The authors would like to thank Mark Bishop, Mathew Zverev, Victoria Marsh-Durban, Adam Blackwood and Sylvie Robine. This work was funded by a programme grant from Cancer Research UK.

<ol>
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The authors have nothing to disclose.

遺伝子および細胞の機能を分析するために、条件CRE-LOXトランスジェニックマウスを使用すると、一般的に使用されるアプローチです。これらのモデルは、特定し、特徴づける幹細胞2,4-6をし、病気25におけるその役割を理解するために腸で大きな成功を収めて使用されています。完全にこれらのモデルを活用するために、正しく解釈されるデータを可能にするために、システムの総合的な特性評価が必要です。これらのシステムの完全な理解が原因遺伝子はほとんど孤立細胞型または位置、生物学的知識及びCre発現を誘導するために使用されるシステムの非効率性の欠如に特定されないように達成することは困難です。ここで説明する方法は、我々は実験的なデザインと既存の知識のアプリケーションを介してこれらの問題を克服する方法を示します。我々は、ここで紹介するテクニックは一般的なものとムリを調査する任意の研究に利用することができる特定の研究の質問に答えるために、これらのメソッドを使用しましたがNE腸。 腸組織の作製 強固な結果を確保するための重要なステップは、厳密に付着適時および固定プロトコルで処理する必要がある組織の採取及び処理です。ほぼすべての重要な問題は、下流の組織乾燥アウトおよび/または不完全な固定に関連するアーティファクトに起因することができます。タイミングは、組織構造および/または核酸およびタンパク質の分解を防ぐために重要です。不完全または熱心固定は、組織化学的解像度の損失につながることができます。固定液の浸透がIHC分析の際に「潮マーク」として観察することができる腸陰窩内解像度の損失をもたらすことができるようにするにはあまりにも厚く、不十分な時間やセクションに不完全な固定。さらに核βカテニンはすぐにプロのない限り、核の外に拡散することができるように、それは、固定が長すぎるために拡張されないことが重要ですcessedとホルマリン固定次の埋め込みワックス。 ISCのニッチでパネート細胞の役割 ここに示されたデータは、効果的に、ISCの損失以下の成人の腸内で暗号再生におけるパネート細胞の重要性を示しています。しかしそこにAH-CREはVIL-のCre-ER T2をターゲットことのISCの人口を惜しみ可能性が残りました。天ら26はエレガント LGR5 ハイテクのISCがLGR5 LO予備のISCの人口に置き換えられていることを実証しました。今はこれらのISCが原因で分泌細胞前駆体6,7として同定された予備の集団にAH-CREシステムに免れている可能性が高いようです。 ISCの状態に戻すために必要なときに、これらの分泌細胞前駆体を支える成熟パネート細胞の重要性が答えられることを残ります。パネート細胞は、Iを構成するようにSCニッチ8とカロリー摂取量27と炎症28にISC応答の調節に役割を果たし、それは彼らの看護の機能は、独自の前駆体に拡張される可能性が残っています。 新しいアプローチとテクノロジモデルヒト結腸直腸癌を効果的に ISCの発見は、今やクラークら9によって概説腸生物学および疾患における遺伝子と細胞の役割を調べるための新しいマウスモデルを生成するために使用されている遺伝子の同定につながりました。この技術の唯一の制限は、Creタンパク質を発現する遺伝子の同定です。現在のISCは定期LGR5遺伝子発現パターンに基づいて、条件付きトランスジェニックマウスを用いて調べました。 LGR5プロモーターからのCreを発現するマウスは 、APC、最も一般的に大腸癌で変異遺伝子（CRCを削除するために使用されています）、起源25のセルとして、ISCを実証します。選択的に削除するこれらの細胞内の他のCRC遺伝子は、疾患の進行への洞察を提供し、広がっているなど。PTEN 29。 ISC機能へのさらなる洞察は、ヒトジフテリア毒素受容体（DTR）遺伝子を用いて、マウスの細胞を発現性LGR5を切除することにより取得されるLGR5座 26にノックしました。他の戦略は、変異タンパク質30の継続的な可逆的発現を可能にテト-Oシステムを使用しています。異なるセル31との位置32,33における遺伝子（複数可）を変更するためにこれらのツールを使用すると、癌は、進行を開始し、34の転移方法を理解するために使用されます。あるいは、眠れる森の美女トランスポゾンシステムを用いて、突然変異誘発は、CRCの新しいドライバを識別しています。マウス、技術や遺伝子変化戦略の継続的な開発は、より多くの患者関連するモデルを開発し続けています。 新しいメートルethodsは、腸管上皮とのISCの特徴付けのために開発されてきました。上皮細胞型の割合の特徴付けは、レクチンおよびCD24 35の示差的な発現に基づいてフローサイトメトリーを用いて達成することができます。潜在ISC生物学および疾患におけるそれらの役割を理解する上で最大の進歩は 、ex vivoオルガノイド培養系36を用いて説明します。このシステムは、彼らが複製し、より生理学的に関連する方法で差別化、3D、培養に正常および悪性のISCを可能にします。これらは個別化医療37への道を切り開いて、in vitroで患者サンプルに対する薬物の直接的な試験を可能にすることが期待されています。

