この作品は、者協会イタリアーナあたりラRicercaスルCancro、大学のイタリアの研究省、PrinプロジェクトとPROGETTIディRicercaディアテネオ、付与N°CPDA137871、Fondazione Cariploでサポートされていた、NはMDBに2011から0485を°、およびFinanziamento Giovaniによって付与ガイアCodoloにStudiosi、パドヴァ大学、。

動物取扱すべての手順は、保健のイタリア省（DM 2011分の204-B）によって承認されています。 1.動物<ol><li> microisolationフィルターと個別換気ケージに生後8週間のC57BL6 / J雌マウスを育てます。 注：その外部泌尿生殖器装置の解剖学的立体構造が男性よりカテーテル簡単に描画するため、女性が好ましいです。 </li></ol> 2.細胞培養<ol><li>加湿5％CO 2中、37℃で10％熱不活化ウシ胎児血清および50μg/ mlのゲンタマイシンを補充したRPMI 1640培地中のマウスの尿路上皮癌細胞株MB49を維持します。 </li><li> 80％のコンフルエンスにT-75フラスコ中MB49細胞を成長させます。トリプシン処理し、0.5×10 5で再懸濁-マウスでは、移植前にPBSを150μlあたり0.5×10 6個の細胞。 </li></ol> 3.膀胱内腫瘍インプラント<ol><li> （それぞれ、33ミリグラム/ kgおよび20mg / kg）麻酔薬のzoletilとxylorのミックスを使用して、マウスを麻酔、腹腔内に注射しました。 </li><li>仰臥位で動物を置き、スコッチテープでパッドに後ろ足を固定します。足は十分に可視およびカテーテルの挿入のために簡単にアクセス尿道口をレンダリングするために分離しなければなりません。 </li><li>注：カテーテルは、24 G小児静脈カテーテルは、8〜10週齢のマウスに適しています。カテーテルの選択は、尿道壁とカテーテルとの間の液体の漏れを回避するために非常に重要です。大きな穴カテーテルは大きくなったり、古いマウスを使用する必要があります。 </li><li>小さなニッパーを使用して、尿道の外側部分の一方の端をつまんで、マウスの「ヘッドエンド」に向かって非常に軽くねじります。このアクションは、尿道口を露出させます。 </li><li>カテーテルの内部針を外し、45°の角度で尿道に後者を挿入し、少し指向マウスの「末尾」に向けました。カテーテルの入り口を無理に押し込まないでください。それは尿道の内側にスリップまで抵抗の場合には、ちょうど、非常に静かにカテーテルをねじります。カテーテルの約0.5〜0.8センチメートルが尿道内にある場合には、慎重にマウスの尾にカテーテル平行に配置し、それを完全に挿入します。 </li><li> 1mlシリンジを使用して、カテーテル内に挿入しなければならないそれらの針は、滅菌PBSの200-300μLを注入することにより、残存尿から膀胱を洗浄し、膀胱からすべての液体を吸引します。 </li><li>注：PBSを注入すると、膀胱がいっぱいになり、腫れがマウスの後ろ足の間に表示されます。これは、カテーテルが正しいことを確認します。ほとんどのカテーテルは、注入量を計算するときに考慮しなければならないデッドボリュームを有しています。 </li><li>滅菌1mlシリンジを使用して、0.1 N HClを200μLを注入します。その壁全体を燃焼させるために膀胱を埋めます。 10秒後、すぐにすべての酸を除去し、neutrali滅菌シリンジで0.1 N NaOHを200μLを注入することによりぜ。細胞（0.5×10 6）の最大数の注入の場合には、酸性化工程は不要です。 </li><li>吸引し、すべての残液と直ちに滅菌PBS300μlの空洞を洗浄します。 </li><li>吸引によって膀胱を空にし、MB49細胞（範囲0.5×10 5から0.5×10 6）を含むPBSを150μlを注入膀胱に。細胞の漏れを回避するために、カテーテルに組み立てられた注射器を残します。これは、スコッチテープでパッドにそれを固定することにより、シリンジを確保することをお勧めします。 </li><li> 1時間後、静かに尿道からカテーテルを抽出し、彼らが目を覚ましまで白熱灯の下で、ケージ内にマウスを置きます。これは通常、治療の終了後1及び2時間の間に発生します。 </li></ol> HP-NAPの4膀胱内デリバリー<ol><li>注：細胞の点滴注入後、少なくとも3日、それを開始することが可能です治療。 </li><li>ステップ3.1から3.4に記載されているようにカテーテルを挿入します。この段階では、HClを用いて膀胱壁を燃焼させる必要がありません。 </li><li> 1ミリリットル注射器を用いて、滅菌PBSの200〜300μLを注入することにより、残留尿から膀胱を洗浄し、膀胱からすべての液体を吸引します。 </li><li>膀胱内に150μlのPBSあたりHP-NAP50μgのを注入します。タンパク質溶液の漏れを回避するためにカテーテルに取り付けたシリンジのままにしておきます。スコッチテープでパッドにそれを固定することにより、注射器を固定します。 </li><li>彼らが目を覚ましまで、白熱灯の下で、1時間後、静かに尿道からカテーテルを抽出し、ケージ内にマウスを置きます。 </li></ol> 5.腫瘍外植片および組織学的分析<ol><li>処理の終わりに、動物を犠牲に仰向けの位置にそれらを配置し、スコッチテープでパッドに後ろ足を固定します。 </li><li>手術用メスを用いて、皮膚を​​通して約1.52センチメートル長い縦切開を作ります腹膜は、マウスの「ヘッドエンド」にちょうど外性器の上に出発します。膀胱を損傷する危険性を最小限に抑えるために、カットの深さに特に注意を払います。 </li><li>膀胱は、カットの中央左に配置されますと、腫瘍は濃いピンク/バイオレット質量として表示されます。その切除の際に、組織学的ケージに膀胱全体を配置し、パラフィンに包埋する前に、10％緩衝ホルマリンで固定します。 </li><li>組織学的および免疫組織化学的分析のために、標準的なミクロトームを用いて膀胱（46ミクロン厚）の連続切片を準備します。 </li><li>ヘマトキシリン/エオシンを持つセクションを染色し、腫瘍の大きさ（DのXD 2）、コンピュータ支援画像解析装置を用いて、断面積あたりの壊死の割合を決定するための計算を進めます。 </li><li>血管計数は、標準的な免疫ペルオキシダーゼ技術を用いて、内皮マーカーCD31 / PECAMためのセクションを染色することによって進行します。セクションをスキャン最高の血管密度の領域を特定するために（4×）、低消費電力をトン。この領域内では、高出力（20×）で5つの別々のランダムな分野で個々の微小血管をカウントします。 </li></ol>

