Este trabajo fue apoyado por Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro, el Ministerio italiano de la Universidad e Investigación, proyectos Prin y Progetti di Ricerca di Ateneo, conceder N ° CPDA137871, Fondazione Cariplo, concede N ° 2011 hasta 0485 a los BMD, y por Finanziamento Giovani studiosi, Universidad de Padua, a Gaia Codolo.

Todos los procedimientos de manipulación de los animales han sido aprobados por el Ministerio italiano de Salud (204/2011-B DM). 1. Los animales <ol><li> Crecer ratones hembras C57BL6 / J a 8 semanas de edad en jaulas ventiladas individualmente con filtros microaislamiento. Se prefieren las hembras porque la conformación anatómica de su aparato uro-genital externa hace que el cateterismo más fácil que en los hombres: Nota. </li></ol> 2. Cultivo Celular <ol><li> Mantener la urotelial ratón línea celular de carcinoma MB49 en medio RPMI 1640 suplementado con 10% de suero bovino fetal inactivado por calor y 50 mg / ml de gentamicina a 37 ° C en humidificado 5% CO 2. </li><li> Crecer células MB49 en matraces T-75 a 80% de confluencia. Trypsinize y resuspender en el 0,5 × 10 5 a 0,5 × 10 6 células por 150 l de PBS antes de la implantación en ratones. </li></ol> 3. intravesical tumor Implante <ol><li> Anestesiar ratones utilizando una mezcla de la Zoletil anestésicos y xylor (33 mg / kg y 20 mg / kg, respectivamente), inyectado por vía intraperitoneal. </li><li> Coloque los animales en posición supina y fijar las patas traseras a la plataforma con cinta scotch. Patas tienen que ser separados suficientemente para hacer que el meato uretral bien visible y fácilmente accesible para la inserción del catéter. </li><li> Nota: Para el cateterismo, un catéter venoso pediátrico 24 G es adecuado para ratones 8 a 10 semanas de edad. La elección del catéter es muy importante con el fin de evitar fugas de líquido entre la pared uretral y el catéter. Catéteres de calibre más grandes deben ser utilizados para los ratones más grandes o más. </li><li> Utilizando una pequeña pinza, apriete uno de los bordes de la parte externa de la uretra y girar suavemente hacia la &quot;cabecera&quot; de los ratones. Esta acción expone el meato uretral. </li><li> Retire la aguja interna del catéter e insertar este último en la uretra en un ángulo de 45 °, orientado ligeramentehacia la &quot;cola&quot; de los ratones. No fuerce la entrada del catéter; en caso de resistencia, simplemente gire el catéter con mucha suavidad, hasta que se desliza dentro de la uretra. Cuando aproximadamente 0,5-0,8 cm del catéter es en la uretra, colocar cuidadosamente el catéter paralelo a la cola de los ratones y se inserte completamente. </li><li> Usando una jeringa de 1 ml, la aguja de los cuales tiene que ser insertado en el catéter, lavar la vejiga de la orina residual mediante la inyección de 200-300 l de PBS estéril y aspirar todo el líquido de la vejiga. </li><li> Nota: Cuando la inyección de PBS, la vejiga se llenará y una hinchazón será visible entre las patas traseras de los ratones; esto confirma que el cateterismo es la correcta. La mayoría de los catéteres tienen un volumen muerto que debe ser considerado en el cálculo del volumen de inyección. </li><li> Usando una jeringa de 1 ml estéril, inyectar 200 l de HCl 0,1 N. Llene la vejiga para quemar toda su pared. Después de 10 segundos, retire todo el ácido y neutrali inmediatamenteze mediante la inyección de 200 l de NaOH 0,1 N con una jeringa estéril. En el caso de la inyección del mayor número de células (0,5 × 10 6), no se requiere la etapa de acidificación. </li><li> Aspire todo el líquido residual e inmediatamente echar la cavidad con 300 l de PBS estéril. </li><li> Vaciar la vejiga por aspiración, e inyectar 150 l de PBS que contienen células MB49 (rango de 0,5 × 10 5 a 0,5 × 10 6) en la vejiga. Deje la jeringa montada en el catéter para evitar la fuga de células. Es mejor para asegurar la jeringa fijándolo a la plataforma con cinta scotch. </li><li> Después de 1 hora, extraer suavemente el catéter de la uretra, y colocar los ratones en la jaula, bajo una lámpara incandescente hasta que despiertan: esto ocurre generalmente entre 1 y 2 horas después del final del tratamiento. </li></ol> 4. Entrega intravesical de HP-PAN <ol><li> Nota: Por lo menos 3 días después de la instilación de células, es posible comenzar latratamiento. </li><li> Cateterizarse como se describe en los pasos 3.1 a 3.4. En esta etapa, no es necesario para quemar la pared de la vejiga con HCl. </li><li> Usando una jeringa de 1 ml, lavar la vejiga de la orina residual mediante la inyección de 200-300 l de PBS estéril y aspirar todo el líquido de la vejiga. </li><li> Inyectar 50 g de HP-PAN por 150 l de PBS en la vejiga. Deje la jeringa conectada al catéter para evitar la fuga de la solución de proteína. Asegure la jeringa fijándolo a la plataforma con cinta scotch. </li><li> Después de 1 hora, extraer suavemente el catéter de la uretra y colocar los ratones en la jaula, bajo una lámpara incandescente, hasta que se despiertan. </li></ol> 5. tumor explantes y el análisis histológico <ol><li> Al final del tratamiento, sacrificar a los animales, colocarlos en posición supina y fijar las patas traseras a la plataforma con cinta scotch. </li><li> El uso de un bisturí quirúrgico, hacer una incisión vertical sobre 1,52 cm de largo a través de la piel y elperitoneo, empezando justo por encima de los genitales externos de la &quot;cabecera&quot; de los ratones. Para minimizar el riesgo de dañar la vejiga, prestar especial atención a la profundidad del corte. </li><li> La vejiga se colocará en el centro-izquierda de la corte y el tumor será visible como una masa de color rosa / violeta oscuro. Tras su escisión, coloque toda la vejiga en una jaula histológico y fijar en el 10% formalina tamponada antes de la incrustación en parafina. </li><li> Para análisis histológico e histoquímico inmune, preparar secciones en serie de la vejiga (46 micras de espesor) usando un microtomo estándar. </li><li> Tinción de las secciones con hematoxilina / eosina y proceder con el cálculo del tamaño del tumor (D xd 2) y determinar el porcentaje de necrosis por área de sección transversal usando un analizador de imagen asistida por ordenador. </li><li> Para el conteo buque, proceder por la tinción de las secciones para el marcador endotelial CD31 / PECAM, utilizando una técnica de inmunoperoxidasa estándar. Analiza las secciones de unt baja potencia (4 ×) para identificar el área de mayor densidad vascular. Dentro de esta región, cuente microvasos individuales en cinco campos aleatorios independientes a alta potencia (20 ×). </li></ol>

