Name: observation of the ciliary movement of choroid plexus epithelial cells ex vivo
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Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Observation of the Ciliary Movement of Choroid Plexus Epithelial Cells Ex Vivo at JoVE.com

This work was supported by a Project for Private Universities: matching fund subsidy from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) of Japan (T.I.) and Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C) from MEXT (S.T. and K.N).

プロトコルおよび実験動物の使用は、山梨と早稲田大学大学の制度的動物のケアと使用委員会によって承認されました。動物のケアは、機関のガイドラインに従って行いました。 1. CPEC準備<ol><li>次の装置と材料を準備します。実体顕微鏡下から照明を送信できることが好ましいです。時計屋のピンセット（デュモン＃3または＃4）、火炎滅菌し、ストレート操作はさみ、火炎滅菌。 20ミリリットルの氷冷リーボビッツL-15培地を含む2の滅菌10cmのプラスチック皿; 2ミリリットルRTリーボビッツL-15培地を含む35mmのガラスボトムディッシュ。 70％エタノールを含有する100mLのビーカー。新生児仔マウス。 </li><li>簡単に言えば、70％エタノールで新生児マウスを浸すとオペレーティングはさみを使用して断頭により迅速に安楽死させます。 </li><li>滅菌10cmのディで氷冷リーボビッツL-15培地中ですぐに頭を置きSH。 </li><li>脳を露出するために頭蓋骨を開いてカットし、時計屋のピンセットを使用して、頭蓋冠から肌を削除し、全脳を分離するために脳神経をカット。 </li><li>氷冷リーボビッツL-15培地を含む新しい皿に脳を転送し、脳が完全に媒体に浸漬されることを確認して、実体顕微鏡下で観察します。 </li><li>上向きに脳の背側面を設定し、嗅球（右利きの人のために）3時の位置に存在するように脳を向けます。左手にピンセットで軽く脳を持ちます。 </li><li>細かい解剖鉗子（デュモン＃3または＃4）右手にを使用して、大脳の縦裂に沿って、大脳半球をつなぐ脳梁と実質の下をカット。 </li><li>静かに側面への大脳半球を押して横断脳亀裂を公開します。 </li><li>目をつまんで半球を分離半球と視床間の電子の実質。 </li><li>ゆっくりラミナaffixaによって海馬の側面に取り付けられている横心室脈絡叢を引き出します。 </li><li>新鮮リーボビッツL-15培地を含む35mmのガラスボトムディッシュに分離された脈絡叢を移し、重量（材料リスト）静かな場所に組織を保持するためにオーバーレイ。 </li></ol> CPEC繊毛の2ライブイメージング<ol><li>適切な紫外線（UV）と推論（IR）を確認して400nmから700nmのより長いより短い光を遮断するフィルタを切断し、その中性濃度（ND）フィルタ（25％および6％）を光路に挿入されています倒立顕微鏡の。 </li><li>おおよその目で、対物レンズの焦点を調整し、中心となるよう冷却器を調整し、ケーラー照明に適合するように焦点を当てています。李に適切な微分干渉コントラスト（DIC）プリズム、DICの要素だけでなく、分析器と偏光子の要素を挿入しますDIC光学系に適合するGHTパス。 </li><li>組織表面の構造が最も認識可能であるように、DICプリズム位置によってビューのコントラストを調整します。標的細胞の全ての繊毛運動がある場合は、運動性繊毛のクリアな視界は、その動きを目では得られません。 </li><li>ビデオカメラに光路を変更し、光パワーを増大させるためにNDフィルタを削除します。 </li><li>ビューとフォーカスのフィールドを調整するフォーカスモードでカメラを使用してください。ビデオ画像をモニタにリアルタイムで表示される、フォーカスの際、運動性繊毛のクリアな視界は使用できません。 </li><li>所望の期間（数秒から数分）、0.1ミリ秒の露光時間で200 Hzでカメラを使用してください。画像スタックを取得した後、単一のフレームが明確な繊毛構造が表示されます。繊毛エッジがぼやけている場合は、フレームレートを増加させるか、より短い露光時間を使用します。 </li><li>リーボビッツに安楽死の後、25〜60分以内にCPECの繊毛の動きを記録L-15培地。 </li></ol>毛様体運動の3分析<ol><li>手動でコンピュータのモニタ上の各繊毛のパターンを破って追跡します。各繊毛の軌跡については、組み立てられて、マウスポインタ、各フレーム内のマーク繊毛先端位置。いずれかのさらなる分析のために他のより一般的なアプリケーションに同じソフトウェアまたはエクスポートを使用して軌跡情報を分析。