哺乳動物の腸の管腔表面は、突起のような陰窩と指の繰り返し単位を備え、内腔に突出する絨毛は、と呼ばれます。 4日目1 -この表面は、ほぼ毎3完全な自己再生を受ける上皮の連続シートです。最初LGR5遺伝子 2,3の発現によって同定した。この動的な組織が ​​急速にサイクリング幹細胞（も陰窩ベース円柱細胞として知られているのISC）の人口でサポートされています。これらの細胞は、リーベルの陰窩の下部に特化したニッチに存在します。当初、のISCが急速にサイクリングた発見は、幹細胞が本質的に静止したことを支配する考えと耳障りでした。それは静止ラベルの人口は、陰窩のベースに対して4位置に細胞を保持すると仮定されたLGR5 + ISCの同定前、のISC 1でした 。最近の研究の時間今主に運命隣国4,5によって規制されている各陰窩における等効力サイクリングのISCのプールがあることを実証することによって、これらの観察を両立。イベントでは、彼らは、これらは通常、分泌系統にコミットしているが、ISCの人口は6を損傷した場合のISCに戻すことができ、静止細胞に置き換えることができます失われます。 ISCの隣人はのISCまたはその娘細胞のいずれかとすることができます。 ISCは、増殖しているライン腸管腔1上皮シートを備える特殊な細胞型に分化ナイーブ娘細胞を産生します。ゴブレット、腸、腸、房およびM細胞は、様々な吸収や調節機能を提供腔表面に上向きに移動するが、パネート細胞は、それらがのISCと混ざり存在陰窩の底に残っています。近年では、ナイーブdaughtの割合ことが実証されています分泌系統宛てER細胞が傷害6,7時に、ISCに戻すことのできるLGR5 LO細胞を保持静止ラベルです。 原因陰窩再生におけるその重要性に優先順位をのISCとその近隣諸国、特にパネート細胞間の相互作用を理解する上に置きました。パネート細胞はのISC 8をサポートしてニッチで重要な役割を果たしています。殺菌製品に加えて、パネート細胞は、ISCの再生または分化を支配する経路を活性化するシグナル伝達分子を生成します。以前の研究は、彼らが自分の娘パネート細胞8が提供する本質的なニッチ信号を競うことができたときにLGR5 +のISCにのみ存在することを示しました。これらの研究は、通常のLGR5 +のISCではなく、それらが損傷し、LGR5 LO集団からの補充を必要としている状況でパネート細胞の役割を調べました。 <pクラス= &quot;jove_contentは&quot;&gt;我々はトランスジェニックマウスモデル9,10を用いて細胞および/ ​​または遺伝子の機能的役割を調べ腸生物学とモデル疾患を理解するために。頻繁にこれらのモデルは、条件付き遺伝子（複数可）9,10を変更するには、CRE-LOX 技術を活用しています。のCre（組み換えを起こす）リコンビナーゼは、バクテリオファージP1から分離され、インテグラーゼファミリーの部位特異的リコンビナーゼである。Creを&#39;は定義された34塩基対の間の部位特異的組換えを触媒しますロックスP &#39;（クロスオーバーP1の軌跡χ）サイト。マウスは遺伝的にCreリコンビナーゼの発現の際に切除される関心領域に隣接するLoxP部位を含むように操作されています。セルまたは発生特異的プロモーターにCre遺伝子の発現をリンクすると、変更は、空間ファッション9,10で行われるために、これは胚性致死突然変異を克服するのに特に有用であることができます。さらに受容体経路にCre発現を結びます、それは一時的な変更を可能にし、人為的に活性化させることができます。 この技術を用いて、我々は、腸上皮にCatnB遺伝子 11を不活性化。 βカテニン、CatnB遺伝子産物は 、ISCのホメオスタシスを支配する標準的なWntシグナル伝達経路の重要な調節因子です。この戦略を使用して、前の2つの研究では、矛盾する結果12,13を生産しました。 Fevr ら12の研究は、幹細胞および腸の恒常性の喪失を示しました。アイルランドらに対し、14の研究では、細胞生存率の低下を以下陰窩-絨毛軸がCatnBを発現する野生型細胞からの再増殖したことを報告しました。これらの研究における主な違いは、腸の上皮でのCreを発現するために使用されるプロモーターでした。 Fevr らの研究は、Tを投与することによって活性化することができる、エストロゲン受容体に結合されたビリン遺伝子プロモーターを使用しましたamoxifen（VIL-のCre-ER T2の ）15,16。対照的にアイルランドらは、生体異物βナフトフラボン（AH-CRE）に応答して、Cre発現を駆動するために、ラットチトクロームP450A1（CYP1A1）遺伝子のプロモーター要素を利用します。これら異なるシステムの特徴は、これらの異なった観察を考慮するために、2つの仮説を生成しました。 CatnBをより効率良くサブ再増殖レベルへのISCの数を減らす、AH-CREに比べVIL-のCre-ER T2のシステムを使用して ISCで削除されていることを初めて。あるいは、それは、分化した細胞集団でCatnBの削除を差によるましました。 VIL-のCre-ER T2システムの対象AH-CREシステムに対し、陰窩および絨毛のすべての上皮細胞にのみ、ISCのニッチと陰窩の非パネート細胞を標的とします。これらのシステムはbehavを調べるための理想的なツールを提供しますISCのIORとパネート細胞との相互作用。ここでは、我々はパネート細胞は傷害17に腸の応答を媒介するのに重要な役割を果たしていることを決定するためにこれらのシステムを使用する方法に基づいていくつかの詳細なプロトコルを提示します。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Acetate buffer</td><td>*</td><td>*</td><td>To make 100 ml: 4.8 ml 0.2 M Acetic acid, 45.2 ml 0.2 M Sodium acetate &amp;amp; 50 ml distilled water</td></tr><tr><td>Acetic acid</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>C/0400/PB17</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Acetic anhydride</td><td>Sigma</td><td>A6404</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Acetic anhydride solution</td><td>*</td><td>*</td><td>2 M Acetic anhydride in 0.1 M triethanolamine hydrochloride</td></tr><tr><td>Alcian Blue</td><td>Sigma</td><td>A5268</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Alcian Blue pH 2.5</td><td>*</td><td>*</td><td>To make 500 ml: 15 ml acetic acid, 5 g Alcian Blue &amp;amp; 485 ml distilled water</td></tr><tr><td>anti-digoxigenin alkaline phosphatase conjugated antibody</td><td>Abcam</td><td>ab119345</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>B(beta)-Naphthoflavone</td><td>Sigma</td><td>N3633</td><td>BNF, inject without allowing the solution to cool too much as compound will drop out of solution. Solution can be re-used &amp;ndash; store at -20 &amp;deg;C between uses, do not reheat more than twice.</td></tr><tr><td>Bloxall</td><td>Vector Labs</td><td>SP-6000</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>BM purple</td><td>Roche</td><td>11442074001</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>BSA</td><td>Sigma</td><td>A4503</td><td>Bovine serum albumin</td></tr><tr><td>Chloroform</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>C/4920/17</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Citrate Buffer/Antigen Unmasking Solution</td><td>Vector Labs</td><td>H-3300</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Corn oil</td><td>Sigma</td><td>C8627</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Demucifiying solution</td><td>*</td><td>*</td><td>For 500 ml: 50 ml glycerol, 50 ml Tris 0.1M pH8.8, 100 ml EtOH, 300 ml saline (0.9% NaCl in water), DTT 1.7 g.&amp;nbsp; Demucifying solution can be made in advance and stored, but DTT sholud be added just before incubation (340 mg/100 ml).</td></tr><tr><td>DEPC treated water</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>750023</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DTT</td><td>Sigma</td><td>101509944</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>EDTA</td><td>Sigma</td><td>O3690</td><td>0.5M</td></tr><tr><td>Ethanol</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>E/0650DF/17</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Filter paper</td><td>Whatman</td><td>3000917</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Formaldehyde</td><td>Sigma</td><td>F8775</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Formalin&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma</td><td>SLBL11382V</td><td>Neutral buffered formalin</td></tr><tr><td>Formamide</td><td>Sigma</td><td>F5786</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Glutaraldehye</td><td>Sigma</td><td>G6257</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;</td><td>Sigma</td><td>216763</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Haematoxylin</td><td>Raymond A Lamb</td><td>12698616</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>HBSS</td><td>Gibco</td><td>14175-053</td><td>HBSS (-MgCl2+; -CaCl2)</td></tr><tr><td>Hybridisation buffer</td><td>*</td><td>*</td><td>&amp;nbsp;5&amp;times; SSC, 50% formamide, 5% SDS, 