Name: tissue engineering by intrinsic vascularization in an in vivo tissue engineering chamber
Uploaded: 2016-05-30T15:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 9 min 55 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Tissue Engineering by Intrinsic Vascularization in an In Vivo Tissue Engineering Chamber at JoVE.com

この作品は、NHMRCとスタッフォード・フォックス医療財団からの助成金によってサポートされていました。著者はスー・マッケイ、リリアナペペ、アンナDeftereosと実験的医療や外科ユニットのアマンダRixon、セントビンセント病院、メルボルンの外科的な支援を認めます。サポートはまた、ビクトリア朝の州政府のイノベーション省、産業と地域開発の運用インフラ支援プログラムによって提供されています。

ここで説明するプロトコルは、セントビンセント病院メルボルン、オーストラリアの動物倫理委員会によって承認されており、オーストラリア国立保健医療研究評議会のガイドラインに厳守下で行いました。 注：二室プロトコールを以下に記載します。 2つの異なるモデルおよびその特定のチャンバ設計は、 図1に示されている。チャンバは、（1）（ラット動静脈ループ室モデルの場合）、ポリカーボネートで作られています。これは、内径13ミリメートル、高さ4ミリメートルを有する円筒形です。壁内の1つのポイントでウィンドウが椎弓根のために妨げられることなくアクセスすることができます。 （ラットのフロースルー茎室モデルの）第2のモデルでは、チャンバは、アクリル製の矩形（10×4×8 mm 3で内部寸法）です。それは、チャンバを犯すように大腿動脈および静脈に適応するように両側に2つの1.5ミリメートルの開口部を有します。 1.ラット動静脈ループ商工モデル（Oneチャム動物当たりBER） 注：手術を開始する前に、すべての機器が適切に滅菌されていることを確認してください。同様に、滅菌タオル上の機器の残りを確保し、手続き中の汚染を避けるために、手術野から合理的な距離にあります。 <ol><li>手術のための動物の準備<ol><li>動静脈ループを作成するための血管のサイズが大きいために、少なくとも250gのラットを使用してください。 </li><li> 4％のイソフルラン吸入で動物をAnaesthetize。つま先ピンチに無応答性を評価することによって麻酔の十分な深さを裏付けます。麻酔した後、適切に2％イソフルランと手順を通して麻酔動物を維持します。 </li><li>温暖化パッド上に仰臥位で動物を置き、手術中の乾燥を防ぐために、目に無菌潤滑剤を適用します。 </li><li>電気かみそりを使用して、両方の股間を剃ると湿ったガーゼで髪を削除します。 </li><li>クロルヘキシジンと手術部位をPREP/ 70％エタノール溶液および無菌タオルで動物をドレープ。鎮痛剤としてカルプロフェン（5 mgの/ kgを皮下）の単回投与を管理します。 </li></ol></li><li>大腿静脈グラフトの収穫<ol><li> ＃15ブレードを使用して、鼠径靱帯に左鼠径部に平行に長さ4cmの皮膚切開を行います。これは、鼠径部脂肪パッドを露出させます。 </li><li>上腹部管に基づいて、その血管茎に取り付けられ、それを残してはさみで円周方向に脂肪パッドを通してカット。 </li><li>マイクロはさみを使用して、腹壁とその下にある大腿血管の間にフィルム状の結合組織の癒着を解放します。 </li><li>腹壁に開創器を置き、内側引き出します。これは、鼠径靱帯と大腿血管の全長を公開しています。 </li><li>マイクロ鉗子を使用し、湾曲したハサミを静かに引っ張り、切断によって上腹部静脈を分析し、その周囲の脂肪からそれを分離します。ループを構築するときに、この静脈は、テザーとして機能します。 </li><li> Usinグラムマイクロ鉗子湾曲マイクロハサミは大腿血管や神経の心窩部支店への分岐末端に鼠径靭帯からのすべての方法を含む血管周囲鞘を開きます。 </li><li>マイクロ鉗子を使用して、その外膜によって大腿静脈をピックアップし、静かに周囲の組織および添付動脈からそれを分離します。離れて組織を引っ張り、それを介して切断することにより、マイクロ鉗子湾曲ラウンド尖ったマイクロハサミでこれを行います。 注：これは血栓症の脆弱性が発生内膜への外傷を引き起こす可能性があるとして、静脈壁の全体の厚さをつかむことはありません。 </li><li>ライゲーション側枝は10/0ナイロン縫合糸で切開中に発見されたまたはバイポーラ凝固でそれらを凝固します。 </li><li>大腿静脈完全に無料で、4/0シルク縫合糸で、その近位端および遠位端を連結。少なくとも10ミリメートルの長さの静脈グラフトを取得することを確認しますと、男のロープのテザーとして使用する上腹部の枝の約0.5センチメートル長を含みますチャンバー内の開ループを保持します。 </li><li>マイクロ鉗子とストレートマイクロはさみを使用して、静かに引き出し、切断することにより、移植片の端部から外膜をトリミングします。これはまた、顕微吻合前に、後に行うことができます。 </li><li>ヘパリン添加生理食塩水（ヘパリンの10 U / ml）で静脈グラフトをフラッシュし、溶液中で休むようにそれを残します。連続走行4/0絹縫合糸と2つまたは3つの追加の簡単な中断されたステッチを使用して傷を閉じます。 </li></ol></li><li>商工会議所の動静脈ループと移植の作成<ol><li>繰り返しは、対側肢にまったく同じ方法で、1.2.4に1.2.1を繰り返します。 </li><li>マイクロ鉗子を使用して、上腹部動脈と静脈の両方を分析し、単離周囲の脂肪パッドを形成します。