<ol>
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M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+crystal+structure+of+Dps,+a+ferritin+homolog+that+binds+and+protects+DNA.">The crystal structure of Dps, a ferritin homolog that binds and protects DNA.</a> Nat Struct Biol. 5, 294-303 (1998).</li><li>Amedei, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+neutrophil-activating+protein+of+Helicobacter+pylori+promotes+Th1+immune+responses.">The neutrophil-activating protein of Helicobacter pylori promotes Th1 immune responses.</a> J Clin Invest. 116, 1092-1101 (2006).</li><li>Bernard, M., D'Elios, M. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+immune+modulating+activity+of+the+Helicobacter+pylori+HP-NAP:+Friend+or+foe.">The immune modulating activity of the Helicobacter pylori HP-NAP: Friend or foe.</a> Toxicon. 56, 1186-1192 (2010).</li><li>Codolo, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+neutrophil-activating+protein+of+Helicobacter+pylori+down-modulates+Th2+inflammation+in+ovalbumin-induced+allergic+asthma.">The neutrophil-activating protein of Helicobacter pylori down-modulates Th2 inflammation in ovalbumin-induced allergic asthma.</a> Cell Microbiol. 10, 2355-2363 (2008).</li><li>Gunther, J. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optimizing+syngeneic+orthotopic+murine+bladder+cancer+(MB49).">Optimizing syngeneic orthotopic murine bladder cancer (MB49).</a> Cancer Res. 59, 2834-2837 (1999).</li><li>Codolo, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=HP-NAP+inhibits+the+growth+of+bladder+cancer+in+mice+by+activating+a+cytotoxic+Th1+response.">HP-NAP inhibits the growth of bladder cancer in mice by activating a cytotoxic Th1 response.</a> Cancer Immunol Immunother. 61, 31-40 (2012).</li><li>Chan, E., Patel, A., Heston, W., Larchian, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mouse+orthotopic+models+for+bladder+cancer+research.">Mouse orthotopic models for bladder cancer research.</a> BJU Int. 104, 1286-1291 (2009).</li><li>Kubota, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Metastatic+models+of+human+cancer+xenografted+in+the+nude+mouse:+the+importance+of+orthotopic+transplantation.">Metastatic models of human cancer xenografted in the nude mouse: the importance of orthotopic transplantation.</a> J Cell Biochem. 56, 4-8 (1994).</li><li>Loi, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+use+of+the+orthotopic+model+to+validate+antivascular+therapies+for+cancer.">The use of the orthotopic model to validate antivascular therapies for cancer.</a> Int J Dev Biol. 55, 547-555 (2011).</li><li>Miyazaki, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Preconditioning+methods+influence+tumor+property+in+an+orthotopic+bladder+urothelial+carcinoma+rat+model.">Preconditioning methods influence tumor property in an orthotopic bladder urothelial carcinoma rat model.</a> Mol Clin Oncol. 2, 65-70 (2014).</li><li>Horiguchi, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Establishment+of+orthotopic+mouse+superficial+bladder+tumor+model+for+studies+on+intravesical+treatments.">Establishment of orthotopic mouse superficial bladder tumor model for studies on intravesical treatments.</a> Hum Cell. 21, 57-63 (2008).</li></ol>