1 mg/ml heparin, 1 mg/ml calf liver tRNA</td></tr><tr><td>Hydroquinone</td><td>Sigma</td><td>H9003</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ImmPACT DAB Peroxidase</td><td>Vector Labs</td><td>SK-4105</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Immpress HRP Anti-Mouse IgG Kit</td><td>Vector Labs</td><td>MP-7402</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Immpress HRP Anti-Rabbit IgG Kit</td><td>Vector Labs</td><td>MP-7401</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Intestinal tissue powder</td><td>*</td><td>*</td><td>The small intestines of 5 adult mice were combined and homogenised in the minimum volume of ice cold PBS. 4 volumes of ice cold acetone were added to the homogenised intestine, which was mixed thoroughly and incubated on ice for 30 min. This was centrifuged and the pellet was washed using ice cold acetone. This was further centrifuged and the resulting pellet spread onto filter paper and allowed to dry. Once thoroughly dry the material was ground to a fine powder using a pestle and mortar.&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>K-ferricyanide</td><td>Sigma</td><td>P-3667</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>K-ferrocyanide</td><td>Sigma</td><td>P3289</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Levamisole</td><td>Sigma</td><td>L0380000</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Methacarn</td><td>*</td><td>*</td><td>60% Methanol:30% Chloroform:10% Acetic acid</td></tr><tr><td>Methanol</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>M/4000/17</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MgCl2</td><td>Sigma</td><td>M8266</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Normal goat serum</td><td>Vector Labs</td><td>S-1012</td><td>NGS</td></tr><tr><td>Normal rabbit serum</td><td>Dako</td><td>X0902</td><td>NRS</td></tr><tr><td>NTMT</td><td>*</td><td>*</td><td>100 mM NaCl, 100 mM Tris HCl, 50 mM MgCl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, 0.1% Tween20, 2 mM Levamisole</td></tr><tr><td>PAP pen</td><td>Vector</td><td>H-400</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Paraformaldehyde</td><td>Sigma</td><td>P6148</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PBT</td><td>*</td><td>*</td><td>0.5 M NaCl, 10 mM TrisHCL pH7.5, 0.1% Tween 20</td></tr><tr><td>Penicillin/Streptomycin</td><td>Gibco</td><td>15140-122</td><td>100x solutiuon.</td></tr><tr><td>Phosphate buffered saline (10x)</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>BP3994</td><td>Dilluted 1:10 with distilled water to make 1x</td></tr><tr><td>PLL slides</td><td>Sigma</td><td>P0425-72EA</td><td>Poly-L-lysine microscope slides</td></tr><tr><td>Proteinase K</td><td>Sigma</td><td>P2308</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Proteinase k solution</td><td>*</td><td>*</td><td>Dilute Proteinase K at 200 &amp;micro;g/ml in 50 mM Tris, 5 mM EDTA.</td></tr><tr><td>Ralwax</td><td>BDH</td><td>36154 7N</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Reducer Solution</td><td>*</td><td>*</td><td>To make 100 ml: 1 g Hydroquinone, 5 g sodium sulphite &amp;amp; 100 ml distilled water</td></tr><tr><td>RnaseA</td><td>Sigma</td><td>R6148</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Saline</td><td>*</td><td>*</td><td>0.9% NaCl in distilled water</td></tr><tr><td>SDS</td><td>Sigma</td><td>I3771</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sheep serum</td><td>Sigma</td><td>S3772</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Silver nitrate</td><td>Sigma</td><td>S/1240/46</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Silver solution</td><td>*</td><td>*</td><td>To make 100 ml: 10 ml Acetate buffer, 87 ml distilled water, 3 ml 1% silver nitrate</td></tr><tr><td>Sodium acetate</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>S/2120/53</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sodium Chloride</td><td>Sigma</td><td>S6753</td><td>NaCl</td></tr><tr><td>Sodium sulfite</td><td>Sigma</td><td>239321</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>SSC</td><td>Sigma</td><td>93017</td><td>20x saline sodium citrate</td></tr><tr><td>Surgical tape</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>12960495</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tamoxifen</td><td>Sigma</td><td>T5648</td><td>TAM, inject without allowing the solution to cool too much as compound will drop out of solution. Solution can be re-used &amp;ndash; store at -20 &amp;deg;C between uses, do not reheat more than twice.</td></tr><tr><td>TBS/T</td><td>Cell Signalling</td><td>#9997</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Triethanolamine hydrochloride</td><td>Sigma</td><td>T1502</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tris-HCL</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>15567-027</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tween20</td><td>Sigma</td><td>TP9416</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>VectaMount</td><td>Vector Labs</td><td>H-5000</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>VectaShield Hardset mounting Medium with DAPI</td><td>Vector Labs</td><td>H-1500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Vectastain ABC Kit</td><td>Vector Labs</td><td>PK-4001</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>X-gal</td><td>Promega</td><td>V3941</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>X-gal fixative</td><td>*</td><td>*</td><td>2% formaldehyde, 0.1% glutaraldehyde in 1x PBS</td></tr><tr><td>X-gal stain</td><td>*</td><td>*</td><td>X-gal stain; 200 &amp;#956;l X-gal (A) in 50 ml solution B (0.214 g MgCl2, 0.48 g K-ferricyanide, 0.734 g K-ferrocyanide in 500 ml PBS).&amp;nbsp; Solution B can be made up oin advance and stored at 4 &amp;deg;C</td></tr><tr><td>Xylene</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>X/0200/21</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