静かに血管から組織を引っ張ることによってこれを行います</li><li>マイクロ鉗子を使用して、その外膜により大腿動脈をピックアップし、周囲の組織からそれを解放します。マイクロ鉗子湾曲ラウンド尖ったマイクでこれを行います離れて組織を引っ張り、それを切断することにより、roのはさみ。その側枝を結紮または凝固。 </li><li> 4/0絹縫合糸を用いて、上腹部管の出現に大腿動脈と静脈の先端を連結。 </li><li>大腿動脈と静脈のそれぞれの近位に単一のクランプを置きます。鋭いストレートマイクロはさみを使用して、上腹部枝の出現に各容器の先端でクリーンな横カットを行います。船の下の滅菌プラスチックコントラストの背景を配置します。 </li><li>すべての血液が内腔から除去されるまで、ヘパリン化生理食塩水の寛大な量と激しく血管をフラッシュします。 </li><li>術野に静脈グラフトを持参し、必要に応じて、ステップ1.2.10に従って船 &#39;末端から任意の冗長な外膜を除去します。 </li><li> 10/0ナイロン縫合糸と顕微吻合の両方を実行します。大腿静脈と大腿動脈への遠位端部に静脈グラフトの近位端を吻合。これがf血液が流れるようになります静脈グラフトの内側バルブから抵抗なく静脈側への動脈をROM。 注：任意のねじれずに大腿血管とその自然な位置にある静脈グラフトの残りの部分を確認してください。 </li><li>両方の吻合部に漏れがないか確認してください。上に脂肪の小片を置き、静かに5〜10分間圧縮することにより、吻合部位から出てくる非脈動血のように見える小さな漏れを解決します。急速にフィールド全体をあふれさせるより大きな脈動漏れが追加ステッチが必要になります。 </li><li>動静脈ループの開存性を確認してください。大腿動脈の穏やかな閉塞は、大腿静脈内の同じがそれをガブガブ飲むべきである、それが縮小する必要があります。 </li><li>ねじれやよじれのないその自然な位置にある後者の休息と動静脈ループの下に組織工学室のベースを置きます。 </li><li> 6/0ナイロン縫合糸で鼠径靭帯およびその下の筋筋膜に、チャンバのベースを固定します。 </li><li>上に蓋を置きベース大腿血管は、ノッチ（室側の窓）を通ってチャンバに入るようにします。蓋を閉じたとき、それはテザーを所定の位置に動静脈ループを保持するように作用チャンバーベースと蓋との間で、心窩部枝をキャッチしていることを確認します。 </li><li>連続走行4/0絹縫合糸と2つまたは3つの追加の簡単な中断されたステッチを使用して傷を閉じます。 </li><li>動物は加温パッド上で麻酔から回復することを可能にします。 </li><li>それは胸骨横臥位を維持するのに十分な意識を取り戻したまで無人の動物を放置しないでください。同様に、完全に回復するまで、他の動物の会社に手術を受けた動物を返しません。 24時間後、鎮痛剤としてカルプロフェン（皮下5ミリグラム/キログラム）の別の単一用量を投与。 </li><li> 5日間のための局所抗生物質軟膏で傷口を扱います。傷口が開いている場合、1.1.5を介してステップ1.1.2のように動物を麻酔し、1.3のように傷口を閉じます0.14。毎日、動物の健康状態を監視します。動物はinacitivity、食欲不振、体重減少及び色の損失の複数の適度な兆候を示している場合（23 G針で0.25ミリリットルで163ミリグラム/ kg）を腹腔内lethabarb注入の致死量を用いて動物を安楽死させます。 </li></ol></li></ol> 2.フロースルー椎弓根商工会議所（動物ごとに2つのチェンバース） <ol><li>手術のための動物の準備<ol><li>繰り返しは、1.1.4を介して1.1.1を繰り返します。二つのチャンバは、単一のラットの双方の鼠径部領域に移植することができます。 </li></ol></li><li>大腿血管の単離と商工会議所の挿入<ol><li>繰り返しは、1.2.8を介して1.2.1を繰り返します。 </li><li>動脈と完全に周囲の組織から解放され、その枝を結紮静脈の両方で、術野にチャンバをもたらします。 </li><li>チャンバーベースがないねじれやよじれがないことを確認することの対応するスリットに無傷の大腿血管のそれぞれを置きます。 </li><li> attachiによってチャンバを閉じますベースに蓋をngの。連続走行4/0絹縫合糸と2つまたは3つの追加の簡単な中断されたステッチを使用して傷を閉じ、前述のように、動物が回復することを可能にします。 </li></ol></li></ol> 3.チェンバースの収穫と組織処理<ol><li>実験の時間点（4-6週間移植後）に到達したら、ステップ1.1.2のように動物を麻酔し、1.1.5まで手順1.1.3を繰り返します。 </li><li> ＃15ブレードを使用して傷を開き、チャンバが完全に露出するまでハサミで組織を切断。 </li><li>その後、遠位方向に血液を牛乳、静かに2マイクロピンセットで血管を閉塞し、最終的には近位鉗子を解放：血管開通のための構築物およびテストに大腿骨近位部の血管を公開します。容器は再び血液でいっぱいになると、これは、開通性を確認します。動静脈ループの場合には近位大腿血管を結紮し、両方の近位および遠位番目の場合には電子フロースルー設定、および一括含む組織でチャンバーを削除します。 </li><li>実験の最後に、（23 G針で0.25ミリリットルで163ミリグラム/ kg）を腹腔内lethobarb注入の致死量を用いて動物を安楽死させます。 </li><li> 24時間室温で4％パラホルムアルデヒド中で組織を修正しました。ディバイド複数の横断切片に組織（1-2 mm厚）、パラフィンワックスまたはそれぞれパラフィン切片のための最適な切削温度化合物（5ミクロン）または凍結切片（10μm）を、中に埋め込 ​​む。3,4,8,17,22、 24 </li><li>組織の一般的な形態を調べるために、このようなヘマトキシリン​​およびエオシンなどの日常的な組織学的染色を実行します。例えば心筋細胞のための心筋トロポニンTの免疫染色を関心、3,4,8,17,22,24,29の細胞型を同定するための特定の抗体を用いて免疫組織化学染色を行ってください。 </li></ol>

