Name: mass isolation and in vitro cultivation of intramolluscan stages of the human blood fluke schistosoma mansoni
Uploaded: 2018-01-14T13:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 12 min 5 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Mass Isolation and In Vitro Cultivation of Intramolluscan Stages of the Human Blood Fluke Schistosoma Mansoni at JoVE.com

NIH グラント RO1AI015503 によって部分的に資金を供給しました。住血吸虫感染マウスは備リソースを介して配布する NIH NIAID 契約 HHSN272201000005I を通じて NIAID 住血吸虫症リソース センター生物医学研究所 (メリーランド州ロックビル) によって提供されました。

制度的ケアおよび使用委員会議定書の下でウィスコンシン州マディソンの大学がすべての動物の世話と実験プロシージャを承認しません。V005717。次のプロトコルは、このプロトコルで描かれた住血吸虫段階のどれもが人間や他の哺乳類に感染が人間の病原体のためのバイオ セーフティ レベル 2 (BSL2) 施設での作業を伴います。リスク グループ 2 (RG2) 人間の病原体を処理するための機関のポリシーに従ってください。
注: 我々 は降伏より大きい卵負担感染10より高い感受性のため (週齢 6) 女性のスイス ウェブスター マウスを使用します。タッカーらは、このモデル システム11で使用されるマウスとカタツムリ感染プロトコルを説明します。テーブルの材料には、特定の機器、材料、試薬、この実験的プロトコルを実行するために必要な動物の源のすべてが表示されます。
1. 感染した肝臓の処理
<ol><li>CO2窒息 (毎分室の容積の 10-30% の率) によって 6-7 週間後感染マウスを安楽死させます。呼吸・心拍停止のためマウスを監視します。 注: 通常、20 マウスまで処理できます特定の時点で。</li>
	<li>バイオ セーフティ キャビネットに安楽死させたマウスを転送した後、背中にマウスを置き、70% エタノール腹側表面をスプレーします。1 分間浸してみましょう。</li>
	<li>ピンチし下腹部の皮膚を引き上げ、滅菌手術用ハサミで腹部に最も近いピンチ肌のベースでカットします。前方カット皮膚を引っ張って (すなわち、頭に向かって) 肝臓を明らかにします。肝臓の拡大し、(図 2 a) 卵誘発肉芽腫性反応のため斑点する必要があることに注意してください。</li>
	<li>肝臓を取り出し、含む滅菌 1.2 %nacl ソリューション含むペン/連鎖球菌の 200 mL ビーカーに置きます。</li>
	<li>1.3 と 1.4 残りのマウスとの手順を繰り返します。 注: 20 マウスは通常単一収穫で処理されます。</li>
	<li>滅菌シャーレに肝臓を配置し、滅菌ピンセットで非肝脂肪・結合組織を削除します。</li>
	<li>ペン/連鎖球菌を滅菌 1.2 %nacl 水溶液の ~ 200 mL を含む滅菌 250 mL 遠心ボトル/きれいにトリミングされた肝臓に転送します。</li>
	<li>積極的に肝臓の入ったボトルを振るし、泡/フローティング破片過剰な表面滅菌使い捨てピペットを使用して、削除します。ゆっくりと残りの食塩を容器に注ぐまたは漂白剤 1% 含む (消毒) をシンクします。</li>
	<li>肝臓に新鮮な食塩水の ~ 200 mL を追加し、手順 1.8 を 3 回繰り返します。</li>
</ol>2. 肝抽出および miracidial の分離
<ol><li>小さな滅菌ステンレス製ブレンダー カップに肝臓を配置し、1.2 %nacl 水溶液 (図 2 b) 〜 2 mL を追加します。</li>
	<li>箔とこぼれを防ぐためし、低・高速度 (20 s の低速/10 秒高速; 繰り返し) を交互に 1 分のブレンドにペトリ皿カップをカバー (図 2)。</li>
	<li>(20 の肝臓は、4 ボトルを使用) の遠心分離機 250 mL 滅菌瓶にブレンド肝サスペンションが均等します。</li>
	<li>〜 200 mL 合計ボリューム/ボトルに抗生物質と滅菌生理食塩水を追加します。遠心分離前にボトルの重さ/バランス。</li>
	<li>遠心分離機 290 x g 4 oC. 静かに 15 分間でブレンドされた肝臓は培養上清を破棄する前に漂白剤と容器に注ぐ。</li>
	<li>2.4 2.5 の手順をもう一度繰り返します。必ず遠心分離前に肝臓の土砂を徹底的に再懸濁します。</li>
