著者らは、分子遺伝学のコア（眼科およびVisual科学科）の医学のセントルイス校のワシントン大学でマウス遺伝学コアの形態とイメージングコアのスタッフに、感謝します。作者は、携帯用のマクドネルセンター分子神経生物学、神経疾患のためのホープセンターから小規模助成プログラムでサポートされている、国立眼研究所（DHへ＃R01EY022632）、国立眼研究所センターコアグラント（＃1 P30EY002687）と眼科およびVisual科学科に失明を防止するための研究から無制限の助成金。

倫理声明：動物を対象とする手順は、セントルイスにあるワシントン大学の施設内動物管理使用委員会（IACUC）によって承認されました。 1.マウスの繁殖とジェノタイピング<ol><li> （PCP2Cre CAG-EGFP / KASH2）19,20のTgを生成するためのTg（CAG-LacZを/ EGFP-KASH2）Tgを有するマウス（PCP2-CRE）マウスを飼育。注：このプロトコルの残りは小脳内のプルキンエ細胞にEGFP-KASH2発現を制限するためのTg（PCP2-CRE）マウス系統の使用に焦点を当てているが、同様の手順は、他のTg（CRE）マウスで追跡することができます（ 図2A）。 </li><li>以前に19を説明したように、両方のEGFPとのCre導入遺伝子を保有する子犬を識別するために、遺伝子型判定を行います。 </li></ol>解剖および組織収集のための材料の作製<ol><li> -20℃で30％のPBS中のスクロース（1×PBS、30gのスクロース/ 100ミリリットル）と店の100ミリリットルを準備します。組織Hの日transcardial灌流35 mlシリンジにarvesting、解凍およびショ糖液の負荷〜30〜35ミリリットル。 </li><li> PBS中の4％PFA（10ミリリットル、16％パラホルムアルデヒド、30 mlのPBS）の40ミリリットルを準備します。 transcardial灌流35 mlシリンジにロード〜30〜35ミリリットルの4％PFA。 </li><li>組織切開のためにPBS 10mlで10cmの組織培養プレートを埋めます。 </li><li> 16 mg / mlのケタミンおよび3 mg / mlのキシラジンから成るケタミン/キシラジンのカクテルを用意します。 </li><li>解剖のための70％エタノール溶液を調製します。 </li></ol> 3.解剖と組織収集<ol><li> 1mlシリンジを使用して、体重25グラムあたりのケタミン/キシラジンのカクテルの500μLを注入し、15分〜を待ちます。あるいは、目的の生物学的システムに適した別の制度承認鎮静メソッドを使用します。 </li><li>鎮静時に、そっとの背側と発泡スチロールのトレイ上のすべての足をピン、疼痛応答の欠如を確認するために、後部足を挟まマウスを下に向けて。 </li><li> 70％エタノールで腹部をスプレーし、心臓へのアクセスを得るために胸郭の上に下腹部から切開を行います。 </li><li>心臓の右心房に小さな切開を行い、心臓の左心室に30％ショ糖溶液を含む注射器を挿入します。 </li><li> 〜2〜5ミリリットルあたり分の速度で溶液を灌流。ときに空のシリンジを除去し、4％PFA溶液で繰り返します。 </li><li>発泡スチロールのトレイからマウスの固定を解除し、脳にアクセスするために首を切ります。 </li><li>ピンセットやハサミを用いて動物の頭の周りの皮膚を削除します。針で頭蓋骨の後部の穴を突く、慎重にはさみや解剖鉗子で頭蓋骨を削除します。 </li><li>脳は明らかにアクセス可能になると、小脳を除去し、PBS中でそれを置くために鉗子を使用しています。メスで矢状面で小脳を二等分し、4℃で一晩、30％スクロース溶液に移します。注：準備へパラフィン切片は、組織が埋め込み、切片の前に4％PFA中で4℃で一晩小脳を修正しています。 </li></ol> 4.