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M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Engineering+the+microcirculation.">Engineering the microcirculation.</a> Tissue Eng Part B Rev. 14 (1), 87-103 (2008).</li><li>Yap, K. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Enhanced+liver+progenitor+cell+survival+and+differentiation+in+vivo+by+spheroid+implantation+in+a+vascularized+tissue+engineering+chamber.">Enhanced liver progenitor cell survival and differentiation in vivo by spheroid implantation in a vascularized tissue engineering chamber.</a> Biomaterials. 34 (16), 3992-4001 (2013).</li><li>Findlay, M. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tissue-engineered+breast+reconstruction:+Bridging+the+gap+toward+large-volume+tissue+engineering+in+humans.">Tissue-engineered breast reconstruction: Bridging the gap toward large-volume tissue engineering in humans.</a> Plast Reconstr Surg. 128 (6), 1206-1215 (2011).</li><li>Tee, R., Morrison, W. A., Dusting, G. J., Liu, G. S., Choi, Y. S., Hsiao, S. T., Dilley, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transplantation+of+engineered+cardiac+muscle+flaps+in+syngeneic+rats.">Transplantation of engineered cardiac muscle flaps in syngeneic rats.</a> Tissue Eng Part A. 18 (19-20), 1992-1999 (2012).</li><li>Dolderer, J. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Long-term+stability+of+adipose+tissue+generated+from+a+vascularized+pedicled+fat+flap+inside+a+chamber.">Long-term stability of adipose tissue generated from a vascularized pedicled fat flap inside a chamber.</a> Plast Reconstr Surg. 127 (6), 2283-2292 (2011).</li><li>Sekine, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Endothelial+cell+coculture+within+tissue-engineered+cardiomyocyte+sheets+enhances+neovascularization+and+improves+cardiac+function+of+ischemic+hearts.">Endothelial cell coculture within tissue-engineered cardiomyocyte sheets enhances neovascularization and improves cardiac function of ischemic hearts.</a> Circulation. 118, 145-152 (2008).</li><li>Ting, A. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+adipogenic+potential+of+various+extracellular+matrices+under+the+influence+of+an+angiogenic+growth+factor+combination+in+a+mouse+tissue+engineering+chamber.">The adipogenic potential of various extracellular matrices under the influence of an angiogenic growth factor combination in a mouse tissue engineering chamber.</a> Acta Biomater. 10 (5), 1907-1918 (2014).</li><li>Zhan, W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Self-synthesized+extracellular+matrix+contributes+to+mature+adipose+tissue+regeneration+in+a+tissue+engineering+chamber.">Self-synthesized extracellular matrix contributes to mature adipose tissue regeneration in a tissue engineering chamber.</a> Wound Repair Regen. 23 (3), 443-452 (2015).</li><li>Messina, A., Bortolotto, S. K., Cassell, O. C., Kelly, J., Abberton, K. M., Morrison, W. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Generation+of+a+vascularized+organoid+using+skeletal+muscle+as+the+inductive+source.">Generation of a vascularized organoid using skeletal muscle as the inductive source.</a> FASEB J. 19 (11), 1570-1572 (2005).</li><li>Lim, S. Y., Hern&#225;ndez, D., Dusting, G. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Growing+vascularized+heart+tissue+from+stem+cells.">Growing vascularized heart tissue from stem cells.</a> J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 62 (2), 122-129 (2013).</li><li>Poon, C. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Preparation+of+an+adipogenic+hydrogel+from+subcutaneous+adipose+tissue.">Preparation of an adipogenic hydrogel from subcutaneous adipose tissue.</a> Acta Biomater. 9 (3), 5609-5620 (2013).</li><li>Dilley, R. J., Morrison, W. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Vascularisation+to+improve+translational+potential+of+tissue+engineering+systems+for+cardiac+repair.">Vascularisation to improve translational potential of tissue engineering systems for cardiac repair.</a> Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 56, 38-46 (2014).</li><li>Lesman, A., Koffler, J., Atlas, R., Blinder, Y. J., Kam, Z., Levenberg, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Engineering+vessel-like+networks+within+multicellular+fibrin-based+constructs.">Engineering vessel-like networks within multicellular fibrin-based constructs.</a> Biomaterials. 32 (31), 7856-7869 (2011).</li><li>Hussey, A. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Seeding+of+pancreatic+islets+into+prevascularized+tissue+engineering+chambers.">Seeding of pancreatic islets into prevascularized tissue engineering chambers.</a> Tissue Eng Part A. 15 (12), 3823-3833 (2009).</li><li>Chen, X., Aledia, A. S., Popson, S. A., Him, L., Hughes, C. C., George, S. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapid+anastomosis+of+endothelial+progenitor+cell-derived+vessels+with+host+vasculature+is+promoted+by+a+high+density+of+cotransplanted+fibroblasts.">Rapid anastomosis of endothelial progenitor cell-derived vessels with host vasculature is promoted by a high density of cotransplanted fibroblasts.</a> Tissue Eng Part A. 16 (2), 585-594 (2010).</li><li>Lin, R. Z., Melero-Martin, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fibroblast+growth+factor-2+facilitates+rapid+anastomosis+formation+between+bioengineered+human+vascular+networks+and+living+vasculature.">Fibroblast growth factor-2 facilitates rapid anastomosis formation between bioengineered human vascular networks and living vasculature.</a> Methods. 56 (3), 440-451 (2012).</li><li>Dolderer, J. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spontaneous+large+volume+adipose+tissue+generation+from+a+vascularized+pedicled+fat+flap+inside+a+chamber+space.">Spontaneous large volume adipose tissue generation from a vascularized pedicled fat flap inside a chamber space.</a> Tissue Eng. 13 (4), 673-681 (2007).</li><li>Wei, F. C., Lin Tay, S. K., Neligan, P. C., Gurtner, G. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Principles+and+techniques+of+microvascular+surgery.">Principles and techniques of microvascular surgery.</a> Plastic Surgery. Volume 1. , 587-620 (2013).</li><li>Sekine, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vitro+fabrication+of+functional+three-dimensional+tissues+with+perfusable+blood+vessels.">In vitro fabrication of functional three-dimensional tissues with perfusable blood vessels.</a> Nat.Comm. 4 (1399), 1-10 (2013).</li><li>Lim, S. Y., Sivakumaran, P., Crombie, D. E., Dusting, G. J., P&#233;bay, A., Dilley, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Trichostatin+A+enhances+differentiation+of+human+induced+pluripotent+stem+cells+to+cardiogenic+cells+for+cardiac+tissue+engineering.">Trichostatin A enhances differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells to cardiogenic cells for cardiac tissue engineering.</a> Stem Cells Transl Med. 2 (9), 715-725 (2013).</li><li>Lim, S. Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vivo+tissue+engineering+chamber+supports+human+induced+pluripotent+stem+cell+survival+and+rapid+differentiation.">In vivo tissue engineering chamber supports human induced pluripotent stem cell survival and rapid differentiation.</a> Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 422 (1), 75-79 (2012).</li><li>Piao, Y., Hung, S. S., Lim, S. Y., Wong, R. C., Ko, M. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficient+generation+of+integration-free+human+induced+pluripotent+stem+cells+from+keratinocytes+by+simple+transfection+of+episomal+vectors.">Efficient generation of integration-free human induced pluripotent stem cells from keratinocytes by simple transfection of episomal vectors.</a> Stem Cells Transl Med. 3 (7), 787-791 (2014).</li></ol>

