品は、HPLC-EDの方法論は容易に生物学的サンプル中の8-オキソdGuoの検出のために最適化することができる方法を示しています。

dGuoは8-オキソdGuoが約6.4分（ 図2AおよびB）の保持時間を有していたのに対し、4.7分の保持時間を有することが観察されました。 図2Cに見られるように、2つの分析物のピーク高さの約1000倍の差が存在します。 8-オキソdGuoとdGuoためボルタモグラムは8-オキソdGuoのための最適な作動電位が+ 0.5Vであることが決定された0.2から1.1 Vの範囲で作動電位で基準を実?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about HPLC Measurement of the DNA Oxidation Biomarker, 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2â€™-deoxyguanosine, in Cultured Cells and Animal Tissues at JoVE.com

HPLC Measurement of the DNA Oxidation Biomarker, 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2&amp;#8217;-deoxyguanosine, in Cultured Cells and Animal Tissues

このプロトコルの目的は、培養細胞または動物組織からのDNAにおけるHPLC-EDによるDNA酸化のマーカー、8-オキソ-7,8-ジヒドロ-2&#39;-デオキシグアノシン（8-オキソdGuo）の検出です。

培養細胞および動物組織中のDNAの酸化バイオマーカー、8-オキソ-7,8-ジヒドロ-2&#39;-デオキシグアノシンのHPLC測定、

Oxidative stress is associated with many physiological and pathological processes, as well as xenobiotic metabolism, leading to the oxidation of ...

hplc-measurement-dna-oxidation-biomarker-8-oxo-78-dihydro-2

Research

JoVE Journal

Chemistry

HPLC Measurement of the DNA Oxidation Biomarker, 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2&#8217;-deoxyguanosine, in Cultured Cells and Animal Tissues

26.1K ビュー.  Health Canada. このプロトコルの目的は、培養細胞または動物組織からのDNAにおけるHPLC-EDによるDNA酸化のマーカー、8-オキソ-7,8-ジヒドロ-2'-デオキシグアノシン（8-オキソdGuo）の検出です。 

ビデオ: HPLC Measurement of the DNA Oxidation Biomarker, 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2&#8217;-deoxyguanosine, in Cultured Cells and Animal Tissues

Steady-state, Pre-steady-state, and Single-turnover Kinetic Measurement for DNA Glycosylase Activity

Human 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase (OGG1) excises the mutagenic oxidative DNA lesion 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine (8-oxoG) from DNA. Kinetic characterization of OGG1 is undertaken to measure the rates of 8-oxoG excision and product release. When the OGG1 concentration is lower than substrate DNA, time courses of product formation are biphasic; a rapid exponential phase (i.e. burst) of product formation is followed by a linear steady-state phase. The initial burst of product formation corresponds to the concentration of enzyme properly engaged on the substrate, and the burst amplitude depends on the concentration of enzyme. The first-order rate constant of the burst corresponds to the intrinsic rate of 8-oxoG excision and the slower steady-state rate measures the rate of product release (product DNA dissociation rate constant, koff). Here, we describe steady-state, pre-steady-state, and single-turnover approaches to isolate and measure specific steps during OGG1 catalytic cycling. A fluorescent labeled lesion-containing oligonucleotide and purified OGG1 are used to facilitate precise kinetic measurements. Since low enzyme concentrations are used to make steady-state measurements, manual mixing of reagents and quenching of the reaction can be performed to ascertain the steady-state rate (koff). Additionally, extrapolation of the steady-state rate to a point on the ordinate at zero time indicates that a burst of product formation occurred during the first turnover (i.e. y-intercept is positive). The first-order rate constant of the exponential burst phase can be measured using a rapid mixing and quenching technique that examines the amount of product formed at short time intervals (&lt;1 sec) before the steady-state phase and corresponds to the rate of 8-oxoG excision (i.e. chemistry). The chemical step can also be measured using a single-turnover approach where catalytic cycling is prevented by saturating substrate DNA with enzyme (E&gt;S). These approaches can measure elementary rate constants that influence the efficiency of removal of a DNA lesion.