Los autores declaran que no tienen intereses financieros en competencia.

La mayoría de los avances en el tratamiento del cáncer requiere pruebas en modelos animales antes de comenzar los ensayos clínicos. La posibilidad de estudiar la biología del tumor in vivo, aprovechando modelos animales, representa una herramienta fundamental para los investigadores que investigan la patogénesis del cáncer, lo que permite la evaluación de los diferentes enfoques terapéuticos. Modelos ortotópico siguen siendo el estándar de oro 14-15, tanto debido a la enorme cantidad de lí...

El cáncer de vejiga es uno de los cánceres más comunes del tracto urogenital, con cerca de 75.000 nuevos casos cada año en los EE.UU. 1. Las altas tasas de recurrencia requieren seguimiento de por vida, lo que hace que el cáncer de vejiga uno de los cánceres más costosas de tratar. El tratamiento estándar de oro para el alto grado CVNMI es la resección transuretral, seguida de inmunoterapia intravesical con BCG. Aunque el mecanismo exacto de la actividad anti-tumor de BCG aún no se ha aclarado completamente, se acepta que la activación de una respuesta inmune mediada por células enriquecido en T helper (Th) 1 y T citotóxicas (Tc) de las células 1 es crucial para el éxito de la terapia 2. A pesar de que la BCG sigue siendo el tratamiento de elección para CVNMI, una alta proporción de los pacientes no responden a la terapia; por otra parte, puede causar una serie de efectos secundarios: alrededor del 70% de los tumores tratados se repita después de algún tiempo y ~ 15% de avance a la forma del músculo invasivo de laenfermedad. Otros efectos secundarios asociados con el tratamiento con BCG incluyen disuria, cistitis y la infección renal 3-6. El desarrollo de nuevas estrategias terapéuticas debe tomar en consideración el uso de modelos preclínicos, tras la evaluación inicial in vitro; esto es particularmente relevante en tumores cuya microambiente puede influir significativamente en su desarrollo y la capacidad de respuesta al tratamiento. Durante la última década, hemos abordado varios aspectos de la actividad inmunomoduladora de HP-PAN, una proteína producida por la bacteria Helicobacter pylori, identificado inicialmente como capaz de promover la adhesión endotelial de las células polimorfonucleares (PMN) 7. Estructuralmente, HP-PAN pertenece a la proteína DNA-protector en condiciones de hambre (AD) de la familia 8 y consta de 12 subunidades idénticas dispuestas en una cáscara dodecameric. Hemos demostrado que HP-NAP esun receptor Toll-like (TLR) 2 agonista, con una fuerte actividad inmuno-modulación responsable de impulsar la diferenciación de los linfocitos T hacia el fenotipo Th1, tanto in vitro como in vivo 9-10. En virtud de esta actividad, HP-PAN es capaz de redirigir la respuesta inmune Th2 en la respuesta más beneficiosa Th1 en un modelo murino de asma alérgica 11. Para evaluar el potencial antitumoral Th1 dependiente de HP-PAN, nos aprovechamos de un modelo de ratón de cáncer de vejiga desarrollado hace varios años por O&#39;Donnel y sus colegas 12 para evaluar el impacto de la administración de BCG. Con este protocolo, nos demuestran que HP-PAN tiene un fuerte potencial antitumoral contra el cáncer de vejiga y que la eficacia de la administración de HP-PAN es paralela a la acumulación significativa, dentro del tumor y los ganglios linfáticos regionales, tanto de Th1 y Tc1 linfocitos que producen interferón ( IFN) -γ 13 </sup&gt;. Los tumores aislados a partir de ratones tratados con HP-NAP mostraron necrosis más y menos vascularización que la contraparte no tratada. El presente informe proporciona un protocolo stepbystep, que detalla la preparación de los animales, su cateterismo uretral, la quema químico requerido para la unión de las células a la mucosa de la vejiga, y la inyección de las células tumorales. También describimos la administración tópica de HP-NAP que se puede considerar como un prototipo de cualesquiera agentes terapéuticos desarrollados para el tratamiento de cáncer de vejiga. La evidencia obtenida mediante la comparación de los tumores aislados de control y HP-PAN-animales tratados enfatiza no sólo el hecho de que HP-PAN podría ser un buen candidato para la inmunoterapia del cáncer de vejiga, sino también la eficacia general del montaje experimental.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Materials</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>C57BL/6J female mice</td>
			<td>Harlan Italy (Udine, Italy)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MB49 Cells</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Obtained from Prof. O&#39;Donnel, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa, USA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RPMI</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, Missouri, USA)</td>