protocols for analyzing the role of paneth cells in regenerating the murine intestine using conditional cre-lox mouse models

7日 - 哺乳類の腸の上皮表面は、すべて3を更新動的な組織です。この更新プロセスを理解することは、急速にLGR5遺伝子の発現によって特徴付けられる腸管幹細胞（のISC）をサイクリングの人口を同定しました。これらは、損傷の際にそれらを置き換えることができるBMI-1発現によってマーク静止幹細胞集団、によって支持されています。これらの集団間の相互作用を調査すると、疾患や癌における役割を理解するために不可欠です。 ISCは、腸の表面に陰窩内に存在し、これらのニッチは、上皮を補充するには、ISCをサポートしています。それは以前にLGR5 ISCの&#39;&#39;幹細胞性」が「密接に隣接パネート細胞の存在に結びついていることが実証されているように、活性と静止のISCとの間の相互作用はおそらく、ニッチ内の他の分化細胞を含んでいます。条件CRE-LOXのマウスを使用モデル我々は、パネート細胞の存在下または非存在下で活性のISCの大部分を削除する効果を試験しました。ここでは、腸を特徴付け、パネート細胞はかなりの損傷後の回復を助けるのに、ISCのニッチ内の重要な役割を果たしていることを証明するために行わ技術と分析について説明します。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Protocols for Analyzing the Role of Paneth Cells in Regenerating the Murine Intestine using Conditional Cre-lox Mouse Models at JoVE.com