組織処理とセクショニング<ol><li>ドライアイスのスラリーと2-メチルブタンを準備します。浴の温度を5分間平衡化させます。 </li><li> OCT化合物でcryomoldを記入し、金型に二分小脳の半分を置きます。 </li><li>解剖顕微鏡とピンセット位置のペア（小脳の正中線に近い）二等分面が上を向いているように、小脳を使用。 </li><li> OCT化合物は、組織標本の周りの白色の固体マトリックスを形成されるまで5分間ドライアイススラリーにcryomoldを転送します。注：必要に応じて凍結標本は現在、-20℃で保存することができます。 </li><li>組織切片を収集するために前処理されたポリリジンスライドにラベルを付け、Cereの15ミクロン切片を収集するために、製造業者の指示に従ってクライオスタットを準備bellum。セクションを収集するには、慎重にスライドのポリリジンコーティングした側を10月セクションにお問い合わせください。セクションの向きを維持するために、このステップの間にスライドを回転させないでください。 </li><li> -20℃で保存組織切片染色およびイメージングに進むまで。 </li></ol> 5.染色および小脳切片のイメージング<ol><li>組織染色の前に、以下のソリューションを準備します。 PBSの〜50ミリリットル 〜PBS中の4％PFA 5〜10mlの 〜PBS中0.5％トリトンX-100、10％ロバ血清の10-20 mlの</li><li>小脳のセクションを解凍します。重要なことは、EGFPの退色を防止するために、連続した強い光の任意のソースへの露出を最小限に抑えることができます。 </li><li>疎水性バリアペンを使用して、組織切片の周囲に四角形を描画します。 </li><li> 5分間、4％PFAでセクションをポスト修正。疎水性バリア（通常〜500μL）で区切ら領域全体をカバーするのに十分な液体を使用してください。真空またはピペットを使用して、再組織切片を乱さないように特に注意しながら固定液を移動します。 </li><li>ピペットを用いて、やさしく組織切片を乱すことなく、スライド上のPBSを適用します。 5分後、慎重に液体を除去するために真空またはピペットを使用しています。 PBSを繰り返して合計3回すすいでください。 </li><li>ピペットを使用して、慎重にPBS中0.5％トリトンX-100、10％ロバ血清中（溶液の900μLあたり3μlのカルビンジンおよび/またはNesprin2抗体）は、適切な一次抗体の希釈物を適用します。暗所で室温で1時間インキュベートします。 注：EGFP-KASH2は、凍結切片上の直接蛍光顕微鏡によって見えるようになり、それは抗EGFP抗体を利用する必要はありません。パラフィン切片を調製している場合は、EGFP-KASH2のイメージングは​​、抗EGFP抗体を用いた免疫検出を必要とします。 </li><li>抗体溶液を除去し、PBSで3回すすいでください。 </li><li> 、0.5％トリトンX-100でアレクサ・フルーア二次抗体の希釈液千：1を準備します10％ロバ血清、PBS中、暗所で保管してください。 </li><li>静かに最後のPBSリンスを削除し、暗所で1時間、二次抗体の希釈を適用します。 </li><li>二次抗体溶液を除去し、セクションを3回洗浄し、洗浄してください。必要であれば、最初のPBS適用中に、このようなDAPI​​などの核染色、（〜300nmの）を適用します。 </li><li>完全組織と組織切片上でメディアをマウントする場所〜5-7μlの周りからのPBS溶液を除去。組織切片の上にカバーガラスを置き、暗所で室温〜15〜30分間のために確保さ。 </li><li> EGFPおよびステップ5.8 / 5.9で使用される二次抗体のための適切な任意の他の波長を可視化するために、適切なフィルターを備えた蛍光顕微鏡を使用してください。小脳切片では、EGFP-KASH2核リムを表示するには、20Xの対物レンズを使用しています。 </li></ol>