Time courses for the glycosylase activity of 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase are biphasic exhibiting a burst of product formation and a linear steady-state phase. Utilizing quench-flow techniques, the burst and the steady-state rates can be measured, which correspond to excision of 8-oxoguanine and release of the glycosylase from the product DNA, respectively.

DNAグリコシラーゼ活性の定常状態、プレ定常状態、およびシングルターンオーバー速度論的測定

Human 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase (OGG1) excises the mutagenic oxidative DNA lesion 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine (8-oxoG) from DNA. Kinetic characterization ...

化学

HPLC-based Assay to Monitor Extracellular Nucleotide/Nucleoside Metabolism in Human Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Cells

This method describes a sensitive, specific, reliable and reproducible reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) assay developed and validated for the quantification of extracellular purine nucleotides and nucleosides produced by purified chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells under different culture conditions. The chromatographic separation of adenosine 5&#39;-monophosphate (AMP), adenosine (ADO) and inosine (INO) is performed at RT on a silica-based, reversed-phase column that is used for polar compound retention. The method includes a binary mobile phase, which consists of 7 mM ammonium acetate and acetonitrile with a flow rate of 1.00 ml/min. The eluates are monitored using a Photodiode Array UV detector set at 260 nm. A standard calibration curve is generated to calculate the equation for the analytical quantification of each purine compound. System control, data acquisition and analysis are then performed. Applying this protocol, AMP, INO and ADO elute at 7, 11 and 11.9 min, respectively, and the total run time for each sample is 20 min. This protocol may be applied to different cell types and cell lines (both suspension and adherent), using culture media as matrix. The advantages are easy and fast sample preparation and the requirement of a small amount of supernatant for analysis. Furthermore, the use of a serum-free medium allows skipping the protein precipitation step with acetonitrile that impacts the final concentration of purine compounds. One of the limitations of the method is the requirement of the equilibration column run before each single sample run, making the total run time of the experiment longer and preventing high throughput screening applications.

The protocol described here represents an easy and reproducible method that employs reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) to measure purine metabolism on chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells cultured under different conditions.

HPLCベースのアッセイは、ヒト慢性リンパ球性白血病細胞における細胞外ヌクレオチド/ヌクレオシド代謝を監視します

This method describes a sensitive, specific, reliable and reproducible reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) assay developed and ...

Determining the Chemical Composition of Corrosion Inhibitor/Metal Interfaces with XPS: Minimizing Post Immersion Oxidation

An approach for acquiring more reliable X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy data from corrosion inhibitor/metal interfaces is described. More specifically, the focus is on metallic substrates immersed in acidic solutions containing organic corrosion inhibitors, as these systems can be particularly sensitive to oxidation following removal from solution. To minimize the likelihood of such degradation, samples are removed from solution within a glove box purged with inert gas, either N2 or Ar. The glove box is directly attached to the load-lock of the ultra-high vacuum X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy instrument, avoiding any exposure to the ambient laboratory atmosphere, and thus reducing the possibility of post immersion substrate oxidation. On this basis, one can be more certain that the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy features observed are likely to be representative of the in situ submerged scenario, e.g. the oxidation state of the metal is not modified.

A protocol to avoid the oxidation of metallic substrates during sample transfer from an inhibited acidic solution to an X-ray photoelectron spectrometer is presented.

XPSで腐食防止剤/金属界面の化学組成を決定する：最小化後のイマージョン酸化

An approach for acquiring more reliable X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy data from corrosion inhibitor/metal interfaces is described. More specifically, ...

Fabrication and Testing of Photonic Thermometers

In recent years, a push for developing novel silicon photonic devices for telecommunications has generated a vast knowledge base that is now being leveraged for developing sophisticated photonic sensors. Silicon photonic sensors seek to exploit the strong confinement of light in nano-waveguides to transduce changes in physical state to changes in resonance frequency. In the case of thermometry, the thermo-optic coefficient, i.e., changes in refractive index due to temperature, causes the resonant frequency of the photonic device such as a Bragg grating to drift with temperature. We are developing a suite of photonic devices that leverage recent advances in telecom compatible light sources to fabricate cost-effective photonic temperature sensors, which can be deployed in a wide variety of settings ranging from controlled laboratory conditions, to the noisy environment of a factory floor or a residence. In this manuscript, we detail our protocol for the fabrication and testing of photonic thermometers.