この分析工程の効率を議論に記載されています。 </li><li>目で、前後または回転、運動の二つのモードに軌道を分類します。 </li><li>以下の式を使用して繊毛拍動周波数（CBF）を計算する：[CBF =（秒あたりのフレーム数）/（シングルビート用フレームの平均数）]繊毛先端動作図から得ることができる14（ 図3 ）。同じセル上の他の繊毛は、各ciliuの動きを妨げる可能性があるため、複数の繊毛運動サイクルのため、この計算を繰り返しますM、凹凸が生じます。 </li><li>単一セル内の軸を破って、毛様体の角度均一性を分析するために、各軌道のための鼓動角度θ（ 図4）を定義します。前後の軌道は、直線に繊毛の先端の位置に合わせて、ラインがx軸となす角度としてθを定義します。回転軌跡は、楕円に位置に合わせて、楕円の長軸がx軸となす角度としてθを定義します。フィッティングの詳細は代表的な結果のセクションに記載されています。 </li><li>各軌道の定量的な説明については、一般的なアスペクト比ARを計算します。簡単に言うと、によって軌道を回転させる- θとXに沿っ分布の幅の比率としてARを定義-とy -axes（ 図4B）。詳細は代表的な結果のセクションに示した、と解釈されています、重要性、およびパラメータの制限が議論に記載されています。 </li></ol> SEM 4.サンプル調製注：SEMは総合的にCPECsに繊毛の状態を評価するための重要な方法です。 SEM用の試料を調製するために、標準的な手順は、以前に15がわずかな修正で採用されていると報告しました。 <ol><li>脳から組織を切開する前に、ポリエチレンキャップを5mLのガラスバイアル中で固定液を準備します。固定液を2％パラホルムアルデヒド、0.1Mリン酸緩衝液、pH 7.4中の2.5％グルタルアルデヒド（半Karnovskyの溶液16）からなります。 </li><li>ステップ1で説明したように、脳からの組織を解剖。 </li><li>簡単に言えば、新しい皿中ハンクス平衡塩溶液（HBSS）で単離された組織をリンスした後、室温で1時間ガラスバイアルに固定液で組織を固定します。使い捨て転送ピペットを使用し、試験片GEを扱いますntly。 HBSSで洗浄した後、組織がべたつきます。 <ol><li>固定液に検体を転送するには、ゆっくりと滴としてトランスファーピペットからの組織を含む少量の溶液を排出し、固定液に加えます。 </li></ol></li><li>固定後、固定液を廃棄し、リン酸緩衝液で3回組織をすすぎます。 </li><li>残りのアルデヒド類を洗浄するために、10％ショ糖溶液の組織を浸します。アルデヒドの完全な除去を確実にするために、新鮮な10％​​のスクロースを二回繰り返した後、10分間、溶液中に試料を浸漬し、。このステップは、後の工程で、適切後固定を達成することが重要です。 </li><li> 30分間、リン酸緩衝液中の1％四酸化オスミウムの溶液に組織を浸漬した後、ポスト固定氷上に置きます。サンプル色によってオスミウム酸染色法の程度を判断する：アルデヒドが完全に除去されている場合、サンプルは黒です。 </li><li>ダブルdistilleで広範囲に後固定した組織試料を洗浄Dの水で数回。 </li><li>エタノールの濃度を段階的に浸漬することによって試料を脱水、通常、65％、75％、85％、95％、99％、100％、10分それぞれについて。新しく購入したボトルから99.5％エタノールにモレキュラーシーブを配置することによって無水エタノールを得ます。無水エタノールで3回脱水を繰り返します。 </li><li> 10分間、酢酸イソアミル、臨界点乾燥の置換試薬に脱水サンプルを置きます。二回、この手順を繰り返します。この試薬は迅速に蒸発し、試料が表面張力によって破壊をもたらす、ドライになることができます。したがって、試料を完全に乾燥させません。 </li><li>酢酸イソアミルの最終交換の後、直ちにアルミホイルで開放ガラスバイアルをラップし、ドライアイス上にバイアルを置き、大部分の溶媒を除去します。液体二酸化炭素は、臨界点乾燥機にバイアル内に容易に流れるように、針や細かい鉗子を使用して、バイアルの口を覆うホイルにいくつかの穴を作ります。次のステップに進んでください可能な限り迅速に。 </li><li>この工程では、乾燥機のチャンバー内に酢酸イソアミルのキャリーオーバーを最小限に抑えるが、サンプルが完全に臨界点乾燥の前に乾燥させてください。また、バイアルに霜の形成を回避するために、不必要に長い時間のために、ドライアイス上のサンプルを放置しないでください。 </li><li>組織に含まれる水分を除去しながら、組織の表面構造は無傷のまま確実に臨界点乾燥機に組織サンプルを含むアルミホイルにくるまれたガラスバイアルを転送します。臨界点乾燥機を動作に関する詳細情報は、製造業者の説明書から得ることができます。 </li><li>慎重に機械的損傷を最小限にするためにつまようじを使用してサンプルを処理します。得られた乾燥組織サンプルが壊れやすいです。イオンスパッタを用いて、金 - パラジウムの金属スタブとコート上のサンプルをマウントします。 </li></ol> SEMによる観察5. <ol><li> SEMで観察し、デジタルカメラで画像を記録走査型電子顕微鏡に搭載しました。 </li><li>分析のためにPCにデジタル画像データを転送します。 </li></ol>

