著者らは、ゼブラフィッシュのケアとメンテナンスのために研究室のメンバーに感謝したいと思います。この作品は、アンナHuttenlocherにEAハービーとNIH R01GM074827に国立衛生研究所、国立研究サービス賞A155397によってサポートされていました。

<ol>
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The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

ここで使用される感染症法は2-3 DPF胚および幼虫において最初にローカライズされた感染に対する宿主の免疫応答の研究のために有用である。そのような耳胞などの閉じた空洞内の感染症などの炎症性刺激、の焦点は、好中球およびマクロファージ走化性および食作用の研究を可能にします。耳胞に細菌を注入する一つの注意点は、効率的に液体で満たされたキャビティ内の細菌を貪食する好...

ストレプトコッカスイニエは、魚と人間の1の両方で全身性疾患を引き起こすことができる主要な水生病原体である。 S.ながらイニエは養殖業における大きな損失の原因である、それはまた、他の連鎖球菌のヒト病原体によって引き起こされるものと同様の臨床病理との免疫無防備状態のヒト宿主において疾患を引き起こすことができる潜在的な人畜共通感染病原体である。ヒト病原体との類似性を考えると、それは、Sを研究することが重要です自然宿主との関連でイニエ疾患の病因。 S.の大人のゼブラフィッシュモデルイニエ感染は、適応免疫系7を含むために、時間が短すぎ、感染の局所的部位、ならびに死をホストするために短期間にホスト白血球の堅固な浸潤を明らかにした。 S.に対する自然免疫応答への深い外観を得るためにインビボでの感染イニエ 、それは、nがより適しているモデルを使用することが必要である上の侵襲的なライブイメージング。 幼虫のゼブラフィッシュは、宿主 - 病原体相互作用を研究するため、ますます魅力的な脊椎動物のモデルにする多くの利点がある。ゼブラフィッシュは、比較的安価で使用し、哺乳類のモデルに比べて維持するのは簡単です。適応免疫は4-6週間後受精まで、機能的に成熟していないですが、幼虫が食作用および呼吸バースト2-6含む抗菌機能を備えた補完、Toll様受容体、サイトカイン、及び好中球およびマクロファージとの高度に保存された脊椎動物の自然免疫系を持っている、 8-11。また、遺伝的取り扱いやすさと開発の胚および幼虫の光透過性により、 生体内でリアルタイムで宿主-病原体相互作用を検討すること、蛍光標識された免疫細胞との安定したトランスジェニック系統の生成を可能にする。そのようなデンなどphotoconvertibleタンパク質を用いて、これらのトランスジェニック株の生成DRA2は、感染12の過程で個々の宿主細胞の起源と運命の追跡が可能になります。 ゼブラフィッシュ幼虫の感染モデルを開発する場合、マイクロインジェクションの選択されたサイトは、感染が最初に局所的又は全身性であるかどうかを判断します。キュビエの尾静脈またはダクト内に全身の血液の感染症は、最も一般的にゼブラフィッシュにおける微生物病原体を研究するために使用されると、ホストと微生物細胞、サイトカイン応答、および病原体株の間に病原性の違いの間の相互作用を研究するために有用である。遅い成長微生物について、16-1,000細胞期の胚の卵黄嚢への早期噴射の間であることが見出され、成長の遅い微生物のマイクロインジェクションのための最適な発達段階で、全身感染13,14を生成するために使用できる16から128細胞期15。しかし、ホスト開発の後期段階で、多くの微生物の嚢注射卵黄トンに対して致死的である傾向がある彼は、微生物および白血球16-18浸潤の欠如のために栄養豊富な環境のためにホストします。 局所感染は、通常、容易に非​​侵襲的イメージングを用いて定量することができる感染の部位に向けての白血球の指向遊走をもたらす。このタイプの感染は、白血球遊走、ならびに種々の白血球集団の異なる遊走および食作用の能力の調査を媒介するメカニズムの切開を可能にすることができる。細菌の菌株間の病原性の違いを調べるだけでなく、物理ホストの障害が全身になるために局所感染のために交差しなければならないので、微生物の侵入メカニズムを研究する際にローカライズされた感染症にも便利です。ゼブラフィッシュは、典型的には25〜31°C 19の温度で上昇するが、それらは厳しい温度要件を有する特定のヒト病原体の侵襲性の研究のために34〜35℃程度の高温で維持することができる病原性20、21のために。 多くの異なるサイトでは、後脳心室22、背側尾の筋肉18、心膜空洞23、および耳胞（耳）5、16、24を含む最初にローカライズされた細菌感染を生成するために使用されてきた。しかし、尾の筋肉への細菌の注射は、白血球応答13を調査する際に、結果を歪め得る細菌の独立した組織損傷および炎症を引き起こし得ることが見出されている。少ないダメージは後脳への注入に関連した、それは若い胚における白血球の最初は欠いているが、ミクログリアが住居を取るように、後脳心室が着実に時間をかけてより多くの免疫細胞を獲得されていますが。後脳心室は、画像へのより困難な場所です。耳胞は血管系25、26に直接アクセスすると、閉じた空洞である。それは、レイの通常欠いているkocytesが、白血球は感染症などの炎症性刺激に応答して耳胞に補充することができる。またためにイメージングの容易さおよび注入の可視化のゼブラフィッシュ熟成2-3日後に受精（DPF）中の細菌のマイクロインジェクションの好ましい部位である。したがって、我々はローカライズされた細菌感染の私たちのサイトとして、耳胞を選択しました。