<ol>
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著者らは、開示することは何もありません。

正常のTg（CAG-のLacZ / EGFP-KASH2）モデルを用いてインビボで LINC複合体の役割を研究するための最も重要なステップは、適切なのCreマウス系統を同定することです。 Creが同様の経路に関与する他の細胞型で活性であれば確かに、それは結果の解釈を複雑にすることができます。小脳（ 図2B）の分子および顆粒細胞層にここに示されるように、したがって、それは、近隣...

核膜（NE）は、細胞質から核質を分離します。これは、核膜孔に接続し、内側と外側核膜（INMとそれぞれONM）で構成されています。両方の膜で区切らルーメンは核周辺領域（PNS）と呼ばれています。 ONMは、粗面小胞体（ER）を拡張したものであり、INMは核ラミナ、核A-で表さタイプ-Vの中間フィラメントおよびB型ラミン1,2の網目構造に準拠しています。細胞核の骨格と細胞骨格（LINC）複合体のリンカーは、物理的に細胞骨格フィラメントと分子モーター（ 図1A）に核の内部を接続するための全体の核エンベロープにまたがる高分子集合体です。日（SAD1 / Unc84）タンパク質とNesprins（核膜SPectRINS）：彼らは、NEの一体型膜貫通型タンパク質の2家族を特徴づける進化的に保存されたモチーフ間の相互作用で構成されています。哺乳類では、Sun1とSun2 ARN末端 ​​核質地域INMの電子の膜貫通タンパク質は、A及びB型ラミン3-5と直接対話します。 INMの反対側には、PNS内、日タンパク質は、〜150のC末端アミノ酸の進化的に保存されたストレッチを抱い日ドメインと呼ばれます。日ドメインは、進化的に保存さKASH（Klarsicht / ANC-1、あれから相同性）ドメイン、Nesprinsの分子署名と直接対話。 KASHドメインは、膜貫通ドメイン6に続いて、PNS内に突出〜30のC末端アミノ酸のストレッチで構成されています。少なくとも4つの異なるNesprin遺伝子（Nesprin1-4）は、NE 7に局在KASH含有タンパク質をコードします。サイズ〜50kDa（Nesprin4）から驚くほどの千キロダルトン（Nesprin1巨人）に変わるNesprins、の細胞質領域は、複数のスペクトリンは、アクチン、プレクチンと分子モーター8のような細胞骨格成分との相互作用を可能にするだけでなく、特定のモチーフを繰り返し含ま13。 &lt;脊椎動物と無脊椎動物のpクラス= &quot;jove_content&quot;&gt;研究は、ラミン/日/ Nesprin /分子モーターは、進化的に保存された「軸」の核移行と足場を制御を構成していることが示されています。 LINC複雑なコンポーネントのいくつかのノックアウト（KO）マウスモデルが記載され、哺乳類の発生9,14,15中のNEで太陽とNesprinタンパク質の役割を理解するためのフレームワークを提供することに尽力したされています。最も顕著なのが、本これらのモデルには、いくつかの重大な欠点、：細胞非自律的効果による表現型の解釈に1）困難、KASHレスNesprinは16アイソフォーム対KASH含有の表現型の貢献を区別するのに2）難易度、3）多数の細胞タイプで、NEで太陽とNesprinタンパク質の機能的冗長性は、両方のKASHドメインを欠損したマウス17内のすべてのSUN-KASH相互作用およびマウスの4）周産期致死性を不活性化するために、複雑な繁殖スキームが必要ですNesprins1と2は、大人の表現型18の分析を排除します。 このプロトコルは、このように上記で概説した欠点の多くをバイパスして、細胞自律的かつ発生的に調節方法で、 生体内でのすべてのSUN-KASH相互作用を破壊するように設計された新規マウスモデルを記述しています。これのCre / LOXベースのマウスモデルは、2つの重要な概念に依存している：1）任意の公知Nesprinタンパク質のKASHドメインが細胞培養系内のNEにEGFPを標的とし、2）SUNドメインがの過剰発現、従って、KASHドメインと無差別に相互作用するのに十分です任意のKASHドメインは、すべての内因性日ドメインを飽和させ、ドミナントネガティブな方法17（ 図1B）にLINC複合体を不活性化します。このプロトコルは、小脳プルキンエ細胞内のすべてのSUN-KASHの相互作用の破壊を確認するために使用される組織の収穫と処理手順について説明します。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Sucrose</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>S0389</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10x PBS</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>14200-075</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>16% Paraformaldehyde Solution</td>
			<td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td>15710</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>OCT Compound</td>
			<td>Tissue-Tek</td>
			<td>4583</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Adhesion Slides</td>
			<td>StatLab</td>
			<td>M1000W</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Donkey Serum</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>D9663</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton X-100</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>T9284</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ImmuEdge Pen</td>
			<td>Vector Laboratories</td>
			<td>H-4000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-Calbindin Antibody</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>C9848</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-EGFP Antibody</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab13970</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-Nesprin2 Antibody</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Previously described in Ref. 21</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fluorescent Mounting Media</td>
			<td>Dako</td>
			<td>S3023</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2-methyl butane</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>O3551</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