Protocols for Analyzing the Role of Paneth Cells in Regenerating the Murine Intestine using Conditional Cre-lox Mouse Models

腸の上皮幹細胞（のISC）は、パネート細胞と混在しています。これらの細胞は、のISCをサポートするISCの子孫を分化し、抗菌保護を提供しています。ここでは、我々はパネート細胞は腸管上皮を維持する上で重要な役割を果たしていることを確立するために、トランスジェニック条件付きマウスモデルを使用する方法を示します。

条件を使用して、マウス腸の再生成にパネート細胞の役割を分析するためのプロトコル<em&gt;のCre-LOX</em&gt;マウスモデル

The epithelial surface of the mammalian intestine is a dynamic tissue that renews every 3 - 7 days. Understanding this renewal process identified a ...

protocols-for-analyzing-role-paneth-cells-regenerating-murine

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

Protocols for Analyzing the Role of Paneth Cells in Regenerating the Murine Intestine using Conditional Cre-lox Mouse Models

17.6K ビュー.  Cardiff University. 腸の上皮幹細胞（のISC）は、パネート細胞と混在しています。これらの細胞は、のISCをサポートするISCの子孫を分化し、抗菌保護を提供しています。ここでは、我々はパネート細胞は腸管上皮を維持する上で重要な役割を果たしていることを確立するために、トランスジェニック条件付きマウスモデルを使用する方法を示します。 

ビデオ: Protocols for Analyzing the Role of Paneth Cells in Regenerating the Murine Intestine using Conditional Cre-lox Mouse Models

Using In Vivo and Tissue and Cell Explant Approaches to Study the Morphogenesis and Pathogenesis of the Embryonic and Perinatal Aorta

The aorta is the largest artery in the body. The aortic wall is composed of an inner layer of endothelial cells, a middle layer of alternating elastic lamellae and smooth muscle cells (SMCs), and an outer layer of fibroblasts and extracellular matrix. In contrast to the widespread study of pathological models (e.g., atherosclerosis) in the adult aorta, much less is known about the embryonic and perinatal aorta. Here, we focus on SMCs and provide protocols for the analysis of the morphogenesis and pathogenesis of embryonic and perinatal aortic SMCs in normal development and disease. Specifically, the four protocols included are: i) in vivo embryonic fate mapping and clonal analysis; ii) explant embryonic aorta culture; iii) SMC isolation from the perinatal aorta; and iv) subcutaneous osmotic mini-pump placement in pregnant (or non-pregnant) mice. Thus, these approaches facilitate the investigation of the origin(s), fate, and clonal architecture of SMCs in the aorta in vivo. They allow for modulating embryonic aorta morphogenesis in utero by continuous exposure to pharmacological agents. In addition, isolated aortic tissue explants or aortic SMCs can be used to gain insights into the role of specific gene targets during fundamental processes such as muscularization, proliferation, and migration. These hypothesis-generating experiments on isolated SMCs and the explanted aorta can then be assessed in the in vivo context through pharmacological and genetic approaches.

Using In Vivo and Tissue and Cell Explant Approaches to Study the Morphogenesis and Pathogenesis of the Embryonic and Perinatal Aorta

Protocols for studying the embryonic and perinatal murine aorta using in vivo clonal analysis and fate mapping, aortic explants, and isolated smooth muscle cells are detailed here. These diverse approaches facilitate the investigation of the morphogenesis of the embryonic and perinatal aorta in normal development and the pathogenesis in disease.

体内と組織や細胞植アプローチを使用して形態形成と胚および周産期の大動脈の病因を研究するには

The aorta is the largest artery in the body. The aortic wall is composed of an inner layer of endothelial cells, a middle layer of alternating elastic ...

発生生物学

Genetic Engineering of Primary Mouse Intestinal Organoids Using Magnetic Nanoparticle Transduction Viral Vectors for Frozen Sectioning

Intestinal organoid cultures provide a unique opportunity to investigate intestinal stem cell and crypt biology in vitro, although efficient approaches to manipulate gene expression in organoids have made limited progress in this arena. While CRISPR/Cas9 technology allows for precise genome editing of cells for organoid generation, this strategy requires extensive selection and screening by sequence analysis, which is both time-consuming and costly. Here, we provide a detailed protocol for efficient viral transduction of intestinal organoids. This approach is rapid and highly efficient, thus decreasing the time and expense inherent in CRISPR/Cas9 technology. We also present a protocol to generate frozen sections from intact organoid cultures for further analysis with immunohistochemical or immunofluorescent staining, which can be used to confirm gene expression or silencing. After successful transduction of viral vectors for gene expression or silencing is achieved, intestinal stem cell and crypt function can be rapidly assessed. Although most organoid studies employ in vitro assays, organoids can also be delivered to mice for in vivo functional analyses. Moreover, our approaches are advantageous for predicting therapeutic responses to drugs because currently available therapies generally function by modulating gene expression or protein function rather than altering the genome.

We describe step-by-step instructions to: 1) efficiently engineer intestinal organoids using magnetic nanoparticles for lenti- or retroviral transduction, and, 2) generate frozen sections from engineered organoids. This approach provides a powerful tool to efficiently alter gene expression in organoids for investigation of downstream effects.

