著者は、テクニカル サポート、エリザベート ヘレナ ブルーン、サラ クリスティン ・ クリステンセン、ニルス ・ m ・ クリステンセンを認識したいし、ルンドベック財団許可番号 R155 2013 14113。

利害の衝突を報告しません。

精製と pBEC の増殖
浄化のプロシージャの間には、重要な手順は、髄膜の迅速かつ効果的な除去・分離精製収率、純度およびモデルの適切な設置が重要です白と灰色の物質に含まれます。提示された体外BBB モデルの pBECs を使用して、我々 は改善し、孤立した灰白質、サイズ選択的微小血管、コラゲナーゼで消化の隔離のためのフィルタ リングの機械的均質化に基づ?...

血液-脳関門の細胞の構造と機能
循環、中央神経系 (CNS) のインターフェイスで BBB は適切な機能と神経系の保護のために不可欠である中枢神経系微小環境の homoeostatic コントロールのキー規制サイトとして機能します。BBB のサイトは血管内腔内皮細胞です。脳の毛細血管の内皮細胞を形成する複雑な細胞間のタイトな接合と特定の流入と流出のトランスポーターの強く偏光式パターン血液と脳1の間非常に特定の分子輸送の確保します。タイト結合錯体の構造コンポーネント オクルディンとクローディン家族、精巣毛細血管(ZO) 蛋白質、cingulin からの蛋白質を含めるし、接合部接着分子 (ジャム) を関連付けられています。クローディン 5 は傍細胞接合部制限で特に重要です。この特徴的な BBB 内皮細胞表現型の誘導そして維持を一緒に脳血管内皮細胞フォームは基底膜ニューロンとアストロ サイト ペリサイト周囲の細胞とのダイナミックな相互作用を含む、神経血管ユニット (NVU)2,3。これらの相互作用に関与するメカニズムがまだ完全に理解されない、しかし、短期的に BBB 透過性の調節ができ、長期 BBB 機能4を誘導する細胞間化学信号の交換が含まれます。アストロ サイトは特に脳血管内皮細胞の表現型に貢献する知られているし、グリア由来神経栄養因子 (細胞内 cAMP に影響を与える)5、塩基性繊維芽細胞成長因子6、規制などのソースは、ヒドロコルチゾン7、および変換増殖因子 β (TGF-β)8。しかし、TGF-β の効果は議論9をされています。
生体内での in Vitro BBB から
BBB 生物学に関する貴重な情報を提供するin vivo研究継続します。ただし、細胞モデルは追加の洞察力を提供し、健康および病気の BBB の詳細な分子と機能的な側面を理解するための便利なツールを構成できます。BBB の成分と細胞のタイプ間の複雑な相互作用が生体外モデルを完全に達成することは困難、以来があった、脳血管内皮細胞の最初の精製とモノラル文化にこれらのアプリケーション10,11,12、浄化手順と BBB の成長条件の広範な開発培養細胞モデル、体内バリアに大きい類似に 。一般的に使用される生体外でBBB モデルは、齧歯動物、ブタ、ウシ由来の初代培養細胞および不死化細胞株に基づいています。各モデルには、さまざまな長所と欠点があります。比較とモデルの選択、BBB 構造タンパク質受容体、酵素、トランスポーターの発現など検証マーカーが現在確立されたモデル1の概要を作成する使用されます。
プロトコルの目的
BBB の 1 つの重要な特徴は気密バリア性と高い TEER まだ利用可能なモデルの数が多いが反映しても体内のレベルです。いくつかの研究所から開発・最適化への取り組みを取り入れ、このプロトコルの目的は、プライマリ プライマリ pBECs MC ACM の有無、NCC に基づく BBB モデル体外高 TEER を確立する方法を提示するにはラットや豚由来のアストロ サイトは。応用手順およびモデルの確立汚染細胞を排除し、pBECs の BBB の表現型への分化を改善する努力があります。この作品は低傍細胞透過性とタイトな接合部の主要なタンパク質、トランスポーター、および受容体の機能発現を良いと信頼性の高い、高 TEER モデルの確立になりました。ただし、アストロ サイトは脳血管内皮細胞の表現型に貢献の要因、文化の 3 つの異なる条件は脳血管内皮細胞の 3 つの異なった表現型を表します。NCC モデルは創、運輸研究と細胞内輸送に関与する特定の専門にされたメカニズムの研究だけでなく、細胞間相互作用の調査のため特に有益で BBB 機能の最大の表現が、有利であります。
プロトコルの起源と歴史
ここで説明した pBEC モデルは、ルイーズ ・ モーガン博士と同僚は、成功以前ウシ脳血管内皮細胞モデル13に基づく方法でエーザイ研究所 (ロンドン) で開発された豚のモデルに基づいています。セル準備の元のメソッドは、純度を改善するために二次培養の手順に続いて、微小血管をキャッチするメッシュのナイロンを使用して 2 段ろ過が。メソッドの以前の開発、最適な BBB の表現型とバリアの堅さは ACM を含む補足の媒体の成長によって達成されました。メソッドにさらに変更は、マンチェスター英国14,15教授 (名) rothwell さんのラボで r. スキナーによって作られました。メソッドは、アボットの研究室、KCL ロンドン、どこ Patabendige では、大幅に簡単にアストロ サイトまたは ACM の使用の回避によって、ピューロマイシンをペリサイトなど汚染細胞を排除する準備をした。 によって採用されました。初論文 MC モデルに、生体内でBBB、効果的なタイトな接合、膜輸送系受容体を介したトランスサイトーシス16,17などのいくつかの重要な機能が保持されることを確認しました。,18,19,20. S. ユソフ後再び培養アストロ サイトをテストし、これはアボット ラボ21で現在使用されている最寄りのバリアント、TEER、大幅それを発見します。モデルが正常にされている今簡素化灰色を含む問題抽出、1 つだけメッシュろ過ステップ、および単一のフィルター コーティングの手順を使用して、m. ニールセンに転送ラボ オーフス、さらに変更がされているの導入 (そのプロトコルに関して)コラーゲンとフィブロネクチンを組み合わせること。豚アストロ サイト (このプロトコル) の分離の適用手順は、・ トムセンら22で説明したオールボーで t. Moos 研究室で開発したプロトコルに基づいていた。TEER とロンドンとオーフスで生成されたモデルの他のプロパティは、モデル ラボ間で転送が容易に、注意深い観察と方法の手順の合理化によく反応するという考えに信任を貸す、似ています。確かに、s. ユソフはローカル条件およびティッシュ ソースにさらに調整を関与している熱帯の国 (マレーシア)23に、今 MC モデルを確立しています。
別の方法や現在の利点は、モデルを確立
PBECs ウシおよび齧歯動物の起源の脳血管内皮細胞に比べると、次の分離24生体内でBBB の表現の損失の低い率を持っていることの利点を提供します。さらに、pBECs、bEND.5 と bEND.3 (50 Ω cm2) など細胞の単分子膜のよく報告されるレベルと比べて MC (800 Ω cm2)16で育てられたときも比較的タイトな内皮障壁を形成できます。25,26,原発性脳腫瘍と cerebEND (500 Ω cm2)29,31,32cEND (300-800 Ω cm2)28,29,30, 27(100-300 Ω cm2) マウスの血管内皮細胞ss ="xref"> 33,34,35,36とラット (100-300 Ω cm2)37,38。しかし、TEER は浄化と文化のプロシージャの依存関係を示しています。ほとんどの場合、ACM の追加やアストロ サイトとの共培養内皮層1の気密性の内皮細胞で増加差別化効果に示します。それにもかかわらず、培養条件を最適化する努力、牛ベースのモデルのみを示している TEER 値豚ベース モデル (800 Ω cm2 MC、最大 2500 Ω cm2の培養アストロ サイトの平均) に匹敵する13 ,,3940,41,42,43,44,45。ウシ脳に基づくモデルとして内皮細胞は大きな変動、研究所14,45,46,47,48, 内と間を示しています。再現性は問題になる可能性があります。ここで報告 pBEC モデルで貢献の研究所は変動の少ない、両方の研究所の間で非常によく似た TEER と傍細胞透過性の値を達成しています。したがって、それはここで紹介した方法を使用して低い変動と堅牢なモデルを確立する他の研究所の可能なはず。タイトな内皮細胞層を形成するに加え pBECs を持つモデルがタイト結合蛋白質、機能 BBB トランスポーター、受容体、酵素、及び実証適性研究15の範囲の表現によって検証されて以前,16,17,19,20,22,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59。 さらに、pBECs の共培養に未発表のトランスクリプトーム データは BBB トランスポーターと受容体 (未発表結果、ニールセンら) の予想されるプロファイルを示しています。
