This work was supported by NIH Grants R01-DC010146 and R01-DC010397. Its content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official view of the National Institutes of Health.

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The authors declare no existing or potential conflict of interest.

このレポートでは、どのように文化HEI-OC1細胞をに説明し、薬剤誘発性細胞毒性のメカニズムを評価するためにそれらを使用し、プレスチン、蝸牛OHCSの分子モーターの機能特性を調査します。技術的手順は、しかしながら、容易に別の試験に適合することが十分に一般的です。 ここで説明するすべてのプロトコルは、十分に確立された細胞培養技術10の正しい使?...

コルチ1のハウス耳研究所-臓器（HEI-OC1）細胞は、トランスジェニックマウスの1,2の聴覚器官に由来しています。 33℃/ 10％CO 2（許容条件）で、このトランスジェニックマウスからの任意の細胞のインキュベーションは、脱分化と加速増殖をトリガーする不死化遺伝子の発現を誘導します。 39℃/ 5％CO 2の少なくともHEI-OC1、細胞死2,3の場合には、増殖、分化を減少した（非許容条件）リードに対して細胞を移動させます。 HEI-OC1細胞をクローニングし、十年以上前に私たちの研究室で特徴付けられ、そして初期の研究は、彼らが特定のそのようなプレスチン、ミオシン7aと、のAtoh1、BDNF、カルビンジンおよびカルモジュリンなどの蝸牛有毛細胞のマーカーだけでなく、支援のマーカーを発現することが示されましたコネキシン26及び線維芽細胞増殖因子受容体（FGF-R）2のような細胞です。したがって、それはHEI-OC1はのCommoを表すことが示唆されましたコルチ2の器官の感覚と支持細胞のためのn個の前駆細胞。薬は、非耳毒性考えながら並列研究はペニシリンのように、2,3なかった、シスプラチン、ゲンタマイシンおよびストレプトマイシンのような典型的な耳毒性薬が誘発されることをこれらの細胞におけるカスパーゼ3活性化を強力な証拠を提供しました。従って、この細胞株は、耳毒性に関与する細胞および分子機構を調査し、新しい薬理学的薬剤の潜在的な耳毒性またはotoprotective特性のスクリーニングするためのインビトロ系として提案されました。 HEI-OC1細胞を、過去10年間に発表された百以上及び五十の研究において使用されていると推定されます。 異なる薬剤の潜在的なプロアポトーシス効果を見ているが、この細胞株を含む研究のほとんどの主要な目標であったが、オートファジーと老化のような他の重要な細胞プロセスはちょうどHEI-OC1細胞4-7で調査され始めています。私naが我々の研究室8からの最近の研究では、我々は頻繁に診療所で使用される異なる薬理学的薬剤によって誘導される細胞死、生存、増殖、老化およびオートファジーに関するデータの包括的なセットを収集するためにHEI-OC1の細胞を使用しました。我々はまた、同一の治療を受けてHEK-293（ヒト胎児腎臓細胞）およびHeLa細胞由来のもの（ヒト上皮細胞）でHEI-OC1細胞の応答の一部を比較しました。我々の結果は、HEI-OC1細胞を、試験下のメカニズムの少なくとも1つに特有の用量及び時間依存性の感度で、特性ようにザ各薬物に応答することが示されました。また、実験結果の正しい解釈は、複数の技術8と平行した研究を行う必要がありますことをその研究に強調しました。 別の研究では、プレスチンの機能的応答を評価するためのHEI-OC1細胞の使用、蝸牛外有毛細胞のモータータンパク質（OHCS）9を調査しました</s&gt;アップ。私たちは、許容（P-HEI-OC1）および非で培養HEI-OC1細胞におけるプレスチン発現パターンと同様に、非線形容量（NLC）および全細胞パッチクランプ研究にフローサイトメトリーおよび共焦点レーザー走査顕微鏡研究報告しました許容（NP-HEI-OC1）条件。我々の結果は、NP-HEI-OC1細胞で時間依存的に総プレスチン発現および原形質膜局在化の増加の両方。興味深いことに、我々はまた、全細胞発現の有意な変化なしに細胞質への形質膜からトランスロケーションのNa + K + ATPアーゼの減少と相関NP-HEI-OC1の細胞の細胞膜でのプレスチンの局在の増加ことがわかりました。また、我々は、P-HEI-OC1細胞は原形質膜に存在するプレスチン分子の密度が増加したときに減少し、運動機能を、プレスチンに関連付け堅牢なNLCを有することを実証しました。要するに、これらの結果は、HEI-OCの有用性をサポート1細胞は、聴覚タンパク質を調査します。 このビデオの記事では、我々は文化HEI-OC1細胞に、なぜ薬剤誘発性細胞毒性のメカニズム/秒を評価する方法、細胞毒性研究のために許容条件（P-HEI-OC1）で増殖する細胞を使用するのが便利であるとどのように方法について説明します電気生理学的研究を行うために（ 例えば 、パッチクランプ、非線形キャパシタンス（NLC））はプレスチン、蝸牛OHCSの分子モーターの機能的特性を調べました。