<table><tbody><tr><td>1.7 ml Eppendorfs</td><td>MidSci</td><td>AVSS1700</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>14 ml Falcon tube</td><td>BD Falcon</td><td>352059</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>27 G x &amp;frac12; in. needle</td><td>BD Biosciences</td><td>305109</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>96-well Plate</td><td>Corning Incorporated</td><td>3596</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Agar</td><td>BD Biosciences</td><td>214030</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>CellTracker Red</td><td>Molecular Probes, Invitrogen</td><td>C34552</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>CNA agar</td><td>Dot Scientific, Inc</td><td>7126A</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Disposable transfer pipets</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>13-711-7m</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dissecting scope</td><td>Nikon</td><td>SMZ745</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DMSO</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>D2650</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ethanol 200 proof</td><td>MDS</td><td>2292</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fine tweezers</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>11251-20</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Gel comb</td><td>VWR</td><td>27372-482</td><td>4.2 mm width, 1.5 mm thick</td></tr><tr><td>Glass bottom dishes</td><td></td><td></td><td>Custom made by drilling a 16 - 18 mm hole in the center of a 35 mm tissue culture dish bottom and placing a 22 mm round #1 coverslip in the hole and sealing with a thin layer of Norland Optical Adhesive 68 cured by UV light.</td></tr><tr><td>Glycerol</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>G33-4</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>High melt agarose</td><td>Denville Scientific, Inc.</td><td>CA3510-6</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hydrogen peroxide</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>H325</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Laser scanning confocal microscope</td><td>Olympus</td><td>with FV-1000 system</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Low melt agarose</td><td>Fisher</td><td>BP165-25</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Magnetic stand</td><td>Tritech (Narishige)</td><td>GJ-1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Microinjection system</td><td>Parker</td><td>Picospritzer III</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Microloader pipet tips</td><td>Eppendorf</td><td>930001007</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Micromanipulator</td><td>Tritech (Narishige)</td><td>M-152</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Micropipette puller</td><td>Sutter Instrument Company</td><td>Flaming/Brown P-97</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Nanodrop spectrophotmeter</td><td>Thermo Scientific</td><td>ND-1000</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>N-Phenylthiourea (PTU)</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>P7629</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Paraformaldheyde</td><td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td><td>15710</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Petri dishes</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>FB0875712</td><td>100 x 15 mm</td></tr><tr><td>Phenol</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>P-4557</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Phenol Red</td><td>Ricca Chemoical Company</td><td>572516</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Phosphate buffered saline</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>BP665-1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Potassium hydroxide</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>P-6310</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pronase</td><td>Roche</td><td>165921</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Protease peptone</td><td>Fluka Biochemika</td><td>29185</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Small cell culture dish</td><td>Corning Incorporated</td><td>430165</td><td>35 x 10 mm</td></tr><tr><td>Sudan Black</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>S2380</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Thin wall glass capillary injection needles</td><td>World Precision Instruments, Inc.</td><td>TW100-3</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Todd Hewitt</td><td>Sigma Aldrich/Fluka Analytical</td><td>T1438</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tricaine (ethyl 3-aminobenzoate)</td><td>Argent Chemical Laboratory/Finquel</td><td>C-FINQ-UE-100G</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Triton X-100</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>BP151-500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tween 20</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>BP337-500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Yeast extract</td><td>Fluka Biochemika</td><td>92144</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

