This research was supported by the S-Innovation project of the Japan Science and technology Agency (JST), the Graduate Program for Leaders in Life Innovation (GPLLI) of the University of Tokyo, and the Research Fellowship for Young Scientists of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science. We thank nac Image Technology Inc. for taking movies using a hi-speed camera.

1.準備材料<ol><li> 10mMのHEPES緩衝液を準備します。 RTでpHを7.0に調整し、0.9％に塩化ナトリウムを加えます。 </li><li> 1.1で調製したHEPES緩衝生理食塩水を混合することにより、5％アルギン酸塩溶液および10mM EDTA溶液を準備します。 RTでpHを7.0に調整します。 </li><li> 121℃で20分間、試薬（1.1、1.2）をオートクレーブ。 </li><li> 90、10％ES-修飾FBSおよびマイトマイシンC10μg/ mlのを含むDMEM内でインキュベートすることにより、フィーダー細胞として処理され、2.0×10 6マウス胚性線維芽細胞（MEF）細胞、 - 1.2層状ゼラチンコーティングされた60ミリメートルの料理を準備します - 120分。 </li><li>マウス人工多能性幹（iPS）皿上の細胞を5mlの存在ES修飾FBS、2-メルカプトエタノール、非必須アミノ酸、50μM、および抗生物質（20％を含むDMEM高グルコース中のフィーダー細胞を維持しますペニシリンGナトリウム、硫酸ストレプトマイシンを100μg/ mlと100単位/ ml、およびamphoteriの250 ng / mlでCINのB）。 </li><li>シード4×10 5ゼラチンコーティングされた60ミリメートル皿にiPS細胞と37℃、5％CO 2でそれらをインキュベートします。インキュベーション中に、毎日培地を変更します。 3の後- 4日間培養し、37℃で0.02％EDTA、5％CO 2を含む0.05％トリプシンの500μlの1分間細胞をトリプシン処理。その後、培養皿を10回タップすることで細胞を剥離。 </li><li> （3回千μlをマイクロピペットでピペッティングにより単一細胞に解離マウスiPS細胞を以下）ES-修飾FBSおよび抗生物質の10％を含むDMEM 2.5 mlを加え3分間160×gで遠心分離細胞懸濁液、上清を除去し、細胞をカウント。細胞計数の後、ゼラチンコートディッシュに回収した細胞を再シードし、MEF細胞からiPS細胞を単離するために30分間インキュベートします。細胞の計数した後（通常は1 - 3×10 6細胞/皿を収集することができます）、上の4×10 5 iPS細胞を再シード皿。 </li></ol>アルギン酸ハイドロゲルカプセルに2細胞のカプセル化<ol><li> 1.5および1.6に記載の方法と同様の方法により細胞を収集します。 3分間160×gで遠心分離した後、三回HEPES緩衝生理食塩水でのiPS細胞ペレットを洗浄します。 HEPES緩衝化生理食塩水で細胞を再懸濁した後、それ以外の場合はノズルを詰まらせる可能性が大きな凝集体を除去するために40μmのセルストレーナーを通して細胞懸濁液を濾過します。 </li><li> HEPES緩衝生理食塩水内の細胞懸濁液2mlを、5％ALG-ナトリウム溶液3mlを混合します。最後に、3％のALG-Na溶液中で細胞懸濁液5mlを得られます。細胞密度は、望ましくは10以上6細胞/ mlです。 </li><li> 5ミリリットルシリンジに細胞懸濁液を収集した後、注射器に同軸ノズル（ 図1A、B）をインストールし、シリンジポンプに設定してください。同軸ノズルの外針を通してN 2ガ ​​ス流量（リットル/分より低い）を放出し、内側ノズルを通して細胞懸濁液を追い出します。 </li><li> 0.5％のCaCl 2溶液250ml中に液滴を収集し、10を待つ- 60〜90 rpmで攪拌しながら、ゲル化のために20分。 </li></ol>アルギン酸カプセルの3処理（オプション） <ol><li> 0.05％、37℃で5分間、5％CO 2（w / v）のポリ-L-リジン（PLL）溶液をALG-カルシウムカプセルをインキュベートします。 </li><li> HEPES緩衝生理食塩水でカプセルを洗浄した後、それらの表面上の電荷を中和するために10％FBSを含むDMEM中でそれらを培養します。コーティングされたカプセル（ 図1C）として、それらを利用しています。 </li><li> 5分間、10mMのEDTAを含むHEPES緩衝生理食塩水でカプセルをインキュベートします。 EDTA処理したカプセルは、中空カプセル（ 図1C）として利用されます。 </li></ol> 4.文化アルギン酸カプセルの細胞を収集<ol><li> 37℃および5％CO 2で振とうしながら75 rpmでカプセル化された細胞をインキュベート10日間。 </li><li>収集し、10分間CO 2を 37℃で、10mMのEDTAでカプセルをインキュベートし、5％。 3分間1,000×gで遠心分離することにより、PLL処理なしのアルギン酸カプセルから細胞を収集します。 </li><li> 5分間5,000×gで - アルギン酸塩カプセルはPLLで処理している場合は、シリンジに取り付けられた1000でそれを遠心針で上下にピペッティング10回の周りによってALG-PLL膜を破ります。針の直径は、カプセルサイズ25 G（260μm）の針が、この実験で使用されているよりも低くなければならない（600ミクロン） </li><li>あなたは、細胞からのmRNAのサンプルを収集したい場合は、遠心分離した後、壊れたALG-PLL膜から厳密に細胞ペレットを収集します。残りのALG-PLL膜は、おそらくmRNA精製を防ぎます。 </li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