We describe the process of fabrication and testing of photonic thermometers.

光温度計の作製と試験

In recent years, a push for developing novel silicon photonic devices for telecommunications has generated a vast knowledge base that is now being ...

Simultaneous Measurement of HDAC1 and HDAC6 Activity in HeLa Cells Using UHPLC-MS

The search for new histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors is of increasing interest in drug discovery. Isoform selectivity has been in the spotlight since the approval of romidepsin, a class I HDAC inhibitor for cancer therapy, and the clinical investigation of HDAC6-specific inhibitors for multiple myeloma. The present method is used to determine the inhibitory activity of test compounds on HDAC1 and HDAC6 in cells. The isoform activity is measured using the ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography &#8211; mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS) analysis of specific substrates incubated with treated and untreated HeLa cells. The method has the advantage of reflecting the endogenous HDAC activity within the cell environment, in contrast to cell-free biochemical assays conducted on isolated isoforms. Moreover, because it is based on the quantification of synthetic substrates, the method does not require the antibody recognition of endogenous acetylated proteins. It is easily adaptable to several cell lines and an automated process. The method has already proved useful in finding HDAC6-selective compounds in neuroblasts. Representative results are shown here with the standard HDAC inhibitors trichostatin A (non-specific), MS275 (HDAC1-specific), and tubastatin A (HDAC6-specific) using HeLa cells.

The present method serves to identify isoform-specific inhibitors of histone deacetylases (HDAC) in HeLa cells by the UHPLC-MS analysis of multiple substrates. This is an antibody-free method developed to reflect HDAC1 and HDAC6 activity in the living cell environment, in contrast to single-isoform cell-free assays.

HDAC1 と HDAC6 hela 細胞活性の同時測定セルを用いたクロマト MS

The search for new histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors is of increasing interest in drug discovery. Isoform selectivity has been in the spotlight since ...

DNA-magnetic Particle Binding Analysis by Dynamic and Electrophoretic Light Scattering

Isolation of DNA using magnetic particles is a field of high importance in biotechnology and molecular biology research. This protocol describes the evaluation of DNA-magnetic particles binding via dynamic light scattering (DLS) and electrophoretic light scattering (ELS). Analysis by DLS provides valuable information on the physicochemical properties of particles including particle size, polydispersity, and zeta potential. The latter describes the surface charge of the particle which plays major role in electrostatic binding of materials such as DNA. Here, a comparative analysis exploits three chemical modifications of nanoparticles and microparticles and their effects on DNA binding and elution. Chemical modifications by branched polyethylenimine, tetraethyl orthosilicate and (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane are investigated. Since DNA exhibits a negative charge, it is expected that zeta potential of particle surface will decrease upon binding of DNA. Forming of clusters should also affect particle size. In order to investigate the efficiency of these particles in isolation and elution of DNA, the particles are mixed with DNA in low pH (~6), high ionic strength and dehydration environment. Particles are washed on magnet and then DNA is eluted by Tris-HCl buffer (pH = 8). DNA copy number is estimated using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Zeta potential, particle size, polydispersity and quantitative PCR data are evaluated and compared. DLS is an insightful and supporting method of analysis that adds a new perspective to the process of screening of particles for DNA isolation.

This protocol describes the synthesis of magnetic particles and evaluation of their DNA-binding properties via dynamic and electrophoretic light scattering. This method focuses on monitoring changes in particle size, their polydispersity and zeta potential of particle surface which play major role in binding of materials such as DNA.

バインドの動的・電気泳動光散乱による解析 DNA 磁性粒子

Isolation of DNA using magnetic particles is a field of high importance in biotechnology and molecular biology research. This protocol describes the ...