non-invasive imaging of the innate immune response in a zebrafish larval model of streptococcus iniae infection

水生病原体、 ストレプトコッカスイニエは 、養殖業の年間損失億ドル以上を担当し、魚とヒトの両方で全身性疾患を引き起こすことができるである。 S.のより良い理解イニエ疾患の病因は、適切なモデルシステムが必要です。蛍光的には、免疫細胞をタグ付けして、遺伝的扱いやすさとゼブラフィッシュの初期の発達段階の光透過性は、トランスジェニック株の生成と非侵襲的イメージングを可能にします。数週間は、受精を投稿するまで、適応免疫系は、完全に機能していないですが、ゼブラフィッシュの幼虫は、好中球およびマクロファージの両方で保存された脊椎動物自然免疫系を持っている。したがって、幼虫感染モデルの生成はS.制御における自然免疫の特定の寄与の研究を可能にするイニエ感染。 微量注入の部位は、感染があるかどうかを決定する全身または最初にローカライズされた。ここでは、ゼブラフィッシュ高齢の2-3日後に受精などの感染の蛍光共焦点イメージングのための私たちの技術の耳の小胞の注射のために私たちのプロトコルを提示する。ローカライズされた感染部位は、宿主細胞および感染の普及の募集、初期の微生物の侵入を観察することができます。 S.のゼブラフィッシュ幼虫のモデルを使用して、我々の調査結果イニエ感染は、ゼブラフィッシュは、ローカライズ細菌感染における宿主好中球およびマクロファージの異なる寄与を調べるために使用できることを示している。さらに、我々は、免疫細胞の光標識は、感染の過程で、個々の宿主細胞の運命を追跡するために使用する方法を記載している。

S.のマイクロインジェクション最初にローカライズされたホストの応答で、耳胞にイニエ （ 図1と図2）の結果。正しく注入された場合には、細菌は唯一、耳胞ではなく、周囲の組織または血液中に見られるべきである。これは、フェノールレッド色素（ 図1A）を用いてマイクロインジェクションの間に可視化することができる。ラベル細菌...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Non-invasive Imaging of the Innate Immune Response in a Zebrafish Larval Model of Streptococcus iniae Infection at JoVE.com

Non-invasive Imaging of the Innate Immune Response in a Zebrafish Larval Model of Streptococcus iniae Infection

Here, we present a protocol for the generation and imaging of a localized bacterial infection in the zebrafish otic vesicle.

のゼブラフィッシュ幼生モデルにおける先天性免疫応答の非侵襲的イメージング<em&gt;ストレプトコッカスイニエ</em&gt;感染

The aquatic pathogen, Streptococcus iniae, is responsible for over 100 million dollars in annual losses for the aquaculture industry and is capable of ...

non-invasive-imaging-innate-immune-response-zebrafish-larval-model

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

Non-invasive Imaging of the Innate Immune Response in a Zebrafish Larval Model of Streptococcus iniae Infection

10.7K ビュー.  University of Wisconsin-Madison. Here, we present a protocol for the generation and imaging of a localized bacterial infection in the zebrafish otic vesicle. 