<table><tbody><tr><td>HEI-OC1 cells</td><td></td><td></td><td>ALL THE ASSAY KITS, EQUIPMENTS&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Class II Biological Safety cabinet</td><td>The Baker Company</td><td>Sterilgard III</td><td>AND COMPANIES INDICATED IN THE</td></tr><tr><td>Refrigerated centrifuge</td><td>Eppendorf</td><td>5810R</td><td>PREVIOUS 2 COLUMNS ARE ONLY</td></tr><tr><td>Inverted microscope</td><td>Zeiss</td><td>Axiovert 25</td><td>EXAMPLES, AND ANY OTHER SIMILAR</td></tr><tr><td>Waterbath</td><td>Stovall</td><td>HWB115</td><td>PRODUCT COULD BE USED.</td></tr><tr><td>Cell counter</td><td>Nexcelom</td><td>Cellometer Auto T4</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Two (2) Cell incubators, one at 33 &amp;deg;C/10% CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; and other at 39 &amp;deg;C/5% CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;</td><td>Forma Scientific</td><td>3110</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cell culture dishes, PS, 100 mm x 20 mm with vents</td><td>Greinier Bio-One</td><td>664-160</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cell culture dishes , PS,&amp;nbsp; 60 mm x 15 mm with vents&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Greiner Bio-One</td><td>628160</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cellstar tissue culture flasks&amp;nbsp; 250 ml</td><td>Greiner Bio-One</td><td>658-175</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cellstar tissue cultur&amp;nbsp; flasks 550 ml</td><td>Greiner Bio-One</td><td>660-175</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&amp;nbsp;6 well cell culture plate, with lid-Cellstar</td><td>Greiner Bio-One</td><td>657-160</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Microtest Tissue culture plate, 96 well, flat bottom with lid</td><td>Becton Dickinson</td><td>353072</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Micro-Assay-Plate, Chimmey, 96-well white, clear bottom</td><td>Greiner Bio-One</td><td>655098</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>50 ml Polypropylene conical tube with cap Cellstars</td><td>Becton Dickinson&amp;nbsp;</td><td>352070</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>15 ml Polypropylene conical tubes with cap-Cellstars</td><td>Greiner Bio-One</td><td>188-271</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PBS pH 7.4 (1x)&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>10010-023</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dulbecco&amp;rsquo;s Modified Eagle&amp;rsquo;s Medium (DMEM)</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>11965-084</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fetal bovine serum (FBS)&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Hyclone</td><td>SH10073.1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Leibovitz&#039;s L-15 Medium, no phenol red</td><td>Gibco/Invitrogen</td><td>21083-027</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Trypsin, 0.25%&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>25200-056</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>TACS MTT Cell Proliferation Assay Kit</td><td>Trevigen</td><td>4890-25-K</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Caspase-Glo 3/7 Assay&amp;nbsp; kit</td><td>Promega</td><td>&amp;nbsp; G8091&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>BrdU Cell Proliferation Assay Kit&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Cell Signaling</td><td>6813</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Non-enzymatic cell dissociation solution&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>C5789</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cell-Tox Green Cytotoxicity Assay Kit</td><td>Promega</td><td>&amp;nbsp; G8741&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>FACSAriaIII instrument&amp;nbsp;</td><td>BD Biosciences</td><td>&amp;nbsp;FACSAriaIII</td><td>With 488 nm excitation (blue laser)</td></tr><tr><td>Digital Blot Scanner</td><td>LI-COR</td><td>C-DiGit</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Electrophoresis and Blotting Unit</td><td>Hoefer</td><td>SE300 miniVE</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Spectra Max 5 Plate Reader with Soft Max Pro 5.2 Software</td><td>Molecular Devices</td><td>SpectraMax 5</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Patch-clamp amplifier</td><td>HEKA</td><td>EPC-10</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Puller for preparing patch electrodes</td><td>Sutter Instruments</td><td>P-97</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