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著者は、彼らが競合する金融利害関係がないことを宣言します。

癌治療の進歩の大部分は、臨床試験を開始する前に、動物モデルでテストを必要とします。動物モデルを利用して、 インビボでの腫瘍生物学を研究する可能性は、異なる治療法の評価を可能とする、癌の発病を調査する研究者のための重要なツールです。同所モデルは、腫瘍モデルを設定し、それらが天然に存在する腫瘍16の環境を模倣するためにするための細胞株の膨大な?...

膀胱癌は、米国1で約75,000の新たな症例は毎年で、尿生殖路の最も一般的な癌の一つです。再発の高い割合は、膀胱癌治療のための最も高価な癌のいずれかを行う生涯フォローアップを必要とします。高品位NMIBC金標準的な治療はBCG膀胱内での免疫療法に続いて、トランス尿道的切除です。 BCGの抗腫瘍活性の正確なメカニズムは完全には解明されないままであるが、それは、Tヘルパー（TH）1と、細胞傷害性T（TC）1細胞が濃縮された細胞性免疫応答の活性化のために重要であることが認められています治療2の成功。 BCGはNMIBCのための選択の治療法が残っているという事実にもかかわらず、治療に反応しない患者の割合が高いです。しかも、それは多くの副作用を引き起こす可能性があります。処理された腫瘍の約70％は、筋肉侵襲性の形態に〜15％の進捗状況をいくつかの時間後に再発し、病気。 BCG治療に関連する他の副作用は排尿障害、膀胱炎や腎感染3-6を含みます。 新たな治療戦略の開発は、最初のin vitroでの評価以下、考慮に前臨床モデルの使用を取る必要があります。これは、その微小環境大幅に処理し、その開発と応答性に影響を与えることができる腫瘍に特に関連します。 過去10年間、私たちはHP-NAP、細菌ヘリコバクター·ピロリによって産生されるタンパク質の免疫調節活性の複数の側面に対処している、最初に多形核細胞（PMNの）7の内皮接着を促進することができるように同定しました。構造的には、HP-NAPは、飢餓状態の条件（DPS）ファミリー8下のDNA保護タンパク質に属し、12量体シェル内に配置された12の同一のサブユニットから構成されています。 我々は、HP-NAPであることが実証されていますインビトロおよびインビボの両方で 9~10、のTh1表現型へのTリンパ球の分化を駆動するための責任強い免疫調節活性を有するToll様受容体（TLR）2アゴニスト。この活動のおかげで、HP-NAPは、アレルギー性喘息11のマウスモデルにおいて、より有益なTh1応答にTh2免疫応答をリダイレクトすることができます。 HP-NAPのにTh1依存性の抗腫瘍性を評価するために、我々は、BCG投与の影響を評価するためのオドネルと同僚12によって、数年前に開発膀胱癌のマウスモデルを利用しました。 このプロトコルでは、我々はHP-NAPは、膀胱癌に対する強力な抗腫瘍ポテンシャルを持っていること、およびHP-NAP投与の有効性は、（インターフェロンを生産両方のTh1とTc1のリンパ球、腫瘍および所属リンパ節内に、有意な蓄積と平行していることを実証しますIFN）は13-γ </SUP&gt;。 HP-NAP-処置したマウスから単離された腫瘍は、より多くの壊死および未処理の対応物より少ない血管新生を示しました。 本報告書では、動物の準備、それらの尿道カテーテル、膀胱粘膜への細胞の付着、および腫瘍細胞の注射のために必要な化学燃焼を詳述、stepbystepプロトコルを提供します。また、膀胱癌の治療のために開発された任意の治療薬の原型とみなすことができるHP-NAPの局所投与を記載しています。制御とHP-NAP-処置動物から単離された腫瘍を比較することによって得られた証拠はないだけで、HP-NAPは、膀胱癌免疫療法のための優れた候補だけでなく、実験設定の一般的な有効性とすることができるという事実を強調しています。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Materials</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>C57BL/6J female mice</td>
			<td>Harlan Italy (Udine, Italy)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MB49 Cells</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Obtained from Prof. O&#39;Donnel, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa, USA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RPMI</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, Missouri, USA)</td>
			<td>R8758</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FBS</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>F7524</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>D1408</td>
			<td>10X, to be diluted in apyrogenic water</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Flask</td>
			<td>Becton Dickinson (Franklin Lakes, New Jersey, USA)</td>
			<td>353135</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringe 1ml</td>
