Name: observation of the ciliary movement of choroid plexus epithelial cells ex vivo
Uploaded: 2015-07-13T15:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 8 min
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Observation of the Ciliary Movement of Choroid Plexus Epithelial Cells Ex Vivo at JoVE.com

This work was supported by a Project for Private Universities: matching fund subsidy from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) of Japan (T.I.) and Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C) from MEXT (S.T. and K.N).

프로토콜과 실험 동물의 사용은 야마나시와 와세다 대학의 대학 기관 동물 관리 및 사용위원회에 의해 승인되었다. 동물 관리 기관은 지침에 따라 수행 하였다. 1. CPEC 준비 <ol><li> 다음 장치 및 재료 준비 : 바닥에서 조명을 전송하는 것이 바람직 할 수있는 스테레오 현미경,; 시계 포셉 한 쌍의 (뒤몽 # 3, # 4), 화염 멸균, 직선 운영 가위, 화염 멸균; 20 ml의 얼음처럼 차가운 Leibovitz L-15 미디어를 포함하는 두 멸균 10cm 플라스틱 접시; 2 ml의 RT Leibovitz L-15 매체를 포함하는 35mm의 유리 바닥 요리; 70 % 에탄올을 함유하는 100 ml의 비이커; 신생아 마우스 새끼. </li><li> 간단히 70 % 에탄올에 신생아 마우스를 담그고 운영 가위를 사용하여 잘린 빠르게 안락사. </li><li> 멸균 10cm 디에 얼음처럼 차가운 Leibovitz L-15 배지에서 즉시 머리를 배치SH. </li><li> 뇌를 노출하기 위해 두개골을 열 절단, 시계 포셉의 쌍을 사용하여 덮개 뼈의 피부를 제거하고 뇌 전체를 분리 두개골 신경을 잘라. </li><li> 얼음처럼 차가운 Leibovitz L-15 미디어를 포함하는 새 접시에 두뇌를 전송하고 뇌가 완전히 매체에 몰입되어 있는지 확인하고, 스테레오 현미경으로 관찰한다. </li><li> 이 위를 향하도록 뇌의 등 부분을 설정하고 후각 전구 (오른 손잡이 인 경우) 세시 방향에 상주하도록 뇌의 방향. 왼쪽 손에 집게로 부드럽게 뇌를 잡습니다. </li><li> 미세 해부 포셉 (뒤몽 # 3, # 4) 오른쪽 손을 사용하여, 대뇌의 종 방향 균열을 따라 대뇌 반구를 연결하는 뇌량과 실질 아래를 잘라. </li><li> 부드럽게 멀리 측면에 대뇌 반구를 밀어 가로 대뇌 균열을 노출. </li><li> 일을 곤란하게하여 반구를 분리반구과 시상 사이의 전자 실질. </li><li> 조심스럽게 라미 affixa에 의해 해마의 측면에 부착 된 측면 심실 맥락총을 잡아 당깁니다. </li><li> 신선한 Leibovitz L-15 매체를 포함하는 35mm의 유리 바닥 접시에 고립 된 맥락총 이동, 중량 (자료 목록) 조심스럽게 제자리에 조직을 유지하는 오버레이. </li></ol> CPEC 섬모 2. 라이브 영상 <ol><li> 400 nm 내지 이상 700 nm의, 그 감광 (ND) 필터 (25 %, 6 %)보다 짧은 광 광로에 삽입 차단하는 적절한 자외선 (UV) 및 추론 (IR) 차단 필터 (들)를 확인 거꾸로 현미경의. </li><li> 거의 눈에 의해 대물 렌즈의 초점을 조절하고, 중심 및 포커스 쾰러 조명에 적합 할 수 있도록 한 다음 콘덴서를 조정한다. 적절한 미분 간섭 대비를 삽입 (DIC) 프리즘, 리튬의 DIC 요소뿐만 아니라, 분석 및 편광판 요소GHT 경로는 DIC 광학을 준수합니다. </li><li> 조직 표면의 구조가 가장 인식되도록 DIC 프리즘 위치하여 뷰의 콘트라스트를 조정한다. 표적 세포의 운동성 모든 속눈썹이 경우, 운동성 섬모의 클리어 뷰 인해 안구 운동에 의해 얻을 수 없다. </li><li> 비디오 카메라에 빛의 경로를 변경하고, 광 전력을 증가시키는 ND 필터를 제거한다. </li><li> 보기와 초점 분야를 조정 초점 모드에서 카메라를 사용합니다. 하는 영상이 모니터에 실시간으로 표시됩니다, 집중하는 동안, 운동성 섬모의 밝은 전망을 사용할 수 없습니다. </li><li> 원하는 기간 (분 초) 0.1 밀리의 노출 시간 200 Hz에서 카메라를 사용합니다. 이미지 스택의 취득 후, 하나의 프레임은 분명 섬모 구조를 표시합니다. 섬모 가장자리 흐리게 경우, 프레임 레이트를 증가 시키거나 더 짧은 노출 시간을 사용한다. </li><li> Leibovitz의 안락사 후 25-60 분 이내에 CPEC의 섬모의 움직임을 기록L-15 매체. </li></ol> 섬모 운동 3. 분석 <ol><li> 수동으로 컴퓨터 모니터에 각각의 섬모의 패턴을 치고 추적 할 수 있습니다. 각각의 섬모의 궤적 정보 조립 마우스 포인터, 각 프레임의 표시 모양체 선단 위치. 어느 쪽의 추가 분석을 위해 다른 일반적인 응용 프로그램에 동일한 소프트웨어 또는 내보내기를 사용하여 궤도 정보를 분석 할 수 있습니다. 