凍結断面化のための磁気ナノ粒子転写ウイルスベクターを用いた一次マウス腸オルガノイドの遺伝子工学

Intestinal organoid cultures provide a unique opportunity to investigate intestinal stem cell and crypt biology in vitro, although efficient approaches to ...

Three-Dimensional Culture of Murine Colonic Crypts to Study Intestinal Stem Cell Function Ex Vivo

The intestinal epithelium regenerates every 5-7 days, and is controlled by the intestinal epithelial stem cell (IESC) population located at the bottom of the crypt region. IESCs include active stem cells, which self-renew and differentiate into various epithelial cell types, and quiescent stem cells, which serve as the reserve stem cells in the case of injury. Regeneration of the intestinal epithelium is controlled by the self-renewing and differentiating capabilities of these active IESCs. In addition, the balance of the crypt stem cell population and maintenance of the stem cell niche are essential for intestinal regeneration. Organoid culture is an important and attractive approach to studying proteins, signaling molecules, and environmental cues that regulate stem cell survival and functions. This model is less expensive, less time-consuming, and more manipulatable than animal models. Organoids also mimic the tissue microenvironment, providing in vivo relevance. The present protocol describes the isolation of colonic crypts, embedding these isolated crypt cells into a three-dimensional gel matrix system and culturing crypt cells to form colonic organoids capable of self-organization, proliferation, self-renewal, and differentiation. This model allows one to manipulate the environment-knocking out specific proteins such as claudin-7, activating/deactivating signaling pathways, etc.-to study how these effects influence the functioning of colonic stem cells. Specifically, the role of tight junction protein claudin-7 in colonic stem cell function was examined. Claudin-7 is vital for maintaining intestinal homeostasis and barrier function and integrity. Knockout of claudin-7 in mice induces an inflammatory bowel disease-like phenotype exhibiting intestinal inflammation, epithelial hyperplasia, weight loss, mucosal ulcerations, epithelial cell sloughing, and adenomas. Previously, it was reported that claudin-7 is required for intestinal epithelial stem cell functions in the small intestine. In this protocol, a colonic organoid culture system is established to study the role of claudin-7 in the large intestine.

Three-Dimensional Culture of Murine Colonic Crypts to Study Intestinal Stem Cell Function Ex Vivo

The present protocol describes establishing a murine colonic organoid system to study the activity and functioning of colonic stem cells in a claudin-7 knockout model.

腸幹細胞機能をex vivoで研究するためのマウス結腸陰窩の三次元培養

The intestinal epithelium regenerates every 5-7 days, and is controlled by the intestinal epithelial stem cell (IESC) population located at the bottom of ...

がん研究

The Organoid Reconstitution Assay (ORA) for the Functional Analysis of Intestinal Stem and Niche Cells

The intestinal epithelium is characterized by an extremely rapid turnover rate. In mammals, the entire epithelial lining is renewed within 4 - 5 days. Adult intestinal stem cells reside at the bottom of the crypts of Lieberk&#252;hn, are earmarked by expression of the Lgr5 gene, and preserve homeostasis through their characteristic high proliferative rate1. Throughout the small intestine, Lgr5+ stem cells are intermingled with specialized secretory cells called Paneth cells. Paneth cells secrete antibacterial compounds (i.e., lysozyme and cryptdins/defensins) and exert a controlling role on the intestinal flora. More recently, a novel function has been discovered for Paneth cells, namely their capacity to provide niche support to Lgr5+ stem cells through several key ligands as Wnt3, EGF, and Dll12.
When isolated ex vivo and cultured in the presence of specific growth factors and extracellular matrix components, whole intestinal crypts give rise to long-lived and self-renewing 3D structures called organoids that highly resemble the crypt-villus epithelial architecture of the adult small intestine3. Organoid cultures, when established from whole crypts, allow the study of self-renewal and differentiation of the intestinal stem cell niche, though without addressing the contribution of its individual components, namely the Lgr5+ and Paneth cells.
Here, we describe a novel approach to the organoid assay that takes advantage of the ability of Paneth and Lgr5+ cells to associate and form organoids when co-cultured. This approach, here referred to as &#34;organoid reconstitution assay&#34; (ORA), allows the genetic and biochemical modification of Paneth or Lgr5+ stem cells, followed by reconstitution into organoids. As such, it allows the functional analysis of the two main components of the intestinal stem cell niche.

The Organoid Reconstitution Assay ORA for the Functional Analysis of Intestinal Stem and Niche Cells

Intestinal organoid cultures are established from whole crypts and do not allow the analysis of self-renewal and differentiation in a cell-specific fashion. This protocol describes reconstitution of sorted stem (Lgr5+) and niche (Paneth) cells, which give rise to organoids while enabling their prior biochemical and genetic modification and functional analysis.

腸幹とニッチ細胞機能解析における再構成アッセイ (ORA)

The intestinal epithelium is characterized by an extremely rapid turnover rate. In mammals, the entire epithelial lining is renewed within 4 - 5 days. ...