<html>カプセル化培養物を直接懸濁培養物と比較することができます。浮遊培養は、カプセル化方法よりも多能性幹細胞を大量に得るための簡単​​な方法です。しかし、懸濁培養中の細胞の凝集を制御することは依然として困難です。カプセル化方法において、細胞凝集は、カプセル内に限定されるので、十分に制御することができます。以前の刊行物は、大きな細胞塊が自由懸濁培養7<...

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells) are currently the source of intense research due to their role in regenerative medicine. However, huge amounts of cells are required for tissue regeneration. For instance approximately one billion pancreatic cells required for a type 1 diabetic patient1. However, conventional dish culture is only able to obtain 1 &#215; 105 cells/cm2, thus requiring 1 m2 of culture area to obtain enough stem cell-derived pancreatic cells to treat a type 1 diabetic patient. The development of a system for the mass-culture of pluripotent stem cells, such as microcarrier2 and suspension culture is therefore required for regenerative medicine. Suspension culture represents a promising method of mass culture but controlling the aggregation of cells is challenging in direct suspension cultures of human iPS cells3. Indeed, suspended cells are exposed to shear stress, which causes cell damage3 or differentiation4.
Research into hydrogel-based encapsulation has been conducted to solve problems associated with suspension culture. In hydrogel capsules, cells are protected from the flow of the medium. Previous reports have documented the use of various types of hydrogel, including agarose5, PEG6, and alginate (Alg), for cellular encapsulation. Alg-Ca hydrogel is one of the most useful hydrogels for cell encapsulation because Alg&#8722;Ca hydrogel is formed immediately after dropping alginate solution into a CaCl2 solution and is also readily digested by enzymes or chelating reagents. 
Here, we have established a stable alginate encapsulation process for iPS cells using a co-axial nozzle. By using N2 gas flow for forming droplets, it is possible to encapsulate cells into uniform capsules without the need for other reagents such as oil. In this method, the flow rate of N2 and concentration of both CaCl2 and alginate are the major operating conditions affecting the size, shape, and uniformity of capsules. This report demonstrates the optimization of these operating conditions through the use of a hi-speed camera and a microscope.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Mouse embryo fibroblast</td>
			<td>Cell Biolabs</td>
			<td>SNL 76/7</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mouse induced pluripotent stem cell</td>
			<td>RIKEN Bio resorce centre</td>
			<td>iPS-MEF-Ng-20D-17</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM high-glucose</td>
			<td>GIBCO</td>
			<td>11995</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ES qualified&#160; FBS</td>
			<td>GIBCO</td>
			<td>16141079</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Antibacterial Antibiotics</td>
			<td>GIBCO</td>
			<td>15240</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nonessential Amino Acid</td>
			<td>GIBCO</td>
			<td>11140</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2-mercaptoethanol</td>
			<td>GIBCO</td>
			<td>21985-023</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ESGRO Leukemia Inhibitory Factor</td>
			<td>Merck Millipore</td>
			<td>ESG1107</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypsin/EDTA</td>
			<td>GIBCO</td>
			<td>25300</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>26G/16G needle</td>
			<td>Hoshiseido</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10 mL Syringe</td>
			<td>TERUMO</td>
			<td>SS-10ESZ</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium&#160; Chloride</td>
			<td>Wako</td>
			<td>191-01665</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HEPES</td>
			<td>SIGMA</td>
			<td>H4034</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Alginate</td>
			<td>Wako</td>
			<td>194-09955</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Calcium Chloride</td>
			<td>Wako</td>
			<td>039-00475</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Poly-L-lysine (Mw=15,000-30,000)</td>
			<td>SIGMA</td>
			<td>P7890</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EDTA</td>
			<td>DOJINDO</td>
			<td>345-01865</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sylinge pump</td>
			<td>AS ONE</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microscope</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>IX71</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microscope</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>DM IRB</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hispeed camera</td>
			<td>nac image technology</td>
			<td>Memrecam HX-3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