working with auditory hei-oc1 cells

HEI-OC1 is one of the few mouse auditory cell lines available for research purposes. Originally proposed as an in vitro system for screening of ototoxic drugs, these cells have been used to investigate drug-activated apoptotic pathways, autophagy, senescence, mechanism of cell protection, inflammatory responses, cell differentiation, genetic and epigenetic effects of pharmacological drugs, effects of hypoxia, oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress, and expression of molecular channels and receptors. Among other several important markers of cochlear hair cells, HEI-OC1 cells endogenously express prestin, the paradigmatic motor protein of outer hair cells. Thus, they can be very useful to elucidate novel functional aspects of this important auditory protein. HEI-OC1 cells are very robust, and their culture usually does not present big complications. However, they require some special conditions such as avoiding the use of common anti-bacterial cocktails containing streptomycin or other antibiotics as well as incubation at 33 &#176;C to stimulate cell proliferation and incubation at 39 &#176;C to trigger cell differentiation. Here, we describe how to culture HEI-OC1 cells and how to use them in some typical assays, such as cell proliferation, viability, death, autophagy and senescence, as well as how to perform patch-clamp and non-linear capacitance measurements.

最近の出版物のカップルで、私たちはいくつかの一般的に使用される薬理学的薬剤へのHEI-OC1細胞の応答を評価するだけでなく、プレスチン機能8,9を調査することを目的とした研究の包括的なセットを報告しました。これらの研究において、我々は、前のセクションで説明したすべてのプロトコルを利用しました。 <p class="jove_content" fo:keep-together.within-page="1"...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Working with Auditory HEI-OC1 Cells at JoVE.com

Working with Auditory HEI-OC1 Cells

House Ear Institute-Organ of Corti 1 (HEI-OC1) is one of the few mouse auditory cell lines currently available for research purposes. This protocol describes how to work with HEI-OC1 cells to investigate the cytotoxic effects of pharmacological drugs as well as functional properties of inner ear proteins.

聴覚HEI-OC1細胞を使用した作業

HEI-OC1 is one of the few mouse auditory cell lines available for research purposes. Originally proposed as an in vitro system for screening of ototoxic ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

14.9K ビュー.  University of California, Los Angeles. House Ear Institute-Organ of Corti 1 (HEI-OC1) is one of the few mouse auditory cell lines currently available for research purposes. This protocol describes how to work with HEI-OC1 cells to investigate the cytotoxic effects of pharmacological drugs as well as functional properties of inner ear proteins.

ビデオ: Working with Auditory HEI-OC1 Cells

Culture of Embryonic Mouse Cochlear Explants and Gene Transfer by Electroporation

Auditory hair cells located within the mouse organ of Corti detect and transmit sound information to the central nervous system. The mechanosensory hair cells are aligned in one row of inner hair cells and three rows of outer hair cells that extend along the basal to apical axis of the cochlea. The explant culture technique described here provides an efficient method to isolate and maintain cochlear explants from the embryonic mouse inner ear. Also, the morphology and molecular characteristics of sensory hair cells and nonsensory supporting cells within the cochlear explant cultures resemble those observed in vivo and can be studied within its intrinsic cellular environment. The cochlear explants can serve as important experimental tools for the identification and characterization of molecular and genetic pathways that are involved in cellular specification and patterning. Although transgenic mouse models provide an effective approach for gene expression studies, a considerable number of mouse mutants die during embryonic development thereby hindering the analysis and interpretation of developmental phenotypes. The organ of Corti from mutant mice that die before birth can be cultured so that their in vitro development and responses to different factors can be analyzed. Additionally, we describe a technique for electroporating embryonic cochlear explants ex vivo which can be used to downregulate or overexpress specific gene(s) and analyze their potential endogenous function and test whether specific gene product is necessary or sufficient in a given context to influence mammalian cochlear development1-8.