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著者は、彼らが競合する金融利害関係がないことを宣言します。本論文では、単離された脈絡叢の組織で繊毛の運動性を観察するための詳細な方法論を報告することを目的とします。科学的なノベルティは、以前の研究1,8で報告されています。

この方法の展望ここに記載された技術は、以前に公開された方法よりも繊毛のより詳細な分析を提供していませんが、この技術の重要性は、簡単に繊毛運動ex vivoでのあらゆる種類のスクリーニングに適用することができるシステムと費用対効果のシンプルさにあります。具体的には、TI Workbenchは、より簡単に繊毛運動を観察し、分析する研究者を可能にシンプル?...

Cilia are hair-like projections on the surface of most vertebrate cells, which have attracted attention by medical researchers because of a class of diseases termed ciliopathies2&#8211;4. Despite the ubiquitous expression of the organelle, a wide variety of ciliary functions have been reported, including motility and biosensing. For example, motile cilia on the mucoepithelial surface transport mucus5 and epithelial debris to the outlet of tracts, thereby preventing disease by clearing the surface of epithelia. Moreover, during early developmental periods and embryonic stages, cilia regulate the proliferation of stem cells6, and are involved in the determination of left&#8211;right asymmetry of the vertebrate body7. 
Choroid plexus epithelial cells (CPECs) are derivatives of neuroepithelial cells that cover the surface of the choroid plexus tissue in the brain, which play important roles in maintaining homeostasis of the intracranial environment by production of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). It has been previously demonstrated that CPECs have multiple non-motile cilia that regulate the production of CSF through G-protein-coupled receptors that are specifically concentrated on the cilia8. Although these cilia had been regarded as quiescent non-motile cilia, it was discovered that some CPEC cilia exhibit transient motility during the neonatal period1. This finding was quite important because it revealed that so-called non-motile cilia are not necessarily immotile from the beginning of development and might display transient motility during specific time windows, possibly in response to specific physiological demands and functions9. To precisely describe the motile nature of CPEC cilia, it is necessary to develop an ex vivo observation system that encompasses analysis of the kinetic profiles unique to CPEC cilia. 
With respect to motility, although several technical reports have described observations of the motile cilia of the tracheal epithelium5,10, motile single-cell flagella11, so-called conventional motile cilia12, and nodal cilia13, detailed analytical methods applicable to relatively undulated structures such as the choroid plexus have not been well documented so far. Moreover, a high time resolution is required to analyze the ciliary movement of CPECs, in which expensive high-speed cameras are indispensable. To circumvent this necessity and simplify monitoring the ciliary motility of various cell types, a low cost, high-speed camera has been introduced, and an easily accessible and convenient method to record the motility of motile cilia, especially to describe the speed and pattern of motion of each cilium, has been developed1. Moreover, original image analysis software &#8220;TI Workbench&#8221; has been used here to facilitate detailed analysis of motility. Collectively, this method provides a new concise strategy to analyze ciliary motion together with correlative scanning electron microscopy (SEM), which can be adopted in a wide range of cilium research.