	<li>最後の生理食塩水を破棄した後 (ステップ 2.6) を洗って、小球形にされた肝組織、土砂、再懸濁し、懸濁液を滅菌 1 L のメスフラスコは、完全にアルミニウムで覆われているに転送する手ふれにペン/連鎖球菌と 200 mL 滅菌池の水を追加箔、首 (図 2 D) の 3 cm 上を除いて。 注: は、1 L フラスコあたり 2 本 (= 10 肝臓) を使用します。池の水は、卵から孵化を miracidial を刺激するために必要な自然の淡水環境をシミュレートします。</li>
	<li>滅菌池の水を使用すると、首をカバーする箔の上約 3 cm に、フラスコを埋めます。その後、遅滞なく (、miracidia はすぐに孵化を開始)、残留泡とすぐに池の水の残骸を含む ~ 12 mL をピペットで表面に浮かぶ肝組織を取り外し、管別に破棄破棄します。新鮮な滅菌池の水を交換してください。</li>
	<li>クリーニングのステップ 2.8 回廃棄管 miracidia の有無の確認 3 つを繰り返します。洗浄液に miracidia が表示されて場合手順を洗浄の繰り返しを停止します。</li>
	<li>最後の洗浄後徐々 に上のきれいな、滅菌の暖かい水と温度勾配を作成する (加温 30 oC) 暖かい滅菌池水 〜 12 mL を追加します。 注: 最善の混合を避けるためにフラスコの首の側面に沿って水をゆっくりと放電による方法です。</li>
	<li>フラスコの開口部に小さなシャーレ カバーを置き、水の上部の表面を照らす箔カバー上フラスコの上部に明るい光を照らします。 注: 通常、5-10 分以内 miracidia、光に惹かの水泳に集中する多数の池の水 (図 3 a) の最初の 2-3 cm 以内。</li>
</ol>3. Miracidial の収穫と栽培
<ol><li>Miracidia を 10 分後表面に蓄積しているときは、滅菌ピペットを使用して 〜 8 mL の池の水と滅菌 15 mL 遠心チューブへの転送を削除します。氷の上の miracidia を含む管を配置します。</li>
	<li>バック 8 mL の容積測定フラスコの内側に沿って暖かい滅菌池水を追加し、別の 10 分を待ちます。</li>
	<li>たびに新しいチューブを使用して、さらに 3 回の 3.1 と 3.2 の手順を繰り返します。4thコレクション後解決するため miracidia を許可する 10 分間氷の上最終管を維持します。チューブのこのセットには、最初の収穫が装備されています。</li>
	<li>遠心チューブ 290 x g 4 oC 予冷冷却遠心機で 1 分で miracidia を含みます。</li>
	<li>寄生虫ペレット (図 3 b) の邪魔にならないように注意しながら上澄み (〜 7 mL) のほとんどをすぐに削除します。</li>
	<li>プールの 1 つにこの最初の収穫からすべての miracidia チューブ、すべて 〜 1 mL 滅菌池の水を使ったオリジナル チューブを洗浄、「プール」チューブ追加。</li>
	<li>〜 5 分間氷の上解決する寄生虫を許可し、再度 4 oc 以上で 1 分間 290 x g で寄生虫を遠心</li>
	<li>慎重に上澄みを除去し、6-8 mL 滅菌チャーニンの平衡塩溶液 (バルト海沿岸 +; 参照テーブルの材料) 含むペン/連鎖球菌性を追加します。</li>
	<li>優しく miracidia および 24 ウェル培養プレート (ウェルあたり 1 mL) にそれらは続いてバルト海沿岸 + 6-8 mL のチューブを洗浄とリンスの 1 mL を各ウェルに追加する因数を中断します。26 oC 培養条件下で寄生虫が孵化させなさい。分離 miracidia の濃度は異なりますが、通常 〜 7000/mL、平均は。</li>
	<li>寄生虫はまだ光を集中している、孵化後半 miracidia を収穫を続けます 3.9 ステップ 3.1 を繰り返しますが、コレクションを 15 〜 20 分間の時間間隔を増加します。 注: チューブのこの新しいセットは、2 番目の収穫を表します。ただし、通常、miracidial の数値は低いため通常すべてのチューブから幼虫にもバルト海沿岸 + 2 mL を含む単一のカルチャにプールされます。</li>
	<li>24 h 後収穫と栽培、軽くピペッティングによる者で sporocysts を再懸濁します。</li>
	<li>井戸の底に沈殿する寄生虫を許可するように、いくつかの分を待ちます。一度彼らが定住している幼虫の変形の間に miracidia によって流す毛表皮板のほとんどが含まれます上清 (~1.5 mL) を慎重に取り外します。この「変換」上澄みは破棄または、幼虫の分泌製品の追跡調査に組み込む可能性があります。</li>
	<li>各井戸と優しく sporocysts を再懸濁しますピペットに新鮮なバルト海沿岸 + 1.5 mL を追加します。さらに洗浄または別の媒体への変更が必要な場合は、3.12 のステップを繰り返します。</li>
</ol>