We present a method that describes isolation and culture of cochlear explants from embryonic mouse inner ear. We also demonstrate a method for gene transfer into cochlear explants via square-wave electroporation. The in vitro explant culture coupled with gene transfer technique enables researchers to study the effects of altering gene expression during development.

エレクトロポレーションによりマウス胎児蝸牛外植の文化と遺伝子導入

Auditory hair cells located within the mouse organ of Corti detect and transmit sound information to the central nervous system. The mechanosensory hair ...

発生生物学

Postsynaptic Recordings at Afferent Dendrites Contacting Cochlear Inner Hair Cells: Monitoring Multivesicular Release at a Ribbon Synapse

The afferent synapse between the inner hair cell (IHC) and the auditory nerve fiber provides an electrophysiologically accessible site for recording the postsynaptic activity of a single ribbon synapse 1-4. Ribbon synapses of sensory cells release neurotransmitter continuously, the rate of which is modulated in response to graded changes in IHC membrane potential 5. Ribbon synapses have been shown to operate by multivesicular release, where multiple vesicles can be released simultaneously to evoke excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) of varying amplitudes 1, 4, 6-11. Neither the role of the presynaptic ribbon, nor the mechanism underlying multivesicular release is currently well understood.
The IHC is innervated by 10-20 auditory nerve fibers, and every fiber contacts the IHC with a unmyelinated single ending to form a single ribbon synapse. The small size of the afferent boutons contacting IHCs (approximately 1 &mu;m in diameter) enables recordings with exceptional temporal resolution to be made. Furthermore, the technique can be adapted to record from both pre- and postsynaptic cells simultaneously, allowing the transfer function at the synapse to be studied directly 2. This method therefore provides a means by which fundamental aspects of neurotransmission can be studied, from multivesicular release to the elusive function of the ribbon in sensory cells.

Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings from auditory nerve fiber dendrites at the inner hair cell ribbon synapse in the mammalian cochlea.

蝸牛内有毛細胞に接触求心性樹状突起でのシナプス後録音：リボンシナプスでのモニタリングの多胞体のリリース

The afferent synapse between the inner hair cell (IHC) and the auditory nerve fiber provides an electrophysiologically accessible site for recording the ...

神経科学

Gene Transfer into the Chicken Auditory Organ by In Ovo Micro-electroporation

Chicken embryos are ideal model systems for studying embryonic development as manipulations of gene function can be conducted with relative ease in ovo. The inner ear auditory sensory organ is critical for our ability to hear. It houses a highly specialized sensory epithelium that consists of mechano-transducing hair cells (HCs) and surrounding glial-like supporting cells (SCs). Despite structural differences in the auditory organs, molecular mechanisms regulating the development of the auditory organ are evolutionarily conserved between mammals and aves. In ovo electroporation is largely limited to early stages at E1 - E3. Due to the relative late development of the auditory organ at E5, manipulations of the auditory organ by in ovo electroporation past E3 are difficult due to the advanced development of the chicken embryo at later stages. The method presented here is a transient gene transfer method for targeting genes of interest at stage E4 - E4.5 in the developing chicken auditory sensory organ via in ovo micro-electroporation. This method is applicable for gain- and loss-of-functions with conventional plasmid DNA-based expression vectors and can be combined with in ovo cell proliferation assay by adding EdU (5-ethynyl-2&#180;-deoxyuridine) to the whole embryo at the time of electroporation. The use of green or red fluorescent protein (GFP or RFP) expression plasmids allows the experimenter to quickly determine whether the electroporation successfully targeted the auditory portion of the developing inner ear. In this method paper, representative examples of GFP electroporated specimens are illustrated; embryos were harvested 18 - 96 hr&#160;after electroporation and targeting of GFP to the pro-sensory area of the auditory organ was confirmed by RNA in situ hybridization. The method paper also provides an optimized protocol for the use of the thymidine analog EdU to analyze cell proliferation; an example of an EdU based cell proliferation assay that combines immuno-labeling and click EdU chemistry is provided.