豚の病気の進行を反映60、好ましい特徴の他の確立されたモデルよりも高い程度に人間の生物学とゲノム、解剖学、生理学、豚ベースの BBB モデルがそれ以上の利点、製薬業界。ブタ脳肉業界の共通の副産物であると血管内皮細胞、動物実験のために必要な 1 つのブタの脳から高純度精製収率を提供するの数を最小限に抑える脳の簡単にアクセスできるソースそれら構成します。浄化の一次電池の耕作はやや時間がかかるとモデルの設定の標準化のための専門知識が必要ですが、一次電池は最も信頼性の高い BBB モデルを生成します。不死化細胞株はバリアの堅さ、トランスポーター発現プロファイルと微小環境規制が生体内で実験結果61,を反映していないなど重要なプロパティとして、代用をすることはできません。62体外モデルは、生細胞の高解像度のイメージング、目標を使用してサンプリングまたは観察された細胞に近いアプローチを許可することで細胞内のプロセスの可視化を実現の利点を提供。高倍率と優れた光学的品質63。これは生きている動物の 2 光子顕微鏡の使用のためのケースではありません。さらに、体外モデルは、タグ付きタンパク質の可視化や、人身売買の調査を許可するセルを使って能力を提供します。
モデルの応用
BBB の機能は固定されていないと生理学と病理学の両方で動的に変調することができます。神経変性を含む多くの神経学的な病気で炎症・感染症、混乱、BBB の透過性亢進には、64,65,66,67 が観察されます。.減らし、病気の進行や後の損傷を防ぐために、BBB の変調の基礎となる分子メカニズムの同定と解析、主要な重要です。このコンテキストで信頼性の高い体外モデルは、製薬業界での高い需要と、さらに中枢神経系薬の BBB 透過性を予測する上で重要な役割を果たします。透過スクリーンとして任意の生体外モデル制限傍細胞経路、生理学的に現実的な細胞アーキテクチャおよび機能発現トランスポーター メカニズム68が表示されます。以前研究16,17,57, と傍細胞透過性とここで TJ と AJ タンパク質の発現を示した本モデルこれらのすべての条件を満たして、BBB の範囲に適しています両方の通常の生理学と病理学を研究。提示の浄化と栽培方法の強みには、シンプルさの組み合わせ、結果堅牢で信頼性の高い高 TEER体外BBB モデルで再現性とアストロ サイトを含める機能に影響を与えるがあります。この目的は、ブタのアストロ サイトとラットの起源が同様の方法22pBECs の BBB の表現型を拡張するために示されています。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Fibronectin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>F1141</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Collagen IV</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>C5533</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Poly-L-lysine</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P1524</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM/F-12</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>BE12-719F</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM/Low Glucose</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>D6046</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin/Streptomycin</td>
			<td>Gibco Invitrogen</td>
			<td>15140</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plasma derived serum (PDS)</td>
			<td>First Link UK Ltd.</td>
			<td>60-00-89</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal bovine serum (FBS)</td>
			<td>Gibco Invitrogen</td>
			<td>10-270-106</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypsin/EDTA</td>
			<td>Gibco Invitrogen</td>
			<td>15090-046</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heparin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>H3393</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Puromycin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P8833</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hydrocortisone</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>H4001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>8-CPT-cAMP</td>
			<td>Biolog</td>
			<td>C010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RO 20-1724</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>B8279</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gentamicin Sulfate</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>17-518Z</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMSO</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>34896</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>D8537</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EtOH</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>20,824,296</td>
			<td>Mix the 70 % solution from the 96 % EtOH</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DNAse 1</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>D4513</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Collagenase CLS2</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>C6885</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ddH2O</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Made with Elga System</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>T75 flasks</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>156499</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Costar Transwell inserts (Cell permeable membrane inserts)</td>
