저자는 (학과 안과 및 Visual 과학)과 의학의 세인트 루이스 학교 워싱턴 대학에서 마우스 유전학 코어의 분자 유전학 코어, 형태 및 이미지 코어의 직원을 감사드립니다. 저자는 세포에 대한 맥도넬 센터 및 분자 신경 생물학, 신경 장애에 대한 희망 센터에서 작은 보조금 프로그램에 의해 지원, 국립 안과 연구소 (DH에 # R01EY022632), 국립 안과 연구소 센터 코어 그랜트 (# 1 P30EY002687) 및 연구에서 무제한 부여 안과 및 Visual 과학 부서에 실명을 방지합니다.

윤리 문 : 동물 주제와 관련된 절차는 세인트 루이스의 워싱턴 대학에서 기관 동물 관리 및 사용위원회 (IACUC)에 의해 승인되었다. 1. 마우스 사육 및 유전자형 <ol><li> (PCP2Cre CAG-EGFP / KASH2) 19, 20, Tg는 생산의 Tg (CAG-LacZ를 / EGFP-KASH2)의 Tg와 마우스 (PCP2-Cre 호텔) 쥐 새끼를 낳. 주 :이 프로토콜의 나머지는 소뇌 내 조롱박 세포 EGFP-KASH2 발현을 제한의 Tg (PCP2-Cre 호텔) 마우스 라인의 사용에 초점을 맞추고 있지만, 유사한 절차가 다른 Tg는 (Cre 호텔) 마우스 수 미행 ( 도 2A). </li><li> 이전 19 설명 된대로 모두 EGFP와 Cre 호텔 유전자를 품고 새끼를 식별하는 유전자형을 수행합니다. </li></ol> 해부 및 조직 컬렉션 재료 2. 준비 <ol><li> -20 ℃에서 30 %의 수크로오스 PBS (PBS 1X 중 자당 30g / 100 mL) 및 점포 100 ㎖를 준비한다. 조직 (H)의 일transcardial 관류에 대한 35 ML의 주사기에 arvesting, 해동 및 자당 용액의 부하 ~ 30 ~ 35 ml의. </li><li> PBS로 4 % PFA, 40 ㎖ (10 ㎖, 16 % 파라 포름 알데히드 및​​ PBS 30 ㎖)을 준비한다. transcardial 관류에 대한 35 ML의 주사기에로드 ~ 30 ~ 35 ml의 4 % PFA. </li><li> 조직의 절개에 대한 PBS의 10 ㎖로 10cm 조직 배양 판을 채 웁니다. </li><li> 16 ㎎ / ㎖ 케타민 3 ㎎ / ㎖ 자일 라진 구성된 케타민 / 자일 라진 칵테일을 준비합니다. </li><li> 해부에 대한 70 % 에탄올 용액을 준비합니다. </li></ol> 3. 해부 및 조직 컬렉션 <ol><li> 1 ML의 주사기를 사용하여, 체중 25g 당 케타민 / 자일 라진 칵테일 500 μl를 주입하고 15 분 ~ 기다립니다. 대안 적으로, 관심있는 생물학적 시스템에 적합한 다른 제도적 승인 진정 방법을 사용한다. </li><li> 진정되면, 부드럽게의 등쪽면 스티로폼 트레이에 모든 발 핀, 통증 반응의 부족을 확인하기 위해 후면 발을 꼬집어마우스를 아래로 향하게. </li><li> 70 % 에탄올로 복부를 스프레이하고 마음에 액세스 할 흉곽의 상단에 하복부에서 절개를합니다. </li><li> 심장의 우심방의 작은 절개를 확인하고 심장의 좌심실에 30 % 자당 용액이 들어있는 주사기를 삽입합니다. </li><li> ~ 2-5 ml의 당 분의 속도로 용액을 관류. 비어있는 경우, 주사기를 제거하고 4 % PFA 용액으로 반복한다. </li><li> 스티로폼 트레이에서 마우스를 고정 해제 뇌에 액세스하기 위해 목을 벨. </li><li> 집게와 가위를 사용하여 동물의 머리 주위 피부를 제거합니다. 바늘로 두개골의 뒤쪽 부분에 구멍을 찌를 조심스럽게 가위 해부 집게와 두개골을 제거합니다. </li><li> 뇌가 명확하게 접근하면, 소뇌를 제거하고 PBS에 배치하는 집게를 사용합니다. 메스와 시상면에서 소뇌를 양분하고 4 ℃에서 하룻밤 30 % 자당 용액에 전송할 수 있습니다. 참고 : 수험하기파라핀 섹션입니다 전에 조직 매립 및 단면에 4 % PFA 4 ° C에서 하룻밤 소뇌를 해결. </li></ol> 4. 