Gene Transfer into the Chicken Auditory Organ by In Ovo Micro-electroporation

The auditory organ mediates hearing. Here we present a modified in ovo micro-electroporation method optimized for studying auditory progenitor cell proliferation and differentiation in the developing chicken auditory organ.

チキン聴覚器官への遺伝子導入によって、<em&gt;卵内</em&gt;マイクロエレクト​​ロポレーション

Chicken embryos are ideal model systems for studying embryonic development as manipulations of gene function can be conducted with relative ease in ovo. ...

Investigating Outer Hair Cell Motility with a Combination of External Alternating Electrical Field Stimulation and High-speed Image Analysis

OHCs are cylindrical sensorimotor cells located in the Organ of Corti, the auditory organ inside the mammalian inner ear. The name "hair cells" derives from their characteristic apical bundle of stereocilia, a critical element for detection and transduction of sound energy 1. OHCs are able to change shape &#x2014;elongate, shorten and bend&#x2014; in response to electrical, mechanical and chemical stimulation, a motor response considered crucial for cochlear amplification of acoustic signals 2.
OHC stimulation induces two different motile responses: i) electromotility, a.k.a fast motility, changes in length in the microsecond range derived from electrically-driven conformational changes in motor proteins densely packed in OHC plasma membrane, and ii) slow motility, shape changes in the millisecond to seconds range involving cytoskeletal reorganization 2, 3. OHC bending is associated with electromotility, and result either from an asymmetric distribution of motor proteins in the lateral plasma membrane, or asymmetric electrical stimulation of those motor proteins (e.g., with an electrical field perpendicular to the long axis of the cells) 4. Mechanical and chemical stimuli induce essentially slow motile responses, even though changes in the ionic conditions of the cells and/or their environment can also stimulate the plasma membrane-embedded motor proteins 5, 6. Since OHC motile responses are an essential component of the cochlear amplifier, the qualitative and quantitative analysis of these motile responses at acoustic frequencies (roughly from 20 Hz to 20 kHz in humans) is a very important matter in the field of hearing research 7.
The development of new imaging technology combining high-speed videocameras, LED-based illumination systems, and sophisticated image analysis software now provides the ability to perform reliable qualitative and quantitative studies of the motile response of isolated OHCs to an external alternating electrical field (EAEF) 8. This is a simple and non-invasive technique that circumvents most of the limitations of previous approaches 9-11. Moreover, the LED-based illumination system provides extreme brightness with insignificant thermal effects on the samples and, because of the use of video microscopy, optical resolution is at least 10-fold higher than with conventional light microscopy techniques 12. For instance, with the experimental setup described here, changes in cell length of about 20 nm can be routinely and reliably detected at frequencies of 10 kHz, and this resolution can be further improved at lower frequencies. 
We are confident that this experimental approach will help to extend our understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying OHC motility.

A reliable method to investigate outer hair cell (OHC) motile responses, including electromotility, slow motility and bending, is described. OHC motility is elicited by stimulation with an external alternating electrical field, and the method takes advantage of high-speed image recording, LED-based illumination, and last generation image analysis software.

外部交互電場刺激と高速画像解析の組み合わせで外有毛細胞の運動性の調査

OHCs are cylindrical sensorimotor cells located in the Organ of Corti, the auditory organ inside the mammalian inner ear. The name "hair cells" derives ...