이러한 분석 단계의 효율의 논의에서 설명된다. </li><li> 눈으로 운동의 두 가지 모드, 앞뒤로 또는 회전으로 ​​궤도를 분류. </li><li> 다음 식을 사용 모양체 비팅 주파수 (CBF)를 계산 : [CBF = (초당 프레임 수) / (하나의 비트에 대한 프레임의 평균 개수)] 모양체 팁 움직임도 얻을 수있다 (14) (도 3 ). 동일한 셀에 다른 섬모 각 ciliu의 움직임을 방해 할 수 있기 때문에, 다수의 섬모 박동주기위한이 계산을 반복M, 불규칙성의 결과. </li><li> 단일 셀 내에서 축 치고 섬모의 각도 균일 성을 분석하기 위해, 각각의 궤도 (그림 4)의 박동 각도 θ를 정의합니다. 전후 궤적 들어 직선 섬모 팁의 위치 맞춤, 및 X 선을 이동시킴으로써 행한다과 이루는 각도가 θ를 정의한다. 회전 궤도를 들어, 타원에 위치를 맞춘 타원의 장축이 X시킴으로써 행한다과 이루는 각도가 θ를 정의한다. 피팅의 세부 사항은 대표 결과 섹션에 설명되어 있습니다. </li><li> 각 궤도의 정량적 설명은 일반화 종횡비 AR을 계산한다. 간단히에 의해 궤도를 회전 - θ과 X를 따라 분포의 폭 사이의 비율로 AR을 정의 -와 y -axes (그림 4B). 세부 사항은 대표 결과 섹션에 표시하고, 해석된다유의성은, 상기 매개 변수의 제한은 논의에서 설명된다. </li></ol> SEM 4. 샘플 준비 주 : SEM이 종합적으로 CPECs상의 섬모의 상태를 평가하는 중요한 방법이다. 현미경에 대한 표본을 준비하기 위해, 표준 절차는 이전에 (15)는 약간의 수정으로 사용된다보고했다. <ol><li> 뇌로부터 조직을 절개하기 전에, 폴리에틸렌 캡 5 mL 유리 바이알에 정착액을 준비한다. 정착은 2 % 파라 포름 알데히드, 0.1 M 인산 완충액, pH가 7.4에서 2.5 % 글루 타르 알데히드 (반 Karnovsky의 솔루션 16)로 구성되어 있습니다. </li><li> 단계 1에 기재된 바와 같이 뇌로부터 조직을 해부. </li><li> 간단히 새로운 접시에 행크 평형 염 용액 (HBSS)으로 격리 된 조직을 린스 한 다음, 실온에서 1 시간 동안 유리 바이알에 정착액의 조직을 고정한다. 일회용 전송 피펫을 사용하여 표본 GE를 처리ntly. HBSS로 세척 후 조직 접착된다. <ol><li> 정착액 용액에 시편을 전송하기 위해 천천히 방울로 전달 피펫 조직을 함유하는 용액을 소량 배출 및 고정액에 추가. </li></ol></li><li> 정착 후, 고정액을 폐기하고 인산 완충액으로 세 번 조직을 헹군다. </li><li> 나머지 알데히드를 씻어 10 % 자당 용액에 조직을 담근다. 알데히드를 완전히 제거되도록 10 분 동안 용액에 샘플이 담궈하고 신선한 10 % 수크로오스로 두 번 반복한다. 이 단계는 후속 단계에 적절한 포스트 고정을 달성하는 것이 중요하다. </li><li> 30 분 동안 인산염 완충액 1 % 오스뮴 테트 록 사이드의 용액에 담가 조직하고 이후 정용 얼음 위에 놓는다. 샘플에 의한 색 osmification 정도 판사 : 알데히드가 완전히 제거 될 때, 샘플은 흑색이다. </li><li> 더블 distille 광범위 후 고정 조직 샘플을 씻으십시오D 물을 여러 번. </li><li> 에탄올의 농도 구배에 의해 샘플을 침지 탈수, 보통 65 %, 75 %, 85 %, 95 %, 99 %, 100 %, 10 분마다. 새로 구입 한 병에서 99.5 %의 에탄올로 분 자체를 배치하여 무수 에탄올을 얻습니다. 무수 에탄올로 3 회 탈수를 반복합니다. </li><li> 10 분 동안, 이소 아밀 아세테이트, 임계점 건조를위한 대체 시약으로 탈수 샘플을 놓습니다. 두 번이 단계를 반복합니다. 이 시약은 급속히 증발 샘플은 표면 장력에 의해 파괴의 결과로 건조 될 수있다. 따라서, 완전히 샘플을 건조하지 않습니다. </li><li> 이소 아밀 아세테이트의 최종 교환 후, 바로, 용매의 대부분을 제거 알루미늄 호일로 열려있는 유리 병을 포장하고, 드라이 아이스에 병을 놓습니다. 액체 이산화탄소가 임계점 건조기에서 유리 병에 쉽게 흐르도록 바늘 또는 미세 집게를 사용하여, 유리 병의 입구를 덮고있는 호일에 여러 구멍을 확인합니다. 다음 단계로 진행가능한 한 빨리. </li><li> 이 단계에서, 건조기의 챔버로 이소 아밀 아세테이트 이월을 최소화하지만, 시료가 완전히 임계점 건조 전에 건조시키지 않는다. 또한, 유리 병에 서리의 형성을 피하기 위해 불필요하게 오랜 시간 동안 드라이 아이스에 샘플을 두지 마십시오. </li><li> 물 제거는 조직에 포함되는 동안 조직의 표면 구조는 그대로 남아 있도록 임계점 건조기로 조직 샘플을 함유하는 호일 - 래핑 유리 바이알을 전송. 임계점 건조기를 동작에 대한 자세한 정보는 제조업체의 지침에서 얻을 수있다. </li><li> 신중하게 기계적 손상을 최소화하기 위해 이쑤시개를 사용하여 샘​​플을 처리합니다. 그 결과 건조 조직 샘플은 약합니다. 이온 스퍼터를 이용하여 금 - 팔라듐 금속 스텁과 코트에 샘플을 탑재합니다. </li></ol> SEM 5. 관측 <ol><li> SEM에 의해 관찰하고, 디지털 카메라로 화상을 기록주사 전자 현미경에 장착. </li><li> 분석을 위해 PC에 디지털 화상 데이터를 전송. </li></ol>