alginate encapsulation of pluripotent stem cells using a co-axial nozzle

Pluripotent stem cells (PS cells) are the focus of intense research due to their role in regenerative medicine and drug screening. However, the development of a mass culture system would be required for using PS cells in these applications. Suspension culture is one promising culture method for the mass production of PS cells, although some issues such as controlling aggregation and limiting shear stress from the culture medium are still unsolved. In order to solve these problems, we developed a method of calcium alginate (Alg-Ca) encapsulation using a co-axial nozzle. This method can control the size of the capsules easily by co-flowing N2 gas. The controllable capsule diameter must be larger than 500 &#181;m because too high a flow rate of N2 gas causes the breakdown of droplets and thus heterogeneous-sized capsules. Moreover, a low concentration of Alg-Na and CaCl2 causes non-spherical capsules. Although an Alg-Ca capsule without a coating of Alg-PLL easily dissolves enabling the collection of cells, they can also potentially leak out from capsules lacking an Alg-PLL coating. Indeed, an alginate-PLL coating can prevent cellular leakage but is also hard to break. This technology can be used to research the stem cell niche as well as the mass production of PS cells because encapsulation can modify the micro-environment surrounding cells including the extracellular matrix and the concentration of secreted factors.

プロトコル2.5で、排出されたアルギン酸塩溶液は直ちに放出（ - H図2A）の後に球状をなします。懸濁液を1L / minより低いN 2流量で排出された場合、液滴の大きさが均一（ 図2I）です。 N 2流量は、1L /分よりも大きい場合には、液滴（ 図2G、白矢印）を分解し、液滴の大きさは、不均一（ 図2J）となります。これを考えると、こ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Alginate Encapsulation of Pluripotent Stem Cells Using a Co-axial Nozzle at JoVE.com

Alginate Encapsulation of Pluripotent Stem Cells Using a Co-axial Nozzle

We established a method of encapsulating pluripotent stem cells (PS cells) into alginate hydrogel capsules using a co-axial nozzle. This prevents cells from aggregating excessively and limits the shear stress experienced by cells in suspension culture. The technique is applicable to the mass production of PS cells as well as research on stem cell niche.

同軸ノズルを用いて多能性幹細胞のアルギン酸カプセル化

Pluripotent stem cells (PS cells) are the focus of intense research due to their role in regenerative medicine and drug screening.  However, the ...

alginate-encapsulation-pluripotent-stem-cells-using-co-axial

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

12.6K ビュー.  The University of Tokyo. We established a method of encapsulating pluripotent stem cells (PS cells) into alginate hydrogel capsules using a co-axial nozzle. This prevents cells from aggregating excessively and limits the shear stress experienced by cells in suspension culture. The technique is applicable to the mass production of PS cells as well as research on stem cell niche.