<ol>
	<li>Colley, D. G., Bustinduy, A. L., Secor, W. E., King, C. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+schistosomiasis.">Human schistosomiasis.</a> Lancet. 383, 2253-2264 (2014).</li><li>WHO. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Schistosomiasis:+number+of+people+treated+worldwide+in+2013.">Schistosomiasis: number of people treated worldwide in 2013.</a> Wkly. Epidemiol. Rec. 5 (90), 25-32 (2015).</li><li>Yoshino, T. P., Gourbal, B., Th&#233;ron, A., Jamieson, B. G. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Schistosoma+sporocysts.">Schistosoma sporocysts.</a> Schistosoma: biology, pathology and control. , 118-148 (2017).</li><li>Bayne, C. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Successful+parasitism+of+vector+snail+Biomphalaria+glabrata+by+the+human+blood+fluke+(trematode)+Schistosoma+mansoni:+a+2009+assessment.">Successful parasitism of vector snail Biomphalaria glabrata by the human blood fluke (trematode) Schistosoma mansoni: a 2009 assessment.</a> Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. 165 (1), 8-18 (2009).</li><li>Yoshino, T. P., Coustau, C., Toledo, R., Fried, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Immunobiology+of+Biomphalaria-trematode+interactions.">Immunobiology of Biomphalaria-trematode interactions.</a> Biomphalaria snails and larval trematodes. , 159-189 (2011).</li><li>Coustau, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Advances+in+gastropod+immunity+from+the+study+of+the+interaction+between+the+snail+Biomphalaria+glabrata+and+its+parasites:+A+review+of+research+progress+over+the+last+decade.">Advances in gastropod immunity from the study of the interaction between the snail Biomphalaria glabrata and its parasites: A review of research progress over the last decade.</a> Fish Shellfish Immunol. 46 (1), 5-16 (2015).</li><li>Bayne, C. J., Hahn, U. K., Bender, R. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanisms+of+molluscan+host+resistance+and+of+parasite+strategies+for+survival.">Mechanisms of molluscan host resistance and of parasite strategies for survival.</a> Parasitology. 123, S159-S167 (2001).</li><li>McMullen, D. B., Beaver, P. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Studies+on+schistosome+dermatitis.+IX.+The+life+cycles+of+three+dermatitis-producing+schistosomes+from+birds+and+a+discussion+of+the+subfamily+Bilharziellinae+(Trematoda:+Schistosomatidae).">Studies on schistosome dermatitis. IX. The life cycles of three dermatitis-producing schistosomes from birds and a discussion of the subfamily Bilharziellinae (Trematoda: Schistosomatidae).</a> Amer. J. Hyg. 42, 128-154 (1945).</li><li>Voge, M., Seidel, J. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transformation+in+vitro+of+miracidia+of+Schistosoma+mansoni+and+S.+japonicum+into+young+sprocysts.">Transformation in vitro of miracidia of Schistosoma mansoni and S. japonicum into young sprocysts.</a> J. Parasitol. 58 (4), 699-704 (1972).</li><li>Eloi-Santos, S., Olsen, N. J., Correa-Oliveira, R., Colley, D. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Schistosoma+mansoni:+mortality,+pathophysiology,+and+susceptibility+differences+in+male+and+female+mice.">Schistosoma mansoni: mortality, pathophysiology, and susceptibility differences in male and female mice.</a> Exp. Parasitol. 75 (2), 168-175 (1992).</li><li>Tucker, M. S., Karunaratne, L. B., Lewis, F. A., Freitas, T. C., Liang, Y. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Schistosomiasis.">Schistosomiasis.</a> Curr Proto Immunol. 103, 19.1:19.1.1-19.1.58 (2013).</li><li>Basch, P. F., DiConza, J. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+miracidium-sporocyst+transition+in+Schistosoma+mansoni:+surface+changes+in+vitro+with+ultrastructural+correlation.">The miracidium-sporocyst transition in Schistosoma mansoni: surface changes in vitro with ultrastructural correlation.</a> J. Parasitol. 60 (6), 935-941 (1974).</li><li>Hansen, E. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Secondary+daughter+sporocysts+of+Schistosoma+mansoni:+their+occurrence+and+cultivation.">Secondary daughter sporocysts of Schistosoma mansoni: their occurrence and cultivation.</a> Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 266, 426-436 (1975).</li><li>Stibbs, H. H., Owczarzak, O., Bayne, C. J., DeWan, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Schistosome+sporocyst-killing+amoebae+Isolated+from+Biomphalaria+glabrata.">Schistosome sporocyst-killing amoebae Isolated from Biomphalaria glabrata.</a> J. Invertebr. Pathol. 33, 159-170 (1979).</li><li>DiConza, J. J., Basch, P. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Axenic+cultivation+of+Schistosoma+mansoni+daughter+sporocysts.">Axenic cultivation of Schistosoma mansoni daughter sporocysts.</a> J. Parasitol. 60 (5), 757-763 (1974).</li><li>Hansen, E. L., Maramorosch, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+cell+line+from+embryos+of+Biomphalaria+glabrata+(Pulmonata):+Establishment+and+characteristics.">A cell line from embryos of Biomphalaria glabrata (Pulmonata): Establishment and characteristics.</a> Invertebrate tissue culture: Research applications. , 75-97 (1976).</li><li>Yoshino, T. P., Laursen, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Production+of+Schistosoma+mansoni+daughter+sporocysts+from+mother+sporocysts+maintained+in+synxenic+culture+with+Biomphalaria+glabrata+embryonic+(Bge)+cells.">Production of Schistosoma mansoni daughter sporocysts from mother sporocysts maintained in synxenic culture with Biomphalaria glabrata embryonic (Bge) cells.</a> J. Parasitol. 81 (5), 714-722 (1995).</li><li>Ivanchenko, M. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Continuous+in+vitro+propagation+and+differentiation+of+cultures+of+the+intramolluscan+stages+of+the+human+parasite+Schistosoma+mansoni.">Continuous in vitro propagation and differentiation of cultures of the intramolluscan stages of the human parasite Schistosoma mansoni.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 96, 4965-4970 (1999).</li><li>Yoshino, T. P., Bayne, C. J., Bickham, U. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molluscan+cells+in+culture:+primary+cell+cultures+and+cell+lines.">Molluscan cells in culture: primary cell cultures and cell lines.</a> Can. J. Zool. 91, 391-404 (2013).</li><li>Coustau, C., Yoshino, T. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Flukes+without+snails:+Advances+in+the+in+vitro+cultivation+of+intramolluscan+stages+of+trematodes.">Flukes without snails: Advances in the in vitro cultivation of intramolluscan stages of trematodes.</a> Exp. Parasitol. 94, 62-66 (2000).</li><li>Milligan, J. N., Jolly, E. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cercarial+transformation+and+in+vitro+cultivation+of+Schistosoma+mansoni+schistosomules.">Cercarial transformation and in vitro cultivation of Schistosoma mansoni schistosomules.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (54), e3191 (2011).</li><li>Basch, P. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cultivation+of+Schistosoma+mansoniin+vitro.+II+production+of+infertile+eggs+by+worm+pairs+cultured+from+cercariae.">Cultivation of Schistosoma mansoniin vitro. II production of infertile eggs by worm pairs cultured from cercariae.</a> J. Parasitol. 67 (2), 186-190 (1981).</li></ol>