			<td>Costar</td>
			<td>CLS3401</td>
			<td>12-well plate, 12 mm diameter, 0.4 &#956;m polycarbonate membrane</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>15 ml centrifuge tubes</td>
			<td>Cellstar</td>
			<td>188271</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>50 ml centrifuge tubes</td>
			<td>Cellstar</td>
			<td>227261</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Petri dishes</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>150350</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cryo vials</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>377224</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>500 ml bottle</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>159910/159920</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scalpels</td>
			<td>Swann-Morten</td>
			<td>REF0211</td>
			<td>Type 24</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tissue homogenizer</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>D9188</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>140 &#956;m filters</td>
			<td>MERCK</td>
			<td>NY4H04700</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>40 &#956;m filters</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>431750</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EndOhm chamber system</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>ENDOHM-12</td>
			<td>EndOhm chamber for 12mm Culture Cups</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EVOM2 electrode system</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>300523+STX100C</td>
			<td>TEER measurement system with rigid STX-100C electrode pair</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Long needle</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Attach to a syringe</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fine-tip curved forceps</td>
			<td>KLS Martin</td>
			<td>12-409-12-07</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Broad tip forceps</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>82027-390</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Filter holder</td>
			<td>MERCK Milipore</td>
			<td>Swinnex-47</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>50 ml syringe</td>
			<td>Braun</td>
			<td>4617509F</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10 ml syringe</td>
			<td>Terumo</td>
			<td>SSt20ESI</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-Occludin antibody</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab31721</td>
			<td>1:100</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-p120 Catenin antibody</td>
			<td>BD Transduction laboratories</td>
			<td>610133</td>
			<td>1:200</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-ZO-1 antibody</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>61-7300</td>
			<td>1:200</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-Claudin 5 antibody</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>SAB4502981</td>
			<td>1:100</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Donkey anti rabbit IgG conjugated with Alexa Flour 568</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>A10042</td>
			<td>1:500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Donkey anti mouse IgG conjugated with Alexa Flour 488</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>A21202</td>
			<td>1:500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sucrose</td>
			<td>Perkin Elmer</td>
			<td>NEC100X250UC</td>
			<td>0.15&#181;l/ml final working conc</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lucifer Yellow</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>L0144</td>
			<td>10 &#181;g/ml final working conc</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