ビデオ: Alginate Encapsulation of Pluripotent Stem Cells Using a Co-axial Nozzle

Generation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Frozen Buffy Coats using Non-integrating Episomal Plasmids

Somatic cells can be reprogrammed into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) by forcing the expression of four transcription factors (Oct-4, Sox-2, Klf-4, and c-Myc), typically expressed by human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). Due to their similarity with hESCs, iPSCs have become an important tool for potential patient-specific regenerative medicine, avoiding ethical issues associated with hESCs. In order to obtain cells suitable for clinical application, transgene-free iPSCs need to be generated to avoid transgene reactivation, altered gene expression and misguided differentiation. Moreover, a highly efficient and inexpensive reprogramming method is necessary to derive sufficient iPSCs for therapeutic purposes. Given this need, an efficient non-integrating episomal plasmid approach is the preferable choice for iPSC derivation. Currently the most common cell type used for reprogramming purposes are fibroblasts, the isolation of which requires tissue biopsy, an invasive surgical procedure for the patient. Therefore, human peripheral blood represents the most accessible and least invasive tissue for iPSC generation.
In this study, a cost-effective and viral-free protocol using non-integrating episomal plasmids is reported for the generation of iPSCs from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNCs) obtained from frozen buffy coats after whole blood centrifugation and without density gradient separation.

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) represent a source of patient-specific tissues for clinical applications and basic research. Here, we present a detailed protocol to reprogram human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNCs) obtained from frozen buffy coats into viral-free iPSCs using non-integrating episomal plasmids.

非統合ソームプラスミドを用いて凍結軟膜から誘導多能性幹細胞の生成

Somatic cells can be reprogrammed into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) by forcing the expression of four transcription factors (Oct-4, Sox-2, ...

発生生物学

Generation of Integration-free Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Using Hair-derived Keratinocytes

Recent advances in reprogramming allow us to turn somatic cells into human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). Disease modeling using patient-specific hiPSCs allows the study of the underlying mechanism for pathogenesis, also providing a platform for the development of in vitro drug screening and gene therapy to improve treatment options. The promising potential of hiPSCs for regenerative medicine is also evident from the increasing number of publications (>7000) on iPSCs in recent years. Various cell types from distinct lineages have been successfully used for hiPSC generation, including skin fibroblasts, hematopoietic cells and epidermal keratinocytes. While skin biopsies and blood collection are routinely performed in many labs as a source of somatic cells for the generation of hiPSCs, the collection and subsequent derivation of hair keratinocytes are less commonly used. Hair-derived keratinocytes represent a non-invasive approach to obtain cell samples from patients. Here we outline a simple non-invasive method for the derivation of keratinocytes from plucked hair. We also provide instructions for maintenance of keratinocytes and subsequent reprogramming to generate integration-free hiPSC using episomal vectors.

This manuscript provides a step-by-step procedure for the derivation and maintenance of human keratinocytes from plucked hair and subsequent generation of integration-free human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) by episomal vectors.

髪の由来ケラチノサイトを使用した統合フリーヒト誘導多能性幹細胞の生成

Recent advances in reprogramming allow us to turn somatic cells into human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). Disease modeling using ...

Differentiation of Atrial Cardiomyocytes from Pluripotent Stem Cells Using the BMP Antagonist Grem2

Protocols for generating populations of cardiomyocytes from pluripotent stem cells have been developed, but these generally yield cells of mixed phenotypes. Researchers interested in pursuing studies involving specific myocyte subtypes require a more directed differentiation approach. By treating mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells with Grem2, a secreted BMP antagonist that is necessary for atrial chamber formation in vivo, a large number of cardiac cells with an atrial phenotype can be generated. Use of the engineered Myh6-DSRed-Nuc pluripotent stem cell line allows for identification, selection, and purification of cardiomyocytes. In this protocol embryoid bodies are generated from Myh6-DSRed-Nuc cells using the hanging drop method and kept in suspension until differentiation day 4 (d4). At d4 cells are treated with Grem2 and plated onto gelatin coated plates. Between d8-d10 large contracting areas are observed in the cultures and continue to expand and mature through d14. Molecular, histological and electrophysiogical analyses indicate cells in Grem2-treated cells acquire atrial-like characteristics providing an in vitro model to study the biology of atrial cardiomyocytes and their response to various pharmacological agents.

Generating cardiomyocytes from pluripotent stem cells in vitro allows access to large amounts of cardiac tissue in vitro for basic science and clinical applications. This protocol uses the atrializing factor Grem2 to both increase the numbers of cardiomyocytes obtained and to generate cardiomyocytes with an atrial phenotype.

BMPアンタゴニストGrem2を使用した多能性幹細胞から心房心筋細胞の分化

Protocols for generating populations of cardiomyocytes from pluripotent stem cells have been developed, but these generally yield cells of mixed ...