validation of a mouse model to disrupt linc complexes in a cell-specific manner

Nuclear migration and anchorage within developing and adult tissues relies heavily upon large macromolecular protein assemblies called LInkers of the Nucleoskeleton and Cytoskeleton (LINC complexes). These protein scaffolds span the nuclear envelope and connect the interior of the nucleus to components of the surrounding cytoplasmic cytoskeleton. LINC complexes consist of two evolutionary-conserved protein families, Sun proteins and Nesprins that harbor C-terminal molecular signature motifs called the SUN and KASH domains, respectively. Sun proteins are transmembrane proteins of the inner nuclear membrane whose N-terminal nucleoplasmic domain interacts with the nuclear lamina while their C-terminal SUN domains protrudes into the perinuclear space and interacts with the KASH domain of Nesprins. Canonical Nesprin isoforms have a variable sized N-terminus that projects into the cytoplasm and interacts with components of the cytoskeleton. This protocol describes the validation of a dominant-negative transgenic mouse strategy that disrupts endogenous SUN/KASH interactions in a cell-type specific manner. Our approach is based on the Cre/Lox system that bypasses many drawbacks such as perinatal lethality and cell nonautonomous phenotypes that are associated with germline models of LINC complex inactivation. For this reason, this model provides a useful tool to understand the role of LINC complexes during development and homeostasis in a wide array of tissues.

このプロトコルは、Tgは（PCP2-CRE）マウスを用いた小脳プルキンエ細胞にEGFP-KASH2発現を制限するためのTg（CAG-LacZを/ EGFP-KASH2）マウスモデルの有用性を示しています。 Tgは（PCP2Cre CAG-EGFP / KASH2）の子孫では、LacZを/ V5オープンリーディングフレームは、それによって特異的にプルキンエ細胞（ 図2A）を対象とし、EGFP-KASH2の発現を導くCreリコンビナーゼによってP6で切除され?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Validation of a Mouse Model to Disrupt LINC Complexes in a Cell-specific Manner at JoVE.com

Validation of a Mouse Model to Disrupt LINC Complexes in a Cell-specific Manner

Nuclear envelope proteins play a central role in many basic biological processes and have been implicated in a variety of human diseases. This protocol describes a new Cre/Lox-based mouse model that allows for the spatiotemporal control of LINC complexes disruption.

細胞特異的にLINC複合体を破壊するマウスモデルの検証

Nuclear migration and anchorage within developing and adult tissues relies heavily upon large macromolecular protein assemblies called LInkers of the ...

validation-mouse-model-to-disrupt-linc-complexes-cell-specific

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

7.3K ビュー.  Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine. Nuclear envelope proteins play a central role in many basic biological processes and have been implicated in a variety of human diseases. This protocol describes a new Cre/Lox-based mouse model that allows for the spatiotemporal control of LINC complexes disruption.

ビデオ: Validation of a Mouse Model to Disrupt LINC Complexes in a Cell-specific Manner

Application of a C. elegans Dopamine Neuron Degeneration Assay for the Validation of Potential Parkinson's Disease Genes