<table><tbody><tr><td colspan="4">&lt;strong&gt;Required reagents&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">&lt;strong&gt;for live cell imaging&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>ethanol</td><td>Wako Chemicals</td><td>057-00456</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Leibovitz L-15 medium</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>11415-064</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">&lt;strong&gt;for SEM preparation&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>ethanol</td><td>Wako Chemicals</td><td>057-00456</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hank&#039;s balanced salt solution</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>14170112</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>paraformaldehyde&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Merck</td><td>1040051000</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>glutaraldehyde&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Nacalai tesque</td><td>17003-05</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>isoamyl acetate</td><td>Nacalai tesque</td><td>02710-95</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Molecular Sieves 4A 1/8&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Wako Chemicals</td><td>130-08655</td><td>for preparation of anhydrous ethanol</td></tr><tr><td>phosphate buffer saline (PBS)</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>D1408</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>phosphate buffer, 0.1 M</td><td></td><td></td><td>To make 100 ml, mix 19.0 ml of 0.1&amp;nbsp;M NaH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;PO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; and 81.0 ml of 0.1&amp;nbsp;M Na&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;HPO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>monosodium phosphate (dihydrate)</td><td>Nacalai tesque</td><td>31718-15</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>disodium phosphate (anhydrous)</td><td>Nacalai tesque</td><td>31801-05</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>suclose</td><td>Nacalai tesque</td><td>30406-25</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>osmium tetroxide</td><td>Nisshin EM</td><td>300</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>dry ice</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">[header]</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">&lt;strong&gt;Tools and materials for dissection&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">&lt;strong&gt;for both live imaging and SEM preparation&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>stereo microscope</td><td>Olympus</td><td>SZX7</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>flat paper towel</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&amp;Phi;10 cm plastic dish</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>100 ml beaker</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>straight operating scissors</td><td>Sansyo</td><td>S-2B</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>watchmaker forceps</td><td>Dumont</td><td>No.DU-3 or -4, INOX</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">&lt;strong&gt;for live cell imaging&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>glass bottom dish</td><td>Matsunami Glass</td><td>D110300</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">&lt;strong&gt;for SEM preparation&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>alminum foil</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>5 ml glass vial with a polyethylene cap</td><td>Nichiden Rika-Glass</td><td>PS-5A</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>transfer pipette</td><td>Samco Scientific</td><td>SM251-1S</td><td>for specimen tranfer</td></tr><tr><td>toothpick</td><td></td><td></td><td>for specimen transfer</td></tr><tr><td>ion sputter with gold-palladium</td><td>Hitachi</td><td>E-1030</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>critical point dryer</td><td>Hitachi</td><td>HCP-2</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">[header]</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">&lt;strong&gt;Microscopic equipment and materials&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">&lt;strong&gt;for live cell imaging&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>inverted microscope</td><td>Olympus</td><td>IX81</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>100 W mercury lump housing and power supply</td><td>Olympus</td><td>U-ULH and BH2-RFL-T3</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>100 W mercury lamp</td><td>Ushio</td><td>USH103D</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DIC condenser, n.a. 0.55</td><td>Olympus</td><td>IX-LWUCD</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>electrrical shutter</td><td>Vincent Associates</td><td>VS35S22M1R3-24 and VMM-D1</td><td>manual shutter can be used.</td></tr><tr><td>band-pass filter (400-700&amp;nbsp;nm, &amp;Phi;45&amp;nbsp;mm)</td><td>Koshin Kagaku</td><td>C10-110621-1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ND filter (&amp;Phi;45 mm)</td><td>Olympus</td><td>45ND6, 45ND25</td><td>combination of 25% and 6% ND filters are used</td></tr><tr><td>objective lens (water immersion) with DIC element</td><td>Olympus</td><td>UApo 40XW/340, n.a., 1.15 with IX-DPAO40</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>high-speed video camera</td><td>Allied Vision Technologies</td><td>GE680</td><td>&amp;#8805;200 Hz frame rate and 1 msec expose time</td></tr><tr><td>image acquisition / analysis software</td><td>in-hous software</td><td>TI Workbench</td><td>capable of acquisition at high frame rates.</td></tr><tr><td>PC for camera control / analysis</td><td>Apple</td><td>Mac Pro</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>vibration isolation table</td><td>Meiritsu Seiki</td><td>AD0806</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>weight for tissue</td><td>Warner Instruments</td><td>slice anchor kits</td><td>It can be made with nylon mesh glued to a U-shape squashed &amp;Phi;0.5&amp;nbsp;mm platinum wire.</td></tr><tr><td>cover glass (alternative weight for tissue)</td><td>Matsunami</td><td>made-to-order</td><td>A cover glass can be used as a tissue weight.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">&lt;strong&gt;for SEM&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>inverted microscope</td><td>Olympus</td><td>IX81</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>scanning electron microscope</td><td>JEOL</td><td>JSM-6510</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