Large-Scale Production of Cardiomyocytes from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells Using a Highly Reproducible Small Molecule-Based Differentiation Protocol

Maximizing the benefit of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) for research, disease modeling, pharmaceutical and clinical applications requires robust methods for the large-scale production of functional cell types, including cardiomyocytes. Here we demonstrate that the temporal manipulation of WNT, TGF-&#946;, and SHH signaling pathways leads to highly efficient cardiomyocyte differentiation of single-cell passaged hPSC lines in both static suspension and stirred suspension bioreactor systems. Employing this strategy resulted in ~ 100% beating spheroids, consistently containing &#62; 80% cardiac troponin T-positive cells after 15 days of culture, validated in multiple hPSC lines. We also report on a variation of this protocol for use with cell lines not currently adapted to single-cell passaging, the success of which has been verified in 42 hPSC lines. Cardiomyocytes generated using these protocols express lineage-specific markers and show expected electrophysiological functionalities. Our protocol presents a simple, efficient and robust platform for the large-scale production of human cardiomyocytes.

Here, we present a robust, fast and scalable cardiomyocyte differentiation protocol for human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs). Cardiomyocytes derived using this large-scale method can provide sufficient cell numbers for their effective use in human cardiovascular disease modeling, high-throughput drug screening, and potentially clinical applications.

再現性の高い小分子ベースの分化プロトコルを使用したヒト多能性幹細胞から心筋細胞の大規模生産

Maximizing the benefit of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) for research, disease modeling, pharmaceutical and clinical applications requires robust ...

The Production of Pluripotent Stem Cells from Mouse Amniotic Fluid Cells Using a Transposon System

Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells are generated from mouse and human somatic cells by forced expression of defined transcription factors using different methods. Here, we produced iPS cells from mouse amniotic fluid cells, using a non-viral-based transposon system. All obtained iPS cell lines exhibited characteristics of pluripotent cells, including the ability to differentiate toward derivatives of all three germ layers in vitro and in vivo. This strategy opens up the possibility of using cells from diseased fetuses to develop new therapies for birth defects.

In this study, we generate induced pluripotent stem cells from mouse amniotic fluid cells, using a non-viral-based transposon system.

トランスポゾンのシステムを用いたマウスの羊水細胞から多能性幹細胞の作製

Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells are generated from mouse and human somatic cells by forced expression of defined transcription factors using ...

Generation of Integration-free Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Using Episomal Vectors

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) hold great promise for disease modeling and regenerative therapies. We previously reported the use of Episomal Vectors (EV) to generate integration-free iPSCs from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PB MNCs). The episomal vectors used are DNA plasmids incorporated with oriP and EBNA1 elements from the Epstein-Barr (EB) virus, which&#160;allow for replication and long-term retainment of plasmids in mammalian cells, respectively. With further optimization, thousands of iPSC colonies can be obtained from 1 mL of peripheral blood. Two critical factors for achieving high reprogramming efficiencies&#160;are: 1) the use of a 2A &#34;self-cleavage&#34; peptide to link OCT4 and SOX2, thus achieving equimolar expression of the two factors; 2) the use of two vectors to express MYC and KLF4 individually. Here we describe a step-by-step protocol for generating integration-free iPSCs from adult peripheral blood samples. The generated iPSCs are integration-free as residual episomal plasmids are undetectable after five passages. Although the reprogramming efficiency is comparable to that of Sendai Virus (SV) vectors, EV plasmids are considerably more economical than the commercially available SV vectors. This affordable EV reprogramming system holds potential for clinical applications in regenerative medicine and provides an approach for the direct reprogramming of PB MNCs to integration-free mesenchymal stem cells, neural stem cells, etc.

This protocol describes a detailed method for efficient generation of integration-free iPSCs from human adult peripheral blood cells. With the use of four oriP/EBNA-based episomal vectors to express the reprogramming factors, KLF4, MYC, BCL-XL, or OCT4 and SOX2, thousands of iPSC colonies can be obtained from 1 mL of peripheral blood.

エピソームベクトルを用いたヒト末梢血単核細胞からの統合フリー人工多能性幹細胞の生成

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) hold great promise for disease modeling and regenerative therapies. We previously reported the use of Episomal ...