Improvements to the diagnosis and treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD) are dependent upon knowledge about susceptibility factors that render populations at risk. In the process of attempting to identify novel genetic factors associated with PD, scientists have generated many lists of candidate genes, polymorphisms, and proteins that represent important advances, but these leads remain mechanistically undefined. Our work is aimed toward significantly narrowing such lists by exploiting the advantages of a simple animal model system. While humans have billions of neurons, the microscopic roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans has precisely 302, of which only eight produce dopamine (DA) in hemaphrodites. Expression of a human gene encoding the PD-associated protein, alpha-synuclein, in C. elegans DA neurons results in dosage and age-dependent neurodegeneration.
Worms expressing human alpha-synuclein in DA neurons are isogenic and express both GFP and human alpha-synuclein under the DA transporter promoter (Pdat-1). The presence of GFP serves as a readily visualized marker for following DA neurodegeneration in these animals. We initially demonstrated that alpha-synuclein-induced DA neurodegeneration could be rescued in these animals by torsinA, a protein with molecular chaperone activity 1. Further, candidate PD-related genes identified in our lab via large-scale RNAi screening efforts using an alpha-synuclein misfolding assay were then over-expressed in C. elegans DA neurons. We determined that five of seven genes tested represented significant candidate modulators of PD as they rescued alpha-synuclein-induced DA neurodegeneration 2. Additionally, the Lindquist Lab (this issue of JoVE) has performed yeast screens whereby alpha-synuclein-dependent toxicity is used as a readout for genes that can enhance or suppress cytotoxicity. We subsequently examined the yeast candidate genes in our C. elegans alpha-synuclein-induced neurodegeneration assay and successfully validated many of these targets 3, 4.
Our methodology involves generation of a C. elegans DA neuron-specific expression vector using recombinational cloning of candidate gene cDNAs under control of the Pdat-1 promoter. These plasmids are then microinjected in wild-type (N2) worms, along with a selectable marker for successful transformation. Multiple stable transgenic lines producing the candidate protein in DA neurons are obtained and then independently crossed into the alpha-synuclein degenerative strain and assessed for neurodegeneration, at both the animal and individual neuron level, over the course of aging.

Application of a C. elegans Dopamine Neuron Degeneration Assay for the Validation of Potential Parkinson&#039;s Disease Genes

This video demonstrates how to use C. elegans to assess dopaminergic neuron neurodegeneration as a model for Parkinson's disease. Furthermore, genetic screens are used to identify factors that either enhance degeneration or are neuroprotective.

潜在的なパーキンソン病の遺伝子を検証するための線虫のドーパミンニューロンの変性のアッセイのアプリケーション

Improvements to the diagnosis and treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD) are dependent upon knowledge about susceptibility factors that render populations ...

生物学

In vivo Imaging and Therapeutic Treatments in an Orthotopic Mouse Model of Ovarian Cancer

Human cancer and response to therapy is better represented in orthotopic animal models. This paper describes the development of an orthotopic mouse model of ovarian cancer, treatment of cancer via oral delivery of drugs, and monitoring of tumor cell behavior in response to drug treatment in real time using in vivo imaging system. In this orthotopic model, ovarian tumor cells expressing luciferase are applied topically by injecting them directly into the mouse bursa where each ovary is enclosed. Upon injection of D-luciferin, a substrate of firefly luciferase, luciferase-expressing cells generate bioluminescence signals. This signal is detected by the in vivo imaging system and allows for a non-invasive means of monitoring tumor growth, distribution, and regression in individual animals. Drug administration via oral gavage allows for a maximum dosing volume of 10 mL/kg body weight to be delivered directly to the stomach and closely resembles delivery of drugs in clinical treatments. Therefore, techniques described here, development of an orthotopic mouse model of ovarian cancer, oral delivery of drugs, and in vivo imaging, are useful for better understanding of human ovarian cancer and treatment and will improve targeting this disease.

In vivo Imaging and Therapeutic Treatments in an Orthotopic Mouse Model of Ovarian Cancer

Orthotopic animal models of ovarian cancer replicate better human disease and therefore enhance our understanding of cancer progression and tumor response to therapy. A mouse model receives an intrabursal injection of luciferase-expressing ovarian tumor cells. Treatment is administered via oral gavage. Tumor growth is monitored by in vivo imaging system.

生体イメージングおよび卵巣癌の同所性マウスモデルにおける治療的処置の

Human cancer and response to therapy is better represented in orthotopic animal models.  This paper describes the development of an orthotopic mouse model ...

Using Caenorhabditis elegans as a Model System to Study Protein Homeostasis in a Multicellular Organism

The folding and assembly of proteins is essential for protein function, the long-term health of the cell, and longevity of the organism. Historically, the function and regulation of protein folding was studied in vitro, in isolated tissue culture cells and in unicellular organisms. Recent studies have uncovered links between protein homeostasis (proteostasis), metabolism, development, aging, and temperature-sensing. These findings have led to the development of new tools for monitoring protein folding in the model metazoan organism Caenorhabditis elegans. In our laboratory, we combine behavioral assays, imaging and biochemical approaches using temperature-sensitive or naturally occurring metastable proteins as sensors of the folding environment to monitor protein misfolding. Behavioral assays that are associated with the misfolding of a specific protein provide a simple and powerful readout for protein folding, allowing for the fast screening of genes and conditions that modulate folding. Likewise, such misfolding can be associated with protein mislocalization in the cell. Monitoring protein localization can, therefore, highlight changes in cellular folding capacity occurring in different tissues, at various stages of development and in the face of changing conditions. Finally, using biochemical tools ex vivo, we can directly monitor protein stability and conformation. Thus, by combining behavioral assays, imaging and biochemical techniques, we are able to monitor protein misfolding at the resolution of the organism, the cell, and the protein, respectively.