조직 가공 및 단면 <ol><li> 드라이 아이스, 2- 메틸 부탄의 슬러리를 조제. 욕조의 온도가 5 분 동안 평형을 허용합니다. </li><li> 10월 화합물과 cryomold를 입력하고 금형에 이분 소뇌의 절반을 배치합니다. </li><li> 해부 현미경과 집게 위치의 쌍 (소뇌의 중간 선 부근) 이분 된면이 위를 향하도록 소뇌 사용. </li><li> OCT의 화합물은 조직 표본 주위 백색 고체 매트릭스를 형성 할 때까지 5 분 동안 드라이 아이스 슬러리에 cryomold 옮긴다. 주의 : 필요하다면 냉동 시험편 지금 -20 ℃에서 저장 될 수있다. </li><li> 라벨 세르 15 μm의 단면을 수집하기 위해 제조자의 지시에 따라 조직 절편을 수집하기위한 폴리 리신 슬라이드를 처리 및 저온 장치가 미리 준비찾. 섹션을 수집하려면, 조심스럽게 슬라이드의 폴리 라이신 코팅 된면이 OCT의 섹션을 문의하십시오. 섹션의 방향을 유지하기 위해,이 단계에서 슬라이드를 회전하지 않습니다. </li><li> 염색 및 이미징을 진행하기까지 -20 ° C에서 보관 조직 섹션. </li></ol> 5. 염색과 소뇌 섹션의 이미지 <ol><li> 조직 염색하기 전에 다음과 같은 솔루션을 준비 : PBS의 ~ 50 ㎖ ~ PBS에서 4 % PFA의 5 ~ 10 ml의 ~ PBS에서 0.5 % 트리톤 X-100, 10 % 당나귀 혈청의 10 ~ 20 ml의 </li><li> 해동 소뇌 부분. 중요한 것은, EGFP의 퇴색을 방지하기 위해 지속적이고 강렬한 빛의 소스에 노출을 최소화 할 수 있습니다. </li><li> 소수성 장벽 펜을 사용하여 조직 섹션 주위에 사각형을 그립니다. </li><li> 5 분 동안 4 % PFA와 섹션을 포스트 - 수정. 소수성 장벽 (보통 ~ 500 μL)로 구분 전체 영역을 커버하기에 충분한 액체를 사용합니다. 진공 또는 피펫을 다시 사용정착은 조직 절편을 방해하지 않도록 특히주의하면서 이동합니다. </li><li> 피펫으로 부드럽게 조직 섹션을 방해하지 않고 슬라이드에 PBS를 적용합니다. 5 분 후 조심스럽게 액체를 제거하기 위해 진공 또는 피펫을 사용합니다. PBS가 3 회 반복하여 총 린스. </li><li> 피펫을 사용하여 조심스럽게 PBS에서 0.5 % 트리톤 X-100, 10 % 당나귀 혈청 (솔루션의 9​​00 μL 당 3 μL Calbindin 및 / 또는 Nesprin2 항체) 적절한 일차 항체의 희석을 적용합니다. 어둠 속에서 실온에서 1 시간 동안 배양한다. 주 : EGFP-KASH2은 동결 절편에 직접 형광 현미경으로 볼 수 있으며이 항 EGFP 항체를 이용할 필요가 없다. 파라핀 섹션이 준비되어있는 경우, EGFP-KASH2의 영상은 반 EGFP 항체와 면역을 필요로한다. </li><li> 항체 용액을 제거하고 PBS로 3 회 씻어. </li><li> 제조 1 : 0.5 % 트리톤 X-100-알렉사 형석 이차 항체 1,000 희석액,어둠 속에서 10 % 당나귀 PBS에서 혈청 및 저장. </li><li> 조심스럽게 최종 PBS 린스를 제거하고 어둠 속에서 한 시간 동안 차 항체 희석을 적용합니다. </li><li> 이차 항체 용액을 제거 씻어 절을 세 번 씻는다. 필요한 경우, 제 PBS의인가 등 DAPI (~ 300 ㎚) 등의 핵 염색을 적용한다. </li><li> 완전히 조직과 조직 섹션에 미디어를 장착 장소 ~ 5-7 μL 각국에서 PBS 용액을 제거합니다. 조직 절편 위에 유리 커버 슬립을 놓고 어둠 속에서 실온에서 ~ 15-30 분간 방치. </li><li> EGFP와 같이 5.8 / 5.9에서 사용 된 이차 항체에 적합한 임의의 다른 파장을 시각화하는 적절한 필터를 갖춘 형광 현미경을 사용한다. 소뇌 조각에서 EGFP-KASH2 핵 림을 보려면 20 배 목표를 사용합니다. </li></ol>