			<td>Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td>301358</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypsin</td>
			<td>Life Technologies (Waltham, Massachusetts, USA)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gentamycin</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>15710-049</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Xilor</td>
			<td>Bio 98 s.r.l. (Milano, Italy)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>2% Xylazin</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Zoletil</td>
			<td>Virbac (Carros, France)</td>
			<td>359713301992</td>
			<td>5% Zolazepam + 5% Tiletamine</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>24G Catheter</td>
			<td>Terumo (Rome, Italy)</td>
			<td>SR+DM2419PX</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HCl</td>
			<td>Carlo Erba Reagents (Milano, Italy)</td>
			<td>403871</td>
			<td>Liquid</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaOH</td>
			<td>JT Baker (Center Valley, Pennsylvania, USA)</td>
			<td>10095011</td>
			<td>Powder</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Equipment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Surgical Scalpel</td>
			<td>Albion Surgical Limited (Sheffield, England)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microtome</td>
			<td>Leica Microsystem ( Wetzlar, Germany)</td>
			<td>RM2235</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microscope Slides</td>
			<td>VWR International (Radnor, Pennsylvania, USA)</td>
			<td>631-0108</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Image Analyzer</td>
			<td>Zeiss (Jena, Germany)</td>
			<td>Cyres System</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>
Materials C57BL/6J female mice Harlan Italy (Udine, Italy) MB49 Cells Obtained from Prof. O&#39;Donnel, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa, USA RPMI Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, Missouri, USA) R8758 FBS Sigma-Aldrich F7524 PBS Sigma-Aldrich D1408 10X, to be diluted in apyrogenic water Flask Becton Dickinson (Franklin Lakes, New Jersey, USA) 353135 Syringe 1ml Becton Dickinson 301358 Trypsin Life Technologies (Waltham, Massachusetts, USA) Gentamycin Life Technologies 15710-049 Xilor Bio 98 s.r.l. (Milano, Italy) 2% Xylazin Zoletil Virbac (Carros, France) 359713301992 5% Zolazepam + 5% Tiletamine 24G Catheter Terumo (Rome, Italy) SR+DM2419PX HCl Carlo Erba Reagents (Milano, Italy) 403871 Liquid NaOH JT Baker (Center Valley, Pennsylvania, USA) 10095011 Powder Equipment Surgical Scalpel Albion Surgical Limited (Sheffield, England) Microtome Leica Microsystem ( Wetzlar, Germany) RM2235 Microscope Slides VWR International (Radnor, Pennsylvania, USA) 631-0108 Image Analyzer Zeiss (Jena, Germany) Cyres System