Using Caenorhabditis elegans as a Model System to Study Protein Homeostasis in a Multicellular Organism

To study the relationship between protein homeostasis, stress and aging, we monitored changes in protein folding by following protein dysfunction, protein localization in the cell and protein stability at the organismal, cellular and protein levels, using the genetically tractable metazoan Caenorhabditis elegans as a model system.

The folding and assembly of proteins is essential for protein function, the long-term health of the cell, and longevity of the organism. Historically, the ...

Nephrotoxin Microinjection in Zebrafish to Model Acute Kidney Injury

The kidneys are susceptible to harm from exposure to chemicals they filter from the bloodstream. This can lead to organ injury associated with a rapid decline in renal function and development of the clinical syndrome known as acute kidney injury (AKI). Pharmacological agents used to treat medical circumstances ranging from bacterial infection to cancer, when administered individually or in combination with other drugs, can initiate AKI. Zebrafish are a useful animal model to study the chemical effects on renal function in vivo, as they form an embryonic kidney comprised of nephron functional units that are conserved with higher vertebrates, including humans. Further, zebrafish can be utilized to perform genetic and chemical screens, which provide opportunities to elucidate the cellular and molecular facets of AKI and develop therapeutic strategies such as the identification of nephroprotective molecules. Here, we demonstrate how microinjection into the zebrafish embryo can be utilized as a paradigm for nephrotoxin studies.

Renal injuries incurred from nephrotoxins, which include drugs ranging from antibiotics to chemotherapeutics, can result in complex disorders whose pathogenesis remains incompletely understood. This protocol demonstrates how zebrafish can be used for disease modeling of these conditions, which can be applied to the identification of renoprotective measures.

ゼブラフィッシュにおける腎毒素マイクロインジェクションは急性腎障害をモデルに

The kidneys are susceptible to harm from exposure to chemicals they filter from the bloodstream. This can lead to organ injury associated with a rapid ...

Trans-inner Cell Mass Injection of Embryonic Stem Cells Leads to Higher Chimerism Rates

In an effort to increase efficiency in the creation of genetically modified mice via ES Cell methodologies, we present an adaptation to the current blastocyst injection protocol. Here we report that a simple rotation of the embryo, and injection through Trans-Inner cell mass (TICM) increased the percentage of chimeric mice from 31% to 50%, with no additional equipment or further specialized training. 26 different inbred clones, and 35 total clones were injected over a period of 9 months. There was no significant difference in either pregnancy rate or recovery rate of embryos between traditional injection techniques and TICM. Therefore, without any major alteration in the injection process and a simple positioning of the blastocyst and injecting through the ICM, releasing the ES cells into the blastocoel cavity can potentially improve the quantity of chimeric production and subsequent germline transmission.

Here we present a protocol to increase chimera production without the use of new equipment. A simple orientation change of the embryo for injection can increase the number of embryos produced, and potentially reduce the timeline to germline transmission.

トランス内部細胞のキメリズム率が高いため、胚性幹細胞の大量注入

In an effort to increase efficiency in the creation of genetically modified mice via ES Cell methodologies, we present an adaptation to the current ...