			<td>R8758</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FBS</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>F7524</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>D1408</td>
			<td>10X, to be diluted in apyrogenic water</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Flask</td>
			<td>Becton Dickinson (Franklin Lakes, New Jersey, USA)</td>
			<td>353135</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringe 1ml</td>
			<td>Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td>301358</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypsin</td>
			<td>Life Technologies (Waltham, Massachusetts, USA)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gentamycin</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>15710-049</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Xilor</td>
			<td>Bio 98 s.r.l. (Milano, Italy)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>2% Xylazin</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Zoletil</td>
			<td>Virbac (Carros, France)</td>
			<td>359713301992</td>
			<td>5% Zolazepam + 5% Tiletamine</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>24G Catheter</td>
			<td>Terumo (Rome, Italy)</td>
			<td>SR+DM2419PX</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HCl</td>
			<td>Carlo Erba Reagents (Milano, Italy)</td>
			<td>403871</td>
			<td>Liquid</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaOH</td>
			<td>JT Baker (Center Valley, Pennsylvania, USA)</td>
			<td>10095011</td>
			<td>Powder</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Equipment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Surgical Scalpel</td>
			<td>Albion Surgical Limited (Sheffield, England)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microtome</td>
			<td>Leica Microsystem ( Wetzlar, Germany)</td>
			<td>RM2235</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microscope Slides</td>
			<td>VWR International (Radnor, Pennsylvania, USA)</td>
			<td>631-0108</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Image Analyzer</td>
			<td>Zeiss (Jena, Germany)</td>
			<td>Cyres System</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>
Materials C57BL/6J female mice Harlan Italy (Udine, Italy) MB49 Cells Obtained from Prof. O&#39;Donnel, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa, USA RPMI Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, Missouri, USA) R8758 FBS Sigma-Aldrich F7524 PBS Sigma-Aldrich D1408 10X, to be diluted in apyrogenic water Flask Becton Dickinson (Franklin Lakes, New Jersey, USA) 353135 Syringe 1ml Becton Dickinson 301358 Trypsin Life Technologies (Waltham, Massachusetts, USA) Gentamycin Life Technologies 15710-049 Xilor Bio 98 s.r.l. (Milano, Italy) 2% Xylazin Zoletil Virbac (Carros, France) 359713301992 5% Zolazepam + 5% Tiletamine 24G Catheter Terumo (Rome, Italy) SR+DM2419PX HCl Carlo Erba Reagents (Milano, Italy) 403871 Liquid NaOH JT Baker (Center Valley, Pennsylvania, USA) 10095011 Powder Equipment Surgical Scalpel Albion Surgical Limited (Sheffield, England) Microtome Leica Microsystem ( Wetzlar, Germany) RM2235 Microscope Slides VWR International (Radnor, Pennsylvania, USA) 631-0108 Image Analyzer Zeiss (Jena, Germany) Cyres System

evaluation of the efficacy of the h. pylori protein hp-nap as a therapeutic tool for treatment of bladder cancer in an orthotopic murine model

Bladder cancer is one of the most common malignancies of the urogenital tract. Intravesical injection of Bacillus Calmette-Gu&#233;rin (BCG) is the gold standard treatment for the high-grade non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). However, since the treatment-related side effects are relevant, newer biological response modifiers with a better benefit/side effects ratio are needed.
The tumour microenvironment can influence both tumour development and therapy efficacy. In order to obtain a good model, it is desirable to implant tumour cells in the organ from which the cancer originates.
In this protocol, we describe a method for establishing a tumour in the bladder cavity of female mice and subsequent delivery of therapeutic agents; the latter are exemplified by our use of Helicobacter pylori neutrophil activating protein (HP-NAP). A preliminary chemical burn of the mucosa, followed by the injection of mouse urothelial carcinoma cell line MB49 via urethral catheterization, enables the cells to attach to the bladder mucosa. After a period, required to allow an initial proliferation of the cells, mice are treated with HP-NAP, administrated again via catheterization. The anti-tumour activity of HP-NAP is evaluated comparing the tumour volume, the extent of necrosis and the degree of vascularization between vehicle- and HP-NAP-treated animals.