improved method for the establishment of an in vitro blood-brain barrier model based on porcine brain endothelial cells

このプロトコルの目的提示浄化と pBECs のと体外血液脳関門 (BBB) モデル モノカルチャー (MC)、アストロ サイト調整培 (ACM) と MC で pBECs に基づく栽培に最適化されたプロシージャと非接触ブタのアストロ サイトとの共培養 (NCC) またはラットの起源。pBECs は隔離され、国内豚 5-6 ヶ月歳の脳皮質から毛細血管のフラグメントから培養されました。これらのフラグメントは、髄膜、分離および灰白質、ろ過、酵素消化、遠心分離の均質化を慎重に除去して精製しました。汚染細胞をさらになくすためには、キャピラリーの断片がピューロマイシン含有培養した培地。60 ~ 95% 合流 pBECs キャピラリーのフラグメントから成長したに継代し、透過性の膜フィルターが挿入され、モデルに設立されました。次の差別化要因と扱われた細胞バリア堅さと BBB pBECs の特徴的な表現型を増加する: 膜側の透過物 8-CPT-キャンプ (ここで省略のキャンプ)、ヒドロコルチゾン、ホスホジエステラーゼ阻害薬、RO-20-1724(RO)。手順は、9-11 日の期間にわたって実施された、アストロ サイトが 2-8 週間前もってを培養した NCC モデルを確立するとき。プロトコルに記載されている手順の遵守が厳しく制限されている傍細胞透過性の内皮層の確立を許可している、NCC (TEER) 1249 ± 80 Ω cmの平均内皮下電気抵抗を示すモデル2と傍細胞透過性 (Pアプリ) ルシファー 0.90 10-6 ± 0.13 10-6 cm 秒-1の黄色の (± SEM を意味する n = 55)。この pBEC 表現型のさらなる評価のタイトな接合部蛋白質クローディン 5、良い表現を示した ZO 1、オクルディンと単接合蛋白 p120 カテニン。健康および病気の BBB の研究の範囲の提示されたモデルを使用ことができますそして、厳しい傍細胞透過性このモデル輸送と細胞内輸送の研究に適しています。

BBB のIn Vitroモデルの確立
提示された、最適化された方法で pBECs の栽培やアストロ サイト (図 1) と MC 有無 ACM または NCC 透過膜挿入システムの確立実施した 9-11 日間 (図 2)。内皮細胞の選択、精製されたキャピラリー フラグメントの初期の文化は、ピューロマイシン最大 5 ?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Improved Method for the Establishment of an In Vitro Blood-Brain Barrier Model Based on Porcine Brain Endothelial Cells at JoVE.com

Improved Method for the Establishment of an In Vitro Blood-Brain Barrier Model Based on Porcine Brain Endothelial Cells

体外血液脳関門ブタ脳血管内皮細胞に基づくモデルの確立のための改良法

プロトコルの目的は、プライマリ ブタ脳血管内皮細胞 (pBECs) に基づく体外血液脳関門 (BBB) モデルの確立のための最適化手順を提示することです。モデルを示しています高再現性、高気密性、輸送および創薬における細胞内輸送の研究に適しています。

The aim of this protocol presents an optimized procedure for the purification and cultivation of pBECs and to establish in vitro blood-brain barrier (BBB) ...

improved-method-for-establishment-an-vitro-blood-brain-barrier-model

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

Improved Method for the Establishment of an In Vitro Blood-Brain Barrier Model Based on Porcine Brain Endothelial Cells

14.7K ビュー.  Aarhus University. プロトコルの目的は、プライマリ ブタ脳血管内皮細胞 (pBECs) に基づく体外血液脳関門 (BBB) モデルの確立のための最適化手順を提示することです。モデルを示しています高再現性、高気密性、輸送および創薬における細胞内輸送の研究に適しています。

ビデオ: Improved Method for the Establishment of an In Vitro Blood-Brain Barrier Model Based on Porcine Brain Endothelial Cells

MRI-guided Disruption of the Blood-brain Barrier using Transcranial Focused Ultrasound in a Rat Model