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</ol>

저자가 공개하는 게 없다.

가장 중요한 단계는 성공적으로의 Tg (CAG-LacZ를 / EGFP-KASH2) 모델이 적합 Cre 호텔 마우스 라인 (들)을 식별하는 것입니다 사용하여 생체 내에서 LINC 복합체의 역할을 연구합니다. Cre 호텔 유사한 경​​로에 관여하는 다른 세포 유형에서 활성 상태 인 경우 사실, 그것은 결과의 해석을 복잡하게 할 수 있습니다. 소뇌 (도 2B)의 분자량 및 과립 세포층 여기에 도시 된 바와 같이, 따라?...

핵 봉투 (NE)는 세포질에서 핵질을 분리한다. 그것은 핵 구멍에 연결하는 내부 및 외부 핵 막 (INM 각각 ONM)로 구성되어있다. 모두 멤브레인로 구분 루멘은 핵 주변 공간 (PNS)라고합니다. ONM 러프 소포체 (ER)의 연장이고, INM 핵 박판에 부착, A- 및 B 형으로 표현 핵-V 형 중간 필라멘트 그물 세공은 1,2 라민. Nucleoskeleton 및 세포 뼈대 (LINC) 복합체의 링커는 물리적 골격 필라멘트 및 분자 모터 (그림 1A)에 핵의 내부를 연결하는 전체 핵 봉투에 걸쳐 거대 분자 어셈블리입니다. 일 (SAD1 / Unc84) 단백질과 Nesprins (핵 봉투 SPectRINS) : 그들은 NE의 통합 횡단 단백질의 두 가족의 특성을 진화 적으로 보존 모티브 사이의 상호 작용으로 구성되어 있습니다. 포유 동물에서, Sun1 Sun2에 ARN 말단 영역 nucleoplasmic A- 및 B 형 라민 3-5와 직접 상호 작용 INM의 E 막 횡단 단백질. PNS 내 INM의 다른 측면에서, 썬 단백질은 150 C- 말단 아미노산이 태양 도메인이라고 ~의 진화 - 보존 스트레칭 항구. SUN 도메인은 진화 - 보존 KASH와 직접 상호 작용 (Klarsicht / ANC-1, 영신의 인사 상동) 도메인, Nesprins의 분자 서명. KASH 도메인은 막 횡단 도메인 (6) 다음에 PNS 내로 돌출 ~ 30 C 말단 아미노산 스트레치로 구성된다. 적어도 네 가지 Nesprin 유전자 (Nesprin1-4)는 NE 7에서 지역화 단백질을 KASH 함유 인코딩. 놀라운 1,000 kDa의 (Nesprin1 거인)에 크기가 달라질 ~ 50kDa (Nesprin4)에서 Nesprins의 세포질 영역은 여러 스펙 트린은 액틴, plectin 및 분자 모터 8과 같은 세포 골격의 구성 요소와 상호 작용을 가능하게 반복뿐만 아니라 특정 주제 포함 (13). &lt;척추 동물과 무척추 동물의 P 클래스 = &quot;jove_content&quot;&gt; 연구 라민 / 일 / Nesprin / 분자 모터는 진화 적으로 보존 된 &quot;축&quot;핵 이동과 고정을 제어를 구성하는 것으로 나타났습니다. LINC 복잡한 구성 요소의 여러 녹아웃 (KO) 마우스 모델을 설명하고 포유류의 개발 9,14,15시 (NE)에서 태양과 Nesprin 단백질의 역할을 이해하는 프레임 워크를 제공하는 수단이되었다되고있다. 그러나, 이러한 모델 특히 현재 몇 가지 중요한 단점 :의 표현형 기여 구별 비 자치 효과, 2) 어려움을 세포에 의한 표현형 해석 1) 어려움 KASH없는 Nesprin 대 KASH이 함유, 3) 16 이소 폼 다양한 세포 유형의 NE에서 태양과 Nesprin 단백질의 기능 중복은 모두의 KASH 도메인에 대한 결핍 마우스 (17)의 모든 SUN-KASH 상호 작용과 마우스의 4) 주 산기 치사를 비활성화하는 복잡한 번식 체계를 필요Nesprins1 2는 성인의 분석 18 표현형을 배제한다. 이 프로토콜은 따라서 위에서 설명한 단점이 많은 우회, 셀 자율과 발달 규제 방식으로 생체 내에서 모든 Sun-KASH 상호 작용을 방해하기 위해 설계된 새로운 마우스 모델에 대해 설명합니다. 이는 Cre 호텔 / LOX 계 마우스 모델은 두 개의 중요한 개념에 의존한다 : 1) 공지 Nesprin 단백질 KASH 도메인은 세포 배양 시스템에서 NE에 EGFP 타겟팅 및 2) 일 도메인이 과발현 따라서 KASH 도메인으로 이것은 무작위 상호 작용하기에 충분한 어떤 KASH 도메인은 모든 내생 일 도메인을 포화과 지배적 인 음성 방식 (17) (그림 1B)에 LINC 복합체를 비활성화합니다. 이 프로토콜은 조직 수확 및 소뇌 조롱박 세포의 모든 SUN-KASH 상호 작용의 중단을 확인하는 데 사용 처리 단계를 설명합니다.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Sucrose</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>S0389</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>10x PBS</td><td>Gibco</td><td>14200-075</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>16% Paraformaldehyde Solution</td><td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td><td>15710</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>OCT Compound</td><td>Tissue-Tek</td><td>4583</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Adhesion Slides</td><td>StatLab</td><td>M1000W</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Donkey Serum</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>D9663</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Triton X-100</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>T9284</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ImmuEdge Pen</td><td>Vector Laboratories</td><td>H-4000</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Anti-Calbindin Antibody</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>C9848</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Anti-EGFP Antibody</td><td>Abcam</td><td>ab13970</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Anti-Nesprin2 Antibody</td><td></td><td></td><td>Previously described in Ref. 21</td></tr><tr><td>Fluorescent Mounting Media</td><td>Dako</td><td>S3023</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2-methyl butane</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>O3551</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