Disentangling High Strength Copolymer Aramid Fibers to Enable the Determination of Their Mechanical Properties

Traditionally, soft body armor has been made from poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide) (PPTA) and ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene. However, to diversify the fiber choices in the United States body armor market, copolymer fibers based on the combination of 5-amino-2-(p-aminophenyl) benzimidazole (PBIA) and the more conventional PPTA were introduced. Little is known regarding the long-term stability of these fibers, but as condensation polymers, they are expected to have potential sensitivity to moisture and humidity. Therefore, characterizing the strength of the materials and understanding their vulnerability to environmental conditions is important for evaluating their use lifetime in safety applications. Ballistic resistance and other critical structural properties of these fibers are predicated on their strength. To accurately determine the strength of the individual fibers, it is necessary to disentangle them from the yarn without introducing any damage. Three aramid-based copolymer fibers were selected for the study. The fibers were washed with acetone followed by methanol to remove an organic coating that held the individual fibers in each yarn bundle together. This coating makes it difficult to separate single fibers from the yarn bundle for mechanical testing without damaging the fibers and affecting their strength. After washing, fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was performed on both washed and unwashed samples and the results were compared. This experiment has shown that there are no significant variations in the spectra of poly(p-phenylene-benzimidazole-terephthalamide-co-p-phenylene terephthalamide) (PBIA-co-PPTA1) and PBIA-co-PPTA3 after washing, and only a small variation in intensity for PBIA. This indicates that the acetone and methanol rinses are not adversely affecting the fibers and causing chemical degradation. Additionally, single fiber tensile testing was performed on the washed fibers to characterize their initial tensile strength and strain to failure, and compare those to other reported values. Iterative procedural development was necessary to find a successful method for performing tensile testing on these fibers.

The primary goal of the study is to develop a protocol to prepare consistent specimens for accurate mechanical testing of high strength copolymer aramid fibers, by removing a coating and disentangling the individual fiber strands without introducing significant chemical or physical degradation.

その力学的特性の測定を可能にする高強度共重合体のアラミド繊維を disentangling

Traditionally, soft body armor has been made from poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide) (PPTA) and ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene. However, to ...

Technical Aspect of the Automated Synthesis and Real-Time Kinetic Evaluation of [11C]SNAP-7941

Positron emission tomography (PET) is an essential molecular imaging technique providing insights into pathways and using specific targeted radioligands for in vivo investigations. Within this protocol, a robust and reliable remote-controlled radiosynthesis of [11C]SNAP-7941, an antagonist to the melanin-concentrating hormone receptor 1, is described. The radiosynthesis starts with cyclotron produced [11C]CO2 that is subsequently further reacted via a gas-phase transition to [11C]CH3OTf. Then, this reactive intermediate is introduced to the precursor solution and forms the respective radiotracer. Chemical as well as the radiochemical purity are determined by means of RP-HPLC, routinely implemented in the radiopharmaceutical quality control process. Additionally, the molar activity is calculated as it is a necessity for the following real-time kinetic investigations. Furthermore, [11C]SNAP-7941 is applied to MDCKII-WT and MDCKII-hMDR1 cells for evaluating the impact of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) expression on cell accumulation. For this reason, the P-gp expressing cell line (MDCKII-hMDR1) is either used without or with blocking prior to experiments by means of the P-gp substrate (&#177;)-verapamil and the results are compared to the ones observed for the wildtype cells. The overall experimental approach demonstrates the importance of a precise time-management that is essential for every preclinical and clinical study using PET tracers radiolabelled with short-lived nuclides, such as carbon-11 (half-life: 20 min).

Technical Aspect of the Automated Synthesis and Real-Time Kinetic Evaluation of [11C]SNAP-7941

Here, we represent a protocol for the fully automated radiolabelling of [11C]SNAP-7941 and the analysis of the real-time kinetics of this PET-tracer on P-gp expressing and non-expressing cells.