ビデオ: Non-invasive Imaging of the Innate Immune Response in a Zebrafish Larval Model of Streptococcus iniae Infection

Live Imaging of Innate Immune and Preneoplastic Cell Interactions Using an Inducible Gal4/UAS Expression System in Larval Zebrafish Skin

Here we describe a method to conditionally induce epithelial cell transformation by the use of the 4-Hydroxytamoxifen (4-OHT) inducible KalTA4-ERT2/UAS expression system1 in zebrafish larvae, and the subsequent live imaging of innate immune cell interaction with HRASG12V expressing skin cells. The KalTA4-ERT2/UAS system is both inducible and reversible which allows us to induce cell transformation with precise temporal/spatial resolution in vivo. This provides us with a unique opportunity to live image how individual preneoplastic cells interact with host tissues as soon as they emerge, then follow their progression as well as regression. Recent studies in zebrafish larvae have shown a trophic function of innate immunity in the earliest stages of tumorigenesis2,3. Our inducible system would allow us to live image the onset of cellular transformation and the subsequent host response, which may lead to important insights on the underlying mechanisms for the regulation of oncogenic trophic inflammatory responses. We also discuss how one might adapt our protocol to achieve temporal and spatial control of ectopic gene expression in any tissue of interest.

Studying the earliest events of preneoplastic cell progression and innate immune cell interaction is pivotal to understand and treat cancer. Here we describe a method to conditionally induce epithelial cell transformations and the subsequent live imaging of innate immune cell interaction with HRASG12V expressing skin cells in zebrafish larvae.

幼虫ゼブラフィッシュスキンにおける誘導GAL4 / UASの発現系を用いて自然免疫と前癌細胞の相互作用のライブイメージング

Here we describe a method to conditionally induce epithelial cell transformation by the use of the 4-Hydroxytamoxifen (4-OHT) inducible KalTA4-ERT2/UAS ...

発生生物学

Infection of Zebrafish Embryos with Intracellular Bacterial Pathogens

Zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos are increasingly used as a model for studying the function of the vertebrate innate immune system in host-pathogen interactions 1. The major cell types of the innate immune system, macrophages and neutrophils, develop during the first days of embryogenesis prior to the maturation of lymphocytes that are required for adaptive immune responses. The ease of obtaining large numbers of embryos, their accessibility due to external development, the optical transparency of embryonic and larval stages, a wide range of genetic tools, extensive mutant resources and collections of transgenic reporter lines, all add to the versatility of the zebrafish model. Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. typhimurium) and Mycobacterium marinum can reside intracellularly in macrophages and are frequently used to study host-pathogen interactions in zebrafish embryos. The infection processes of these two bacterial pathogens are interesting to compare because S. typhimurium infection is acute and lethal within one day, whereas M. marinum infection is chronic and can be imaged up to the larval stage 2, 3. The site of micro-injection of bacteria into the embryo (Figure 1) determines whether the infection will rapidly become systemic or will initially remain localized. A rapid systemic infection can be established by micro-injecting bacteria directly into the blood circulation via the caudal vein at the posterior blood island or via the Duct of Cuvier, a wide circulation channel on the yolk sac connecting the heart to the trunk vasculature. At 1 dpf, when embryos at this stage have phagocytically active macrophages but neutrophils have not yet matured, injecting into the blood island is preferred. For injections at 2-3 dpf, when embryos also have developed functional (myeloperoxidase-producing) neutrophils, the Duct of Cuvier is preferred as the injection site. To study directed migration of myeloid cells towards local infections, bacteria can be injected into the tail muscle, otic vesicle, or hindbrain ventricle 4-6. In addition, the notochord, a structure that appears to be normally inaccessible to myeloid cells, is highly susceptible to local infection 7. A useful alternative for high-throughput applications is the injection of bacteria into the yolk of embryos within the first hours after fertilization 8. Combining fluorescent bacteria and transgenic zebrafish lines with fluorescent macrophages or neutrophils creates ideal circumstances for multi-color imaging of host-pathogen interactions. This video article will describe detailed protocols for intravenous and local infection of zebrafish embryos with S. typhimurium or M. marinum bacteria and for subsequent fluorescence imaging of the interaction with cells of the innate immune system.

Transparent zebrafish embryos have proved useful model hosts to visualize and functionally study interactions between innate immune cells and intracellular bacterial pathogens, such as Salmonella typhimurium and Mycobacterium marinum. Micro-injection of bacteria and multi-color fluorescence imaging are essential techniques involved in the application of zebrafish embryo infection models.