validation of a mouse model to disrupt linc complexes in a cell-specific manner

Nuclear migration and anchorage within developing and adult tissues relies heavily upon large macromolecular protein assemblies called LInkers of the Nucleoskeleton and Cytoskeleton (LINC complexes). These protein scaffolds span the nuclear envelope and connect the interior of the nucleus to components of the surrounding cytoplasmic cytoskeleton. LINC complexes consist of two evolutionary-conserved protein families, Sun proteins and Nesprins that harbor C-terminal molecular signature motifs called the SUN and KASH domains, respectively. Sun proteins are transmembrane proteins of the inner nuclear membrane whose N-terminal nucleoplasmic domain interacts with the nuclear lamina while their C-terminal SUN domains protrudes into the perinuclear space and interacts with the KASH domain of Nesprins. Canonical Nesprin isoforms have a variable sized N-terminus that projects into the cytoplasm and interacts with components of the cytoskeleton. This protocol describes the validation of a dominant-negative transgenic mouse strategy that disrupts endogenous SUN/KASH interactions in a cell-type specific manner. Our approach is based on the Cre/Lox system that bypasses many drawbacks such as perinatal lethality and cell nonautonomous phenotypes that are associated with germline models of LINC complex inactivation. For this reason, this model provides a useful tool to understand the role of LINC complexes during development and homeostasis in a wide array of tissues.

이 프로토콜의 Tg (PCP2-Cre 호텔) 생쥐를 사용 소뇌 조롱박 세포 EGFP-KASH2 발현을 제한 (TG-LacZ를 CAG / EGFP-KASH2) 마우스 모델의 유용성을 도시한다. Tg가에서 (PCP2Cre CAG-EGFP / KASH2) 자손, LacZ를 / V5 오픈 리딩 프레임함으로써 특히 조롱박 세포 (그림 2A)를 대상으로 EGFP-KASH2의 발현을 유도하는 Cre 호텔 재조합 효소에 의해 P6에서 절제되어있다. 예상대로 핵 (그림 2B)의 주위에...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Validation of a Mouse Model to Disrupt LINC Complexes in a Cell-specific Manner at JoVE.com

Validation of a Mouse Model to Disrupt LINC Complexes in a Cell-specific Manner

Nuclear envelope proteins play a central role in many basic biological processes and have been implicated in a variety of human diseases. This protocol describes a new Cre/Lox-based mouse model that allows for the spatiotemporal control of LINC complexes disruption.