著者には競合する利益を宣言しません。

微小循環のエンジニアリングは、現在、二つのアプローチを通して、本質的に検討されています。最初は、移植されたときに、ホストの血管床からの毛細血管は、このように周囲に栄養素だけでなく、の配信を保証する、吻合と呼ばれるプロセスを通じて移植構築物のものと接続するようにin vitroでの構文内で高度に相互接続血管網を開発したが含ままた、コア。21,32,33にこれ?...

機能的な血管化組織を作製する組織工学アプローチを使用して再生医療における新興のパラダイムである。損傷した組織または欠陥のある臓器の置換のために新しく健康な組織を操作するために1,2の多くのアプローチが開発されている、3-6実験で小動物モデルで有望な臨床的可能性。7,8。しかし、血管新生は、臨床的に関連する大きさの組織を成長させる可能性を制限する組織工学のための大きな課題の一つである。9 組織は新しい血管が受信者血管床から成長外因性経路のいずれかに従うと、移植された組織は、10または脈管構造が成長し、新たに開発組織と一体となって展開する内因性血管新生経路を構築を通じて侵入する血管新生化するための現在のアプローチ。11外因性アプローチ伝統的な足場上に細胞を播種することを含みます血管の内部成長が遅すぎると非常に薄いインプラント（としてin vitroで 、以前に培養培地により供給される栄養素は、血液循環から供給されることを期待して生きている動物に完全な構築物を注入する。12,13コンセプトは&lt;単純化されて1〜2ミリメートルの厚さ）が生存したままになります。十分かつ迅速な血管新生によって栄養と酸素を提供することは、骨、筋肉、脂肪および固体臓器など、より複雑で、より大きな組織工学代用を成長させるための任意の成功した試みの心臓部である。14,15組み込み血管新生は、の可能性を提供していますより大きな構築物は、その拡大の血液供給に見合ったプログレッシブ組織の成長によって開発します。一つのデザインは、細胞播種足場を伴うまたは伴わない血管茎のチャンバ内へのin vivoでの移植である。5,6これは厚い本質的に血管新生した組織の生成のための新しい手順への道を開いた。16,17 &lt;/ P&gt; より最近では、戦略は、移植前に、事前血管を通す組織移植片に開発されてきました。これらの組み込まれた血管ネットワークは、移植厚い組織移植片のすべての部分の生存率を改善するための完全な血液供給の迅速な提供を可能にする注入でホスト血管と吻合することを目的としている。18 私たちは、灌流血管茎と細胞含有生体材料を含む皮下移植半硬質の密閉チャンバを伴う小動物におけるインビボ血管組織工学モデルを開拓してきました。室は、移植された血管からの血管新生発芽を刺激し、虚血性環境を作成します。3血管茎が再構成された動静脈ループまたは無傷のフロースルー動脈と静脈をいずれかであることができる。3-6,19この血管茎の芽機能と豊富な動脈を両方の芸術でリンク-capillary、静脈網erioleと静脈は血管茎で終わる。3,20また、周囲の中空の支持室が潜在的に機械的な力を変形させることから、発達中の組織を保護し、血管新生を高めるために、虚血性ドライブを延長する。3,21,22血管茎は単純に移植された場合室内の保護された空間内の正常組織ではなく、血管新生発芽は通常の創傷と同じタイムラインに沿って停止し、新しい組織が椎弓根の周りに蓄積されません。調べでは、支持的脈管構造とし、臨床的に関連する大きさの3次元機能に血管新生組織構築物を生成するために、このin vivoでの設定を使用しています。4,23さらに、その無傷の血管茎と工学血管組織構築物は、損傷部位でのその後の移植のために採取することができます。24,25より臨床的に実現可能なシナリオは、復興のための決定的なサイトでチャンバを作成することになります胸としてUCH。したがって、この新規組織工学アプローチは、再建手術のための機能的な標的組織の新たな供給源を提供するための臨床的可能性を有することができる。26-28 以下のプロトコルは、異なる動物モデルで適応および血管新生、マトリックス産生、および細胞遊走および分化の複雑な過程を調べるために使用することができるラットにおけるインビボ血管新生組織工学室を構築する一般的なガイドを提供します。