細胞内細菌性病原体を持つゼブラフィッシュ胚の感染

Zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos are increasingly used as a model for studying the function of the vertebrate innate immune system in host-pathogen ...

免疫・感染学

Non-invasive Imaging of Disseminated Candidiasis in Zebrafish Larvae

Disseminated candidiasis caused by the pathogen Candida albicans is a clinically important problem in hospitalized individuals and is associated with a 30 to 40% attributable mortality6. Systemic candidiasis is normally controlled by innate immunity, and individuals with genetic defects in innate immune cell components such as phagocyte NADPH oxidase are more susceptible to candidemia7-9. Very little is known about the dynamics of C. albicans interaction with innate immune cells in vivo. Extensive in vitro studies have established that outside of the host C. albicans germinates inside of macrophages, and is quickly destroyed by neutrophils10-14. In vitro studies, though useful, cannot recapitulate the complex in vivo environment, which includes time-dependent dynamics of cytokine levels, extracellular matrix attachments, and intercellular contacts10, 15-18. To probe the contribution of these factors in host-pathogen interaction, it is critical to find a model organism to visualize these aspects of infection non-invasively in a live intact host. 
The zebrafish larva offers a unique and versatile vertebrate host for the study of infection. For the first 30 days of development zebrafish larvae have only innate immune defenses2, 19-21, simplifying the study of diseases such as disseminated candidiasis that are highly dependent on innate immunity. The small size and transparency of zebrafish larvae enable imaging of infection dynamics at the cellular level for both host and pathogen. Transgenic larvae with fluorescing innate immune cells can be used to identify specific cells types involved in infection22-24. Modified anti-sense oligonucleotides (Morpholinos) can be used to knock down various immune components such as phagocyte NADPH oxidase and study the changes in response to fungal infection5. In addition to the ethical and practical advantages of using a small lower vertebrate, the zebrafish larvae offers the unique possibility to image the pitched battle between pathogen and host both intravitally and in color. 
The zebrafish has been used to model infection for a number of human pathogenic bacteria, and has been instrumental in major advances in our understanding of mycobacterial infection3, 25. However, only recently have much larger pathogens such as fungi been used to infect larva5, 23, 26, and to date there has not been a detailed visual description of the infection methodology. Here we present our techniques for hindbrain ventricle microinjection of prim25 zebrafish, including our modifications to previous protocols. Our findings using the larval zebrafish model for fungal infection diverge from in vitro studies and reinforce the need to examine the host-pathogen interaction in the complex environment of the host rather than the simplified system of the Petri dish5.

The rapid development, small size and transparency of zebrafish are tremendous advantages for the study of innate immune control of infection1-4. Here we demonstrate techniques for infecting zebrafish larvae using the fungal pathogen Candida albicans by microinjection, methodology recently used to implicate phagocyte NADPH oxidase activity in control of fungal dimorphism5.

ゼブラフィッシュ幼生における播種性カンジダ症の非侵襲的イメージング

Disseminated candidiasis caused by the pathogen Candida albicans is a clinically important problem in hospitalized individuals and is associated with a 30 ...

Establishment of Larval Zebrafish as an Animal Model to Investigate Trypanosoma cruzi Motility In Vivo

Chagas disease is a parasitic infection caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, whose motility is not only important for localization, but also for cellular binding and invasion. Current animal models for the study of T. cruzi allow limited observation of parasites in vivo, representing a challenge for understanding parasite behavior during the initial stages of infection in humans. This protozoan has a flagellar stage in both vector and mammalian hosts, but there are no studies describing its motility in vivo.The objective of this project was to establish a live vertebrate zebrafish model to evaluate T. cruzi motility in the vascular system. Transparent zebrafish larvae were injected with fluorescently labeled trypomastigotes and observed using light sheet fluorescence microscopy (LSFM), a noninvasive method to visualize live organisms with high optical resolution. The parasites could be visualized for extended periods of time due to this technique&#39;s relatively low risk of photodamage compared to confocal or epifluorescence microscopy. T. cruzi parasites were observed traveling in the circulatory system of live zebrafish in different-sized blood vessels and the yolk. They could also be seen attached to the yolk sac wall and to the atrioventricular valve despite the strong forces associated with heart contractions. LSFM of T. cruzi-inoculated zebrafish larvae is a valuable method that can be used to visualize circulating parasites and evaluate their tropism, migration patterns, and motility in the dynamic environment of the cardiovascular system of a live animal.