마우스 모델의 유효성 검사는 세포 고유의 방식으로 LINC 단지를 방해

Nuclear migration and anchorage within developing and adult tissues relies heavily upon large macromolecular protein assemblies called LInkers of the ...

validation-mouse-model-to-disrupt-linc-complexes-cell-specific

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

7.3K 조회수.  Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine. Nuclear envelope proteins play a central role in many basic biological processes and have been implicated in a variety of human diseases. This protocol describes a new Cre/Lox-based mouse model that allows for the spatiotemporal control of LINC complexes disruption.

비디오: Validation of a Mouse Model to Disrupt LINC Complexes in a Cell-specific Manner

Stereotactic Injection of MicroRNA-expressing Lentiviruses to the Mouse Hippocampus CA1 Region and Assessment of the Behavioral Outcome

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small regulatory single-stranded RNA molecules around 22 nucleotides long that may each target numerous mRNA transcripts and dim an entire gene expression pathway by inducing destruction and/or inhibiting translation of these targets. Several miRNAs play key roles in maintaining neuronal structure and function and in higher-level brain functions, and methods are sought for manipulating their levels for exploring these functions. Here, we present a direct in vivo method for examining the cognitive consequences of enforced miRNAs excess in mice by stereotactic injection of miRNA-encoding virus particles. Specifically, the current protocol involves injection into the hippocampal CA1 region, which contributes to mammalian memory consolidation, learning, and stress responses, and offers a convenient injection site. The coordinates are measured according to the mouse bregma and virus perfusion is digitally controlled and kept very slow. After injection, the surgery wound is sealed and the animals recover. Lentiviruses encoding silencers of the corresponding mRNA targets serve to implicate the specific miRNA/target interaction responsible for the observed effect, with na&iuml;ve mice, mice injected with saline and mice injected with "empty" lentivirus vectors as controls. One month post-injection, the animals are examined in the Morris Water Maze (MWM) for assessing their navigation learning and memory abilities. The MWM is a round tank filled with colored water with a small platform submerged 1 cm below the water surface. Steady visual cues around the tank allow for spatial navigation (sound and the earth's magnetic field may also assist the animals in navigating). Video camera monitoring enables measuring the route of swim and the time to find and amount the platform. The mouse is first taught that mounting the hidden platform offers an escape from the enforced swimming; it is then tested for using this escape and finally, the platform is removed and probe tests examine if the mouse remembers its previous location. Repeated tests over several consecutive days highlight improved performance of tested mice at shorter latencies to find and mount the platform, and as more direct routes to reach the platform or its location. Failure to show such improvement represents impaired learning and memory and/or anxiety, which may then be tested specifically (e.g. in the elevated plus maze). This approach enables validation of specific miRNAs and target transcripts in the studied cognitive and/or stress-related processes.

MicroRNAs have significant roles in brain structure and function. Here we describe a method to enforce hippocampal miRNA over-expression using stereotactic injection of an engineered miRNA-expressing lentivirus. This approach can serve as a relatively rapid way to assess the in vivo effects of over-expressed miRNAs in specific brain regions.

의 정위 주입 MicroRNA의 발현 마우스 해마 CA1 영역으로 렌티 바이러스 및 행동 결과의 평가

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small regulatory single-stranded RNA molecules around 22 nucleotides long that may each target numerous mRNA transcripts and dim an ...