Focused ultrasound (FUS) disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is an increasingly investigated technique for circumventing the BBB1-5. The BBB is a significant obstacle to pharmaceutical treatments of brain disorders as it limits the passage of molecules from the vasculature into the brain tissue to molecules less than approximately 500 Da in size6. FUS induced BBB disruption (BBBD) is temporary and reversible4 and has an advantage over chemical means of inducing BBBD by being highly localized. FUS induced BBBD provides a means for investigating the effects of a wide range of therapeutic agents on the brain, which would not otherwise be deliverable to the tissue in sufficient concentration. While a wide range of ultrasound parameters have proven successful at disrupting the BBB2,5,7, there are several critical steps in the experimental procedure to ensure successful disruption with accurate targeting. This protocol outlines how to achieve MRI-guided FUS induced BBBD in a rat model, with a focus on the critical animal preparation and microbubble handling steps of the experiment.

Microbubble-mediated focused ultrasound disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a promising technique for non-invasive targeted drug delivery in the brain1-3. This protocol outlines the experimental procedure for MRI-guided transcranial BBB disruption in a rat model.

ラットモデルでの経頭蓋集束超音波を用いた血液脳関門のMRI誘導破壊

Focused ultrasound (FUS) disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is an increasingly investigated technique for circumventing the BBB1-5. The BBB is a ...

医学

Rat Model of Blood-brain Barrier Disruption to Allow Targeted Neurovascular Therapeutics

Endothelial cells with tight junctions along with the basement membrane and astrocyte end feet surround cerebral blood vessels to form the blood-brain barrier1. The barrier selectively excludes molecules from crossing between the blood and the brain based upon their size and charge. This function can impede the delivery of therapeutics for neurological disorders. A number of chemotherapeutic drugs, for example, will not effectively cross the blood-brain barrier to reach tumor cells2. Thus, improving the delivery of drugs across the blood-brain barrier is an area of interest.
The most prevalent methods for enhancing the delivery of drugs to the brain are direct cerebral infusion and blood-brain barrier disruption3. Direct intracerebral infusion guarantees that therapies reach the brain; however, this method has a limited ability to disperse the drug4. Blood-brain barrier disruption (BBBD) allows drugs to flow directly from the circulatory system into the brain and thus more effectively reach dispersed tumor cells. Three methods of barrier disruption include osmotic barrier disruption, pharmacological barrier disruption, and focused ultrasound with microbubbles. Osmotic disruption, pioneered by Neuwelt, uses a hypertonic solution of 25% mannitol that dehydrates the cells of the blood-brain barrier causing them to shrink and disrupt their tight junctions. Barrier disruption can also be accomplished pharmacologically with vasoactive compounds such as histamine5 and bradykinin6. This method, however, is selective primarily for the brain-tumor barrier7. Additionally, RMP-7, an analog of the peptide bradykinin, was found to be inferior when compared head-to-head with osmotic BBBD with 25% mannitol8. Another method, focused ultrasound (FUS) in conjunction with microbubble ultrasound contrast agents, has also been shown to reversibly open the blood-brain barrier9. In comparison to FUS, though, 25% mannitol has a longer history of safety in human patients that makes it a proven tool for translational research10-12.
In order to accomplish BBBD, mannitol must be delivered at a high rate directly into the brain's arterial circulation. In humans, an endovascular catheter is guided to the brain where rapid, direct flow can be accomplished. This protocol models human BBBD as closely as possible. Following a cut-down to the bifurcation of the common carotid artery, a catheter is inserted retrograde into the ECA and used to deliver mannitol directly into the internal carotid artery (ICA) circulation. Propofol and N2O anesthesia are used for their ability to maximize the effectiveness of barrier disruption13. If executed properly, this procedure has the ability to safely, effectively, and reversibly open the blood-brain barrier and improve the delivery of drugs that do not ordinarily reach the brain 8,13,14.

Blood-brain barrier disruption aids the delivery of certain drugs to the brain. Mannitol delivered intra-arterially shrinks cells surrounding blood vessels in order to physically disrupt the barrier.

血液脳関門の破壊のラットモデルは、対象となる神経血管治療を許可する

Endothelial cells with tight junctions along with the basement membrane and astrocyte end feet surround cerebral blood vessels to form the blood-brain ...

Stretch in Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells (cEND) as an In Vitro Traumatic Brain Injury Model of the Blood Brain Barrier

Due to the high mortality incident brought about by traumatic brain injury (TBI), methods that would enable one to better understand the underlying mechanisms involved in it are useful for treatment. There are both in vivo and in vitro methods available for this purpose. In vivo models can mimic actual head injury as it occurs during TBI. However, in vivo techniques may not be exploited for studies at the cell physiology level. Hence, in vitro methods are more advantageous for this purpose since they provide easier access to the cells and the extracellular environment for manipulation.
Our protocol presents an in vitro model of TBI using stretch injury in brain microvascular endothelial cells. It utilizes pressure applied to the cells cultured in flexible-bottomed wells. The pressure applied may easily be controlled and can produce injury that ranges from low to severe. The murine brain microvascular endothelial cells (cEND) generated in our laboratory is a well-suited model for the blood brain barrier (BBB) thus providing an advantage to other systems that employ a similar technique. In addition, due to the simplicity of the method, experimental set-ups are easily duplicated. Thus, this model can be used in studying the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in TBI at the BBB.