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E., Setou, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tubulin+polyglutamylation+is+essential+for+airway+ciliary+function+through+the+regulation+of+beating+asymmetry.">Tubulin polyglutamylation is essential for airway ciliary function through the regulation of beating asymmetry.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 107 (23), 10490-10495 (2010).</li><li>Foster, K. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+the+ciliary/flagellar+beating+of+Chlamydomonas.">Analysis of the ciliary/flagellar beating of Chlamydomonas.</a> Methods in Cell Biology. 91, 173-239 (2009).</li><li>Lechtreck, K. -. F., Sanderson, M. J., Witman, G. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-speed+digital+imaging+of+ependymal+cilia+in+the+murine+brain.">High-speed digital imaging of ependymal cilia in the murine brain.</a> Methods in Cell Biology. 91, 255-264 (2009).</li><li>Okada, Y., Hirokawa, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Observation+of+nodal+cilia+movement+and+measurement+of+nodal+flow.">Observation of nodal cilia movement and measurement of nodal flow.</a> Methods in Cell Biology. 91, 265-285 (2009).</li><li>Chilvers, M. A., Rutman, A., O&#8217;Callaghan, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ciliary+beat+pattern+is+associated+with+specific+ultrastructural+defects+in+primary+ciliary+dyskinesia.">Ciliary beat pattern is associated with specific ultrastructural defects in primary ciliary dyskinesia.</a> The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 112 (3), 518-524 (2003).</li><li>Takeda, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Left-right+asymmetry+and+kinesin+superfamily+protein+KIF3A:+new+insights+in+determination+of+laterality+and+mesoderm+induction+by+kif3A-/-+mice+analysis.">Left-right asymmetry and kinesin superfamily protein KIF3A: new insights in determination of laterality and mesoderm induction by kif3A-/- mice analysis.</a> The Journal of Cell Biology. 145 (4), 825-836 (1999).</li><li>Karnovsky, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+formaldehyde-glutaraldehyde+fixative+of+high+osmolarity+for+use+in+electron+microscopy.">A formaldehyde-glutaraldehyde fixative of high osmolarity for use in electron microscopy.</a> The Journal of Cell Biology. 27, 137-138A (1965).</li></ol>

저자는 그들이 더 경쟁 재정적 이익이 없다는 것을 선언합니다. 이 논문은 고립 된 맥락총 조직에서 섬모의 운동성을 관찰하는 자세한 방법을보고하는 것을 목적으로한다. 과학 참신는 이전의 연구 1,8에서보고되었다.

이 방법의 관점 여기에 설명 된 기술은 이전에 발행 된 방법보다 섬모의 더 상세한 분석을 제공하지 않지만,이 기술의 중요성은 쉽게 섬모 운동 생체의 종류를 선별에 적용 할 수있는 시스템 및 비용 효율성의 단순성에있다. 특히, TI 워크 벤치 관찰하고 더 쉽게 섬모의 운동성을 분석하는 연구를 할 수있는 간단하고 사용자 친화적 인 인터페이스를 제공합니다. 효과적...