La Figura 1 muestra la técnica de cateterismo; el ratón se cateterizó y inculca con 0,5 × 10 6 células MB49. El tratamiento con HP-NAP se inicia 3 días después de la inyección de las células tumorales, para que puedan adherirse a la pared de la vejiga y proliferar. Todos los animales pertenecientes al grupo de control se desarrollan el tumor; algunos de ellos pueden morir antes del final del período de 13 días debido a la oclusión de la uretra. Despué...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Evaluation of the Efficacy of the H. pylori Protein HP-NAP as a Therapeutic Tool for Treatment of Bladder Cancer in an Orthotopic Murine Model at JoVE.com

Evaluation of the Efficacy of the H. pylori Protein HP-NAP as a Therapeutic Tool for Treatment of Bladder Cancer in an Orthotopic Murine Model

Here the method to establish a syngeneic mouse model of orthotopic bladder tumour to evaluate the anti-tumour efficacy of the bacterial protein HP-NAP is described.

Evaluación de la eficacia de la<em&gt; H. pylori</em&gt; Proteína HP-PAN como herramienta terapéutica para el tratamiento de cáncer de vejiga en un modelo murino ortotópico

Bladder cancer is one of the most common malignancies of the urogenital tract. Intravesical injection of Bacillus Calmette-Gu&#233;rin (BCG) is the gold ...

evaluation-efficacy-h-pylori-protein-hp-nap-as-therapeutic-tool-for

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

Evaluation of the Efficacy of the H. pylori Protein HP-NAP as a Therapeutic Tool for Treatment of Bladder Cancer in an Orthotopic Murine Model

7.2K vistas.  University of Padua. Here the method to establish a syngeneic mouse model of orthotopic bladder tumour to evaluate the anti-tumour efficacy of the bacterial protein HP-NAP is described.

Video: Evaluation of the Efficacy of the H. pylori Protein HP-NAP as a Therapeutic Tool for Treatment of Bladder Cancer in an Orthotopic Murine Model

An Orthotopic Model of Murine Bladder Cancer

In this straightforward procedure, bladder tumors are established in female C57 mice through the use of catheterization, local cauterization, and subsequent cell adhesion. After their bladders are transurethrally catheterized and drained, animals are again catheterized to permit insertion of a platinum wire into bladders without damaging the urethra or bladder. The catheters are made of Teflon to serve as an insulator for the wire, which will conduct electrical current into the bladder to create a burn injury. An electrocautery unit is used to deliver 2.5W to the exposed end of the wire, burning away extracellular layers and providing attachment sites for carcinoma cells that are delivered in suspension to the bladder through a subsequent catheterization. Cells remain in the bladder for 90 minutes, after which the catheters are removed and the bladders allowed to drain naturally. The development of tumor is monitored via ultrasound. Specific attention is paid to the catheterization technique in the accompanying video.

Bladder tumors are established in female mice in a minimally invasive fashion through catheterization, local cauterization, and subsequent adhesion of carcinoma cells to the burn sites.

Un modelo ortotópico de cáncer de vejiga murino

In this straightforward procedure, bladder tumors are established in female C57 mice through the use of catheterization, local cauterization, and ...

Investigación

Medicina

Multi-photon Imaging of Tumor Cell Invasion in an Orthotopic Mouse Model of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Loco-regional invasion of head and neck cancer is linked to metastatic risk and presents a difficult challenge in designing and implementing patient management strategies. Orthotopic mouse models of oral cancer have been developed to facilitate the study of factors that impact invasion and serve as model system for evaluating anti-tumor therapeutics. In these systems, visualization of disseminated tumor cells within oral cavity tissues has typically been conducted by either conventional histology or with in vivo bioluminescent methods. A primary drawback of these techniques is the inherent inability to accurately visualize and quantify early tumor cell invasion arising from the primary site in three dimensions. Here we describe a protocol that combines an established model for squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue (SCOT) with two-photon imaging to allow multi-vectorial visualization of lingual tumor spread. The OSC-19 head and neck tumor cell line was stably engineered to express the F-actin binding peptide LifeAct fused to the mCherry fluorescent protein (LifeAct-mCherry). Fox1nu/nu mice injected with these cells reliably form tumors that allow the tongue to be visualized by ex-vivo application of two-photon microscopy. This technique allows for the orthotopic visualization of the tumor mass and locally invading cells in excised tongues without disruption of the regional tumor microenvironment. In addition, this system allows for the quantification of tumor cell invasion by calculating distances that invaded cells move from the primary tumor site. Overall this procedure provides an enhanced model system for analyzing factors that contribute to SCOT invasion and therapeutic treatments tailored to prevent local invasion and distant metastatic spread. This method also has the potential to be ultimately combined with other imaging modalities in an in vivo setting.