연구

행동분석학

Using Mouse Oocytes to Assess Human Gene Function During Meiosis I

Embryonic aneuploidy is the major genetic cause of infertility in humans. Most of these events originate during female meiosis, and albeit positively correlated with maternal age, age alone is not always predictive of the risk of generating an aneuploid embryo. Therefore, gene variants might account for incorrect chromosome segregation during oogenesis. Given that access to human oocytes is limited for research purposes, a series of assays were developed to study human gene function during meiosis I using mouse oocytes. First, messenger RNA (mRNA) of the gene and gene variant of interest are microinjected into prophase I-arrested mouse oocytes. After allowing time for expression, oocytes are synchronously released into meiotic maturation to complete meiosis I. By tagging the mRNA with a sequence of a fluorescent reporter, such as green fluorescent protein (Gfp), the localization of the human protein can be assessed in addition to the phenotypic alterations. For example, gain or loss of function can be investigated by establishing experimental conditions that challenge the gene product to fix meiotic errors. Although this system is advantageous in investigating human protein function during oogenesis, adequate interpretation of results should be undertaken given that protein expression is not at endogenous levels and, unless controlled for (i.e. knocked out or down), murine homologs are also present in the system.

As the genetic variants associated with human disease begin to become uncovered, it is becoming increasingly important to develop systems with which to rapidly evaluate the biological significance of those identified variants. This protocol describes methods for evaluating human gene function during female meiosis I using mouse oocytes.

감수 분열 동안 인간 유전자 기능을 평가 하기 위해 마우스 Oocytes를 사용 하 여 나

Embryonic aneuploidy is the major genetic cause of infertility in humans. Most of these events originate during female meiosis, and albeit positively ...

유전학

A Non-random Mouse Model for Pharmacological Reactivation of Mecp2 on the Inactive X Chromosome

X chromosome inactivation (XCI) is the random silencing of one X chromosome in females to achieve gene dosage balance between the sexes. As a result, all females are heterozygous for X-linked gene expression. One of the key regulators of XCI is Xist, which is essential for the initiation and maintenance of XCI. Previous studies have identified 13 trans acting X chromosome inactivation factors (XCIFs) using a large-scale, loss-of-function genetic screen. Inhibition of XCIFs, such as ACVR1 and PDPK1, using short-hairpin RNA or small molecule inhibitors, reactivates X chromosome-linked genes in cultured cells. But the feasibility and tolerability of reactivating the inactive X chromosome in vivo remains to be determined. Towards this goal, a Xist&#916;:Mecp2/Xist:Mecp2-Gfp mouse model has been generated with non-random XCI due to deletion of Xist on one X chromosome. Using this model, the extent of inactive X reactivation was quantitated in the mouse brain following treatment with XCIF inhibitors. Recently published results show, for the first time, that pharmacological inhibition of XCIFs reactivates Mecp2 from the inactive X chromosome in cortical neurons of the living mouse brain.

Here, we describe a protocol to generate a viable female murine model with non-random X chromosome inactivation, i.e., the maternally-inherited X chromosome is inactive in 100% of the cells. We also describe a protocol to test feasibility, tolerability, and safety of pharmacological reactivation of the inactive X chromosome in vivo.

비활성 X 염색체에 대 한 Mecp2의 약리학 적 재 활성화를 위한 비 랜덤 마우스 모델

X chromosome inactivation (XCI) is the random silencing of one X chromosome in females to achieve gene dosage balance between the sexes. As a result, all ...

Identifying DNA Mutations in Purified Hematopoietic Stem/Progenitor Cells

In recent years, it has become apparent that genomic instability is tightly related to many developmental disorders, cancers, and aging. Given that stem cells are responsible for ensuring tissue homeostasis and repair throughout life, it is reasonable to hypothesize that the stem cell population is critical for preserving genomic integrity of tissues. Therefore, significant interest has arisen in assessing the impact of endogenous and environmental factors on genomic integrity in stem cells and their progeny, aiming to understand the etiology of stem-cell based diseases.
LacI transgenic mice carry a recoverable &#955;&#160;phage vector encoding the LacI reporter system, in which the LacI gene serves as the mutation reporter. The result of a mutated LacI gene is the production of &#946;-galactosidase that cleaves a chromogenic substrate, turning it blue. The LacI reporter system is carried in all cells, including stem/progenitor cells and can easily be recovered and used to subsequently infect E. coli. After incubating infected E. coli on agarose that contains the correct substrate, plaques can be scored; blue plaques indicate a mutant LacI gene, while clear plaques harbor wild-type. The frequency of blue (among clear) plaques indicates the mutant frequency in the original cell population the DNA was extracted from. Sequencing the mutant LacI gene will show the location of the mutations in the gene and the type of mutation.
The LacI transgenic mouse model is well-established as an in vivo mutagenesis assay. Moreover, the mice and the reagents for the assay are commercially available. Here we describe in detail how this model can be adapted to measure the frequency of spontaneously occurring DNA mutants in stem cell-enriched Lin-IL7R-Sca-1+cKit++(LSK) cells and other subpopulations of the hematopoietic system.