<table><tbody><tr><td>1 15 Blade Scalpel</td><td>Braun</td><td>BB515</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1 Toothed Adson Forceps</td><td>Braun</td><td>BD527R</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1 Needle Holder</td><td>Braun</td><td>BM201R</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1 Bipolar Coagulator&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Braun</td><td>US335</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1 Micro Needle Holder B-15-8.3</td><td>S &amp;amp; T</td><td>00763</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1 Micro Dilator Forceps D-5a.2</td><td>S &amp;amp; T</td><td>00125</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1 Micro Jeweler&#039;s Forceps JF-5</td><td>S &amp;amp; T</td><td>00108</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1 Micro Scissors - Straight SAS-11</td><td>S &amp;amp; T</td><td>00098</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1 Micro Scissors - Curved SDC-11</td><td>S &amp;amp; T</td><td>00090</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2 Single Clamps B-3</td><td>S &amp;amp; T</td><td>00400</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2 10/0 nylon suture</td><td>S &amp;amp; T</td><td>03199</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1 6/0 nylon suture</td><td>Braun</td><td>G2095469</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2 4/0 Silk Sutures</td><td>Braun</td><td>C0760145</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Xilocaine 1%</td><td>Dealmed</td><td>150733</td><td>10 mg/ml</td></tr><tr><td>Heparin Sodium</td><td>Dealmed</td><td>272301</td><td>5,000 UI/ml</td></tr><tr><td>Ringer Lactate</td><td>Baxter</td><td>JB2323</td><td>500 ml</td></tr><tr><td>1 dome-shaped tissue engineering chamber</td><td>custom made</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1 flow-through chamber</td><td>custom made</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lectin I, Griffonia Simplicifolia&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Vector Laboratories</td><td>B-1105</td><td>1.67 &amp;mu;g/ml</td></tr><tr><td>Troponin T antibody</td><td>Abcam</td><td>Ab8295</td><td>4 &amp;mu;g/ml</td></tr><tr><td>Human-specific Ku80 antibody</td><td>Abcam</td><td>Ab80592</td><td>0.06 &amp;mu;g/ml</td></tr><tr><td>Desmin antibody</td><td>Dako</td><td>M0760</td><td>2.55 &amp;mu;g/ml</td></tr><tr><td>Cell Tracker CM-DiI dye</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td><td>C-7000</td><td>3 mg/10&lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt; cells</td></tr><tr><td>Lethabarb (sodium pentobarbitone)</td><td><a href="www.virbac.com.au" target="_blank"><img src="/img/new_window.png" /> Virbac Animal Health</a></td><td>LETHA450</td><td>325 mg/ml</td></tr><tr><td>Heat pad flexible</td><td><a href="http://www.redzoneheating.com.au" target="_blank"><img src="/img/new_window.png" /> Redzone Heating</a></td><td>RZ/Medium</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

tissue engineering by intrinsic vascularization in an in vivo tissue engineering chamber

再建手術では、複雑で自家復興の現在の方法に代わる、コスト高と貿易別のものの欠陥のための臨床的な必要性があります。組織工学は、この需要の増加に対処するための約束を保持しています。しかし、ほとんどの組織工学戦略が悪いため、血管新生の安定した機能的組織代替物を生成することができません。本論文では、灌流動脈と静脈のいずれかの動静脈ループまたはフロースルー椎弓根構成としては、保護された中空室の内部に向けられている固有の血管新生のin vivo組織工学室モデルに焦点を当てています。この室ベースのシステムでは、血管新生発芽は、動静脈の血管から発生し、このシステムは徐々に線維血管組織でチャンバ空間を埋め駆動虚血性および炎症性の内因性の細胞遊走を魅了しています。外因性の細胞/チャンバーの構築時に行列注入は、セルシュールを強化しますvivalと開発工学組織の特異性を決定します。我々の研究は、この室モデルがうまくそのような脂肪、心筋、肝臓などのような様々な組織を生成することができることを示しています。しかしながら、修正及び改良は、標的組織の形成を一貫して再現可能であることを確認する必要があります。この記事では、生体内で二つの異なる血管組織工学室モデルの製造のための標準化されたプロトコルについて説明します。

上記のプロトコールに記載されるように、組織工学室の顕微作成を行いました。チャンバ内部で発生組織3.種々の組織タイプの正常インビボ血管新生室（ 図2）を使用して操作されたプロトコルのステップで説明するように組織学的に調べることができます。これらは、新生児ラット心筋細胞（ 図2A）、脂肪組織の細胞外マトリックス?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Tissue Engineering by Intrinsic Vascularization in an In Vivo Tissue Engineering Chamber at JoVE.com

Tissue Engineering by Intrinsic Vascularization in an In Vivo Tissue Engineering Chamber

This is a guideline for constructing in vivo vascularized tissue using a microsurgical arteriovenous loop or a flow-through pedicle configuration inside a tissue engineering chamber. The vascularized tissues generated can be employed for organ regeneration and replacement of tissue defects, as well as for drug testing and disease modeling.

中に組み込み血管新生による組織工学<em&gt;インビボ</em&gt;ティッシュ・エンジニアリング商工会議所

In reconstructive surgery, there is a clinical need for an alternative to the current methods of autologous reconstruction which are complex, costly and ...

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Tissue Engineering by Intrinsic Vascularization in an In Vivo Tissue Engineering Chamber

8.8K ビュー.  St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research. This is a guideline for constructing in vivo vascularized tissue using a microsurgical arteriovenous loop or a flow-through pedicle configuration inside a tissue engineering chamber. The vascularized tissues generated can be employed for organ regeneration and replacement of tissue defects, as well as for drug testing and disease modeling. 