A comprehensive overview of the techniques involved in generating a mouse model of oral cancer and quantitative monitoring of tumor invasion within the tongue through multi-photon microscopy of labeled cells is presented. This system can serve as a useful platform for the molecular assessment and drug efficacy of anti-invasive compounds.

Multi-fotón imágenes de invasión de células tumorales en un modelo de ratón ortotópico de carcinoma oral de células escamosas

Loco-regional invasion of head and neck cancer is linked to metastatic risk and presents a difficult challenge in designing and implementing patient ...

Biomarkers in an Animal Model for Revealing Neural, Hematologic, and Behavioral Correlates of PTSD

Identification of biomarkers representing the evolution of the pathophysiology of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is vitally important, not only for objective diagnosis but also for the evaluation of therapeutic efficacy and resilience to trauma. Ongoing research is directed at identifying molecular biomarkers for PTSD, including traumatic stress induced proteins, transcriptomes, genomic variances and genetic modulators, using biologic samples from subjects' blood, saliva, urine, and postmortem brain tissues. However, the correlation of these biomarker molecules in peripheral or postmortem samples to altered brain functions associated with psychiatric symptoms in PTSD remains unresolved. Here, we present an animal model of PTSD in which both peripheral blood and central brain biomarkers, as well as behavioral phenotype, can be collected and measured, thus providing the needed correlation of the central biomarkers of PTSD, which are mechanistic and pathognomonic but cannot be collected from people, with the peripheral biomarkers and behavioral phenotypes, which can.
Our animal model of PTSD employs restraint and tail shocks repeated for three continuous days - the inescapable tail-shock model (ITS) in rats. This ITS model mimics the pathophysiology of PTSD 17, 7, 4, 10. We and others have verified that the ITS model induces behavioral and neurobiological alterations similar to those found in PTSD subjects 17, 7, 10, 9. Specifically, these stressed rats exhibit (1) a delayed and exaggerated startle response appearing several days after stressor cessation, which given the compressed time scale of the rat's life compared to a humans, corresponds to the one to three months delay of symptoms in PTSD patients (DSM-IV-TR PTSD Criterian D/E 13), (2) enhanced plasma corticosterone (CORT) for several days, indicating compromise of the hypothalamopituitary axis (HPA), and (3) retarded body weight gain after stressor cessation, indicating dysfunction of metabolic regulation.
The experimental paradigms employed for this model are: (1) a learned helplessness paradigm in the rat assayed by measurement of acoustic startle response (ASR) and a charting of body mass; (2) microdissection of the rat brain into regions and nuclei; (3) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for blood levels of CORT; (4) a gene expression microarray plus related bioinformatics tools 18. This microarray, dubbed rMNChip, focuses on mitochondrial and mitochondria-related nuclear genes in the rat so as to specifically address the neuronal bioenergetics hypothesized to be involved in PTSD.

We describe a rat model of post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) that reveals the persistent alterations in neuroendocrine function and the delayed long-term, exaggerated fear response, characteristic of PTSD patients. The animal model and methods described here are useful for correlating biomarkers in brain nuclei, which are mechanistic but cannot be measured in patients, with biomarkers in peripheral white blood cells, which can.

Biomarcadores en un modelo animal para Revelar correlatos neurales, hematológicas y conductuales de estrés postraumático

Identification of biomarkers representing the evolution of the pathophysiology of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is vitally important, not only for ...

An Orthotopic Bladder Tumor Model and the Evaluation of Intravesical saRNA Treatment

We present a novel method for treating bladder cancer with intravesically delivered small activating RNA (saRNA) in an orthotopic xenograft mouse bladder tumor model. The mouse model is established by urethral catheterization under inhaled general anesthetic. Chemical burn is then introduced to the bladder mucosa using intravesical silver nitrate solution to disrupt the bladder glycosaminoglycan layer and allows cells to attach. Following several washes with sterile water, human bladder cancer KU-7-luc2-GFP cells are instilled through the catheter into the bladder to dwell for 2 hours. Subsequent growth of bladder tumors is confirmed and monitored by in vivo bladder ultrasound and bioluminescent imaging. The tumors are then treated intravesically with saRNA formulated in lipid nanoparticles (LNPs). Tumor growth is monitored with ultrasound and bioluminescence. All steps of this procedure are demonstrated in the accompanying video.

Establishing an orthotopic bladder tumor model to evaluate antitumor effects of intravesically delivered saRNA and monitoring tumor growth by ultrasound and bioluminescent imaging.

Un modelo de tumor vesical ortotópica y la Evaluación de tratamiento intravesical SARNA

We present a novel method for treating bladder cancer with intravesically delivered small activating RNA (saRNA) in an orthotopic xenograft mouse bladder ...