Optogenetic Stimulation of the Auditory Nerve

Direct electrical stimulation of spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs) by cochlear implants (CIs) enables open speech comprehension in the majority of implanted deaf subjects1-6. Nonetheless, sound coding with current CIs has poor frequency and intensity resolution due to broad current spread from each electrode contact activating a large number of SGNs along the tonotopic axis of the cochlea7-9. Optical stimulation is proposed as an alternative to electrical stimulation that promises spatially more confined activation of SGNs and, hence, higher frequency resolution of coding. In recent years, direct infrared illumination of&#160;the cochlea has been used to evoke responses in the auditory nerve10. Nevertheless it requires higher energies than electrical stimulation10,11 and uncertainty remains as to the underlying mechanism12. Here we describe a method based on optogenetics to stimulate SGNs with low intensity blue light, using transgenic mice with neuronal expression of channelrhodopsin 2 (ChR2)13 or virus-mediated expression of the ChR2-variant CatCh14. We used micro-light emitting diodes (&#181;LEDs) and fiber-coupled lasers to stimulate ChR2-expressing SGNs through a small artificial opening (cochleostomy) or the round window. We assayed the responses by scalp recordings of light-evoked potentials (optogenetic auditory brainstem response: oABR) or by microelectrode recordings from the auditory pathway and compared them with acoustic and electrical stimulation.

Cochlear implants (CIs) enable hearing by direct electrical stimulation of the auditory nerve. However, poor frequency and intensity resolution limits the quality of hearing with CIs. Here we describe optogenetic stimulation of the auditory nerve in mice as an alternative strategy for auditory research and developing future CIs.

聴覚神経の光遺伝学的刺激

Direct electrical stimulation of spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs) by cochlear implants (CIs) enables open speech comprehension in the majority of implanted ...

The Mouse Round-window Approach for Ototoxic Agent Delivery: A Rapid and Reliable Technique for Inducing Cochlear Cell Degeneration

Investigators have utilized a wide array of animal models and investigative techniques to study the mammalian auditory system. Much of the basic research involving the cochlea and its associated neural pathways entails exposure of model cochleae to a variety of ototoxic agents. This allows investigators to study the effects of targeted damage to cochlear structures, and in some cases, the self-repair or regeneration of those structures. Various techniques exist for delivery of ototoxic agents to the cochlea. When selecting a particular technique, investigators must consider a number of factors, including the induction of inadvertent systemic toxicity, the amount of cochlear damage produced by the surgical procedure itself, the type of lesion desired, animal survivability, and reproducibility/reliability of results. Currently established techniques include parenteral injection, intra-peritoneal injection, trans-tympanic injection, endolymphatic sac injection, and cochleostomy with perilymphatic perfusion. Each of these methods has been successfully utilized and is well described in the literature; yet, each has various shortcomings. Here, we present a technique for topical application of ototoxic agents directly to the round window niche. This technique is non-invasive to inner ear structures, produces rapid onset of reliably targeted lesions, avoids systemic toxicity, and allows for an intra-animal control (the contra-lateral ear). Results stemming from this approach have helped deeper understanding of auditory pathophysiology, cochlear cell degeneration, and regenerative capacity in response to an acute injury. Future investigations may use this method to conduct interventional studies involving gene therapy and stem cell transplantation to combat hearing loss.

Various methods exist for introducing ototoxic agents to the cochleae of animal models. Presented is a surgical protocol for delivery of ototoxic agents to the round window niche. The procedure is reliable, creates targeted intra-cochlear lesions, and avoids mechanical damage to the microarchitecture. Examination of cochlear self-repair/regeneration is possible.

蝸牛細胞の変性を誘導するための迅速かつ信頼性の高いテクニック：耳毒性剤送達のためのマウスラウンドウィンドウアプローチ

Investigators have utilized a wide array of animal models and investigative techniques to study the mammalian auditory system. Much of the basic research ...

医学

Auditory Brainstem Response and Outer Hair Cell Whole-cell Patch Clamp Recording in Postnatal Rats

The outer hair cell is one of the two types of sensory hair cells in the mammalian cochlea. They alter their cell length with the receptor potential to amplify the weak vibration of low-level sound signal. The morphology and electrophysiological property of outer hair cells (OHCs) develop in early postnatal ages. The maturation of outer hair cell may contribute to the development of the auditory system. However, the process of OHCs development is not well studied. This is partly because of the difficulty to measure their function by an electrophysiological approach. With the purpose of developing a simple method to address the above issue, here we describe a step-by-step protocol to study the function of OHCs in acutely dissociated cochlea from postnatal rats. With this method, we can evaluate the cochlear response to pure tone stimuli and examine the expression level and function of the motor protein prestin in OHCs. This method can also be used to investigate the inner hair cells (IHCs).