Cilia are hair-like projections on the surface of most vertebrate cells, which have attracted attention by medical researchers because of a class of diseases termed ciliopathies2&#8211;4. Despite the ubiquitous expression of the organelle, a wide variety of ciliary functions have been reported, including motility and biosensing. For example, motile cilia on the mucoepithelial surface transport mucus5 and epithelial debris to the outlet of tracts, thereby preventing disease by clearing the surface of epithelia. Moreover, during early developmental periods and embryonic stages, cilia regulate the proliferation of stem cells6, and are involved in the determination of left&#8211;right asymmetry of the vertebrate body7. 
Choroid plexus epithelial cells (CPECs) are derivatives of neuroepithelial cells that cover the surface of the choroid plexus tissue in the brain, which play important roles in maintaining homeostasis of the intracranial environment by production of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). It has been previously demonstrated that CPECs have multiple non-motile cilia that regulate the production of CSF through G-protein-coupled receptors that are specifically concentrated on the cilia8. Although these cilia had been regarded as quiescent non-motile cilia, it was discovered that some CPEC cilia exhibit transient motility during the neonatal period1. This finding was quite important because it revealed that so-called non-motile cilia are not necessarily immotile from the beginning of development and might display transient motility during specific time windows, possibly in response to specific physiological demands and functions9. To precisely describe the motile nature of CPEC cilia, it is necessary to develop an ex vivo observation system that encompasses analysis of the kinetic profiles unique to CPEC cilia. 
With respect to motility, although several technical reports have described observations of the motile cilia of the tracheal epithelium5,10, motile single-cell flagella11, so-called conventional motile cilia12, and nodal cilia13, detailed analytical methods applicable to relatively undulated structures such as the choroid plexus have not been well documented so far. Moreover, a high time resolution is required to analyze the ciliary movement of CPECs, in which expensive high-speed cameras are indispensable. To circumvent this necessity and simplify monitoring the ciliary motility of various cell types, a low cost, high-speed camera has been introduced, and an easily accessible and convenient method to record the motility of motile cilia, especially to describe the speed and pattern of motion of each cilium, has been developed1. Moreover, original image analysis software &#8220;TI Workbench&#8221; has been used here to facilitate detailed analysis of motility. Collectively, this method provides a new concise strategy to analyze ciliary motion together with correlative scanning electron microscopy (SEM), which can be adopted in a wide range of cilium research.

<table><tbody><tr><td colspan="4">&lt;strong&gt;Required reagents&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">&lt;strong&gt;for live cell imaging&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>ethanol</td><td>Wako Chemicals</td><td>057-00456</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Leibovitz L-15 medium</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>11415-064</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">&lt;strong&gt;for SEM preparation&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>ethanol</td><td>Wako Chemicals</td><td>057-00456</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hank&#039;s balanced salt solution</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>14170112</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>paraformaldehyde&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Merck</td><td>1040051000</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>glutaraldehyde&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Nacalai tesque</td><td>17003-05</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>isoamyl acetate</td><td>Nacalai tesque</td><td>02710-95</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Molecular Sieves 4A 1/8&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Wako Chemicals</td><td>130-08655</td><td>for preparation of anhydrous ethanol</td></tr><tr><td>phosphate buffer saline (PBS)</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>D1408</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>phosphate buffer, 0.1 M</td><td></td><td></td><td>To make 100 ml, mix 19.0 ml of 0.1&amp;nbsp;M NaH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;PO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; and 81.0 ml of 0.1&amp;nbsp;M Na&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;HPO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>monosodium phosphate (dihydrate)</td><td>Nacalai tesque</td><td>31718-15</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>disodium phosphate (anhydrous)</td><td>Nacalai tesque</td><td>31801-05</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>suclose</td><td>Nacalai tesque</td><td>30406-25</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>osmium tetroxide</td><td>Nisshin EM</td><td>300</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>dry ice</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">[header]</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">&lt;strong&gt;Tools and materials for dissection&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">&lt;strong&gt;for both live imaging and SEM preparation&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>stereo microscope</td><td>Olympus</td><td>SZX7</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>flat paper towel</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&amp;Phi;10 cm plastic dish</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>100 ml beaker</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>straight operating scissors</td><td>Sansyo</td><td>S-2B</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>watchmaker forceps</td><td>Dumont</td><td>No.DU-3 or -4, INOX</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">&lt;strong&gt;for live cell imaging&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>glass bottom dish</td><td>Matsunami Glass</td><td>D110300</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">&lt;strong&gt;for SEM preparation&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>alminum foil</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>5 ml glass vial with a polyethylene cap</td><td>Nichiden Rika-Glass</td><td>PS-5A</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>transfer pipette</td><td>Samco Scientific</td><td>SM251-1S</td><td>for specimen tranfer</td></tr><tr><td>toothpick</td><td></td><td></td><td>for specimen transfer</td></tr><tr><td>ion sputter with gold-palladium</td><td>Hitachi</td><td>E-1030</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>critical point dryer</td><td>Hitachi</td><td>HCP-2</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">[header]</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">&lt;strong&gt;Microscopic equipment and materials&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">&lt;strong&gt;for live cell imaging&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>inverted microscope</td><td>Olympus</td><td>IX81</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>100 W mercury lump housing and power supply</td><td>Olympus</td><td>U-ULH and BH2-RFL-T3</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>100 W mercury lamp</td><td>Ushio</td><td>USH103D</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DIC condenser, n.a. 0.55</td><td>Olympus</td><td>IX-LWUCD</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>electrrical shutter</td><td>Vincent Associates</td><td>VS35S22M1R3-24 and VMM-D1</td><td>manual shutter can be used.</td></tr><tr><td>band-pass filter (400-700&amp;nbsp;nm, &amp;Phi;45&amp;nbsp;mm)</td><td>Koshin Kagaku</td><td>C10-110621-1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ND filter (&amp;Phi;45 mm)</td><td>Olympus</td><td>45ND6, 45ND25</td><td>combination of 25% and 6% ND filters are used</td></tr><tr><td>objective lens (water immersion) with DIC element</td><td>Olympus</td><td>UApo 40XW/340, n.a., 1.15 with IX-DPAO40</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>high-speed video camera</td><td>Allied Vision Technologies</td><td>GE680</td><td>&amp;#8805;200 Hz frame rate and 1 msec expose time</td></tr><tr><td>image acquisition / analysis software</td><td>in-hous software</td><td>TI Workbench</td><td>capable of acquisition at high frame rates.</td></tr><tr><td>PC for camera control / analysis</td><td>Apple</td><td>Mac Pro</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>vibration isolation table</td><td>Meiritsu Seiki</td><td>AD0806</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>weight for tissue</td><td>Warner Instruments</td><td>slice anchor kits</td><td>It can be made with nylon mesh glued to a U-shape squashed &amp;Phi;0.5&amp;nbsp;mm platinum wire.</td></tr><tr><td>cover glass (alternative weight for tissue)</td><td>Matsunami</td><td>made-to-order</td><td>A cover glass can be used as a tissue weight.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">&lt;strong&gt;for SEM&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>inverted microscope</td><td>Olympus</td><td>IX81</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>scanning electron microscope</td><td>JEOL</td><td>JSM-6510</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