Establishment of Larval Zebrafish as an Animal Model to Investigate Trypanosoma cruzi Motility In Vivo

In this protocol, fluorescently labeled T. cruzi&#160;were injected into transparent zebrafish larvae, and parasite motility was observed in vivo using light sheet fluorescence microscopy.

調査cruzi トリパノソーマの原因運動In Vivo動物モデルとしてのゼブラフィッシュ稚魚の確立

Chagas disease is a parasitic infection caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, whose motility is not only important for localization, but also for cellular binding ...

Quantification of the Respiratory Burst Response as an Indicator of Innate Immune Health in Zebrafish

The phagocyte respiratory burst is part of the innate immune response to pathogen infection and involves the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS are toxic and function to kill phagocytized microorganisms. In vivo quantification of phagocyte-derived ROS provides information regarding an organism's ability to mount a robust innate immune response. Here we describe a protocol to quantify and compare ROS in whole zebrafish embryos upon chemical induction of the phagocyte respiratory burst. This method makes use of a non-fluorescent compound that becomes fluorescent upon oxidation by ROS. Individual zebrafish embryos are pipetted into the wells of a microplate and incubated in this fluorogenic substrate with or without a chemical inducer of the respiratory burst. Fluorescence in each well is quantified at desired time points using a microplate reader. Fluorescence readings are adjusted to eliminate background fluorescence and then compared using an unpaired t-test. This method allows for comparison of the respiratory burst potential of zebrafish embryos at different developmental stages and in response to experimental manipulations such as protein knockdown, overexpression, or treatment with pharmacological agents. This method can also be used to monitor the respiratory burst response in whole dissected kidneys or cell preparations from kidneys of adult zebrafish and some other fish species. We believe that the relative simplicity and adaptability of this protocol will complement existing protocols and will be of interest to researchers who seek to better understand the innate immune response.

The innate immune response protects organisms against pathogen infection. A critical component of the innate immune response, the phagocyte respiratory burst, generates reactive oxygen species that kill invading microorganisms. We describe a respiratory burst assay that quantifies reactive oxygen species produced when the innate immune response is chemically induced.

ゼブラフィッシュにおける自然免疫の健康の指標として呼吸バースト応答の定量化

The phagocyte respiratory burst is part of the innate immune response to  pathogen infection and involves the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). ...

Deciphering and Imaging Pathogenesis and Cording of Mycobacterium abscessus in Zebrafish Embryos

Zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos are increasingly used as an infection model to study the function of the vertebrate innate immune system in host-pathogen interactions.&#160;The ease of obtaining large numbers of embryos, their accessibility due to external development, their optical transparency as well as the availability of a wide panoply of genetic/immunological tools and transgenic reporter line collections, contribute to the versatility of this model.&#160;In this respect, the present manuscript describes the use of zebrafish as an&#160;in vivo&#160;model system to investigate the chronology of Mycobacterium abscessus infection. This human pathogen can exist either as smooth (S) or rough (R) variants, depending on cell wall composition, and their respective virulence can be imaged and compared in zebrafish embryos and larvae. Micro-injection of either S or R fluorescent variants directly in the blood circulation via the caudal vein, leads to chronic or acute/lethal infections, respectively. This biological system allows high resolution visualization and analysis of the role of mycobacterial cording in promoting abscess formation. In addition, the use of fluorescent bacteria along with transgenic zebrafish lines harbouring fluorescent macrophages produces a unique opportunity for multi-color imaging of the host-pathogen interactions. This article describes detailed protocols for the preparation of homogenous M. abscessus inoculum and for intravenous injection of zebrafish embryos for subsequent fluorescence imaging of the interaction with macrophages. These techniques open the avenue to future investigations involving mutants defective in cord formation and are dedicated to understand how this impacts on M. abscessus pathogenicity in a whole vertebrate.