An Orthotopic Bladder Cancer Model for Gene Delivery Studies

Bladder cancer is the second most common cancer of the urogenital tract and novel therapeutic approaches that can reduce recurrence and progression are needed. The tumor microenvironment can significantly influence tumor development and therapy response. It is therefore often desirable to grow tumor cells in the organ from which they originated. This protocol describes an orthotopic model of bladder cancer, in which MB49 murine bladder carcinoma cells are instilled into the bladder via catheterization. Successful tumor cell implantation in this model requires disruption of the protective glycosaminoglycan layer, which can be accomplished by physical or chemical means. In our protocol the bladder is treated with trypsin prior to cell instillation. Catheterization of the bladder can also be used to deliver therapeutics once the tumors are established. This protocol describes the delivery of an adenoviral construct that expresses a luciferase reporter gene. While our protocol has been optimized for short-term studies and focuses on gene delivery, the methodology of mouse bladder catheterization has broad applications.

Implantation of cancer cells into the organ of origin can serve as a useful preclinical model to evaluate novel therapies. MB49 bladder carcinoma cells can be grown within the bladder following intravesical instillation. This protocol demonstrates catheterization of the mouse bladder for the purpose of tumor implantation and adenoviral delivery.

Un modelo ortotópico de cáncer de vejiga de Estudios de liberación de genes

Bladder cancer is the second most common cancer of the urogenital tract and novel therapeutic approaches that can reduce recurrence and progression are ...

An Orthotopic Murine Model of Human Prostate Cancer Metastasis

Our laboratory has developed a novel orthotopic implantation model of human prostate cancer (PCa). As PCa death is not due to the primary tumor, but rather the formation of distinct metastasis, the ability to effectively model this progression pre-clinically is of high value. In this model, cells are directly implanted into the ventral lobe of the prostate in Balb/c athymic mice, and allowed to progress for 4-6 weeks. At experiment termination, several distinct endpoints can be measured, such as size and molecular characterization of the primary tumor, the presence and quantification of circulating tumor cells in the blood and bone marrow, and formation of metastasis to the lung. In addition to a variety of endpoints, this model provides a picture of a cells ability to invade and escape the primary organ, enter and survive in the circulatory system, and implant and grow in a secondary site. This model has been used effectively to measure metastatic response to both changes in protein expression as well as to response to small molecule therapeutics, in a short turnaround time.

This orthotopic model of human prostate cancer allows for quantification of tumor size, circulating tumor cells, and formation of distinct metastasis to the lung. As cells must escape the primary organ, enter the blood stream, and implant into a secondary site, this model effectively recapitulates the scenario in humans.

Un modelo murino de cáncer de próstata humano Metástasis ortotópico

Our laboratory has developed a novel orthotopic implantation model of  human prostate cancer (PCa). As PCa death is not due to the primary tumor, but  ...

Minimally Invasive Establishment of Murine Orthotopic Bladder Xenografts

Orthotopic bladder cancer xenografts are the gold standard to study molecular cellular manipulations and new therapeutic agents&#160;in vivo. Suitable cell lines are inoculated either by intravesical instillation (model of nonmuscle invasive growth) or intramural injection into the bladder wall (model of invasive growth). Both procedures are complex and highly time-consuming. Additionally, the superficial model has its shortcomings due to the lack of cell lines that are tumorigenic following instillation. Intramural injection, on the other hand, is marred by the invasiveness of the procedure and the associated morbidity for the host mouse.
With these shortcomings in mind, we modified previous methods to develop a minimally invasive approach for creating orthotopic bladder cancer xenografts. Using ultrasound guidance we have successfully performed percutaneous inoculation of the bladder cancer cell lines UM-UC1, UM-UC3 and UM-UC13 into 50 athymic nude. We have been able to demonstrate that this approach is time efficient, precise and safe. With this technique, initially a space is created under the bladder mucosa with PBS, and tumor cells are then injected into this space in a second step. Tumor growth is monitored at regular intervals with bioluminescence imaging and ultrasound. The average tumor volumes increased steadily in in all but one of our 50 mice over the study period.
In our institution, this novel approach, which allows bladder cancer xenograft inoculation in a minimally-invasive, rapid and highly precise way, has replaced the traditional model.

The established technique to inoculate primary invasive orthotopic bladder cancer xenografts requires laparotomy and mobilization of the bladder. This procedure inflicts significant morbidity on the mice, is technically challenging and time-consuming. We therefore developed a high-precision, percutaneous approach utilizing ultrasound guidance.

Mínimamente Invasiva Establecimiento de murino ortotópico xenoinjertos vejiga

Orthotopic bladder cancer xenografts are the gold standard to study molecular cellular manipulations and new therapeutic agents&#160;in vivo. Suitable ...