A Flow Cytometry-based Assay to Identify Compounds That Disrupt Binding of Fluorescently-labeled CXC Chemokine Ligand 12 to CXC Chemokine Receptor 4

Pharmacological targeting of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) is of great importance to human health, as dysfunctional GPCR-mediated signaling contributes to the progression of many diseases. The ligand/receptor pair CXC chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12)/CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) has raised significant clinical interest, for instance as a potential target for the treatment of cancer and inflammatory diseases. Small molecules as well as therapeutic antibodies that specifically target CXCR4 and inhibit the receptor&#39;s function are therefore considered to be valuable pharmacological tools. Here, a flow cytometry-based cellular assay that allows identification of compounds (e.g., small molecules) that abrogate CXCL12 binding to CXCR4, is described. Essentially, the assay relies on the competition for receptor binding between a fixed amount of fluorescently labeled CXCL12, the natural chemokine agonist for CXCR4, and unlabeled compounds. Hence, the undesirable use of radioactively labeled probes is avoided in this assay. In addition, living cells are used as the source of receptor (CXCR4) instead of cell membrane preparations. This allows easy adaptation of the assay to a plate format, which increases the throughput. This assay has been shown to be a valuable generic drug discovery assay to identify CXCR4-targeting compounds. The protocol can likely be adapted to other GPCRs, at least if fluorescently labeled ligands are available or can be generated. Prior knowledge concerning the intracellular signaling pathways that are induced upon activation of these GPCRs, is not required.

A flow cytometry-based cellular binding assay is described that is primarily used as a screening tool to identify compounds that inhibit the binding of a fluorescently labeled CXC chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12) to the CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4).

蛍光標識した CXC ケモカイン Ligand 12 CXC ケモカイン受容体 4 を混乱させる化合物を識別するためにフロー フローサイトメトリーを用いた測定

Pharmacological targeting of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) is of great importance to human health, as dysfunctional GPCR-mediated signaling ...

A Mouse Model of Intestinal Partial Obstruction

Intestinal obstructions, that impede or block peristaltic movement, can be caused by abdominal adhesions and most gastrointestinal (GI) diseases including tumorous growths. However, the cellular remodeling mechanisms involved in, and caused by, intestinal obstructions are poorly understood. Several animal models of intestinal obstructions have been developed, but the mouse model is the most cost/time effective. The mouse model uses the surgical implantation of an intestinal partial obstruction (PO) that has a high mortality rate if it is not performed correctly. In addition, mice receiving PO surgery fail to develop hypertrophy if an appropriate blockade is not used or not properly placed. Here, we describe a detailed protocol for PO surgery which produces reliable and reproducible intestinal obstructions with a very low mortality rate. This protocol utilizes a surgically placed silicone ring that surrounds the ileum which partially blocks digestive movement in the small intestine. The partial blockage makes the intestine become dilated due to the halt of digestive movement. The dilation of the intestine induces smooth muscle hypertrophy on the oral side of the ring that progressively develops over 2 weeks until it causes death. The surgical PO mouse model offers an in vivo model of hypertrophic intestinal tissue useful for studying pathological changes of intestinal cells including smooth muscle cells (SMC), interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC), PDGFR&#945;+, and neuronal cells during the development of intestinal obstruction.

Intestinal obstructions are a partial or complete blockage of the intestine that can cause severe abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and preventing the passage of stool. This procedure for creating intestinal partial obsructions in mice is reliable in studying the mechanisms underlying pathological cell growth and death in the intestine.

腸の部分的な閉塞のマウス モデル

Intestinal obstructions, that impede or block peristaltic movement, can be caused by abdominal adhesions and most gastrointestinal (GI) diseases including ...

Mass Spectrometry Analysis to Identify Ubiquitylation of EYFP-tagged CENP-A (EYFP-CENP-A)

Studying the structure and the dynamics of kinetochores and centromeres is important in understanding chromosomal instability (CIN) and cancer progression. How the chromosomal location and function of a centromere (i.e., centromere identity) are determined and participate in accurate chromosome segregation is a fundamental question. CENP-A is proposed to be the non-DNA indicator (epigenetic mark) of centromere identity, and CENP-A ubiquitylation is required for CENP-A deposition at the centromere, inherited through dimerization between cell division, and indispensable to cell viability.
Here we describe mass spectrometry analysis to identify ubiquitylation of EYFP-CENP-A K124R mutant suggesting that ubiquitylation at a different lysine is induced because of the EYFP tagging in the CENP-A K124R mutant protein. Lysine 306 (K306) ubiquitylation in EYFP-CENP-A K124R was successfully identified, which corresponds to lysine 56 (K56) in CENP-A through mass spectrometry analysis. A caveat is discussed in the use of GFP/EYFP or the tagging of high molecular weight protein as a tool to analyze the function of a protein. Current technical limit is also discussed for the detection of ubiquitylated bands, identification of site-specific ubiquitylation(s), and visualization of ubiquitylation in living cells or a specific single cell during the whole cell cycle.
The method of mass spectrometry analysis presented here can be applied to human CENP-A protein with different tags and other centromere-kinetochore proteins. These combinatory methods consisting of several assays/analyses could be recommended for researchers who are interested in identifying functional roles of ubiquitylation.