Deciphering and Imaging Pathogenesis and Cording of Mycobacterium abscessus in Zebrafish Embryos

Optically transparent zebrafish embryos are widely used to study and visualize in real time the interactions between pathogenic microorganisms and the innate immune cells. Micro-injection of Mycobacterium abscessus, combined with fluorescence imaging, is used to scrutinize essential pathogenic features such as cord formation in zebrafish embryos.

イメージング病因とのコーディングを解読し、<em&gt;マイコバクテリウム膿瘍</em&gt;ゼブラフィッシュ胚で

Zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos are increasingly used as an infection model to study the function of the vertebrate innate immune system in host-pathogen ...

Development of a Larval Zebrafish Infection Model for Clostridioides difficile

Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is considered to be one of the most common healthcare-associated gastrointestinal infections in the United States. The innate immune response against C. difficile has been described, but the exact roles of neutrophils and macrophages in CDI are less understood. In the current study, Danio rerio (zebrafish) larvae are used to establish a C. difficile infection model for imaging the behavior and cooperation of these innate immune cells in vivo. To monitor C. difficile, a labeling protocol using a fluorescent dye has been established. A localized infection is achieved by microinjecting labeled C. difficile, which actively grows in the zebrafish intestinal tract and mimics the intestinal epithelial damage in CDI. However, this direct infection protocol is invasive and causes microscopic wounds, which can affect experimental results. Hence, a more noninvasive microgavage protocol is described here. The method involves delivery of C. difficile cells directly into the intestine of zebrafish larvae by intubation through the open mouth. This infection method closely mimics the natural infection route of C. difficile.

Development of a Larval Zebrafish Infection Model for Clostridioides difficile

Presented here is a safe and effective method to infect zebrafish larvae with fluorescently labeled anaerobic C. difficile by microinjection and noninvasive microgavage.

クロストリジオイド・ディフィシルの幼虫ゼブラフィッシュ感染モデルの開発

Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is considered to be one of the most common healthcare-associated gastrointestinal infections in the United ...

Using Zebrafish Models of Human Influenza A Virus Infections to Screen Antiviral Drugs and Characterize Host Immune Cell Responses

Each year, seasonal influenza outbreaks profoundly affect societies worldwide. In spite of global efforts, influenza remains an intractable healthcare burden. The principle strategy to curtail infections is yearly vaccination. In individuals who have contracted influenza, antiviral drugs can mitigate symptoms. There is a clear and unmet need to develop alternative strategies to combat influenza. Several animal models have been created to model host-influenza interactions. Here, protocols for generating zebrafish models for systemic and localized human influenza A virus (IAV) infection are described. Using a systemic IAV infection model, small molecules with potential antiviral activity can be screened. As a proof-of-principle, a protocol that demonstrates the efficacy of the antiviral drug Zanamivir in IAV-infected zebrafish is described. It shows how disease phenotypes can be quantified to score the relative efficacy of potential antivirals in IAV-infected zebrafish. In recent years, there has been increased appreciation for the critical role neutrophils play in the human host response to influenza infection. The zebrafish has proven to be an indispensable model for the study of neutrophil biology, with direct impacts on human medicine. A protocol to generate a localized IAV infection in the Tg(mpx:mCherry) zebrafish line to study neutrophil biology in the context of a localized viral infection is described. Neutrophil recruitment to localized infection sites provides an additional quantifiable phenotype for assessing experimental manipulations that may have therapeutic applications. Both zebrafish protocols described faithfully recapitulate aspects of human IAV infection. The zebrafish model possesses numerous inherent advantages, including high fecundity, optical clarity, amenability to drug screening, and availability of transgenic lines, including those in which immune cells such as neutrophils are labeled with fluorescent proteins. The protocols detailed here exploit these advantages and have the potential to reveal critical insights into host-IAV interactions that may ultimately translate into the clinic.