Here we describe an in vivo mutagenesis assay for small numbers of purified hematopoietic cells using the LacI transgenic mouse model.&#160;The LacI gene can be isolated to determine the frequency, location, and type of DNA mutants&#160;spontaneously arisen or after exposure to genotoxins.

정제 된 조혈 줄기 / 전구 세포에 DNA 돌연변이를 확인

In recent years, it has become apparent that genomic instability is tightly related to many developmental disorders, cancers, and aging. Given that stem ...

면역학 및 감염병학

Mouse In Vivo Placental Targeted CRISPR Manipulation

The placenta is an essential organ that regulates and maintains mammalian development in utero. The placenta is responsible for the transfer of nutrients and waste between the mother and fetus and the production and delivery of growth factors and hormones. Placental genetic manipulations in mice are critical for understanding the placenta's specific role in prenatal development. Placental-specific Cre-expressing transgenic mice have varying effectiveness, and other methods for placental gene manipulation can be useful alternatives. This paper describes a technique to directly alter placental gene expression using CRISPR gene manipulation, which can be used to modify the expression of targeted genes. Using a relatively advanced surgical approach, pregnant dams undergo a laparotomy on embryonic day 12.5 (E12.5), and a CRISPR plasmid is delivered by a glass micropipette into the individual placentas. The plasmid is immediately electroporated after each injection. After dam recovery, the placentas and embryos can continue development until assessment at a later time point. The evaluation of the placenta and offspring after the use of this technique can determine the role of time-specific placental function in development. This type of manipulation will allow for a better understanding of how placental genetics and function impact fetal growth and development in multiple disease contexts.

Mouse In Vivo Placental Targeted CRISPR Manipulation

Here we describe a time-specific method to effectively manipulate critical developmental pathways in the mouse placenta in vivo. This is performed through the injection and electroporation of CRISPR plasmids into the placentas of pregnant dams on embryonic day 12.5.

Mouse In Vivo Placental 표적 CRISPR 조작

The placenta is an essential organ that regulates and maintains mammalian development in utero. The placenta is responsible for the transfer of nutrients ...

Stereotaxic Injection of a Viral Vector for Conditional Gene Manipulation in the Mouse Spinal Cord

Intraparenchymal injection of a viral vector enables conditional gene manipulation in distinct populations of neurons or particular regions of the central nervous system. We demonstrate a stereotaxic injection technique that allows targeted gene expression or silencing in the dorsal horn of the mouse spinal cord. The surgical procedure is brief. It requires laminectomy of a single vertebra, providing for quick recovery of the animal and unimpaired motility of the spine. Controlled injection of a small vector suspension volume at low speed and use of a microsyringe with beveled glass cannula minimize the tissue lesion. The local immune response to the vector depends on the intrinsic properties of the virus employed; in our experience, it is minor and short-lived when a recombinant adeno-associated virus is used. A reporter gene such as enhanced green fluorescent protein facilitates monitoring spatial distribution of the vector, and the efficacy and cellular specificity of the transfection.

Viral vectors allow for targeted gene manipulation. We demonstrate a method for conditional gene expression or ablation in the mouse spinal cord, using stereotaxic injection of a viral vector into the dorsal horn, a prominent site of synaptic contact between primary somatosensory afferents and neurons of the central nervous system.

마우스 척추 조건부 유전자 조작을위한 바이러스 성 벡터의 Stereotaxic 주입

Intraparenchymal injection of a viral vector enables conditional gene manipulation in distinct populations of neurons or particular regions of the central ...

신경과학

Inducing Cre-lox Recombination in Mouse Cerebral Cortex Through In Utero Electroporation

Cell-autonomous neuronal functions of genes can be revealed by causing loss or gain of function of a gene in a small and sparse population of neurons. To do so requires generating a mosaic in which neurons with loss or gain of function of a gene are surrounded by genetically unperturbed tissue. Here, we combine the Cre-lox recombination system with in utero electroporation in order to generate mosaic brain tissue that can be used to study the cell-autonomous function of genes in neurons. DNA constructs (available through repositories), coding for a fluorescent label and Cre recombinase, are introduced into developing cortical neurons containing genes flanked with loxP sites in the brains of mouse embryos using in utero electroporation. Additionally, we describe various adaptations to the in utero electroporation method that increase survivability and reproducibility. This method also involves establishing a titer for Cre-mediated recombination in a sparse or dense population of neurons. Histological preparations of labeled brain tissue do not require (but can be adapted to) immunohistochemistry. The constructs used guarantee that fluorescently labeled neurons carry the gene for Cre recombinase. Histological preparations allow morphological analysis of neurons through confocal imaging of dendritic and axonal arbors and dendritic spines. Because loss or gain of function is achieved in sparse mosaic tissue, this method permits the study of cell-autonomous necessity and sufficiency of gene products in vivo.