This protocol describes methods to record the auditory brainstem response from postnatal rat pups. To examine the functional development of outer hair cells, the experimental procedure of whole-cell patch clamp recording in isolated outer hair cells is described step-by-step.

聴性脳幹反応と生後ラットの外有毛細胞細胞パッチ ・ クランプ記録

The outer hair cell is one of the two types of sensory hair cells in the mammalian cochlea. They alter their cell length with the receptor potential to ...

Neonatal Murine Cochlear Explant Technique as an In Vitro Screening Tool in Hearing Research

While there have been remarkable advances in hearing research over the past few decades, there is still no cure for Sensorineural Hearing Loss (SNHL), a condition that typically involves damage to or loss of the delicate mechanosensory structures of the inner ear. Sophisticated in vitro and ex vivo assays have emerged in recent years, enabling the screening of an increasing number of potentially therapeutic compounds while minimizing resources and accelerating efforts to develop cures for SNHL. Though homogenous cultures of certain cell types continue to play an important role in current research, many scientists now rely on more complex organotypic cultures of murine inner ears, also known as cochlear explants. The preservation of organized cellular structures within the inner ear facilitates the in situ evaluation of various components of the cochlear infrastructure, including inner and outer hair cells, spiral ganglion neurons, neurites, and supporting cells. Here we present the preparation, culture, treatment, and immunostaining of neonatal murine cochlear explants. The careful preparation of these explants facilitates the identification of mechanisms that contribute to SNHL and constitutes a valuable tool for the hearing research community.

Neonatal Murine Cochlear Explant Technique as an In Vitro Screening Tool in Hearing Research

The goal of this protocol is to demonstrate the preparation, culture, treatment, and immunostaining of neonatal murine cochlear explants. The technique can be utilized as an in vitro screening tool in hearing research.

新生児マウス蝸牛移植法<em&gt;インビトロ</em&gt;聴覚研究のスクリーニングツール

While there have been remarkable advances in hearing research over the past few decades, there is still no cure for Sensorineural Hearing Loss (SNHL), a ...

Cochlear Implant Surgery and Electrically-evoked Auditory Brainstem Response Recordings in C57BL/6 Mice

Cochlear implants (CIs) are neuroprosthetic devices that can provide a sense of hearing to deaf people. However, a CI cannot restore all aspects of hearing. Improvement of the implant technology is needed if CI users are to perceive music and perform in more natural environments, such as hearing out a voice with competing talkers, reflections, and other sounds. Such improvement requires experimental animals to better understand the mechanisms of electric stimulation in the cochlea and its responses in the whole auditory system. The mouse is an increasingly attractive model due to the many genetic models available. However, the limited use of this species as a CI model is mainly due to the difficulty of implanting small electrode arrays. More details about the surgical procedure are therefore of great interest to expand the use of mice in CI research.
In this report, we describe in detail the protocol for acute deafening and cochlear implantation of an electrode array in the C57BL/6 mouse strain. We demonstrate the functional efficacy of this procedure with electrically-evoked auditory brainstem response (eABR) and show examples of facial nerve stimulation. Finally, we also discuss the importance of including a deafening procedure when using a normally hearing animal. This mouse model provides a powerful opportunity to study genetic and neurobiological mechanisms that would be of relevance for CI users.

Animal models of cochlear implants can advance knowledge of the technological bases of treating permanent sensorineural hearing loss with electrical stimulation. This study presents a surgical protocol for acute deafening and cochlear implantation of an electrode array in mice as well as the functional assessment with auditory brainstem response.

人工内耳手術と c57bl/6 マウスに電気的誘発脳幹の応答録音

Cochlear implants (CIs) are neuroprosthetic devices that can provide a sense of hearing to deaf people. However, a CI cannot restore all aspects of ...