observation of the ciliary movement of choroid plexus epithelial cells ex vivo

The choroid plexus is located in the ventricular wall of the brain, the main function of which is believed to be production of cerebrospinal fluid. Choroid plexus epithelial cells (CPECs) covering the surface of choroid plexus tissue harbor multiple unique cilia, but most of the functions of these cilia remain to be investigated. To uncover the function of CPEC cilia with particular reference to their motility, an ex vivo observation system was developed to monitor ciliary motility during embryonic, perinatal and postnatal periods. The choroid plexus was dissected out of the brain ventricle and observed under a video-enhanced contrast microscope equipped with differential interference contrast optics. Under this condition, a simple and quantitative method was developed to analyze the motile profiles of CPEC cilia for several hours ex vivo. Next, the morphological changes of cilia during development were observed by scanning electron microscopy to elucidate the relationship between the morphological maturity of cilia and motility. Interestingly, this method could delineate changes in the number and length of cilia, which peaked at postnatal day (P) 2, while the beating frequency reached a maximum at P10, followed by abrupt cessation at P14. These techniques will enable elucidation of the functions of cilia in various tissues. While related techniques have been published in a previous report1, the current study focuses on detailed techniques to observe the motility and morphology of CPEC cilia ex vivo.

ワークフローの概要は、装置の画像を含む、 図1に示されています。 CPECsのライブの動きの観察 映画1は、周産期のマウスから単離したCPECsの映画を示しており、 ムービー2ムービー1の画像の拡大図を示している。それは、個々の繊毛の先端は映画のものと比較して、静止画ではあまり明確であることに留意すべ?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Observation of the Ciliary Movement of Choroid Plexus Epithelial Cells Ex Vivo at JoVE.com

Observation of the Ciliary Movement of Choroid Plexus Epithelial Cells Ex Vivo

In this study, a detailed light microscopic technique was optimized for real-time observation and analysis of the motion of CPEC cilia ex vivo together with an electron microscopic method for ultrastructural analysis.

脈絡叢上皮細胞の繊毛運動の観測<em&gt;エクスビボ</em

The choroid plexus is located in the ventricular wall of the brain, the main function of which is believed to be production of cerebrospinal fluid. ...

observation-ciliary-movement-choroid-plexus-epithelial-cells-ex

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Observation of the Ciliary Movement of Choroid Plexus Epithelial Cells Ex Vivo

12.1K ビュー.  Waseda University. In this study, a detailed light microscopic technique was optimized for real-time observation and analysis of the motion of CPEC cilia ex vivo together with an electron microscopic method for ultrastructural analysis.

ビデオ: Observation of the Ciliary Movement of Choroid Plexus Epithelial Cells Ex Vivo

Culturing of Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells on an Ex Vivo Model of Aged Human Bruch's Membrane

Aside from vitamins and antioxidants recommended by the Age-Related Eye Disease Study, there is no effective therapy for &#34;dry,&#34;&#160;or atrophic age-related macular degeneration (AMD) which represents 90% of the cases. Therapies are needed to slow or retard the development of geographic atrophy (GA), and understanding Bruch&#39;s membrane pathology is part of this process. Alterations in human Bruch&#39;s membrane precede the progression of AMD by contributing to the damage of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. Given the lack of sufficient animal models to study AMD, ex vivo models of aged human Bruch&#39;s membrane serve as a useful tool to study the behavior of RPE cells from immortalized and primary cell lines as well as RPE lines derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Here, we present a detailed method that allows one to determine the effects of RPE cell behavior seeded on harvested human Bruch&#39;s membrane explants from human donors, including attachment, apoptosis and proliferation, ability to phagocytize photoreceptor outer segments, establishment of polarity, and gene expression. This assay provides an ex vivo model of aged Bruch&#39;s membrane to assess the functional characteristics of RPE cells when seeded on aged/compromised extracellular matrix.

Culturing of Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells on an Ex Vivo Model of Aged Human Bruch's Membrane

The goal of this protocol is to demonstrate the culturing of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells on aged and/or diseased human Bruch&#39;s membrane. This method is suitable to study RPE cell behavior on a compromised extracellular matrix.

高齢者人間ブルッフ膜のEx Vivoモデルの網膜色素上皮細胞の培養

Aside from vitamins and antioxidants recommended by the Age-Related Eye Disease Study, there is no effective therapy for &#34;dry,&#34;&#160;or atrophic ...