observation of the ciliary movement of choroid plexus epithelial cells ex vivo

The choroid plexus is located in the ventricular wall of the brain, the main function of which is believed to be production of cerebrospinal fluid. Choroid plexus epithelial cells (CPECs) covering the surface of choroid plexus tissue harbor multiple unique cilia, but most of the functions of these cilia remain to be investigated. To uncover the function of CPEC cilia with particular reference to their motility, an ex vivo observation system was developed to monitor ciliary motility during embryonic, perinatal and postnatal periods. The choroid plexus was dissected out of the brain ventricle and observed under a video-enhanced contrast microscope equipped with differential interference contrast optics. Under this condition, a simple and quantitative method was developed to analyze the motile profiles of CPEC cilia for several hours ex vivo. Next, the morphological changes of cilia during development were observed by scanning electron microscopy to elucidate the relationship between the morphological maturity of cilia and motility. Interestingly, this method could delineate changes in the number and length of cilia, which peaked at postnatal day (P) 2, while the beating frequency reached a maximum at P10, followed by abrupt cessation at P14. These techniques will enable elucidation of the functions of cilia in various tissues. While related techniques have been published in a previous report1, the current study focuses on detailed techniques to observe the motility and morphology of CPEC cilia ex vivo.

흐름의 개요는 이미지 장치를 포함하여,도 1에 도시된다. CPECs의 라이브 모션 관측 영화 1 산기 마우스로부터 단리 CPECs의 동영상을 도시하고, 동영상이 동영상 1 이미지의 확대도를 도시한다. 그것은 개별 섬모 팁 영화와 비교 정지 화상 불명확하다는 것을 알아야한다.이 프로그램을도 동영상 1 및도 <str...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Observation of the Ciliary Movement of Choroid Plexus Epithelial Cells Ex Vivo at JoVE.com

Observation of the Ciliary Movement of Choroid Plexus Epithelial Cells Ex Vivo

In this study, a detailed light microscopic technique was optimized for real-time observation and analysis of the motion of CPEC cilia ex vivo together with an electron microscopic method for ultrastructural analysis.

맥락총 상피 세포의 섬모 운동의 관측<em&gt; 전의 VIVO</em

The choroid plexus is located in the ventricular wall of the brain, the main function of which is believed to be production of cerebrospinal fluid. ...

observation-ciliary-movement-choroid-plexus-epithelial-cells-ex

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Neuroscience

Observation of the Ciliary Movement of Choroid Plexus Epithelial Cells Ex Vivo

12.1K 조회수.  Waseda University. In this study, a detailed light microscopic technique was optimized for real-time observation and analysis of the motion of CPEC cilia ex vivo together with an electron microscopic method for ultrastructural analysis.