ビデオ: Tissue Engineering by Intrinsic Vascularization in an In Vivo Tissue Engineering Chamber

Engineering Biological-Based Vascular Grafts Using a Pulsatile Bioreactor

Much effort has been devoted to develop and advance the methodology to regenerate functional small-diameter arterial bypasses. In the physiological environment, both mechanical and chemical stimulation are required to maintain the proper development and functionality of arterial vessels1,2.
Bioreactor culture systems developed by our group are designed to support vessel regeneration within a precisely controlled chemo-mechanical environment mimicking that of native vessels. Our bioreactor assembly and maintenance procedures are fairly simple and highly repeatable3,4. Smooth muscle cells (SMCs) are seeded onto a tubular polyglycolic acid (PGA) mesh that is threaded over compliant silicone tubing and cultured in the bioreactor with or without pulsatile stimulation for up to 12 weeks. There are four main attributes that distinguish our bioreactor from some predecessors. 1) Unlike other culture systems that simulate only the biochemical surrounding of native blood vessels, our bioreactor also creates a physiological pulsatile environment by applying cyclic radial strain to the vessels in culture. 2) Multiple engineered vessels can be cultured simultaneously under different mechanical conditions within a controlled chemical environment. 3) The bioreactor allows a mono layer of endothelial cells (EC) to be easily coated onto the luminal side of engineered vessels for animal implantation models. 4) Our bioreactor can also culture engineered vessels with different diameter size ranged from 1 mm to 3 mm, saving the effort to tailor each individual bioreactor to fit a specific diameter size. 
The engineered vessels cultured in our bioreactor resemble native blood vessels histologically to some degree. Cells in the vessel walls express mature SMC contractile markers such as smooth muscle myosin heavy chain (SMMHC)3. A substantial amount of collagen is deposited within the extracellular matrix, which is responsible for ultimate mechanical strength of the engineered vessels5. Biochemical analysis also indicates that collagen content of engineered vessels is comparable to that of native arteries6. Importantly, the pulsatile bioreactor has consistently regenerated vessels that exhibit mechanical properties that permit successful implantation experiments in animal models3,7. Additionally, this bioreactor can be further modified to allow real-time assessment and tracking of collagen remodeling over time, non-invasively, using a non-linear optical microscopy (NLOM)8. To conclude, this bioreactor should serve as an excellent platform to study the fundamental mechanisms that regulate the regeneration of functional small-diameter vascular grafts.

Our group has developed a bioreactor culture system that mimics the physiological pulsatile stresses of the cardiovascular system to regenerate implantable small-diameter vascular grafts.

拍動バイオリアクターを用いた工学生物学ベースの人工血管

Much effort has been devoted to develop and advance the methodology to regenerate functional small-diameter arterial bypasses. In the physiological ...

生物工学

Tissue Engineering of a Human 3D in vitro Tumor Test System

Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Current therapeutic strategies are predominantly developed in 2D culture systems, which inadequately reflect physiological conditions in vivo. Biological 3D matrices provide cells an environment in which cells can self-organize, allowing the study of tissue organization and cell differentiation. Such scaffolds can be seeded with a mixture of different cell types to study direct 3D cell-cell-interactions. To mimic the 3D complexity of cancer tumors, our group has developed a 3D in vitro tumor test system.	
	Our 3D tissue test system models the in vivo situation of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs), which we established with our decellularized porcine jejunal segment derived biological vascularized scaffold (BioVaSc). In our model, we reseeded a modified BioVaSc matrix with primary fibroblasts, microvascular endothelial cells (mvECs) and the S462 tumor cell line. For static culture, the vascular structure of the BioVaSc is removed and the remaining scaffold is cut open on one side (Small Intestinal Submucosa SIS-Muc). The resulting matrix is then fixed between two metal rings (cell crowns).	
	Another option is to culture the cell-seeded SIS-Muc in a flow bioreactor system that exposes the cells to shear stress. Here, the bioreactor is connected to a peristaltic pump in a self-constructed incubator. A computer regulates the arterial oxygen and nutrient supply via parameters such as blood pressure, temperature, and flow rate. This setup allows for a dynamic culture with either pressure-regulated pulsatile or constant flow.	
	In this study, we could successfully establish both a static and dynamic 3D culture system for MPNSTs. The ability to model cancer tumors in a more natural 3D environment will enable the discovery, testing, and validation of future pharmaceuticals in a human-like model.

Tissue Engineering of a Human 3D in vitro Tumor Test System

Methods to create human 3D tumor tissues as test systems are described. These technologies are based on a decellularized Biological Vascularized Scaffold (BioVaSc), primary human cells and a tumor cell line, which can be cultured under static as well as under dynamic conditions in a flow bioreactor.

人間の3次元の組織工学<em&gt; in vitroで</em&gt;腫瘍テストシステム

Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide.  Current therapeutic strategies are predominantly developed in 2D culture  systems, which ...

A Full Skin Defect Model to Evaluate Vascularization of Biomaterials In Vivo

Insufficient vascularization is considered to be one of the main factors limiting the clinical success of tissue-engineered constructs. In order to evaluate new strategies that aim at improving vascularization, reliable methods are required to make the in-growth of new blood vessels into bio-artificial scaffolds visible and quantify the results. Over the past couple of years, our group has introduced a full skin defect model that enables the direct visualization of blood vessels by transillumination and provides the possibility of quantification through digital segmentation. In this model, one surgically creates full skin defects in the back of mice and replaces them with the material tested. Molecules or cells of interest can also be incorporated in such materials to study their potential effect. After an observation time of one&#8217;s own choice, materials are explanted for evaluation. Bilateral wounds provide the possibility of making internal comparisons that minimize artifacts among individuals as well as of decreasing the number of animals needed for the study. In comparison to other approaches, our method offers a simple, reliable and cost effective analysis. We have implemented this model as a routine tool to perform high-resolution screening when testing vascularization of different biomaterials and bio-activation approaches.

A Full Skin Defect Model to Evaluate Vascularization of Biomaterials In Vivo

Vascularization is key to approaches in successful tissue engineering. Therefore, reliable technologies are required to evaluate the development of vascular networks in tissue-constructs. Here we present a simple and cost-effective method to visualize and quantify vascularization in vivo.