[11C]SNAP-7941の自動合成とリアルタイム運動評価の技術的側面

Positron emission tomography (PET) is an essential molecular imaging technique providing insights into pathways and using specific targeted radioligands ...

Quantitative Atomic-Site Analysis of Functional Dopants/Point Defects in Crystalline Materials by Electron-Channeling-Enhanced Microanalysis

A novel elemental and chemical analysis scheme based on electron-channeling phenomena in crystalline materials is introduced, where the incident high-energy electron beam is rocked with the submicrometric pivot point fixed on a specimen. This method enables us to quantitatively derive the site occupancies and site-dependent chemical information of impurities or intentionally doped functional elements in a specimen, using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and electron energy-loss spectroscopy attached to a scanning transmission electron microscope, which is of significant interest to current materials science, particularly related to nanotechnologies. This scheme is applicable to any combination of elements even when the conventional Rietveld analysis by X-ray or neutron diffraction occasionally fails to provide the desired results because of limited sample sizes and close scattering factors of neighboring elements in the periodic table. In this methodological article, we demonstrate the basic experimental procedure and analysis method of the present beam-rocking microanalysis.

We provide a general outline of quantitative microanalysis methods for estimating the site occupancies of impurities and their chemical states by taking advantage of electron-channeling phenomena under incident electron beam-rocking conditions, which reliably extract information from minority species, light elements, oxygen vacancies, and other point/line/planar defects.

電子チャネリング強化マイクロ分析による結晶材料における機能的ドーパント/点欠陥の定量的原子部位解析

A novel elemental and chemical analysis scheme based on electron-channeling phenomena in crystalline materials is introduced, where the incident ...

HPLC Coupled with Chemical Fingerprinting for Multi-Pattern Recognition for Identifying the Authenticity of Clematidis Armandii Caulis

A method for identifying Chinese medicinal materials and their related adulterants was constructed by taking Clematidis Armandii Caulis (Chuanmutong, a universally used traditional Chinese medicine) as an example. Ten batches of genuine Chuanmutong varieties and five batches of related adulterants were analyzed and compared based on the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) fingerprints combined with chemometrics, including cluster analysis (CA), principal component analysis (PCA), and orthogonal partial least-squares discrimination analysis (OPLS-DA). In addition, the content of &#946;-sitosterol was determined. The control chemical fingerprint of Chuanmutong was established, and 12 common peaks were identified. The similarity between the fingerprint of 10 batches of genuine Chuanmutong varieties and the control fingerprint was 0.910-0.989, while the similarity of five batches of adulterants was only 0.133-0.720. Based on the common peaks in the chromatogram, 15 batches of samples were classified into three content levels by PCA, and were aggregated into four categories by CA, achieving a clear distinction between authentic Chuanmutong and adulterants of Chuanmutong. Further, seven differential components that can effectively identify authentic Chuanmutong and adulterants of Chuanmutong were found through OPLS-DA. The &#946;-sitosterol content of 10 batches of genuine Chuanmutong varieties was 97.53-161.56 &#181;g/g, while the &#946;-sitosterol content of the five batches of adulterants varied greatly, among which the &#946;-sitosterol content of Clematis peterae Hand.-Mazz. and Clematis gouriana Roxb. Var. finetii Rehd. et Wils. was significantly lower than that of authentic varieties of Chuanmutong. The HPLC index component content and chemical fingerprint multi-pattern recognition method established in this study provide a new strategy for effectively identifying authentic Chinese medicinal materials and related adulterants.

HPLC Coupled with Chemical Fingerprinting for Multi-Pattern Recognition for Identifying the Authenticity of Clematidis Armandii Caulis

Here, we present a protocol to establish high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), coupled with chemical fingerprint multi-pattern recognition, which provides a new strategy for effectively identifying the genuine varieties of Clematidis Armandii Caulis and its adulterants.

クレマチディス・アルマンディ・カリスの真正性を識別するためのマルチパターン認識のための化学フィンガープリントと組み合わせたHPLC

A method for identifying Chinese medicinal materials and their related adulterants was constructed by taking Clematidis Armandii Caulis (Chuanmutong, a ...