In Vitro Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells into Trophoblastic Cells

The placenta is the first organ to develop during embryogenesis and is required for the survival of the developing embryo. The placenta is comprised of various trophoblastic cells that differentiate from the extra-embryonic trophectoderm cells of the preimplantation blastocyst. As such, our understanding of the early differentiation events of the human placenta is limited because of ethical and legal restrictions on the isolation and manipulation of human embryogenesis. Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) are a robust model system for investigating human development and can also be differentiated in vitro into trophoblastic cells that express markers of the various trophoblast cell types. Here, we present a detailed protocol for differentiating hPSCs into trophoblastic cells using bone morphogenic protein 4 and inhibitors of the Activin/Nodal signaling pathways. This protocol generates various trophoblast cell types that can be transfected with siRNAs for investigating loss-of-function phenotypes or can be infected with pathogens. Additionally, hPSCs can be genetically modified and then differentiated into trophoblast progenitors for gain-of-function analyses. This in vitro differentiation method for generating human trophoblasts starting from hPSCs overcomes the ethical and legal restrictions of working with early human embryos, and this system can be used for a variety of applications, including drug discovery and stem cell research.

In Vitro Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells into Trophoblastic Cells

Here, we present a protocol to efficiently generate human trophoblastic cells from human pluripotent stem cells using bone morphogenic protein 4 and inhibitors of the Activin/Nodal pathways. This method is suitable for the efficient differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells and can generate large quantities of cells for genetic manipulation.

ヒト多能性幹細胞のin vitro分化における絨毛細胞へ

The placenta is the first organ to develop during embryogenesis and is required for the survival of the developing embryo. The placenta is comprised of ...

Horizontal Whole Mount: A Novel Processing and Imaging Protocol for Thick, Three-dimensional Tissue Cross-sections of Skin

Processing a tissue of interest to generate a microscopic image that supports a scientific argument can be challenging. The acquisition of high-quality microscopic images is not entirely dependent upon the quality of the microscope, but also upon the methods of tissue processing, which often involve multiple critical actions or steps. Furthermore, mesenchymal cell types in the skin and other tissues represent a new challenge for tissue preparation and imaging. Here, we present a complete process, from tissue harvest to microscopy. Our technique, called &#34;horizontal whole mount,&#34; is one that novices can quickly become proficient in and that allows for antigen preservation and detection in 60-300 &#181;m-thick sections cut with a cryostat. Sections of this thickness provide enhanced visualization of tissue microarchitecture in a three-dimensional environment. In addition, the protocol preserves mesenchymal cells in a manner that enhances image quality when compared to standard cryostat or paraffin sections, thereby increasing the efficacy and reliability of immunostaining. We believe that this protocol will benefit all laboratories that visualize skin, and possibly other tissues and organs.

This work presents a novel processing and imaging protocol for thick, three-dimensional tissue cross-section analysis that enables the full exploitation of confocal imaging modalities. This protocol preserves antigenicity and represents a robust system to analyze skin histology and potentially other tissue types.

水平全マウント：皮膚の厚い3次元組織断面のための新規処理および画像化プロトコール

Processing a tissue of interest to generate a microscopic image that supports a scientific argument can be challenging. The acquisition of high-quality ...

Using Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-derived Hepatocyte-like Cells for Drug Discovery

The ability to differentiate human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) into hepatocyte-like cells (HLCs) provides new opportunities to study inborn errors in hepatic metabolism. However, to provide a platform that supports the identification of small molecules that can potentially be used to treat liver disease, the procedure requires a culture format that is compatible with screening thousands of compounds. Here, we describe a protocol using completely defined culture conditions, which allow the reproducible differentiation of human iPSCs to hepatocyte-like cells in 96-well tissue culture plates. We also provide an example of using the platform to screen compounds for their ability to lower Apolipoprotein B (APOB) produced from iPSC-derived hepatocytes generated from a familial hypercholesterolemia patient. The availability of a platform that is compatible with drug discovery should allow researchers to identify novel therapeutics for diseases that affect the liver.

The protocol presented here describes a platform for identifying small molecules for the treatment of liver disease. A step-by-step description is presented detailing how to differentiate iPSCs into cells with hepatocyte characteristics in 96-well plates, and to use the cells to screen for small molecules with potential therapeutic activity.