発生生物学

Live Imaging of the Ependymal Cilia in the Lateral Ventricles of the Mouse Brain

Multiciliated ependymal cells line the ventricles in the adult brain. Abnormal function or structure of ependymal cilia is associated with various neurological deficits. The current ex vivo live imaging of motile ependymal cilia technique allows for a detailed study of ciliary dynamics following several steps. These steps include: mice euthanasia with carbon dioxide according to protocols of The University of Toledo&#8217;s Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC); craniectomy followed by brain removal and sagittal brain dissection with a vibratome or sharp blade to obtain very thin sections through the brain lateral ventricles, where the ependymal cilia can be visualized. Incubation of the brain&#8217;s slices in a customized glass-bottom plate containing Dulbecco&#8217;s Modified Eagle&#8217;s Medium (DMEM)/High-Glucose at 37 &#176;C in the presence of 95%/5% O2/CO2 mixture is essential to keep the tissue alive during the experiment. A video of the cilia beating is then recorded using a high-resolution differential interference contrast microscope. The video is then analyzed frame by frame to calculate the ciliary beating frequency. This allows distinct classification of the ependymal cells into three categories or types based on their ciliary beating frequency and angle. Furthermore, this technique allows the use of high-speed fluorescence imaging analysis to characterize the unique intracellular calcium oscillation properties of ependymal cells as well as the effect of pharmacological agents on the calcium oscillations and the ciliary beating frequency. In addition, this technique is suitable for immunofluorescence imaging for ciliary structure and ciliary protein localization studies. This is particularly important in disease diagnosis and phenotype studies. The main limitation of the technique is attributed to the decrease in live motile cilia movement as the brain tissue starts to die.

Using high-resolution differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy, an ex vivo observation of the beating of motile ependymal cilia located within the mouse brain ventricles is demonstrated by live-imaging. The technique allows a recording of the unique ciliary beating frequency and beating angle as well as their intracellular calcium oscillation pacing properties.

マウスの脳の側脳室における上衣繊毛のライブイメージング

Multiciliated ependymal cells line the ventricles in the adult brain. Abnormal function or structure of ependymal cilia is associated with various ...

神経科学

Ex vivo Method for High Resolution Imaging of Cilia Motility in Rodent Airway Epithelia

An ex vivo technique for imaging mouse airway epithelia for quantitative analysis of motile cilia function important for insight into mucociliary clearance function has been established. Freshly harvested mouse trachea is cut longitudinally through the trachealis muscle and mounted in a shallow walled chamber on a glass-bottomed dish. The trachea sample is positioned along its long axis to take advantage of the trachealis muscle to curl longitudinally. This allows imaging of ciliary motion in the profile view along the entire tracheal length. Videos at 200 frames/sec are obtained using differential interference contrast microscopy and a high speed digital camera to allow quantitative analysis of cilia beat frequency and ciliary waveform. With the addition of fluorescent beads during imaging, cilia generated fluid flow also can be determined. The protocol time spans approximately 30 min, with 5 min for chamber preparation, 5-10 min for sample mounting, and 10-15 min for videomicroscopy.

Ex vivo Method for High Resolution Imaging of Cilia Motility in Rodent Airway Epithelia

An easy and reliable technique for visualizing and quantifying airway cilia motility and cilia generated flow using mouse trachea is described. This technique can be modified to determine how a wide range of factors influence cilia motility, including pharmacological agents, genetic factors, environmental exposures, and/or mechanical factors such as mucus load.

齧歯気道上皮における繊毛の運動性の高分解能イメージングのためのex vivo法

An ex vivo technique for imaging mouse airway epithelia for quantitative  analysis of motile cilia function important for insight into mucociliary  ...

生物学

Isolation and Culture of Chick Ciliary Ganglion Neurons

Chick ciliary ganglia (CG) are part of the parasympathetic nervous system and are responsible for the innervation of the muscle tissues present in the eye. This ganglion is constituted by a homogenous population of ciliary and choroidal neurons that innervate striated and smooth muscle fibers, respectively. Each of these neuronal types regulate specific eye structures and functions. Over the years, neuronal cultures of the chick ciliary ganglia were shown to be effective cell models in the study of muscle-nervous system interactions, which communicate through cholinergic synapses. Ciliary ganglion neurons are, in its majority, cholinergic. This cell model has been shown to be useful comparatively to previously used heterogeneous cell models that comprise several neuronal types, besides cholinergic. Anatomically, the ciliary ganglion is localized between the optic nerve (ON) and the choroid fissure (CF). Here, we describe a detailed procedure for the dissection, dissociation and in vitro culture of ciliary ganglia neurons from chick embryos. We provide a step-by-step protocol in order to obtain highly pure and stable cellular cultures of CG neurons, highlighting key steps of the process. These cultures can be maintained in vitro for 15 days and, hereby, we show the normal development of CG cultures. The results also show that these neurons can interact with muscle fibers through neuro-muscular cholinergic synapses.