Stretch in Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells cEND as an In Vitro Traumatic Brain Injury Model of the Blood Brain Barrier

In vitro traumatic brain injury models are being developed to reproduce in vivo brain deformation. Stretch-induced injury has been employed for astrocytes, neurons, glial cells, aortic, and brain endothelial cells. However, our system uses a blood brain barrier (BBB) model that possesses properties constituting a legitimate model of the BBB to establish an in vitro&#160;TBI model.

として脳微小血管内皮細胞（CEND）でストレッチ<em&gt;インビトロ</em血液脳関門の&gt;外傷性脳損傷モデル

Due to the high mortality incident brought about by traumatic brain injury (TBI), methods that would enable one to better understand the underlying ...

Setting-up an In Vitro Model of Rat Blood-brain Barrier (BBB): A Focus on BBB Impermeability and Receptor-mediated Transport

The blood brain barrier (BBB) specifically regulates molecular and cellular flux between the blood and the nervous tissue. Our aim was to develop and characterize a highly reproducible rat syngeneic in vitro model of the BBB using co-cultures of primary rat brain endothelial cells (RBEC) and astrocytes to study receptors involved in transcytosis across the endothelial cell monolayer. Astrocytes were isolated by mechanical dissection following trypsin digestion and were frozen for later co-culture. RBEC were isolated from 5-week-old rat cortices. The brains were cleaned of meninges and white matter, and mechanically dissociated following enzymatic digestion. Thereafter, the tissue homogenate was centrifuged in bovine serum albumin to separate vessel fragments from nervous tissue. The vessel fragments underwent a second enzymatic digestion to free endothelial cells from their extracellular matrix. The remaining contaminating cells such as pericytes were further eliminated by plating the microvessel fragments in puromycin-containing medium. They were then passaged onto filters for co-culture with astrocytes grown on the bottom of the wells. RBEC expressed high levels of tight junction (TJ) proteins such as occludin, claudin-5 and ZO-1 with a typical localization at the cell borders. The transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) of brain endothelial monolayers, indicating the tightness of TJs reached 300 ohm&#183;cm2 on average. The endothelial permeability coefficients (Pe) for lucifer yellow (LY) was highly reproducible with an average of 0.26 &#177;&#160;0.11 x 10-3 cm/min. Brain endothelial cells organized in monolayers expressed the efflux transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp), showed a polarized transport of rhodamine 123, a ligand for P-gp, and showed specific transport of transferrin-Cy3 and DiILDL across the endothelial cell monolayer. In conclusion, we provide a protocol for setting up an in vitro BBB model that is highly reproducible due to the quality assurance methods, and that is suitable for research on BBB transporters and receptors.

Setting-up an In Vitro Model of Rat Blood-brain Barrier BBB: A Focus on BBB Impermeability and Receptor-mediated Transport

The aim of the present study was to validate the reproducibility of an in vitro BBB model involving a rat syngeneic co-culture of endothelial cells and astrocytes. The endothelial cell monolayer presented high TEER and low LY permeability. Expression of specific TJ proteins, functional responses to inflammation and functionality of transporters and receptors were assessed.

設定アップ<em&gt;体外</emラット血液脳関門の&gt;モデル（BBB）：BBB不透過性および受容体媒介輸送に注力

The blood brain barrier (BBB) specifically regulates molecular and cellular flux between the blood and the nervous tissue. Our aim was to develop and ...

Excitotoxic Stimulation of Brain Microslices as an In vitro Model of Stroke

Examining molecular mechanisms involved in neuropathological conditions, such as ischemic stroke, can be difficult when using whole animal systems. As such, primary or &#39;neuronal-like&#39; cell culture systems are commonly utilized. While&#160;these systems are relatively easy to work with, and are useful model systems in which various functional outcomes (such as cell death) can be readily quantified, the examined outcomes and pathways in cultured immature neurons (such as excitotoxicity-mediated cell death pathways) are not necessarily the same as those observed in mature brain, or in intact tissue. Therefore, there is the need to develop models in which cellular mechanisms in mature neural tissue can be examined. We have developed an in vitro technique that can be used to investigate a variety of molecular pathways in intact nervous tissue. The technique described herein utilizes rat cortical tissue, but this technique can be adapted to use tissue from a variety of species (such as mouse, rabbit, guinea pig, and chicken) or brain regions (for example, hippocampus, striatum, etc.). Additionally, a variety of stimulations/treatments can be used (for example, excitotoxic, administration of inhibitors, etc.). In conclusion, the brain slice model described herein can be used to examine a variety of molecular mechanisms involved in excitotoxicity-mediated brain injury.