evaluation of the efficacy of the h. pylori protein hp-nap as a therapeutic tool for treatment of bladder cancer in an orthotopic murine model

Bladder cancer is one of the most common malignancies of the urogenital tract. Intravesical injection of Bacillus Calmette-Gu&#233;rin (BCG) is the gold standard treatment for the high-grade non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). However, since the treatment-related side effects are relevant, newer biological response modifiers with a better benefit/side effects ratio are needed.
The tumour microenvironment can influence both tumour development and therapy efficacy. In order to obtain a good model, it is desirable to implant tumour cells in the organ from which the cancer originates.
In this protocol, we describe a method for establishing a tumour in the bladder cavity of female mice and subsequent delivery of therapeutic agents; the latter are exemplified by our use of Helicobacter pylori neutrophil activating protein (HP-NAP). A preliminary chemical burn of the mucosa, followed by the injection of mouse urothelial carcinoma cell line MB49 via urethral catheterization, enables the cells to attach to the bladder mucosa. After a period, required to allow an initial proliferation of the cells, mice are treated with HP-NAP, administrated again via catheterization. The anti-tumour activity of HP-NAP is evaluated comparing the tumour volume, the extent of necrosis and the degree of vascularization between vehicle- and HP-NAP-treated animals.

図1は、カテーテル法を示す図です。マウスは、カテーテルを挿入し、0.5×10 6 MB49細胞を点滴注入されます。 HP-NAPによる治療は、膀胱壁に付着し、増殖することを可能にするために、3日目の腫瘍細胞の注射後に開始されます。対照群に属する全ての動物は腫瘍を発症します。それらのいくつかは、尿道の閉塞による13日間の期間の終了前に死亡することがあります。 <p...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Evaluation of the Efficacy of the H. pylori Protein HP-NAP as a Therapeutic Tool for Treatment of Bladder Cancer in an Orthotopic Murine Model at JoVE.com

Evaluation of the Efficacy of the H. pylori Protein HP-NAP as a Therapeutic Tool for Treatment of Bladder Cancer in an Orthotopic Murine Model

Here the method to establish a syngeneic mouse model of orthotopic bladder tumour to evaluate the anti-tumour efficacy of the bacterial protein HP-NAP is described.

の有効性の評価<em&gt; H。ピロリ</em同所性マウスモデルにおける膀胱癌の治療のための治療ツールとして&gt;タンパク質HP-NAP

Bladder cancer is one of the most common malignancies of the urogenital tract. Intravesical injection of Bacillus Calmette-Gu&#233;rin (BCG) is the gold ...

evaluation-efficacy-h-pylori-protein-hp-nap-as-therapeutic-tool-for

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

Evaluation of the Efficacy of the H. pylori Protein HP-NAP as a Therapeutic Tool for Treatment of Bladder Cancer in an Orthotopic Murine Model

7.2K ビュー.  University of Padua. Here the method to establish a syngeneic mouse model of orthotopic bladder tumour to evaluate the anti-tumour efficacy of the bacterial protein HP-NAP is described.