Stereocilia Bundle Imaging with Nanoscale Resolution in Live Mammalian Auditory Hair Cells

Inner ear hair cells detect sound-induced displacements and transduce these stimuli into electrical signals in a hair bundle that consists of stereocilia that are arranged in rows of increasing height. When stereocilia are deflected, they tug on tiny (~5 nm in diameter) extracellular tip links interconnecting stereocilia, which convey forces to the mechanosensitive transduction channels. Although mechanotransduction has been studied in live hair cells for decades, the functionally important ultrastructural details of the mechanotransduction machinery at the tips of stereocilia (such as tip link dynamics or transduction-dependent stereocilia remodeling) can still be studied only in dead cells with electron microscopy. Theoretically, scanning probe techniques, such as atomic force microscopy, have enough resolution to visualize the surface of stereocilia. However, independent of imaging mode, even the slightest contact of the atomic force microscopy probe with the stereocilia bundle usually damages the bundle. Here we present a detailed protocol for the hopping probe ion conductance microscopy (HPICM) imaging of live rodent auditory hair cells. This non-contact scanning probe technique allows time lapse imaging of the surface of live cells with a complex topography, like hair cells, with single nanometers resolution and without making physical contact with the sample. The HPICM uses an electrical current passing through the glass nanopipette to detect the cell surface in close vicinity to the pipette, while a 3D-positioning piezoelectric system scans the surface and generates its image. With HPICM, we were able to image stereocilia bundles and the links interconnecting stereocilia in live auditory hair cells for several hours without noticeable damage. We anticipate that the use of HPICM will allow direct exploration of ultrastructural changes in the stereocilia of live hair cells for better understanding of their function.

Here we present a protocol for the Hopping Probe Ion Conductance Microscopy (HPICM), a non-contact scanning probe technique that allows nanoscale imaging of stereocilia bundles in live auditory hair cells.

生きた哺乳類聴覚毛細胞におけるナノスケール分解能によるステレオシリアバンドルイメージング

Inner ear hair cells detect sound-induced displacements and transduce these stimuli into electrical signals in a hair bundle that consists of stereocilia ...

聴覚HEI-OC1細胞を使用した作業

要約

さらに動画を探す

エレクトロポレーションによりマウス胎児蝸牛外植の文化と遺伝子導入

蝸牛内有毛細胞に接触求心性樹状突起でのシナプス後録音：リボンシナプスでのモニタリングの多胞体のリリース

チキン聴覚器官への遺伝子導入によって、

外部交互電場刺激と高速画像解析の組み合わせで外有毛細胞の運動性の調査

聴覚神経の光遺伝学的刺激

蝸牛細胞の変性を誘導するための迅速かつ信頼性の高いテクニック：耳毒性剤送達のためのマウスラウンドウィンドウアプローチ

聴性脳幹反応と生後ラットの外有毛細胞細胞パッチ・クランプ記録

新生児マウス蝸牛移植法

人工内耳手術と c57bl/6 マウスに電気的誘発脳幹の応答録音

生きた哺乳類聴覚毛細胞におけるナノスケール分解能によるステレオシリアバンドルイメージング

聴覚HEI-OC1細胞を使用した作業

要約

さらに動画を探す

エレクトロポレーションによりマウス胎児蝸牛外植の文化と遺伝子導入

蝸牛内有毛細胞に接触求心性樹状突起でのシナプス後録音：リボンシナプスでのモニタリングの多胞体のリリース

チキン聴覚器官への遺伝子導入によって、

外部交互電場刺激と高速画像解析の組み合わせで外有毛細胞の運動性の調査

聴覚神経の光遺伝学的刺激

蝸牛細胞の変性を誘導するための迅速かつ信頼性の高いテクニック：耳毒性剤送達のためのマウスラウンドウィンドウアプローチ

聴性脳幹反応と生後ラットの外有毛細胞細胞パッチ ・ クランプ記録

新生児マウス蝸牛移植法

人工内耳手術と c57bl/6 マウスに電気的誘発脳幹の応答録音

生きた哺乳類聴覚毛細胞におけるナノスケール分解能によるステレオシリアバンドルイメージング

聴性脳幹反応と生後ラットの外有毛細胞細胞パッチ・クランプ記録