著者が明らかに何もありません。

マンソン住血吸虫など、分離、本明細書で説明されているように操作の Miracidia だけカタツムリ中間ホストに感染し、幼虫の開発のこの段階で人間バイオハザードは表現していません。ただし、 Biomphalariaカタツムリ種の影響を受けやすい可能性があります存在または維持領域から別の場所に miracidial の分離を実行する、カタツムリの偶発的な暴露/感染症を避けるためには、注意...

人間血蛭住血吸虫属、住血吸虫症、12 億 3000 万人推定世界を苦しめる顧みられない熱帯病の病原です。最も普及している種、マンソン住血吸虫、地理的に、南アメリカ、カリブ海諸島、中東、サハラ以南のアフリカ2で配布されています。マンソン住血吸虫など、およびその他の住のライフ サイクルは、哺乳類の決定的なホストと偏の中間宿主となるBiomphalaria属の淡水の貝を含む複雑です。
マンソン住血吸虫など男性と女性の大人のワーム ペア哺乳類宿主再現の後部上腸間膜静脈に住んでいる腸内の粘膜の小さな静脈にひっかかる鶏卵 (ova) の解放に終っています。卵の血管壁壊れる粘膜組織を移行し、最終的に糞便を無効になった彼ら、腸内腔を入力がします。Ova は、淡水性で自由遊泳の幼虫 (miracidia) ハッチを入力、短いのため、そのライフ サイクルを続行するために感染に適したBiomphalariaカタツムリを見つける必要があります、彼ら。この感染プロセスには、ホストに進行中の侵入と幼虫のエントリが続いてカタツムリの外側のボディ表面に miracidial の添付ファイルが含まれます。エントリー後すぐに、ミラシジウム小屋を開始するその外側の毛表皮板次の幼虫、プライマリまたは母の sporocyst の新しい外面 (テグメントタンパク) となるシンシチウム形成。無性生殖は、各プライマリ sporocyst 生成し、二次と呼ばれる sporocysts または intramolluscan 終盤、ケルカリア3の大規模な番号を解放と生成し、順番の娘 sporocysts の第二世代をリリース.カタツムリのホストからの脱出、時に自由遊泳セルカリアは接続して人間や他の適した哺乳類宿主の皮膚を直接貫通が可能です。新しいホストへの参入、セルカリア寄生 schistosomula ステージに変換、血管のシステムに侵入します。、彼らは順番に、肺と肝静脈成虫に成熟、男性と女性のペアを形成、そのライフ サイクルを完了する上腸間膜静脈への旅行、どこを移行します。
Intramolluscan 成功または幼虫住の「カタツムリ フェーズ"開発人間ホストに転送サイクルの継続に不可欠です。重要性のカタツムリ ホストとプライマリ sporocyst 段階、初期変換に自由遊泳のミラシジウムの期間の次のエントリです。寄生虫とホスト間の生理学的および免疫学的互換性、によってそれは幼虫の開発のこの段階で、その初期の成功または感染症が決定した4,56,を確立する失敗.無性人間感染セルカリアを生成し、二次 sporocysts を作り出すことができる主な sporocysts の後続の開発はさらに寄生虫の成長のすべてを提供する寛大な生理的ホスト環境を必要と生殖が必要です。
までに、少しは知られているについて生理学的、生化学的な基礎となると住血吸虫カタツムリの相互作用を制御する分子過程、特に分子や経路に関与する幼虫の発育と生殖を規制、または変調ホストの免疫反応。体外で培養実験的操作を可能にする条件の下でこれらの幼虫の段階の多数へのアクセスが大いに促進され発達経路の発見と細胞増殖、分化のメカニズム再現。重要な寄生虫の経路やメカニズム、体外実験によって識別される可能性があります、カタツムリ ホストで幼虫の成長・再生を妨害するまたはカタツムリ ホストの認識と排除に関与する免疫メカニズムを識別するためにmiracidial または sporocyst の段階。
この記事とビデオ プレゼンテーションは、我々 提供自由遊泳マンソン住血吸虫などの大規模な番号を分離する方法の詳細については、実験のフォロー アップを受ける生体外の文化への導入 miracidia操作 (プロトコル ワークフローの概要は図 1を参照)。ただし、同様の手順を記載されている以前7,8,9, 詳細なプロトコルが関連するまだ未回答の質問に対処するこのモデルを採用する研究者に役立つだろうと感じましたintramolluscan 幼虫の発育、細胞増殖と住血吸虫カタツムリ免疫の相互作用。さらに、このアプローチは、肺吸虫や肝蛭膀胱住居S. ビルハルツなど他の医学的に重要な吸虫類からの卵の分離に適合しやすい可能性があります。