ビデオ: Evaluation of the Efficacy of the H. pylori Protein HP-NAP as a Therapeutic Tool for Treatment of Bladder Cancer in an Orthotopic Murine Model

An Orthotopic Model of Murine Bladder Cancer

In this straightforward procedure, bladder tumors are established in female C57 mice through the use of catheterization, local cauterization, and subsequent cell adhesion. After their bladders are transurethrally catheterized and drained, animals are again catheterized to permit insertion of a platinum wire into bladders without damaging the urethra or bladder. The catheters are made of Teflon to serve as an insulator for the wire, which will conduct electrical current into the bladder to create a burn injury. An electrocautery unit is used to deliver 2.5W to the exposed end of the wire, burning away extracellular layers and providing attachment sites for carcinoma cells that are delivered in suspension to the bladder through a subsequent catheterization. Cells remain in the bladder for 90 minutes, after which the catheters are removed and the bladders allowed to drain naturally. The development of tumor is monitored via ultrasound. Specific attention is paid to the catheterization technique in the accompanying video.

Bladder tumors are established in female mice in a minimally invasive fashion through catheterization, local cauterization, and subsequent adhesion of carcinoma cells to the burn sites.

マウス膀胱癌の同所性モデル

In this straightforward procedure, bladder tumors are established in female C57 mice through the use of catheterization, local cauterization, and ...

医学

Multi-photon Imaging of Tumor Cell Invasion in an Orthotopic Mouse Model of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Loco-regional invasion of head and neck cancer is linked to metastatic risk and presents a difficult challenge in designing and implementing patient management strategies. Orthotopic mouse models of oral cancer have been developed to facilitate the study of factors that impact invasion and serve as model system for evaluating anti-tumor therapeutics. In these systems, visualization of disseminated tumor cells within oral cavity tissues has typically been conducted by either conventional histology or with in vivo bioluminescent methods. A primary drawback of these techniques is the inherent inability to accurately visualize and quantify early tumor cell invasion arising from the primary site in three dimensions. Here we describe a protocol that combines an established model for squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue (SCOT) with two-photon imaging to allow multi-vectorial visualization of lingual tumor spread. The OSC-19 head and neck tumor cell line was stably engineered to express the F-actin binding peptide LifeAct fused to the mCherry fluorescent protein (LifeAct-mCherry). Fox1nu/nu mice injected with these cells reliably form tumors that allow the tongue to be visualized by ex-vivo application of two-photon microscopy. This technique allows for the orthotopic visualization of the tumor mass and locally invading cells in excised tongues without disruption of the regional tumor microenvironment. In addition, this system allows for the quantification of tumor cell invasion by calculating distances that invaded cells move from the primary tumor site. Overall this procedure provides an enhanced model system for analyzing factors that contribute to SCOT invasion and therapeutic treatments tailored to prevent local invasion and distant metastatic spread. This method also has the potential to be ultimately combined with other imaging modalities in an in vivo setting.

A comprehensive overview of the techniques involved in generating a mouse model of oral cancer and quantitative monitoring of tumor invasion within the tongue through multi-photon microscopy of labeled cells is presented. This system can serve as a useful platform for the molecular assessment and drug efficacy of anti-invasive compounds.

口腔扁平上皮癌の同所性マウスモデルにおける腫瘍細胞の浸潤の多光子イメージング

Loco-regional invasion of head and neck cancer is linked to metastatic risk and presents a difficult challenge in designing and implementing patient ...

Biomarkers in an Animal Model for Revealing Neural, Hematologic, and Behavioral Correlates of PTSD