Excitotoxic Stimulation of Brain Microslices as an In vitro Model of Stroke

We have developed a brain slice model which can be used to examine molecular mechanisms involved in excitotoxicity-mediated brain injury.&#160;This technique generates viable mature brain tissue and reduces animal numbers required for experimentation, whilst keeping the neuronal circuitry, cellular interactions, and postsynaptic compartments partly intact.

脳Microslicesの興奮毒性刺激<em&gt;インビトロ</em&gt;脳卒中のモデル

Examining molecular mechanisms involved in neuropathological conditions, such as ischemic stroke, can be difficult when using whole animal systems. As ...

Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation and Reoxygenation as an In Vitro Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury Model for Studying Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction

Ischemia-Reperfusion (IR) injury is known to contribute significantly to the morbidity and mortality associated with ischemic strokes. Ischemic cerebrovascular accidents account for 80% of all strokes. A common cause of IR injury is the rapid inflow of fluids following an acute/chronic occlusion of blood, nutrients, oxygen to the tissue triggering the formation of free radicals.
Ischemic stroke is followed by blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction and vasogenic brain edema. Structurally, tight junctions (TJs) between the endothelial cells play an important role in maintaining the integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). IR injury is an early secondary injury leading to a non-specific, inflammatory response. Oxidative and metabolic stress following inflammation triggers secondary brain damage including BBB permeability and disruption of tight junction (TJ) integrity.
Our protocol presents an in vitro example of oxygen-glucose deprivation and reoxygenation (OGD-R) on rat brain endothelial cell TJ integrity and stress fiber formation. Currently, several experimental in vivo models are used to study the effects of IR injury; however they have several limitations, such as the technical challenges in performing surgeries, gene dependent molecular influences and difficulty in studying mechanistic relationships. However, in vitro models may aid in overcoming many of those limitations. The presented protocol can be used to study the various molecular mechanisms and mechanistic relationships to provide potential therapeutic strategies. However, the results of in vitro studies may differ from standard in vivo studies and should be interpreted with caution.

Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation and Reoxygenation as an In Vitro Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury Model for Studying Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction

Ischemia-Reperfusion (IR) injury is associated with a high rate of morbidity and mortality. The goal of the in vitro model of oxygen-glucose deprivation and reoxygenation (OGD-R) described here is to assess the effects of ischemia reperfusion injury on a variety of cells, particularly in blood-brain barrier (BBB) endothelial cells.

などの酸素グルコース欠乏および再酸素化<em&gt;インビトロ</em&gt;虚血再灌流傷害モデル血液脳関門の機能障害を研究するための

Ischemia-Reperfusion (IR) injury is known to contribute significantly to the morbidity and mortality associated with ischemic strokes. Ischemic ...

An Improved Method for Rapid Intubation of the Trachea in Mice

Despite some anatomical and physiological differences, mouse models continue to be an essential tool for studying human lung disease. Bleomycin toxicity is a commonly used model to study both acute lung injury and fibrosis, and multiple methods have been developed for administering bleomycin (and other toxic agents) into the lungs. However, many of these approaches, such as transtracheal instillation, have inherent drawbacks, including the need for strong anesthetics and survival surgery. This paper reports a quick, reproducible method of intratracheal intubation that involves mild inhaled anesthesia, visualization of the trachea, and the use of a surrogate spirometer to confirm exposure. As a proof of concept, 8-12 week old C57BL/6 mice were administered either 2.0 U/kg of bleomycin or an equivalent volume of PBS, and both damage and fibrotic endpoints were measured post-exposure. This procedure allows researchers to treat a large cohort of mice in a relatively short period with little expense and minimal post-procedure care.

This article presents a rapid and simple method for administering bleomycin directly into the mouse trachea via intubation. Key advantages of this method are that it is highly reproducible, easy to master, and does not require specialized equipment or lengthy recovery times.

マウスの気管の迅速な挿管のための改善された方法

Despite some anatomical and physiological differences, mouse models continue to be an essential tool for studying human lung disease. Bleomycin toxicity ...