비디오: Observation of the Ciliary Movement of Choroid Plexus Epithelial Cells Ex Vivo

Culturing of Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells on an Ex Vivo Model of Aged Human Bruch's Membrane

Aside from vitamins and antioxidants recommended by the Age-Related Eye Disease Study, there is no effective therapy for &#34;dry,&#34;&#160;or atrophic age-related macular degeneration (AMD) which represents 90% of the cases. Therapies are needed to slow or retard the development of geographic atrophy (GA), and understanding Bruch&#39;s membrane pathology is part of this process. Alterations in human Bruch&#39;s membrane precede the progression of AMD by contributing to the damage of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. Given the lack of sufficient animal models to study AMD, ex vivo models of aged human Bruch&#39;s membrane serve as a useful tool to study the behavior of RPE cells from immortalized and primary cell lines as well as RPE lines derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Here, we present a detailed method that allows one to determine the effects of RPE cell behavior seeded on harvested human Bruch&#39;s membrane explants from human donors, including attachment, apoptosis and proliferation, ability to phagocytize photoreceptor outer segments, establishment of polarity, and gene expression. This assay provides an ex vivo model of aged Bruch&#39;s membrane to assess the functional characteristics of RPE cells when seeded on aged/compromised extracellular matrix.

Culturing of Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells on an Ex Vivo Model of Aged Human Bruch's Membrane

The goal of this protocol is to demonstrate the culturing of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells on aged and/or diseased human Bruch&#39;s membrane. This method is suitable to study RPE cell behavior on a compromised extracellular matrix.

세 인간 Bruch 막의 Ex Vivo 모델에서 망막 안료 상피 세포의 배양

Aside from vitamins and antioxidants recommended by the Age-Related Eye Disease Study, there is no effective therapy for &#34;dry,&#34;&#160;or atrophic ...

연구

발생학

Live Imaging of the Ependymal Cilia in the Lateral Ventricles of the Mouse Brain

Multiciliated ependymal cells line the ventricles in the adult brain. Abnormal function or structure of ependymal cilia is associated with various neurological deficits. The current ex vivo live imaging of motile ependymal cilia technique allows for a detailed study of ciliary dynamics following several steps. These steps include: mice euthanasia with carbon dioxide according to protocols of The University of Toledo&#8217;s Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC); craniectomy followed by brain removal and sagittal brain dissection with a vibratome or sharp blade to obtain very thin sections through the brain lateral ventricles, where the ependymal cilia can be visualized. Incubation of the brain&#8217;s slices in a customized glass-bottom plate containing Dulbecco&#8217;s Modified Eagle&#8217;s Medium (DMEM)/High-Glucose at 37 &#176;C in the presence of 95%/5% O2/CO2 mixture is essential to keep the tissue alive during the experiment. A video of the cilia beating is then recorded using a high-resolution differential interference contrast microscope. The video is then analyzed frame by frame to calculate the ciliary beating frequency. This allows distinct classification of the ependymal cells into three categories or types based on their ciliary beating frequency and angle. Furthermore, this technique allows the use of high-speed fluorescence imaging analysis to characterize the unique intracellular calcium oscillation properties of ependymal cells as well as the effect of pharmacological agents on the calcium oscillations and the ciliary beating frequency. In addition, this technique is suitable for immunofluorescence imaging for ciliary structure and ciliary protein localization studies. This is particularly important in disease diagnosis and phenotype studies. The main limitation of the technique is attributed to the decrease in live motile cilia movement as the brain tissue starts to die.

Using high-resolution differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy, an ex vivo observation of the beating of motile ependymal cilia located within the mouse brain ventricles is demonstrated by live-imaging. The technique allows a recording of the unique ciliary beating frequency and beating angle as well as their intracellular calcium oscillation pacing properties.

마우스 뇌의 좌우 심실의 뇌실막 섬모의 라이브 영상

Multiciliated ependymal cells line the ventricles in the adult brain. Abnormal function or structure of ependymal cilia is associated with various ...

신경과학

Ex vivo Method for High Resolution Imaging of Cilia Motility in Rodent Airway Epithelia

An ex vivo technique for imaging mouse airway epithelia for quantitative analysis of motile cilia function important for insight into mucociliary clearance function has been established. Freshly harvested mouse trachea is cut longitudinally through the trachealis muscle and mounted in a shallow walled chamber on a glass-bottomed dish. The trachea sample is positioned along its long axis to take advantage of the trachealis muscle to curl longitudinally. This allows imaging of ciliary motion in the profile view along the entire tracheal length. Videos at 200 frames/sec are obtained using differential interference contrast microscopy and a high speed digital camera to allow quantitative analysis of cilia beat frequency and ciliary waveform. With the addition of fluorescent beads during imaging, cilia generated fluid flow also can be determined. The protocol time spans approximately 30 min, with 5 min for chamber preparation, 5-10 min for sample mounting, and 10-15 min for videomicroscopy.

Ex vivo Method for High Resolution Imaging of Cilia Motility in Rodent Airway Epithelia

An easy and reliable technique for visualizing and quantifying airway cilia motility and cilia generated flow using mouse trachea is described. This technique can be modified to determine how a wide range of factors influence cilia motility, including pharmacological agents, genetic factors, environmental exposures, and/or mechanical factors such as mucus load.