創薬における多能性幹細胞由来肝細胞様細胞を誘導人間を使用して

The ability to differentiate human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) into hepatocyte-like cells (HLCs) provides new opportunities to study inborn ...

A Familial Hypercholesterolemia Human Liver Chimeric Mouse Model Using Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-derived Hepatocytes

Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is mostly caused by low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) mutations and results in an increased risk of early-onset cardiovascular disease due to marked elevation of LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) in blood. Statins are the first line of lipid-lowering drugs for treating FH and other types of hypercholesterolemia, but new approaches are emerging, in particular PCSK9 antibodies, which are now being tested in clinical trials. To explore novel therapeutic approaches for FH, either new drugs or new formulations, we need appropriate in vivo models. However, differences in the lipid metabolic profiles compared to humans are a key problem of the available animal models of FH. To address this issue, we have generated a human liver chimeric mouse model using FH induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived hepatocytes (iHeps). We used Ldlr-/-/Rag2-/-/Il2rg-/- (LRG) mice to avoid immune rejection of transplanted human cells and to assess the effect of LDLR-deficient iHeps in an LDLR null background. Transplanted FH iHeps could repopulate 5-10% of the LRG mouse liver based on human albumin staining. Moreover, the engrafted iHeps responded to lipid-lowering drugs and recapitulated clinical observations of increased efficacy of PCSK9 antibodies compared to statins. Our human liver chimeric model could thus be useful for preclinical testing of new therapies to FH. Using the same protocol, similar human liver chimeric mice for other FH genetic variants, or mutations corresponding to other inherited liver diseases, may also be generated.

Here, we present a protocol to generate a human liver chimeric mouse model of familial hypercholesterolemia using human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived hepatocytes. This is a valuable model for testing new therapies for hypercholesterolemia.

誘導多能性幹細胞由来肝細胞を用いた家族性高コレステロール血症ひと肝臓キメラマウス モデル

Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is mostly caused by low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) mutations and results in an increased risk of early-onset ...

同軸ノズルを用いて多能性幹細胞のアルギン酸カプセル化

要約

さらに動画を探す

この動画の章

非統合ソームプラスミドを用いて凍結軟膜から誘導多能性幹細胞の生成

髪の由来ケラチノサイトを使用した統合フリーヒト誘導多能性幹細胞の生成

BMPアンタゴニストGrem2を使用した多能性幹細胞から心房心筋細胞の分化

再現性の高い小分子ベースの分化プロトコルを使用したヒト多能性幹細胞から心筋細胞の大規模生産

トランスポゾンのシステムを用いたマウスの羊水細胞から多能性幹細胞の作製

エピソームベクトルを用いたヒト末梢血単核細胞からの統合フリー人工多能性幹細胞の生成

ヒト多能性幹細胞のin vitro分化における絨毛細胞へ

水平全マウント：皮膚の厚い3次元組織断面のための新規処理および画像化プロトコール

創薬における多能性幹細胞由来肝細胞様細胞を誘導人間を使用して

誘導多能性幹細胞由来肝細胞を用いた家族性高コレステロール血症ひと肝臓キメラマウスモデル

同軸ノズルを用いて多能性幹細胞のアルギン酸カプセル化

要約

さらに動画を探す

この動画の章

非統合ソームプラスミドを用いて凍結軟膜から誘導多能性幹細胞の生成

髪の由来ケラチノサイトを使用した統合フリーヒト誘導多能性幹細胞の生成

BMPアンタゴニストGrem2を使用した多能性幹細胞から心房心筋細胞の分化

再現性の高い小分子ベースの分化プロトコルを使用したヒト多能性幹細胞から心筋細胞の大規模生産

トランスポゾンのシステムを用いたマウスの羊水細胞から多能性幹細胞の作製

エピソームベクトルを用いたヒト末梢血単核細胞からの統合フリー人工多能性幹細胞の生成

ヒト多能性幹細胞のin vitro分化における絨毛細胞へ

水平全マウント：皮膚の厚い3次元組織断面のための新規処理および画像化プロトコール

創薬における多能性幹細胞由来肝細胞様細胞を誘導人間を使用して

誘導多能性幹細胞由来肝細胞を用いた家族性高コレステロール血症ひと肝臓キメラマウス モデル

誘導多能性幹細胞由来肝細胞を用いた家族性高コレステロール血症ひと肝臓キメラマウスモデル