生物工学

Functional Assessment of Intestinal Permeability and Neutrophil Transepithelial Migration in Mice using a Standardized Intestinal Loop Model

The intestinal mucosa is lined by a single layer of epithelial cells that forms a dynamic barrier allowing paracellular transport of nutrients and water while preventing passage of luminal bacteria and exogenous substances. A breach of this layer results in increased permeability to luminal contents and recruitment of immune cells, both of which are hallmarks of pathologic states in the gut including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). 
Mechanisms regulating epithelial barrier function and transepithelial migration (TEpM) of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) are incompletely understood due to the lack of experimental in vivo methods allowing quantitative analyses. Here, we describe a robust murine experimental model that employs an exteriorized intestinal segment of either ileum or proximal colon. The exteriorized intestinal loop (iLoop) is fully vascularized and offers physiological advantages over ex vivo chamber-based approaches commonly used to study permeability and PMN migration across epithelial cell monolayers.
We demonstrate two applications of this model in detail: (1) quantitative measurement of intestinal permeability through detection of fluorescence-labeled dextrans in serum after intraluminal injection, (2) quantitative assessment of migrated PMN across the intestinal epithelium into the gut lumen after intraluminal introduction of chemoattractants. We demonstrate feasibility of this model and provide results utilizing the iLoop in mice lacking the epithelial tight junction-associated protein JAM-A compared to controls. JAM-A has been shown to regulate epithelial barrier function as well as PMN TEpM during inflammatory responses. Our results using the iLoop confirm previous studies and highlight the importance of JAM-A in regulation of intestinal permeability and PMN TEpM in vivo during homeostasis and disease. 
The iLoop model provides a highly standardized method for reproducible in vivo studies of intestinal homeostasis and inflammation and will significantly enhance understanding of intestinal barrier function and mucosal inflammation in diseases such as IBD.

Dysregulated intestinal epithelial barrier function and immune responses are hallmarks of inflammatory bowel disease that remain poorly investigated due to a lack of physiological models. Here, we describe a mouse intestinal loop model that employs a well-vascularized and exteriorized bowel segment to study mucosal permeability and leukocyte recruitment in vivo.

標準化腸ループモデルを用いたマウスにおける腸透過性と好中球経上皮移動の機能評価

The intestinal mucosa is lined by a single layer of epithelial cells that forms a dynamic barrier allowing paracellular transport of nutrients and water ...

免疫・感染学

Co-Culture of Murine Small Intestine Epithelial Organoids with Innate Lymphoid Cells

Complex co-cultures of organoids with immune cells provide a versatile tool for interrogating the bi-directional interactions that underpin the delicate balance of mucosal homeostasis. These 3D, multi-cellular systems offer a reductionist model for addressing multi-factorial diseases and resolving technical difficulties that arise when studying rare cell types such as tissue-resident innate lymphoid cells (ILCs). This article describes a murine system that combines small intestine organoids and small intestine lamina propria derived helper-like type-1 ILCs (ILC1s), which can be readily extended to other ILC or immune populations. ILCs are a tissue-resident population that is particularly enriched in the mucosa, where they promote homeostasis and rapidly respond to damage or infection. Organoid co-cultures with ILCs have already begun shedding light on new epithelial-immune signaling modules in the gut, revealing how different ILC subsets impact intestinal epithelial barrier integrity and regeneration. This protocol will enable further investigations into reciprocal interactions between epithelial and immune cells, which hold the potential to provide new insights into the mechanisms of mucosal homeostasis and inflammation.

This protocol offers detailed instructions for establishing murine small intestine organoids, isolating type-1 innate lymphoid cells from the murine small intestine lamina propria, and establishing 3-dimensional (3D) co-cultures between both cell types to study bi-directional interactions between intestinal epithelial cells and type-1 innate lymphoid cells.

マウス小腸上皮オルガノイドと先天性リンパ球細胞との共培養

Complex co-cultures of organoids with immune cells provide a versatile tool for interrogating the bi-directional interactions that underpin the delicate ...

Improved Swiss-rolling Technique for Intestinal Tissue Preparation for Immunohistochemical and Immunofluorescent Analyses

Understanding the role of factors that regulate intestinal epithelial homeostasis and response to injury and regeneration is important. The current literature describes several different methodological approaches to obtain images of intestinal tissues for data validation. In this paper, we delineate a common protocol relating to the derivation and processing of mouse intestinal tissues. Proper fixation of intestinal tissues and Swiss-roll techniques that enhance intestinal epithelial morphology are discussed. Postresection processing and reorientation of embedded intestinal tissues are critical in obtaining paraffin-embedded blocks that display intact intestinal structural features after sectioning. The Swiss-rolling technique helps in histological assessment of the complete intestinal or colonic sections examined. An ability to differentiate intestinal structural features can be vital in quantitative measurements of intestinal inflammation and tumorigenesis along the entire length. Finally, paraffin-embedded sections are ideal for robust processing using both immunohistochemical and immunofluorescent detection methods. Nonfluorescent immunohistochemical sections provide a vibrant image of the tissue detailing different cellular structural features but do not provide flexibility for intracellular co-localization experiments. Multiple fluorescent channels can be appropriately utilized with immunofluorescent detection for co-localization experiments, lending support to mechanistic studies.

Accurate identification and location of epithelial cells along the intestinal mucosal lining are essential to define different cell lineages. Proper imaging of intestinal tissues is crucial for identification of protein expression patterns with maximum resolution. This study aims to delineate the optimal methods and conditions for processing mouse intestinal tissues.