설치류기도 상피의 섬모 운동성의 높은 해상도 이미지를위한 생체 방법

An ex vivo technique for imaging mouse airway epithelia for quantitative  analysis of motile cilia function important for insight into mucociliary  ...

생물학

Isolation and Culture of Chick Ciliary Ganglion Neurons

Chick ciliary ganglia (CG) are part of the parasympathetic nervous system and are responsible for the innervation of the muscle tissues present in the eye. This ganglion is constituted by a homogenous population of ciliary and choroidal neurons that innervate striated and smooth muscle fibers, respectively. Each of these neuronal types regulate specific eye structures and functions. Over the years, neuronal cultures of the chick ciliary ganglia were shown to be effective cell models in the study of muscle-nervous system interactions, which communicate through cholinergic synapses. Ciliary ganglion neurons are, in its majority, cholinergic. This cell model has been shown to be useful comparatively to previously used heterogeneous cell models that comprise several neuronal types, besides cholinergic. Anatomically, the ciliary ganglion is localized between the optic nerve (ON) and the choroid fissure (CF). Here, we describe a detailed procedure for the dissection, dissociation and in vitro culture of ciliary ganglia neurons from chick embryos. We provide a step-by-step protocol in order to obtain highly pure and stable cellular cultures of CG neurons, highlighting key steps of the process. These cultures can be maintained in vitro for 15 days and, hereby, we show the normal development of CG cultures. The results also show that these neurons can interact with muscle fibers through neuro-muscular cholinergic synapses.

Chick ciliary ganglia (CG) are part of the parasympathetic nervous system. Neuronal cultures of chick CG neurons were shown to be effective cell models in the study of nerve muscle interactions. We describe a detailed protocol for the dissection, dissociation and in vitro culture of CG neurons from chick embryos.

독실성 신경절 뉴런의 고립과 문화

Chick ciliary ganglia (CG) are part of the parasympathetic nervous system and are responsible for the innervation of the muscle tissues present in the ...

Microsurgical Dissection and Tissue Clearing for High Resolution Intact Whole Retina and Vitreous Imaging

Neuronal and vascular structures of the retina in physiologic and pathologic conditions can be better visualized and characterized by using intact whole retina imaging techniques compared to conventional retinal flat mount preparations and sections. However, immunofluorescent imaging of intact whole retina is hindered by the opaque coatings of the eyeball, i.e., sclera, choroid, and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and the light scattering properties of retinal layers that prevent full thickness high resolution optical imaging. Chemical bleaching of the pigmented layers and tissue clearing protocols have been described to address these obstacles; however, currently described methods are not suitable for imaging endogenous fluorescent molecules such as green fluorescent protein (GFP) in intact whole retina. Other approaches bypassed this limitation by surgical removal of pigmented layers and the anterior segment of the eyeball allowing intact eye imaging, though the peripheral retina and hyaloid structures were disrupted. Presented here is an intact whole retina and vitreous immunofluorescent imaging protocol that combines surgical dissection of the sclera/choroid/retina pigment epithelium (RPE) layers with a modified tissue clearing method and light sheet fluorescent microscopy (LSFM). The new approach offers an unprecedented view of&#160;unperturbed vascular and neuronal elements of the retina as well as the vitreous and hyaloid vascular system in pathologic conditions.

Presented here is a protocol for intact whole retina imaging in which the outer opaque/pigmented layers of the eyeball are surgically removed, and optical clearing is applied to render retina transparent enabling the visualization of the peripheral retina and hyaloid vasculature in intact retina using light sheet fluorescent microscopy.

Neuronal and vascular structures of the retina in physiologic and pathologic conditions can be better visualized and characterized by using intact whole ...

Full-Circle Cauterization of Limbal Vascular Plexus for Surgically Induced Glaucoma in Rodents

Glaucoma, the second leading cause of blindness worldwide, is a heterogeneous group of ocular disorders characterized by structural damage to the optic nerve and retinal ganglion cell (RGC) degeneration, resulting in visual dysfunction by interrupting the transmission of visual information from the eye to the brain. Elevated intraocular pressure is the most important risk factor; thus, several models of ocular hypertension have been developed in rodents by either genetic or experimental approaches to investigate the causes and effects of the disease. Among those, some limitations have been reported such as surgical invasiveness, inadequate functional assessment, requirement of extensive training, and highly variable extension of retinal damage. The present work characterizes a simple, low-cost, and efficient method to induce ocular hypertension in rodents, based on low-temperature, full-circle cauterization of the limbal vascular plexus, a major component of aqueous humor drainage. The new model provides a technically easy, noninvasive, and reproducible subacute ocular hypertension, associated with progressive RGC and optic nerve degeneration, and a unique post-operative clinical recovery rate that allows in vivo functional studies by both electrophysiological and behavioral methods.