Mass Spectrometry Analysis to Identify Ubiquitylation of EYFP-tagged CENP-A EYFP-CENP-A

CENP-A ubiquitylation is an important requirement for CENP-A deposition at the centromere, inherited through dimerization between cell division, and indispensable to cell viability. Here we describe mass spectrometry analysis to identify ubiquitylation of EYFP-tagged CENP-A (EYFP-CENP-A) protein.

EYFP タグ付き CENP-A (EYFP-CENP-A) のユビキタス性を同定するための質量分析分析

Studying the structure and the dynamics of kinetochores and centromeres is important in understanding chromosomal instability (CIN) and cancer ...

A Mouse Model of Lumbar Spine Instability

Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) is a common pathological change leading to low back pain. Appropriate animal models are desired for understanding the pathological processes and evaluating new drugs. Here, we introduced a surgically induced lumbar spine instability (LSI) mouse model that develops IDD starting from 1 week post operation. In detail, the mouse under anesthesia was operated by low back skin incision, L3&#8211;L5 spinous processes exposure, detachment of paraspinous muscles, resection of processes and ligaments, and skin closure. L4&#8211;L5 IVDs were chosen for the observation. The LSI model develops lumbar IDD by porosity and hypertrophy in endplates at an early stage, decrease in intervertebral disc volume, shrinkage in nucleus pulposus at an intermediate stage, and bone loss in lumbar vertebrae (L5) at a later stage. The LSI mouse model has the advantages of strong operability, no requirement of special equipment, reproducibility, inexpensive, and relatively short period of IDD development. However, LSI operation is still a trauma that causes inflammation within the first week post operation. Thus, this animal model is suitable for study of lumbar IDD.

We developed a lumbar intervertebral disc degeneration mouse model by resection of L3&#8211;L5 spinous processes along with supra- and inter-spinous ligaments and detachment of paraspinous muscles.

腰椎不安定性のマウスモデル

Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) is a common pathological change leading to low back pain. Appropriate animal models are desired for understanding ...

Differentiated Mouse Adipocytes in Primary Culture: A Model of Insulin Resistance

Insulin resistance is a reduced effect of insulin on its target cells, usually derived from decreased insulin receptor signaling. Insulin resistance contributes to the development of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and other obesity-derived diseases of high prevalence worldwide. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms underlying insulin resistance is of great relevance. Several models have been used to study insulin resistance both in vivo and in vitro; primary adipocytes represent an attractive option to study the mechanisms of insulin resistance and identify molecules that counteract this condition and the molecular targets of insulin-sensitizing drugs. Here, we have established an insulin resistance model using primary adipocytes in culture treated with tumor necrosis factor-&#945; (TNF-&#945;).
Adipocyte precursor cells (APCs), isolated from collagenase-digested mouse subcutaneous adipose tissue by magnetic cell separation technology, are differentiated into primary adipocytes. Insulin resistance is then induced by treatment with TNF-&#945;, a proinflammatory cytokine that reduces the tyrosine phosphorylation/activation of members of the insulin signaling cascade. Decreased phosphorylation of insulin receptor (IR), insulin receptor substrate (IRS-1), and protein kinase B (AKT) are quantified by western blot. This method provides an excellent tool to study the mechanisms mediating insulin resistance in adipose tissue.

This protocol describes the isolation of mouse preadipocytes from subcutaneous fat, their differentiation into mature adipocytes, and the induction of insulin resistance. Insulin action is evaluated by the phosphorylation/activation of members of the insulin signaling pathway through western blot. This method allows direct determination of insulin resistance/sensitivity in primary adipocytes.

初代培養における分化マウス脂肪細胞:インスリン抵抗性のモデル

Insulin resistance is a reduced effect of insulin on its target cells, usually derived from decreased insulin receptor signaling. Insulin resistance ...