<table><tbody><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Chernin&#039;s balanced salt solution (CBSS+)&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td>&lt;strong&gt;For 1L of solution&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>2.8 g sodium chloride</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>S271-3</td><td>Dissolve salts, except calcium chloride, and&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>0.15 g of potassium chloride&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>P5405</td><td>sugars in 800 mL ddH2O</td></tr><tr><td>0.07 g sodium phosphate, dibasic anhydrous</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>S374-500</td><td>Dissolve calcium chloride separately in 200&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>0.45 g magnesium sulfate heptahydrate&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>M1880</td><td>mL ddH2O</td></tr><tr><td>0.53 g calcium chloride dihydrate&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Mallinckrodt</td><td>4160</td><td>Slowly add calcium soln to the salt/sugar soln with&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>0.05 g sodium bicarbonate&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>S233-3</td><td>with constant mixing</td></tr><tr><td>1 g glucose</td><td>MP Biomedicals</td><td>152527</td><td>Adjust to pH 7.2 and filter sterilize using a&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>1 g trehalose</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>T0167</td><td>0.22 &amp;micro;m disposable bottle-top filter</td></tr><tr><td>10 mL 100X penicillin/streptomycin</td><td>Hyclone</td><td>SV30010</td><td>Add filtered penicillin and streptomycin soln&amp;nbsp;&lt;br/&gt; prior use</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Incomplete Bge&amp;nbsp; medium (Ibge)&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td>&lt;strong&gt;For 900 mL solution&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>220 mL Schneider&amp;rsquo;s Drosophila medium modified</td><td>Lonza</td><td>04-351Q</td><td>Mix Schneider&#039;s medium with 680 mL ddH2O</td></tr><tr><td>4.5 g lactalbumin enzymatic hydrolysate</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>L9010</td><td>Add lactalbumin hydrolysate and galactose</td></tr><tr><td>1.3 g galactose</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>G0625</td><td>Adjust to pH 7.2 and filter sterilize using a 0.22 &amp;micro;m&lt;br/&gt; pre-sterilized disposable bottle-top filter</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Complete Bge medium (cBge)&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td>&lt;strong&gt;For 100 mL of solution&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>90 mL Incomplete Bge medium</td><td></td><td></td><td>To heat-inactivate FBS: Incubate thawed FBS in&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>9 mL heat-inact. fetal bovine serum (FBS) (Optima)</td><td>Atlanta Biologicals</td><td>S12450</td><td>waterbath at 60&amp;deg;C for 1 hr while gently&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>1 mL 100X penicillin/streptomycin</td><td>Hyclone</td><td>SV30010</td><td>swirling the bottle every 10 min&lt;br/&gt; Aliquot heat-inactivated FBS into 15-mL tubes&amp;nbsp;&lt;br/&gt; and store at -20&amp;deg;C.&amp;nbsp; Mix medium + FBS and&lt;br/&gt; filter sterilize using a 0.22 &amp;micro;m pre-sterilized&amp;nbsp;&lt;br/&gt; disposable bottle-top filter&amp;nbsp;&lt;br/&gt; Add penicillin and streptomycin prior to use</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Pond water (stock solution)&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td>&lt;strong&gt;1L of stock solution&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>12.5 g calcium carbonate</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>C64-500</td><td>Mix all salts in 1L of ddH2O</td></tr><tr><td>1.25 g magnesium carbonate</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>M27-500</td><td>Note that the salts will not have completely&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>1.25 g&amp;nbsp; sodium chloride</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>S271-3</td><td>dissolved.&amp;nbsp; Shake vigorously to suspend&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>0.25 g&amp;nbsp; potassium chloride</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>P5405</td><td>salts prior to making the working soln&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Pond water (working solution)&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td>&lt;strong&gt;1.5L of solution&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>0.8 mL stock solution pond water (shake prior use) in&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td><td></td><td>Mix stock to ddH2O</td></tr><tr><td>1500 mL of ddH2O</td><td></td><td></td><td>Sterilize pond water by autoclaving (slow&amp;nbsp;cycle)</td></tr><tr><td>1.5 mL of 100X penicillin/streptomycin&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Hyclone</td><td>SV30010</td><td>Add penicillin and streptomycin prior use</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Saline solution (1.2% NaCl)&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td>&lt;strong&gt;1.5L of solution&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>18 g sodium chloride in 1500 mL of ddH2O</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>S271-3</td><td>Autoclave saline solution to sterilize</td></tr><tr><td>1.5 mL of 100X penicillin/ streptomycin</td><td>Hyclone</td><td>SV30010</td><td>Add penicillin and streptomycin prior use</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Additional equipment and material:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>7-L mouse euthanizing chamber</td><td></td><td></td><td>Following approved IACUC protocol no. V001551</td></tr><tr><td>Mice</td><td>Taconic Biosciences</td><td></td><td>Swiss-Webster, female, 6-wk old, murine&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; tank and regulator</td><td></td><td></td><td>pathogen-free</td></tr><tr><td>24-well tissue culture plate</td><td>TPP</td><td>92424</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1-L volumetric flasks</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Light source (150W)</td><td>Chiu Tech Corp</td><td>Model F0-150</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Centrifuge, refrigerated, swinging bucket</td><td>Eppendorf</td><td>Model 5810R</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Centrifuge bottles (250 mL)</td><td>Nalgene</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>15-mL centrifuge tubes, sterile</td><td>Corning</td><td>430053</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sterile disposable transfer pipets&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>1371120</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>0.22 &amp;micro;m pre-sterilized disposable bottle-top filter&amp;nbsp;</td><td>EMD Millipore</td><td>SCGPS05RE</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Stainless steel blender</td><td>Waring Commercial</td><td>Model 51BL31</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Blender cup, 100 mL capacity</td><td>Waring Commercial</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Inverted compound microscope</td><td>Nikon Instruments&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Eclipse TE300</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

mass isolation and in vitro cultivation of intramolluscan stages of the human blood fluke schistosoma mansoni