Chick ciliary ganglia (CG) are part of the parasympathetic nervous system. Neuronal cultures of chick CG neurons were shown to be effective cell models in the study of nerve muscle interactions. We describe a detailed protocol for the dissection, dissociation and in vitro culture of CG neurons from chick embryos.

チラリア性神経節ニューロンの分離と培養

Chick ciliary ganglia (CG) are part of the parasympathetic nervous system and are responsible for the innervation of the muscle tissues present in the ...

Microsurgical Dissection and Tissue Clearing for High Resolution Intact Whole Retina and Vitreous Imaging

Neuronal and vascular structures of the retina in physiologic and pathologic conditions can be better visualized and characterized by using intact whole retina imaging techniques compared to conventional retinal flat mount preparations and sections. However, immunofluorescent imaging of intact whole retina is hindered by the opaque coatings of the eyeball, i.e., sclera, choroid, and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and the light scattering properties of retinal layers that prevent full thickness high resolution optical imaging. Chemical bleaching of the pigmented layers and tissue clearing protocols have been described to address these obstacles; however, currently described methods are not suitable for imaging endogenous fluorescent molecules such as green fluorescent protein (GFP) in intact whole retina. Other approaches bypassed this limitation by surgical removal of pigmented layers and the anterior segment of the eyeball allowing intact eye imaging, though the peripheral retina and hyaloid structures were disrupted. Presented here is an intact whole retina and vitreous immunofluorescent imaging protocol that combines surgical dissection of the sclera/choroid/retina pigment epithelium (RPE) layers with a modified tissue clearing method and light sheet fluorescent microscopy (LSFM). The new approach offers an unprecedented view of&#160;unperturbed vascular and neuronal elements of the retina as well as the vitreous and hyaloid vascular system in pathologic conditions.

Presented here is a protocol for intact whole retina imaging in which the outer opaque/pigmented layers of the eyeball are surgically removed, and optical clearing is applied to render retina transparent enabling the visualization of the peripheral retina and hyaloid vasculature in intact retina using light sheet fluorescent microscopy.

Neuronal and vascular structures of the retina in physiologic and pathologic conditions can be better visualized and characterized by using intact whole ...

Full-Circle Cauterization of Limbal Vascular Plexus for Surgically Induced Glaucoma in Rodents

Glaucoma, the second leading cause of blindness worldwide, is a heterogeneous group of ocular disorders characterized by structural damage to the optic nerve and retinal ganglion cell (RGC) degeneration, resulting in visual dysfunction by interrupting the transmission of visual information from the eye to the brain. Elevated intraocular pressure is the most important risk factor; thus, several models of ocular hypertension have been developed in rodents by either genetic or experimental approaches to investigate the causes and effects of the disease. Among those, some limitations have been reported such as surgical invasiveness, inadequate functional assessment, requirement of extensive training, and highly variable extension of retinal damage. The present work characterizes a simple, low-cost, and efficient method to induce ocular hypertension in rodents, based on low-temperature, full-circle cauterization of the limbal vascular plexus, a major component of aqueous humor drainage. The new model provides a technically easy, noninvasive, and reproducible subacute ocular hypertension, associated with progressive RGC and optic nerve degeneration, and a unique post-operative clinical recovery rate that allows in vivo functional studies by both electrophysiological and behavioral methods.

The goal of this protocol is to characterize a novel model of glaucomatous neurodegeneration based on 360&#176; thermic cauterization of limbal vascular plexus, inducing subacute ocular hypertension.

げっ歯類の外科的緑内障に対する辺縁血管神経叢の全周焼灼

Glaucoma, the second leading cause of blindness worldwide, is a heterogeneous group of ocular disorders characterized by structural damage to the optic ...