Excitotoxic Stimulation of Brain Microslices as an In vitro Model of Stroke

Examining molecular mechanisms involved in neuropathological conditions, such as ischemic stroke, can be difficult when using whole animal systems. As such, primary or &#39;neuronal-like&#39; cell culture systems are commonly utilized. While&#160;these systems are relatively easy to work with, and are useful model systems in which various functional outcomes (such as cell death) can be readily quantified, the examined outcomes and pathways in cultured immature neurons (such as excitotoxicity-mediated cell death pathways) are not necessarily the same as those observed in mature brain, or in intact tissue. Therefore, there is the need to develop models in which cellular mechanisms in mature neural tissue can be examined. We have developed an in vitro technique that can be used to investigate a variety of molecular pathways in intact nervous tissue. The technique described herein utilizes rat cortical tissue, but this technique can be adapted to use tissue from a variety of species (such as mouse, rabbit, guinea pig, and chicken) or brain regions (for example, hippocampus, striatum, etc.). Additionally, a variety of stimulations/treatments can be used (for example, excitotoxic, administration of inhibitors, etc.). In conclusion, the brain slice model described herein can be used to examine a variety of molecular mechanisms involved in excitotoxicity-mediated brain injury.

Excitotoxic Stimulation of Brain Microslices as an In vitro Model of Stroke

We have developed a brain slice model which can be used to examine molecular mechanisms involved in excitotoxicity-mediated brain injury.&#160;This technique generates viable mature brain tissue and reduces animal numbers required for experimentation, whilst keeping the neuronal circuitry, cellular interactions, and postsynaptic compartments partly intact.

Excitotóxica Estimulación del cerebro Microslices como<em&gt; In vitro</em&gt; Modelo de Carrera

Examining molecular mechanisms involved in neuropathological conditions, such as ischemic stroke, can be difficult when using whole animal systems. As ...

MRI-guided dmPFC-rTMS as a Treatment for Treatment-resistant Major Depressive Disorder

Here we outline the protocol for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) guided repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) to the dorsal medial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC) in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). Technicians used a neuronavigation system to process patient MRIs to generate a 3-dimensional head model. The head model was subsequently used to identify patient-specific stimulatory targets. The dmPFC was stimulated daily for 20 sessions. Stimulation intensity was titrated to address scalp pain associated with rTMS. Weekly assessments were conducted on the patients using the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HamD17) and Beck Depression Index II (BDI-II). Treatment-resistant MDD patients achieved significant improvements on both HAMD and BDI-II. Of note, angled, double-cone coil rTMS at 120% resting motor threshold allows for optimal stimulation of deeper midline prefrontal regions, which results in a possible therapeutic application for MDD. One major limitation of the rTMS field is the heterogeneity of treatment parameters across studies, including duty cycle, number of pulses per session and intensity. Further work should be done to clarify the effect of stimulation parameters on outcome. Future dmPFC-rTMS work should include sham-controlled studies to confirm its clinical efficacy in MDD.

Here we outline the procedure for MRI-guided repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation to the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex as an experimental treatment for major depressive disorder.

RM guiada dmPFC-rTMS como tratamiento para el trastorno depresivo mayor resistente al tratamiento

Here we outline the protocol for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) guided repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) to the dorsal medial ...

Pre-clinical Orthotopic Murine Model of Human Prostate Cancer

To study the multifaceted biology of prostate cancer, pre-clinical in vivo models offer a range of options to uncover critical biological information about this disease. The human orthotopic prostate cancer xenograft mouse model provides a useful alternative approach for understanding the specific interactions between genetically and molecularly altered tumor cells, their organ microenvironment, and for evaluation of efficacy of therapeutic regimens. This is a well characterized model designed to study the molecular events of primary tumor development and it recapitulates the early events in the metastatic cascade prior to embolism and entry of tumor cells into the circulation. Thus it allows elucidation of molecular mechanisms underlying the initial phase of metastatic disease. In addition, this model can annotate drug targets of clinical relevance and is a valuable tool to study prostate cancer progression. In this manuscript we describe a detailed procedure to establish a human orthotopic prostate cancer xenograft mouse model.

Prostate cancer is the second most common cause of cancer-related deaths in the United States. An orthotopic cancer model provides a useful approach to understand the biology of prostate cancer and to evaluate the efficacy of therapeutic regimens. This protocol describes detailed steps necessary to establish an orthotopic prostate cancer mouse model.

Preclínica modelo murino ortotópico de cáncer de próstata humano

To study the multifaceted biology of prostate cancer, pre-clinical in vivo models offer a range of options to uncover critical biological information ...