人間住血吸虫、住血吸虫属、それぞれカタツムリ中間および哺乳類最終的なホスト、内で無性生殖と性的発達段階を含む複雑なライフ サイクルがあります。分離し、体外で培養条件下で別のライフ サイクル段階を維持する能力は寄生虫の成長、開発およびホストを制御する細胞, 生化学的および分子機構の研究を促進しています。相互作用。住血吸虫症の伝送は、無性生殖とカタツムリ ホスト内で複数の幼虫の段階の開発を必要とプライマリおよびセカンダリの sporocysts を介して感染のミラシジウムから cercarial 終盤それが人間に感染です。本稿では大量孵化とマンソン住血吸虫感染マウスと生体外で文化にその後導入の肝臓から得られた卵から miracidia の分離手順プロトコルを提案します。詳細なプロトコルに従事し、住血吸虫研究のこの重要な分野を広げる新しい研究者を奨励することも予想されます。

Miracidia の大半は収集最初の 2 つの「収穫」で通常されます。バルト海沿岸 + で孤立した miracidia の孵化は、ミラシジウム-sporocyst 変換プロセス (図 4 a-c) をトリガーします。最初の 1 時間内で文化に次の転送は、バルト海沿岸 +、miracidia 停止水泳 (図 4 a) の大半を含む井戸します。文化の 6 h で、miracidia は積極的...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Mass Isolation and In Vitro Cultivation of Intramolluscan Stages of the Human Blood Fluke Schistosoma Mansoni at JoVE.com

Mass Isolation and In Vitro Cultivation of Intramolluscan Stages of the Human Blood Fluke Schistosoma Mansoni

この記事では、大型無菌免人間住血吸虫マンソン住血吸虫の自由遊泳性の miracidia のコレクションのためのプロトコルおよび生体外の文化への導入、後続の処理について説明します。

質量分離と人間住血吸虫マンソン住血吸虫の Intramolluscan の段階の体外培養

Human blood flukes, Schistosoma spp., have a complex life cycle that involves asexual and sexual developmental phases within a snail intermediate and ...

mass-isolation-vitro-cultivation-intramolluscan-stages-human-blood

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

Mass Isolation and In Vitro Cultivation of Intramolluscan Stages of the Human Blood Fluke Schistosoma Mansoni

9.1K ビュー.  University of Wisconsin, School of Veterinary Medicine. この記事では、大型無菌免人間住血吸虫マンソン住血吸虫の自由遊泳性の miracidia のコレクションのためのプロトコルおよび生体外の文化への導入、後続の処理について説明します。

ビデオ: Mass Isolation and In Vitro Cultivation of Intramolluscan Stages of the Human Blood Fluke Schistosoma Mansoni

Protocol for Production of a Genetic Cross of the Rodent Malaria Parasites

Variation in response to antimalarial drugs and in pathogenicity of malaria parasites is of biologic and medical importance. Linkage mapping has led to successful identification of genes or loci underlying various traits in malaria parasites of rodents1-3 and humans4-6. The malaria parasite Plasmodium yoelii is one of many malaria species isolated from wild African rodents and has been adapted to grow in laboratories. This species reproduces many of the biologic characteristics of the human malaria parasites; genetic markers such as microsatellite and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers have also been developed for the parasite7-9. Thus, genetic studies in rodent malaria parasites can be performed to complement research on Plasmodium falciparum. Here, we demonstrate the techniques for producing a genetic cross in P. yoelii that were first pioneered by Drs. David Walliker, Richard Carter, and colleagues at the University of Edinburgh10.

Genetic crosses in P. yoelii and other rodent malaria parasites are conducted by infecting mice Mus musculus with an inoculum containing gametocytes of two genetically distinct clones that differ in phenotypes of interest and by allowing mosquitoes to feed on the infected mice 4 days after infection. The presence of male and female gametocytes in the mouse blood is microscopically confirmed before feeding. Within 48 hrs after feeding, in the midgut of the mosquito, the haploid gametocytes differentiate into male and female gametes, fertilize, and form a diploid zygote (Fig. 1). During development of a zygote into an ookinete, meiosis appears to occur11. If the zygote is derived through cross-fertilization between gametes of the two genetically distinct parasites, genetic exchanges (chromosomal reassortment and cross-overs between the non-sister chromatids of a pair of homologous chromosomes; Fig. 2) may occur, resulting in recombination of genetic material at homologous loci. Each zygote undergoes two successive nuclear divisions, leading to four haploid nuclei. An ookinete further develops into an oocyst. Once the oocyst matures, thousands of sporozoites (the progeny of the cross) are formed and released into mosquito hemoceal. Sporozoites are harvested from the salivary glands and injected into a new murine host, where pre-erythrocytic and erythrocytic stage development takes place. Erythrocytic forms are cloned and classified with regard to the characters distinguishing the parental lines prior to genetic linkage mapping. Control infections of individual parental clones are performed in the same way as the production of a genetic cross.