Identification of biomarkers representing the evolution of the pathophysiology of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is vitally important, not only for objective diagnosis but also for the evaluation of therapeutic efficacy and resilience to trauma. Ongoing research is directed at identifying molecular biomarkers for PTSD, including traumatic stress induced proteins, transcriptomes, genomic variances and genetic modulators, using biologic samples from subjects' blood, saliva, urine, and postmortem brain tissues. However, the correlation of these biomarker molecules in peripheral or postmortem samples to altered brain functions associated with psychiatric symptoms in PTSD remains unresolved. Here, we present an animal model of PTSD in which both peripheral blood and central brain biomarkers, as well as behavioral phenotype, can be collected and measured, thus providing the needed correlation of the central biomarkers of PTSD, which are mechanistic and pathognomonic but cannot be collected from people, with the peripheral biomarkers and behavioral phenotypes, which can.
Our animal model of PTSD employs restraint and tail shocks repeated for three continuous days - the inescapable tail-shock model (ITS) in rats. This ITS model mimics the pathophysiology of PTSD 17, 7, 4, 10. We and others have verified that the ITS model induces behavioral and neurobiological alterations similar to those found in PTSD subjects 17, 7, 10, 9. Specifically, these stressed rats exhibit (1) a delayed and exaggerated startle response appearing several days after stressor cessation, which given the compressed time scale of the rat's life compared to a humans, corresponds to the one to three months delay of symptoms in PTSD patients (DSM-IV-TR PTSD Criterian D/E 13), (2) enhanced plasma corticosterone (CORT) for several days, indicating compromise of the hypothalamopituitary axis (HPA), and (3) retarded body weight gain after stressor cessation, indicating dysfunction of metabolic regulation.
The experimental paradigms employed for this model are: (1) a learned helplessness paradigm in the rat assayed by measurement of acoustic startle response (ASR) and a charting of body mass; (2) microdissection of the rat brain into regions and nuclei; (3) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for blood levels of CORT; (4) a gene expression microarray plus related bioinformatics tools 18. This microarray, dubbed rMNChip, focuses on mitochondrial and mitochondria-related nuclear genes in the rat so as to specifically address the neuronal bioenergetics hypothesized to be involved in PTSD.

We describe a rat model of post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) that reveals the persistent alterations in neuroendocrine function and the delayed long-term, exaggerated fear response, characteristic of PTSD patients. The animal model and methods described here are useful for correlating biomarkers in brain nuclei, which are mechanistic but cannot be measured in patients, with biomarkers in peripheral white blood cells, which can.

PTSDの、ニューラル血液学的および行動的相関関係を明らかにするための動物モデルにおけるバイオマーカー

Identification of biomarkers representing the evolution of the pathophysiology of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is vitally important, not only for ...

An Orthotopic Bladder Tumor Model and the Evaluation of Intravesical saRNA Treatment

We present a novel method for treating bladder cancer with intravesically delivered small activating RNA (saRNA) in an orthotopic xenograft mouse bladder tumor model. The mouse model is established by urethral catheterization under inhaled general anesthetic. Chemical burn is then introduced to the bladder mucosa using intravesical silver nitrate solution to disrupt the bladder glycosaminoglycan layer and allows cells to attach. Following several washes with sterile water, human bladder cancer KU-7-luc2-GFP cells are instilled through the catheter into the bladder to dwell for 2 hours. Subsequent growth of bladder tumors is confirmed and monitored by in vivo bladder ultrasound and bioluminescent imaging. The tumors are then treated intravesically with saRNA formulated in lipid nanoparticles (LNPs). Tumor growth is monitored with ultrasound and bioluminescence. All steps of this procedure are demonstrated in the accompanying video.

Establishing an orthotopic bladder tumor model to evaluate antitumor effects of intravesically delivered saRNA and monitoring tumor growth by ultrasound and bioluminescent imaging.

同所性膀胱腫瘍モデルと膀胱内Sarnaの治療の評価

We present a novel method for treating bladder cancer with intravesically delivered small activating RNA (saRNA) in an orthotopic xenograft mouse bladder ...

An Orthotopic Bladder Cancer Model for Gene Delivery Studies

Bladder cancer is the second most common cancer of the urogenital tract and novel therapeutic approaches that can reduce recurrence and progression are needed. The tumor microenvironment can significantly influence tumor development and therapy response. It is therefore often desirable to grow tumor cells in the organ from which they originated. This protocol describes an orthotopic model of bladder cancer, in which MB49 murine bladder carcinoma cells are instilled into the bladder via catheterization. Successful tumor cell implantation in this model requires disruption of the protective glycosaminoglycan layer, which can be accomplished by physical or chemical means. In our protocol the bladder is treated with trypsin prior to cell instillation. Catheterization of the bladder can also be used to deliver therapeutics once the tumors are established. This protocol describes the delivery of an adenoviral construct that expresses a luciferase reporter gene. While our protocol has been optimized for short-term studies and focuses on gene delivery, the methodology of mouse bladder catheterization has broad applications.

Implantation of cancer cells into the organ of origin can serve as a useful preclinical model to evaluate novel therapies. MB49 bladder carcinoma cells can be grown within the bladder following intravesical instillation. This protocol demonstrates catheterization of the mouse bladder for the purpose of tumor implantation and adenoviral delivery.