Inducing Cre-lox Recombination in Mouse Cerebral Cortex Through In Utero Electroporation

Cell-autonomous functions of genes in the brain can be studied by inducing loss or gain of function in sparse populations of cells. Here, we describe in utero electroporation to deliver Cre recombinase into sparse populations of developing cortical neurons with floxed genes to cause loss of function in vivo.

Cre lox 재결합 Electroporation Utero에 통해 마우스 대뇌 피 질에서 유도

Cell-autonomous neuronal functions of genes can be revealed by causing loss or gain of function of a gene in a small and sparse population of neurons. To ...

Mouse Genome Engineering Using Designer Nucleases

Transgenic mice carrying site-specific genome modifications (knockout, knock-in) are of vital importance for dissecting complex biological systems as well as for modeling human diseases and testing therapeutic strategies. Recent advances in the use of designer nucleases such as zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs), transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), and the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated (Cas) 9 system for site-specific genome engineering open the possibility to perform rapid targeted genome modification in virtually any laboratory species without the need to rely on embryonic stem (ES) cell technology. A genome editing experiment typically starts with identification of designer nuclease target sites within a gene of interest followed by construction of custom DNA-binding domains to direct nuclease activity to the investigator-defined genomic locus. Designer nuclease plasmids are in vitro transcribed to generate mRNA for microinjection of fertilized mouse oocytes. Here, we provide a protocol for achieving targeted genome modification by direct injection of TALEN mRNA into fertilized mouse oocytes.

Designer nucleases such as zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs) and transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) can be used to modify the genome of mouse preimplantation embryos by triggering both the nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) and homologous recombination (HR) pathways. These advances enable the rapid generation of mice with precise genetic modifications.

디자이너 클레아 제를 사용하여 마우스 게놈 엔지니어링

Transgenic mice carrying site-specific genome modifications (knockout, knock-in) are of vital importance for dissecting complex biological systems as well ...

생물학

Modeling Prostate Cancer in Genetically-engineered Mouse Models: A CRISPR/Cas9-mediated Localized Gene Editing Technique in Mouse Anterior Prostate Lobe Cells

Source: Riedel, M. et al. <a href="https://www.jove.com/video/57525" target="_blank">Virus Delivery of CRISPR Guides to the Murine Prostate for Gene Alteration.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (2018)
This video describes a method for editing specific genes in prostate gland cells using an adenovirus-based delivery system. The approach allows for orthotopic and localized alteration of gene expression utilizing CRISPR technology to develop novel mouse models for prostate cancer.

유전자 조작 마우스 모델의 전립선암 모델링: 마우스 전방 전립선 엽 세포에서 CRISPR/Cas9 매개 국소 유전자 편집 기술

Source: Riedel, M. et al. Virus Delivery of CRISPR Guides to the Murine Prostate for Gene Alteration. J. Vis. Exp. (2018)
This video describes a method ...

JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments

암 연구학

Prostate Cancer

Animal model studies

Establishing a Focal Demyelination Mouse Model via a Two-Point Injection of Lysophosphatidylcholine

Source: Pang, X., et al. <a href="https://app.jove.com/v/64059">A Stably Established Two-Point Injection of Lysophosphatidylcholine-Induced Focal Demyelination Model in Mice.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (2022)
This video demonstrates the generation of a focal demyelination mouse model using a two-point Lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) injection. The skull of an anesthetized mouse is exposed. The injection coordinates are determined, and a hole is drilled to enable LPC injections at targeted sites. LPC induces focal demyelination of neurons via inflammation, while a two-point injection ensures its sustainability.

Source: Pang, X., et al. A Stably Established Two-Point Injection of Lysophosphatidylcholine-Induced Focal Demyelination Model in Mice. J. Vis. Exp. ...