Genetic crosses of rodent malaria parasites are performed by feeding two genetically distinct parasites to mosquitoes. Recombinant progeny are cloned from mouse blood after allowing mosquitoes to bite infected mice. This video shows how to produce genetic crosses of Plasmodium yoelii and is applicable to other rodent malaria parasites.

げっ歯類のマラリア原虫の遺伝的交雑の生産のためのプロトコル

Variation in response to antimalarial drugs and in pathogenicity of malaria parasites is of biologic and medical importance. Linkage mapping has led to ...

免疫・感染学

Cercarial Transformation and in vitro Cultivation of Schistosoma mansoni Schistosomules

Schistosome parasites are the causative agents of schistosomiasis, a chronically debilitating disease that affects over 200 million people globally and ranks second to malaria among parasitic diseases in terms of public health and socio-economic impact (1-4). Schistosome parasites are trematode worms with a complex life cycle interchanging between a parasitic life in molluscan and mammalian hosts with intervening free-swimming stages. Briefly, free-swimming cercariae infect a mammalian host by penetrating the skin with the aid of secreted proteases, during which time the cercariae lose their tails, transforming into schistosomules. The schistosomules must now evade the host immune system, develop a gut for digestion of red blood cells, and migrate though the lungs and portal circulation en route to their final destination in the hepatic portal system and eventually the mesenteric veins (for S. mansoni) where male and female worms pair and mate, producing hundreds of eggs daily. Some of the eggs are excreted from the body into fresh water, where the eggs hatch into free-swimming miracidia (5-10). The miracidia infect specific snail species and transform into mother and daughter sporocysts, which in turn, produce infective cercariae, completing the life cycle. Unfortunately, the entire schistosome life cycle cannot be cultured in vitro, but infective cercariae can be transformed into schistosomules, and the schistosomules can be cultured for weeks for the analysis of schistosome development in vitro or microarray analysis. In this protocol, we provide a visual description of cercarial transformation and in vitro culturing of schistosomules. We shed infectious cercariae from the snail host Biomphalaria glabrata and manually transform them into schistosomules by detaching their tails using an emulsifying double-ended needle. The in vitro cercarial transformation and schistosomules culture techniques described avoid the use of a mammalian host, which simplifies visualization of schistosomes and facilitates the collection of the parasite for experimental analysis. in vitro transformation and culturing techniques of schistosomes have been done for years (11, 12), but no visual protocols have been developed that are available to the entire community.

Cercarial Transformation and in vitro Cultivation of Schistosoma mansoni Schistosomules

We describe an in vitro method for culturing schistosomula of the flatworm parasite Schistosoma mansoni, via the harvesting and transformation of infective cercariae from the fresh water snail intermediate host Biomphalaria glabrata.

セルカリア変換と in vitroで</emの>栽培マンソン住血吸虫 Schistosomules

Schistosome parasites are the causative agents of schistosomiasis, a chronically debilitating disease that affects over 200 million people globally and ...

Using Eggs from Schistosoma mansoni as an In vivo Model of Helminth-induced Lung Inflammation

Schistosoma parasites are blood flukes that infect an estimated 200 million people worldwide 1. In chronic infection with Schistosoma, the severe pathology, including liver fibrosis and splenomegaly, is caused by the immune response to the parasite eggs rather than the parasite itself 2. Parasite eggs induce a Th2 response characterized by the production of IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13, the alternative activation of macrophages and the recruitment of eosinophils. Here, we describe injection of Schistosoma mansoni eggs as a model to examine parasite-specific Th2 cytokine responses in the lung and draining lymph nodes, the formation of pulmonary granulomas surrounding the egg, and airway inflammation. 
Following intraperitoneal sensitization and intravenous challenge, S. mansoni eggs are transported to the lung via the pulmonary arteries where they are trapped within the lung parenchyma by granulomas composed of lymphocytes, eosinophils and alternatively activated macrophages 3-6. Associated with granuloma formation, inflammation in the broncho-alveolar spaces, expansion of the draining lymph nodes and CD4 T cell activation can be observed. Here we detail the protocol for isolating Schistosoma mansoni eggs from infected livers (modified from 7), sensitizing and challenging mice, and recovering the organs (broncho-alveolar lavage (BAL), lung and draining lymph nodes) for analysis. We also include representative histologic and immunologic data and suggestions for additional immunologic analysis. 
Overall, this method provides an in vivo model to investigate helminth-induced immunologic responses in the lung, which is broadly applicable to the study of Th2 inflammatory diseases including helminth infection, fibrotic diseases, allergic inflammation and asthma. Advantages of this model for the study of type 2 inflammation in the lung include the reproducibility of a potent Th2 inflammatory response in the lung and draining lymph nodes, the ease of assessment of inflammation by histologic examination of the granulomas surrounding the egg, and the potential for long-term storage of the parasite eggs.

Using Eggs from Schistosoma mansoni as an In vivo Model of Helminth-induced Lung Inflammation

Schistosoma mansoni eggs are potent stimulators of the T helper type 2 (Th2) immune response, characteristic of parasite infection, asthma and allergic inflammation. This protocol utilizes S. mansoni egg injection to generate a CD4 Th2 cytokine-induced inflammatory response in the lung, characterized by lung granuloma formation around the egg, eosinophilia and macrophage alternative activation.

から卵を使用して、<em&gt;マンソン住血吸虫</em&gt;として<emインビボ&gt;</em蠕虫によって誘発される肺の炎症の&gt;モデル

Schistosoma parasites are blood flukes that infect an estimated 200 million people worldwide 1. In chronic infection with Schistosoma, the severe ...