An Anesthesia, Surgery, and Harvest Method for the Evaluation of Transpedicular Screws Using an In Vivo Porcine Lumbar Spine Model

Pedicle screw fixation is the gold standard for the treatment of spinal diseases. However, many studies have reported the issue of loosening pedicle screws after spinal surgery, which is a serious concern. To address this problem, diverse types of pedicle screws have been examined to identify those with good fixation strength and osseointegration in spine bone. The porcine spine is a good alternative for the human spine in the evaluation of pedicle screws due to the anatomical size, mechanical characteristics, and cost. Although several studies have reported that pedicle screws are efficient in the porcine model, no study has described detailed protocols for the evaluation of a pedicle screw using the porcine model. Here, we describe a detailed method for evaluating transpedicular screws using an in vivo porcine lumbar spine model. The technical details for anesthesia, spine surgery, and harvest provided here will facilitate with the evaluation of the transpedicular screw fixation model.

An Anesthesia, Surgery, and Harvest Method for the Evaluation of Transpedicular Screws Using an In Vivo Porcine Lumbar Spine Model

Here, we introduce a method to evaluate transpedicular screws by using an in vivo porcine lumbar spine model.

麻酔、手術および収縮法を用いた経肛門用ねじの評価<em&gt;インビボ</em&gt;豚の腰椎モデル

Pedicle screw fixation is the gold standard for the treatment of spinal diseases. However, many studies have reported the issue of loosening pedicle ...

In Vitro Assays to Assess Blood-brain Barrier Mesh-like Vessel Formation and Disruption

Blood-brain barrier (BBB) coverage plays a central role in the homeostasis of the central nervous system (CNS). The BBB is dynamically maintained by astrocytes, pericytes and brain endothelial cells (BECs). Here, we detail methods to assess BBB coverage using single cultures of immortalized human BECs, single cultures of primary mouse BECs, and a humanized triple culture model (BECs, astrocytes and pericytes) of the BBB. To highlight the applicability of the assays to disease states, we describe the effect of oligomeric amyloid-&#946; (oA&#946;), which is an important contributor to Alzheimer&#39;s disease (AD) progression, on BBB coverage. Further, we utilize the epidermal growth factor (EGF) to illuminate the drug screening potential of the techniques. Our results show that single and triple cultured BECs form meshwork-like structures under basal conditions, and that oA&#946; disrupts this cell meshwork formation and degenerates the preformed mesh structures, but EGF blocks this disruption. Thus, the techniques described are important for dissecting fundamental and disease-relevant processes that modulate BBB coverage.

In Vitro Assays to Assess Blood-brain Barrier Mesh-like Vessel Formation and Disruption

Maintaining blood-brain barrier coverage is key for the homeostasis of the central nervous system. This protocol describes in vitro techniques to delineate the fundamental and pathological processes that modulate blood-brain barrier coverage.

血液脳関門メッシュ様血管形成および崩壊を評価するためのインビトロアッセイ

Blood-brain barrier (BBB) coverage plays a central role in the homeostasis of the central nervous system (CNS). The BBB is dynamically maintained by ...

Establishment and Evaluation of a Porcine Vein Graft Disease Model

Venous graft disease (VGD) is the leading cause of coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) failure. Large animal models of CABG-VGD are needed for the investigation of disease mechanisms and the development of therapeutic strategies. 
To perform the surgery, we enter the cardiac chamber through the third intercostal space and carefully dissect the internal mammary vein and immerse it in normal saline. The right main coronary artery is then treated for ischemia. The target vessel is incised, a shunt plug is placed, and the distal end of the graft vein is anastomosed. The ascending aorta is partially blocked, and the proximal end of the graft vein is anastomosed after perforation. The graft vein is checked for patency, and the proximal right coronary artery is ligated. 
CABG surgery is performed in minipigs to harvest the left internal mammary vein for its use as a vascular graft. Serum biochemical tests are used to evaluate the physiological status of the animals after surgery. Ultrasound examination shows that the proximal, middle, and distal end of the graft vessel are unobstructed. In the surgical model, turbulent blood flow in the graft is observed upon histological examination after the CABG surgery, and venous graft stenosis associated with intimal hyperplasia is observed in the graft. The study here provides detailed surgical procedures for the establishment of a repeatable CABG-induced VGD model.

In this protocol, novel pig vein bypass grafting was performed through a small incision in the left chest wall without cardiopulmonary bypass. A postoperative pathology study was done, which showed intimal thickening.

体外血液脳関門ブタ脳血管内皮細胞に基づくモデルの確立のための改良法

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ラットモデルでの経頭蓋集束超音波を用いた血液脳関門のMRI誘導破壊

血液脳関門の破壊のラットモデルは、対象となる神経血管治療を許可する

として脳微小血管内皮細胞（CEND）でストレッチ

設定アップ

脳Microslicesの興奮毒性刺激

などの酸素グルコース欠乏および再酸素化

マウスの気管の迅速な挿管のための改善された方法

麻酔、手術および収縮法を用いた経肛門用ねじの評価

血液脳関門メッシュ様血管形成および崩壊を評価するためのインビトロアッセイ

ブタ静脈移植病モデルの確立と評価