遺伝子送達研究のための同所膀胱癌モデル

Bladder cancer is the second most common cancer of the urogenital tract and novel therapeutic approaches that can reduce recurrence and progression are ...

An Orthotopic Murine Model of Human Prostate Cancer Metastasis

Our laboratory has developed a novel orthotopic implantation model of human prostate cancer (PCa). As PCa death is not due to the primary tumor, but rather the formation of distinct metastasis, the ability to effectively model this progression pre-clinically is of high value. In this model, cells are directly implanted into the ventral lobe of the prostate in Balb/c athymic mice, and allowed to progress for 4-6 weeks. At experiment termination, several distinct endpoints can be measured, such as size and molecular characterization of the primary tumor, the presence and quantification of circulating tumor cells in the blood and bone marrow, and formation of metastasis to the lung. In addition to a variety of endpoints, this model provides a picture of a cells ability to invade and escape the primary organ, enter and survive in the circulatory system, and implant and grow in a secondary site. This model has been used effectively to measure metastatic response to both changes in protein expression as well as to response to small molecule therapeutics, in a short turnaround time.

This orthotopic model of human prostate cancer allows for quantification of tumor size, circulating tumor cells, and formation of distinct metastasis to the lung. As cells must escape the primary organ, enter the blood stream, and implant into a secondary site, this model effectively recapitulates the scenario in humans.

ヒト前立腺癌転移の同所マウスモデル

Our laboratory has developed a novel orthotopic implantation model of  human prostate cancer (PCa). As PCa death is not due to the primary tumor, but  ...

Excitotoxic Stimulation of Brain Microslices as an In vitro Model of Stroke

Examining molecular mechanisms involved in neuropathological conditions, such as ischemic stroke, can be difficult when using whole animal systems. As such, primary or &#39;neuronal-like&#39; cell culture systems are commonly utilized. While&#160;these systems are relatively easy to work with, and are useful model systems in which various functional outcomes (such as cell death) can be readily quantified, the examined outcomes and pathways in cultured immature neurons (such as excitotoxicity-mediated cell death pathways) are not necessarily the same as those observed in mature brain, or in intact tissue. Therefore, there is the need to develop models in which cellular mechanisms in mature neural tissue can be examined. We have developed an in vitro technique that can be used to investigate a variety of molecular pathways in intact nervous tissue. The technique described herein utilizes rat cortical tissue, but this technique can be adapted to use tissue from a variety of species (such as mouse, rabbit, guinea pig, and chicken) or brain regions (for example, hippocampus, striatum, etc.). Additionally, a variety of stimulations/treatments can be used (for example, excitotoxic, administration of inhibitors, etc.). In conclusion, the brain slice model described herein can be used to examine a variety of molecular mechanisms involved in excitotoxicity-mediated brain injury.

Excitotoxic Stimulation of Brain Microslices as an In vitro Model of Stroke

We have developed a brain slice model which can be used to examine molecular mechanisms involved in excitotoxicity-mediated brain injury.&#160;This technique generates viable mature brain tissue and reduces animal numbers required for experimentation, whilst keeping the neuronal circuitry, cellular interactions, and postsynaptic compartments partly intact.

脳Microslicesの興奮毒性刺激<em&gt;インビトロ</em&gt;脳卒中のモデル

Examining molecular mechanisms involved in neuropathological conditions, such as ischemic stroke, can be difficult when using whole animal systems. As ...

MRI-guided dmPFC-rTMS as a Treatment for Treatment-resistant Major Depressive Disorder

Here we outline the protocol for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) guided repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) to the dorsal medial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC) in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). Technicians used a neuronavigation system to process patient MRIs to generate a 3-dimensional head model. The head model was subsequently used to identify patient-specific stimulatory targets. The dmPFC was stimulated daily for 20 sessions. Stimulation intensity was titrated to address scalp pain associated with rTMS. Weekly assessments were conducted on the patients using the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HamD17) and Beck Depression Index II (BDI-II). Treatment-resistant MDD patients achieved significant improvements on both HAMD and BDI-II. Of note, angled, double-cone coil rTMS at 120% resting motor threshold allows for optimal stimulation of deeper midline prefrontal regions, which results in a possible therapeutic application for MDD. One major limitation of the rTMS field is the heterogeneity of treatment parameters across studies, including duty cycle, number of pulses per session and intensity. Further work should be done to clarify the effect of stimulation parameters on outcome. Future dmPFC-rTMS work should include sham-controlled studies to confirm its clinical efficacy in MDD.