生体材料の血管新生を評価するために、完全な皮膚欠損モデル<em&gt;インビボ</em

Insufficient vascularization is considered to be one of the main factors limiting the clinical success of tissue-engineered constructs. In order to ...

Generation and Grafting of Tissue-engineered Vessels in a Mouse Model

The construction of vascular conduits is a fundamental strategy for surgical repair of damaged and injured vessels resulting from cardiovascular diseases. The current protocol presents an efficient and reproducible strategy in which functional tissue engineered vessel grafts can be generated using partially induced pluripotent stem cell (PiPSC) from human fibroblasts. We designed a decellularized vessel scaffold bioreactor, which closely mimics the matrix protein structure and blood flow that exists within a native vessel, for seeding of PiPSC-endothelial cells or smooth muscle cells prior to grafting into mice. This approach was demonstrated to be advantageous because immune-deficient mice engrafted with the PiPSC-derived grafts presented with markedly increased survival rate 3 weeks after surgery. This protocol represents a valuable tool for regenerative medicine, tissue engineering and potentially patient-specific cell-therapy in the near future.

Here, we present a protocol to generate tissue engineered vessel grafts that are functional for grafting into mice by double seeding partially induced pluripotent stem cell (PiPSC) - derived smooth muscle cells and PiPSC - derived endothelial cells on a decellularized vessel scaffold bioreactor.

マウスモデルにおける組織工学血管の生成とグラフト

The construction of vascular conduits is a fundamental strategy for surgical repair of damaged and injured vessels resulting from cardiovascular diseases. ...

Engineering 3D Cellularized Collagen Gels for Vascular Tissue Regeneration

Synthetic materials are known to initiate clinical complications such as inflammation, stenosis, and infections when implanted as vascular substitutes. Collagen has been extensively used for a wide range of biomedical applications and is considered a valid alternative to synthetic materials due to its inherent biocompatibility (i.e., low antigenicity, inflammation, and cytotoxic responses). However, the limited mechanical properties and the related low hand-ability of collagen gels have hampered their use as scaffold materials for vascular tissue engineering. Therefore, the rationale behind this work was first to engineer cellularized collagen gels into a tubular-shaped geometry and second to enhance smooth muscle cells driven reorganization of collagen matrix to obtain tissues stiff enough to be handled.
The strategy described here is based on the direct assembling of collagen and smooth muscle cells (construct) in a 3D cylindrical geometry with the use of a molding technique. This process requires a maturation period, during which the constructs are cultured in a bioreactor under static conditions (without applied external dynamic mechanical constraints) for 1 or 2 weeks. The &#8220;static bioreactor&#8221; provides a monitored and controlled sterile environment (pH, temperature, gas exchange, nutrient supply and waste removal) to the constructs. During culture period, thickness measurements were performed to evaluate the cells-driven remodeling of the collagen matrix, and glucose consumption and lactate production rates were measured to monitor the cells metabolic activity. Finally, mechanical and viscoelastic properties were assessed for the resulting tubular constructs. To this end, specific protocols and a focused know-how (manipulation, gripping, working in hydrated environment, and so on) were developed to characterize the engineered tissues.

In this work, we present a technique for the rapid fabrication of living vascular tissues by direct culturing of collagen, smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells. In addition, a new protocol for the mechanical characterization of engineered vascular tissues is described.

エンジニアリング3D細胞化血管組織再生のためのコラーゲンゲル

Synthetic materials are known to initiate clinical complications such as inflammation, stenosis, and infections when implanted as vascular substitutes. ...

Micropatterning and Assembly of 3D Microvessels

In vitro platforms to study endothelial cells and vascular biology are largely limited to 2D endothelial cell culture, flow chambers with polymer or glass based substrates, and hydrogel-based tube formation assays. These assays, while informative, do not recapitulate lumen geometry, proper extracellular matrix, and multi-cellular proximity, which play key roles in modulating vascular function. This manuscript describes an injection molding method to generate engineered vessels with diameters on the order of 100 &#181;m. Microvessels are fabricated by seeding endothelial cells in a microfluidic channel embedded within a native type I collagen hydrogel. By incorporating parenchymal cells within the collagen matrix prior to channel formation, specific tissue microenvironments can be modeled and studied. Additional modulations of hydrodynamic properties and media composition allow for control of complex vascular function within the desired microenvironment. This platform allows for the study of perivascular cell recruitment, blood-endothelium interactions, flow response, and tissue-microvascular interactions. Engineered microvessels offer the ability to isolate the influence from individual components of a vascular niche and precisely control its chemical, mechanical, and biological properties to study vascular biology in both health and disease.

This manuscript presents an injection molding method to engineer microvessels that recapitulate physiological properties of endothelium. The microfluidic-based process creates patent 3D vascular networks with tailorable conditions, such as flow, cellular composition, geometry, and biochemical gradients. The fabrication process and examples of potential applications are described.

微細と3D微小血管の組立

In vitro platforms to study endothelial cells and vascular biology are largely limited to 2D endothelial cell culture, flow chambers with polymer or glass ...

The Arteriovenous (AV) Loop in a Small Animal Model to Study Angiogenesis and Vascularized Tissue Engineering

A functional blood vessel network is a prerequisite for the survival and growth of almost all tissues and organs in the human body. Moreover, in pathological situations such as cancer, vascularization plays a leading role in disease progression. Consequently, there is a strong need for a standardized and well-characterized in vivo model in order to elucidate the mechanisms of neovascularization and develop different vascularization approaches for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
We describe a microsurgical approach for a small animal model for induction of a vascular axis consisting of a vein and artery that are anastomosed to an arteriovenous (AV) loop. The AV loop is transferred to an enclosed implantation chamber to create an isolated microenvironment in vivo, which is connected to the living organism only by means of the vascular axis. Using 3D imaging (MRI, micro-CT) and immunohistology, the growing vasculature can be visualized over time. By implanting different cells, growth factors and matrices, their function in blood vessel network formation can be analyzed without any disturbing influences from the surroundings in a well controllable environment. 
In addition to angiogenesis and antiangiogenesis studies, the AV loop model is also perfectly suited for engineering vascularized tissues. After a certain prevascularization time, the generated tissues can be transplanted into the defect site and microsurgically connected to the local vessels, thereby ensuring immediate blood supply and integration of the engineered tissue. By varying the matrices, cells, growth factors and chamber architecture, it is possible to generate various tissues, which can then be tailored to the individual patient's needs.