The goal of this protocol is to characterize a novel model of glaucomatous neurodegeneration based on 360&#176; thermic cauterization of limbal vascular plexus, inducing subacute ocular hypertension.

설치류의 외과적으로 유도된 녹내장에 대한 Limbal Vascular Plexus의 전체 원형 소작

Glaucoma, the second leading cause of blindness worldwide, is a heterogeneous group of ocular disorders characterized by structural damage to the optic ...

Microdissection and Whole Mount Scanning Electron Microscopy Visualization of Mouse Choroid Plexus

The choroid plexus (CP), a highly vascularized structure protruding into the ventricles of the brain, is one of the most understudied tissues in neuroscience. As it is becoming increasingly clear that this tiny structure plays a crucial role in health and disease of the central nervous system (CNS), it is of utmost importance to properly dissect the CP out of the brain ventricles in a way that allows downstream processing, ranging from functional to structural analysis. Here, isolation of the lateral and fourth brain ventricle mouse CP without the need for specialized tools or equipment is described. This isolation technique preserves the viability, function, and structure of cells within the CP. On account of its high vascularization, the CP can be visualized floating inside the ventricular cavities of the brain using a binocular microscope. However, transcardial perfusion required for downstream analysis can complicate the identification of the CP tissue. Depending on the further processing steps (e.g., RNA and protein analysis), this can be solved by visualizing the CP via transcardial perfusion with bromophenol blue. After isolation, the CP can be processed using several techniques, including RNA, protein, or single cell analysis, to gain further understanding on the function of this special brain structure. Here, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) on whole mount CP is used to get an overall view of the structure.

The choroid plexus (CP), an understudied tissue in neuroscience, plays a key role in health and disease of the central nervous system. This protocol describes a microdissection technique for isolating the CP and the use of scanning electron microscopy to obtain an overall view of its cellular structure.

The choroid plexus (CP), a highly vascularized structure protruding into the ventricles of the brain, is one of the most understudied tissues in ...

An Ex Vivo Choroid Sprouting Assay of Ocular Microvascular Angiogenesis

Pathological choroidal angiogenesis, a salient feature of age-related macular degeneration, leads to vision impairment and blindness. Endothelial cell (EC) proliferation assays using human retinal microvascular endothelial cells (HRMECs) or isolated primary retinal ECs are widely used in vitro models to study retinal angiogenesis. However, isolating pure murine retinal endothelial cells is technically challenging and retinal ECs may have different proliferation responses than choroidal endothelial cells and different cell/cell interactions. A highly reproducible ex vivo choroidal sprouting assay as a model of choroidal microvascular proliferation was developed. This model includes the interaction between choroid vasculature (EC, macrophages, pericytes) and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Mouse RPE/choroid/scleral explants are isolated and incubated in growth-factor-reduced basal membrane extract (BME) (day 0). Medium is changed every other day and choroid sprouting is quantified at day 6. The images of individual choroid explant are taken with an inverted phase microscope and the sprouting area is quantified using a semi-automated macro plug-in to the ImageJ software developed in this lab. This reproducible ex vivo choroidal sprouting assay can be used to assess compounds for potential treatment and for microvascular disease research to assess pathways involved in choroidal micro vessel proliferation using wild type and genetically modified mouse tissue.

This protocol presents choroid sprouting assay, an ex vivo model of microvascular proliferation. This assay can be used to assess pathways involved in proliferating choroidal micro vessels and assess drug treatments using wild type and genetically modified mouse tissue.

안구 미세 혈관 신생의 전 비보 코로이드 발아 분석

Pathological choroidal angiogenesis, a salient feature of age-related macular degeneration, leads to vision impairment and blindness. Endothelial cell ...

Choroid Sprouting Assay to Study Ocular Microvascular Proliferation Ex Vivo

Source: Tomita, Y., et al. <a href="https://app.jove.com/v/61677">An Ex Vivo Choroid Sprouting Assay of Ocular Microvascular Angiogenesis.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (2020)
This video demonstrates the development of an ex vivo model of choroidal sprouting to study ocular microvascular angiogenesis. The assay involves culturing mouse eye explants containing the choroid tissue attached to the sclera and retinal pigment epithelium under specific conditions that promote choroidal microvascular sprouting.

생체 외 안구 미세혈관 증식을 연구하기 위한 맥락막 발아 분석

Source: Tomita, Y., et al. An Ex Vivo Choroid Sprouting Assay of Ocular Microvascular Angiogenesis. J. Vis. Exp. (2020)
This video demonstrates the ...

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Cell-based assays

Isolating Immune Cells from Mouse Choroid Plexuses

Source: Dominguez-Belloso, et al. <a href="https://app.jove.com/v/63487">Isolation and Characterization of the Immune Cells from Micro-dissected Mouse Choroid Plexuses.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (2022)
This video demonstrates the procedure of isolating immune cells from mouse choroid plexuses. This procedure is used in neuroimmunology research to understand how immune cells in the choroid plexuses impact brain health and various neurological diseases.

All procedures involving animal models have been reviewed by the local institutional animal care committee and the JoVE veterinary review board. 
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