免疫組織化学および免疫蛍光分析のための腸組織の調製のための改良されたスイス・ローリングテクニック

Understanding the role of factors that regulate intestinal epithelial homeostasis and response to injury and regeneration is important. The current ...

生物学

Intestinal Epithelial Regeneration in Response to Ionizing Irradiation

The intestinal epithelium consists of a single layer of cells yet contains multiple types of terminally differentiated cells, which are generated by the active proliferation of intestinal stem cells located at the bottom of intestinal crypts. However, during events of acute intestinal injury, these active intestinal stem cells undergo cell death. Gamma irradiation is a widely used colorectal cancer treatment, which, while therapeutically efficacious, has the side effect of depleting the active stem cell pool. Indeed, patients frequently experience gastrointestinal radiation syndrome while undergoing radiotherapy, in part due to active stem cell depletion. The loss of active intestinal stem cells in intestinal crypts activates a pool of typically quiescent reserve intestinal stem cells and induces dedifferentiation of secretory and enterocyte precursor cells. If not for these cells, the intestinal epithelium would lack the ability to recover from radiotherapy and other such major tissue insults. New advances in lineage-tracing technologies allow tracking of the activation, differentiation, and migration of cells during regeneration and have been successfully employed for studying this in the gut. This study aims to depict a method for the analysis of cells within the mouse intestinal epithelium following radiation injury.

The gastrointestinal tract is one of the most sensitive organs to injury upon radiotherapeutic cancer treatments. It is simultaneously an organ system with one of the highest regenerative capacities following such insults. The presented protocol describes an efficient method to study the regenerative capacity of the intestinal epithelium.

電離放射線照射による腸管上皮再生

The intestinal epithelium consists of a single layer of cells yet contains multiple types of terminally differentiated cells, which are generated by the ...

確立されたマウスコロノイドに対する腸の炎症の上皮的影響

Studying the Epithelial Effects of Intestinal Inflammation In Vitro on Established Murine Colonoids

The intestinal epithelium plays an essential role in human health, providing a barrier between the host and the external environment. This highly dynamic cell layer provides the first line of defense between microbial and immune populations and helps to modulate the intestinal immune response. Disruption of the epithelial barrier is a hallmark of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and is of interest for therapeutic targeting. The 3-dimensional colonoid culture system is an extremely useful in vitro model for studying intestinal stem cell dynamics and epithelial cell physiology in IBD pathogenesis. Ideally, establishing colonoids from the inflamed epithelial tissue of animals would be most beneficial in assessing the genetic and molecular influences on disease. However, we have shown that in vivo epithelial changes are not necessarily retained in colonoids established from mice with acute inflammation. To address this limitation, we have developed a protocol to treat colonoids with a cocktail of inflammatory mediators that are typically elevated during IBD. While this system can be applied ubiquitously to various culture conditions, this protocol emphasizes treatment on both differentiated colonoids and 2-dimensional monolayers derived from established colonoids. In a traditional culture setting, colonoids are enriched with intestinal stem cells, providing an ideal environment to study the stem cell niche. However, this system does not allow for an analysis of the features of intestinal physiology, such as barrier function. Further, traditional colonoids do not offer the opportunity to study the cellular response of terminally differentiated epithelial cells to proinflammatory stimuli. The methods presented here provide an alternative experimental framework to address these limitations. The 2-dimensional monolayer culture system also offers an opportunity for therapeutic drug screening ex vivo. This polarized layer of cells can be treated with inflammatory mediators on the basal side of the cell and concomitantly with putative therapeutics apically to determine their utility in IBD treatment.

著者スポットライト:確立されたマウスコロノイドに対するIn vitroでの腸の炎症の上皮的影響の研究  

We describe a protocol detailing the isolation of murine colonic crypts for the development of 3-dimensional colonoids. The established colonoids can then be terminally differentiated to reflect the cellular composition of the host epithelium prior to receiving an inflammatory challenge or being directed to establish an epithelial monolayer.

確立されたマウスコロノイドに対する腸の炎症の上皮効果を in vitro で研究する

The intestinal epithelium plays an essential role in human health, providing a barrier between the host and the external environment. This highly dynamic ...

条件を使用して、マウス腸の再生成にパネート細胞の役割を分析するためのプロトコル

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体内と組織や細胞植アプローチを使用して形態形成と胚および周産期の大動脈の病因を研究するには

凍結断面化のための磁気ナノ粒子転写ウイルスベクターを用いた一次マウス腸オルガノイドの遺伝子工学

腸幹細胞機能をex vivoで研究するためのマウス結腸陰窩の三次元培養

腸幹とニッチ細胞機能解析における再構成アッセイ (ORA)

標準化腸ループモデルを用いたマウスにおける腸透過性と好中球経上皮移動の機能評価

マウス小腸上皮オルガノイドと先天性リンパ球細胞との共培養

免疫組織化学および免疫蛍光分析のための腸組織の調製のための改良されたスイス・ローリングテクニック

電離放射線照射による腸管上皮再生

確立されたマウスコロノイドに対する腸の炎症の上皮効果を in vitro で研究する

確立されたマウスコロノイドに対する腸の炎症の上皮効果を in vitro で研究する