The Arteriovenous AV Loop in a Small Animal Model to Study Angiogenesis and Vascularized Tissue Engineering

We describe a microsurgical approach for the generation of an arteriovenous (AV) loop as a model for analyzing vascularization in vivo in an isolated and well-characterized environment. This model is not only useful for the investigation of angiogenesis, but is also optimally suited for engineering axially vascularized and transplantable tissues.

血管新生および血管組織工学を研究するための小さな動物モデルにおける動静脈（AV）ループ

A functional blood vessel network is a prerequisite for the survival and growth of almost all tissues and organs in the human body. Moreover, in ...

Microfluidic Bioprinting for Engineering Vascularized Tissues and Organoids

Engineering vascularized tissue constructs and organoids has been historically challenging. Here we describe a novel method based on microfluidic bioprinting to generate a scaffold with multilayer interlacing hydrogel microfibers. To achieve smooth bioprinting, a core-sheath microfluidic printhead containing a composite bioink formulation extruded from the core flow and the crosslinking solution carried by the sheath flow, was designed and fitted onto the bioprinter. By blending gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) with alginate, a polysaccharide that undergoes instantaneous ionic crosslinking in the presence of select divalent ions, followed by a secondary photocrosslinking of the GelMA component to achieve permanent stabilization, a microfibrous scaffold could be obtained using this bioprinting strategy. Importantly, the endothelial cells encapsulated inside the bioprinted microfibers can form the lumen-like structures resembling the vasculature over the course of culture for 16 days. The endothelialized microfibrous scaffold may be further used as a vascular bed to construct a vascularized tissue through subsequent seeding of the secondary cell type into the interstitial space of the microfibers. Microfluidic bioprinting provides a generalized strategy in convenient engineering of vascularized tissues at high fidelity.

We provide a generalized protocol based on a microfluidic bioprinting strategy for engineering a microfibrous vascular bed, where a secondary cell type could be further seeded into the interstitial space of this microfibrous structure to generate vascularized tissues and organoids.

マイクロ流体工学バイオプリンティング血管組織や Organoids

Engineering vascularized tissue constructs and organoids has been historically challenging. Here we describe a novel method based on microfluidic ...

Bioengineering Human Microvascular Networks in Immunodeficient Mice

The future of tissue engineering and cell-based therapies for tissue regeneration will likely rely on our ability to generate functional vascular networks in vivo. In this regard, the search for experimental models to build blood vessel networks in vivo is of utmost importance 1. The feasibility of bioengineering microvascular networks in vivo was first shown using human tissue-derived mature endothelial cells (ECs) 2-4; however, such autologous endothelial cells present problems for wide clinical use, because they are difficult to obtain in sufficient quantities and require harvesting from existing vasculature. These limitations have instigated the search for other sources of ECs. The identification of endothelial colony-forming cells (ECFCs) in blood presented an opportunity to non-invasively obtain ECs 5-7. We and other authors have shown that adult and cord blood-derived ECFCs have the capacity to form functional vascular networks in vivo 7-11. Importantly, these studies have also shown that to obtain stable and durable vascular networks, ECFCs require co-implantation with perivascular cells. The assay we describe here illustrates this concept: we show how human cord blood-derived ECFCs can be combined with bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) as a single cell suspension in a collagen/fibronectin/fibrinogen gel to form a functional human vascular network within 7 days after implantation into an immunodeficient mouse. The presence of human ECFC-lined lumens containing host erythrocytes can be seen throughout the implants indicating not only the formation (de novo) of a vascular network, but also the development of functional anastomoses with the host circulatory system. This murine model of bioengineered human vascular network is ideally suited for studies on the cellular and molecular mechanisms of human vascular network formation and for the development of strategies to vascularize engineered tissues.

Here, we describe a methodology to deliver human cord blood-derived endothelial colony-forming cells (ECFCs) and bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), embedded in a collagen/fibronectin gel, subcutaneously into immunodeficient mice. This cell/gel combination generates a human vascular network that connects with the mouse vasculature.

免疫不全マウスにおける生体工学ヒト微小血管ネットワーク

The future of tissue engineering and cell-based therapies for tissue regeneration will likely rely on our ability to generate functional vascular networks ...

生物学

Core/shell Printing Scaffolds For Tissue Engineering Of Tubular Structures

Three-dimensional (3D) printing of core/shell filaments allows direct fabrication of channel structures with a stable shell that is cross-linked at the interface with a liquid core. The latter is removed post-printing, leaving behind a hollow tube. Integrating an additive manufacturing technique (like the one described here with tailor-made [bio]inks, which structurally and biochemically mimic the native extracellular matrix [ECM]) is an important step towards advanced tissue engineering. However, precise fabrication of well-defined structures requires tailored fabrication strategies optimized for the material in use. Therefore, it is sensible to begin with a set-up that is customizable, simple-to-use, and compatible with a broad spectrum of materials and applications. This work presents an easy-to-manufacture core/shell nozzle with luer-compatibility to explore core/shell printing of woodpile structures, tested with a well-defined, alginate-based scaffold material formulation.

Presented here is a simple-to-use, core/shell, three-dimensional bioprinting set-up for one-step fabrication of hollow scaffolds, suitable for tissue engineering of vascular and other tubular structures.

管状構造の組織工学のためのコア/シェル印刷足場

Three-dimensional (3D) printing of core/shell filaments allows direct fabrication of channel structures with a stable shell that is cross-linked at the ...

中に組み込み血管新生による組織工学

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