Microdissection and Whole Mount Scanning Electron Microscopy Visualization of Mouse Choroid Plexus

The choroid plexus (CP), a highly vascularized structure protruding into the ventricles of the brain, is one of the most understudied tissues in neuroscience. As it is becoming increasingly clear that this tiny structure plays a crucial role in health and disease of the central nervous system (CNS), it is of utmost importance to properly dissect the CP out of the brain ventricles in a way that allows downstream processing, ranging from functional to structural analysis. Here, isolation of the lateral and fourth brain ventricle mouse CP without the need for specialized tools or equipment is described. This isolation technique preserves the viability, function, and structure of cells within the CP. On account of its high vascularization, the CP can be visualized floating inside the ventricular cavities of the brain using a binocular microscope. However, transcardial perfusion required for downstream analysis can complicate the identification of the CP tissue. Depending on the further processing steps (e.g., RNA and protein analysis), this can be solved by visualizing the CP via transcardial perfusion with bromophenol blue. After isolation, the CP can be processed using several techniques, including RNA, protein, or single cell analysis, to gain further understanding on the function of this special brain structure. Here, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) on whole mount CP is used to get an overall view of the structure.

The choroid plexus (CP), an understudied tissue in neuroscience, plays a key role in health and disease of the central nervous system. This protocol describes a microdissection technique for isolating the CP and the use of scanning electron microscopy to obtain an overall view of its cellular structure.

マイクロダイセクションとホールマウント走査型電子顕微鏡によるマウス脈絡叢の可視化

The choroid plexus (CP), a highly vascularized structure protruding into the ventricles of the brain, is one of the most understudied tissues in ...

An Ex Vivo Choroid Sprouting Assay of Ocular Microvascular Angiogenesis

Pathological choroidal angiogenesis, a salient feature of age-related macular degeneration, leads to vision impairment and blindness. Endothelial cell (EC) proliferation assays using human retinal microvascular endothelial cells (HRMECs) or isolated primary retinal ECs are widely used in vitro models to study retinal angiogenesis. However, isolating pure murine retinal endothelial cells is technically challenging and retinal ECs may have different proliferation responses than choroidal endothelial cells and different cell/cell interactions. A highly reproducible ex vivo choroidal sprouting assay as a model of choroidal microvascular proliferation was developed. This model includes the interaction between choroid vasculature (EC, macrophages, pericytes) and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Mouse RPE/choroid/scleral explants are isolated and incubated in growth-factor-reduced basal membrane extract (BME) (day 0). Medium is changed every other day and choroid sprouting is quantified at day 6. The images of individual choroid explant are taken with an inverted phase microscope and the sprouting area is quantified using a semi-automated macro plug-in to the ImageJ software developed in this lab. This reproducible ex vivo choroidal sprouting assay can be used to assess compounds for potential treatment and for microvascular disease research to assess pathways involved in choroidal micro vessel proliferation using wild type and genetically modified mouse tissue.

This protocol presents choroid sprouting assay, an ex vivo model of microvascular proliferation. This assay can be used to assess pathways involved in proliferating choroidal micro vessels and assess drug treatments using wild type and genetically modified mouse tissue.

眼小血管血管新生のエキビボロイド発芽アッセイ

Pathological choroidal angiogenesis, a salient feature of age-related macular degeneration, leads to vision impairment and blindness. Endothelial cell ...

Choroid Sprouting Assay to Study Ocular Microvascular Proliferation Ex Vivo

Source: Tomita, Y., et al. <a href="https://app.jove.com/v/61677">An Ex Vivo Choroid Sprouting Assay of Ocular Microvascular Angiogenesis.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (2020)
This video demonstrates the development of an ex vivo model of choroidal sprouting to study ocular microvascular angiogenesis. The assay involves culturing mouse eye explants containing the choroid tissue attached to the sclera and retinal pigment epithelium under specific conditions that promote choroidal microvascular sprouting.

眼の微小血管増殖をex vivoで研究するための脈絡膜萌芽アッセイ

Source: Tomita, Y., et al. An Ex Vivo Choroid Sprouting Assay of Ocular Microvascular Angiogenesis. J. Vis. Exp. (2020)
This video demonstrates the ...

JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments

生物学的手法

アッセイ技術

細胞ベースのアッセイ

Isolating Immune Cells from Mouse Choroid Plexuses

Source: Dominguez-Belloso, et al. <a href="https://app.jove.com/v/63487">Isolation and Characterization of the Immune Cells from Micro-dissected Mouse Choroid Plexuses.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (2022)
This video demonstrates the procedure of isolating immune cells from mouse choroid plexuses. This procedure is used in neuroimmunology research to understand how immune cells in the choroid plexuses impact brain health and various neurological diseases.

マウス脈絡叢からの免疫細胞の単離

All procedures involving animal models have been reviewed by the local institutional animal care committee and the JoVE veterinary review board. 
1. ...

脈絡叢上皮細胞の繊毛運動の観測

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