Systemic and localized zebrafish infection models for human influenza A virus are demonstrated. Using a systemic infection model, zebrafish can be used to screen antiviral drugs. Using a localized infection model, zebrafish can be used to characterize host immune cell responses.

抗ウイルス薬をスクリーニングし、宿主の免疫細胞応答を特徴づけるために、ヒトインフルエンザAウイルス感染のゼブラフィッシュモデルを使用して、

Each year, seasonal influenza outbreaks profoundly affect societies worldwide. In spite of global efforts, influenza remains an intractable healthcare ...

A Zebrafish Embryo Model for In Vivo Visualization and Intravital Analysis of Biomaterial-associated Staphylococcus aureus Infection

Biomaterial-associated infection (BAI) is a major cause of the failure of biomaterials/medical devices. Staphylococcus aureus is one of the major pathogens in BAI. Current experimental BAI mammalian animal models such as mouse models are costly and time-consuming, and therefore not suitable for high throughput analysis. Thus, novel animal models as complementary systems for investigating BAI in vivo are desired. In the present study, we aimed to develop a zebrafish embryo model for in vivo visualization and intravital analysis of bacterial infection in the presence of biomaterials based on fluorescence microscopy. In addition, the provoked macrophage response was studied. To this end, we used fluorescent protein-expressing S. aureus and transgenic zebrafish embryos expressing fluorescent proteins in their macrophages and developed a procedure to inject bacteria alone or together with microspheres into the muscle tissue of embryos. To monitor bacterial infection progression in live embryos over time, we devised a simple but reliable method of microscopic scoring of fluorescent bacteria. The results from microscopic scoring showed that all embryos with more than 20 colony-forming units (CFU) of bacteria yielded a positive fluorescent signal of bacteria. To study the potential effects of biomaterials on infection, we determined the CFU numbers of S. aureus with and without 10 &#181;m polystyrene microspheres (PS10) as model biomaterials in the embryos. Moreover, we used the ObjectJ project file &#34;Zebrafish-Immunotest&#34; operating in ImageJ to quantify the fluorescence intensity of S. aureus infection with and without PS10 over time. Results from both methods showed higher numbers of S. aureus in infected embryos with microspheres than in embryos without microspheres, indicating an increased infection susceptibility in the presence of the biomaterial. Thus, the present study shows the potential of the zebrafish embryo model to study BAI with the methods developed here.

A Zebrafish Embryo Model for In Vivo Visualization and Intravital Analysis of Biomaterial-associated Staphylococcus aureus Infection

The present study describes a zebrafish embryo model for in vivo visualization and intravital analysis of biomaterial-associated infection over time based on fluorescence microscopy. This model is a promising system complementing mammalian animal models such as mouse models for studying biomaterial-associated infections in vivo.

ゼブラフィッシュ胚モデルにおける生体内可視化と生体材料の生体解析黄色ブドウ球菌感染症

Biomaterial-associated infection (BAI) is a major cause of the failure of biomaterials/medical devices. Staphylococcus aureus is one of the major ...

生物工学

Photoconversion-Based Leukocyte Tracking in Bacterial-Infected Transgenic Zebrafish

Source: Harvie, E. A. et al., <a href="https://app.jove.com/v/52788">Non-invasive Imaging of the Innate Immune Response in a Zebrafish Larval Model of Streptococcus iniae Infection.</a>&#160;J. Vis. Exp. (2015)
This video demonstrates the tracking of leukocyte recruitment using transgenic zebrafish larvae expressing photoconvertible green fluorescent protein. Pre-injecting red fluorescent dye-labeled bacteria into the otic vesicle and inducing photoconversion enables observation of leukocytes&#39; migration, phagocytosis, and dispersal throughout the body, providing valuable insights into immune response dynamics.

細菌感染トランスジェニックゼブラフィッシュにおける光変換に基づく白血球追跡

1. Preparing Microinjection Needles

	Prepare thin wall glass capillary injection needles (1.0 OD/0.75 ID) using a micropipette puller device with the ...

のゼブラフィッシュ幼生モデルにおける先天性免疫応答の非侵襲的イメージング

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