Here we outline the procedure for MRI-guided repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation to the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex as an experimental treatment for major depressive disorder.

治療抵抗性大うつ病性障害の治療薬としてdmPFC-のrTMSをMRIガイド

Here we outline the protocol for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) guided repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) to the dorsal medial ...

Pre-clinical Orthotopic Murine Model of Human Prostate Cancer

To study the multifaceted biology of prostate cancer, pre-clinical in vivo models offer a range of options to uncover critical biological information about this disease. The human orthotopic prostate cancer xenograft mouse model provides a useful alternative approach for understanding the specific interactions between genetically and molecularly altered tumor cells, their organ microenvironment, and for evaluation of efficacy of therapeutic regimens. This is a well characterized model designed to study the molecular events of primary tumor development and it recapitulates the early events in the metastatic cascade prior to embolism and entry of tumor cells into the circulation. Thus it allows elucidation of molecular mechanisms underlying the initial phase of metastatic disease. In addition, this model can annotate drug targets of clinical relevance and is a valuable tool to study prostate cancer progression. In this manuscript we describe a detailed procedure to establish a human orthotopic prostate cancer xenograft mouse model.

Prostate cancer is the second most common cause of cancer-related deaths in the United States. An orthotopic cancer model provides a useful approach to understand the biology of prostate cancer and to evaluate the efficacy of therapeutic regimens. This protocol describes detailed steps necessary to establish an orthotopic prostate cancer mouse model.

ヒト前立腺癌の前臨床同所性マウスモデル

To study the multifaceted biology of prostate cancer, pre-clinical in vivo models offer a range of options to uncover critical biological information ...

Second Harmonic Generation Signals in Rabbit Sclera As a Tool for Evaluation of Therapeutic Tissue Cross-linking (TXL) for Myopia

Methods to strengthen tissue by introducing chemical bonds (non-enzymatic cross-linking) into structural proteins (fibrillar collagens) for therapy include photochemical cross-linking and tissue cross-linking (TXL) methods. Such methods for inducing mechanical tissue property changes are being employed to the cornea in corneal thinning (mechanically weakened) disorders such as keratoconus as well as the sclera in progressive myopia, where thinning and weakening of the posterior sclera occurs and likely contributes to axial elongation. The primary target proteins for such tissue strengthening are fibrillar collagens which constitute the great majority of dry weight proteins in the cornea and sclera. Fortuitously, fibrillar collagens are the main source of second harmonic generation signals in the tissue extracellular space. Therefore, modifications of the collagen proteins, such as those induced through cross-linking therapies, could potentially be detected and quantitated through the use of second harmonic generation microscopy (SHGM). Monitoring SHGM signals through the use of a laser scanning microscopy system coupled with an infrared excitation light source is an exciting modern imaging method that is enjoying widespread usage in the biomedical sciences. Thus, the present study was undertaken in order to evaluate the use of SHGM microscopy as a means to measure induced cross-linking effects in ex vivo rabbit sclera, following an injection of a chemical cross-linking agent into the sub-Tenon&#39;s space (sT), an injection approach that is standard practice for causing ocular anesthesia during ophthalmologic clinical procedures. The chemical cross-linking agent, sodium hydroxymethylglycinate (SMG), is from a class of cosmetic preservatives known as formaldehyde releasing agents (FARs). Scleral changes following reaction with SMG resulted in increases in SHG signals and correlated with shifts in thermal denaturation temperature, a standard method for evaluating induced tissue cross-linking effects.

Second Harmonic Generation Signals in Rabbit Sclera As a Tool for Evaluation of Therapeutic Tissue Cross-linking TXL for Myopia

This protocol describes techniques for evaluating chemical cross-linking of the rabbit sclera using&#160;second harmonic generation imaging and differential scanning calorimetry.

架橋 (TXL) 近視治療の組織の評価ツールとしてウサギの強膜の第 2 高調波発生信号

Methods to strengthen tissue by introducing chemical bonds (non-enzymatic cross-linking) into structural proteins (fibrillar collagens) for therapy ...

の有効性の評価

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