Transient Transduction of the Strobilated Forms of Echinococcus granulosus

Cystic echinococcosis or hydatid disease is one of the most important zoonotic parasitic diseases caused by Echinococcus granulosus, a small tapeworm harbored in the intestine of canines. There is an urgent need for applied genetic research to understand the mechanisms of pathogenesis and disease control and prevention. However, the lack of an effective gene evaluation system impedes direct interpretation of the functional genetics of cestode parasites, including the Echinococcus species. The present study demonstrates the potential of lentiviral gene transient transduction in the metacestode and strobilated forms of E. granulosus. Protoscoleces (PSCs) were isolated from hydatid cysts and transferred to specific biphasic culture media to develop into strobilated worms. The worms were transfected with harvested third-generation lentivirus, along with HEK293T cells as a transduction process control. A pronounced fluorescence was detected in the strobilated worms over 24 h and 48 h, indicating transient lentiviral transduction in E. granulosus. This work presents the first attempt at lentivirus-based transient transduction in tapeworms and demonstrates the promising outcomes with potential implications in experimental studies on flatworm biology.

Transient Transduction of the Strobilated Forms of Echinococcus granulosus

We describe a rapid transient transduction technique in different developmental stages of Echinococcus granulosus using third-generation lentiviral vectors.

エキノコッカス顆粒症のストロビレー化形態の一過性形質導入

Cystic echinococcosis or hydatid disease is one of the most important zoonotic parasitic diseases caused by Echinococcus granulosus, a small tapeworm ...

遺伝学

Establishment and Optimization of a High Throughput Setup to Study Staphylococcus epidermidis and Mycobacterium marinum Infection as a Model for Drug Discovery

Zebrafish are becoming a valuable tool in the preclinical phase of drug discovery screenings as a whole animal model with high throughput screening possibilities. They can be used to bridge the gap between cell based assays at earlier stages and in vivo validation in mammalian models, reducing, in this way, the number of compounds passing through to testing on the much more expensive rodent models. In this light, in the present manuscript is described a new high throughput pipeline using zebrafish as in vivo model system for the study of Staphylococcus epidermidis and Mycobacterium marinum infection. This setup allows the generation and analysis of large number of synchronous embryos homogenously infected. Moreover the flexibility of the pipeline allows the user to easily implement other platforms to improve the resolution of the analysis when needed. The combination of the zebrafish together with innovative high throughput technologies opens the field of drug testing and discovery to new possibilities not only because of the strength of using a whole animal model but also because of the large number of transgenic lines available that can be used to decipher the mode of action of new compounds.

Establishment and Optimization of a High Throughput Setup to Study Staphylococcus epidermidis and Mycobacterium marinum Infection as a Model for Drug Discovery

This video article describes the high throughput pipeline that has been successfully established to infect and analyze large numbers of zebrafish embryos providing a new powerful tool for compound testing and drug discovery using a whole animal vertebrate organism.

設立し、研究するために、高スループットの設定の最適化<em&gt;表皮ブドウ球菌</em&gt;と<em&gt;マイコバクテリウムmarinumの</em創薬のためのモデルとして&gt;感染症

Zebrafish are becoming a valuable tool in the preclinical phase of drug discovery screenings as a whole animal model with high throughput screening ...

Myeloid Cell Isolation from Mouse Skin and Draining Lymph Node Following Intradermal Immunization with Live Attenuated Plasmodium Sporozoites

Malaria infection begins when the sporozoite stage of Plasmodium is inoculated into the skin of a mammalian host through a mosquito bite. The highly motile parasite not only reaches the liver to invade hepatocytes and transform into erythrocyte-infective form. It also migrates into the skin and to the proximal lymph node draining the injection site, where it can be recognized and degraded by resident and/or recruited myeloid cells. Intravital imaging reported the early recruitment of brightly fluorescent Lys-GFP positive leukocytes in the skin and the interactions between sporozoites and CD11c+ cells in the draining lymph node. We present here an efficient procedure to recover, identify and enumerate the myeloid cell subsets that are recruited to the mouse skin and draining lymph node following intradermal injection of immunizing doses of sporozoites in a murine model. Phenotypic characterization using multi-parametric flow cytometry provides a reliable assay to assess early dynamic cellular changes during inflammatory response to Plasmodium infection.

Myeloid Cell Isolation from Mouse Skin and Draining Lymph Node Following Intradermal Immunization with Live Attenuated Plasmodium Sporozoites

We describe here a protocol for isolating myeloid cells from mouse skin and draining lymph node following intradermal injection of Plasmodium sporozoites. Flow cytometry of collected cells provides a reliable assay to characterize the skin and draining lymph node inflammatory response to the parasite.

弱毒で皮内免疫後のマウスの皮膚及び排出リンパノードから骨髄性細胞の単離<em&gt;マラリア原虫</em&gt;スポロゾイト

Malaria infection begins when the sporozoite stage of Plasmodium is inoculated into the skin of a mammalian host through a mosquito bite. The highly ...

A Rapid Strategy for the Isolation of New Faustoviruses from Environmental Samples Using Vermamoeba vermiformis

The isolation of giant viruses is of great interest in this new era of virology, especially since these giant viruses are related to protists. Giant viruses may be potentially pathogenic for many species of protists. They belong to the recently described order of Megavirales. The new lineage Faustovirus that has been isolated from sewage samples is distantly related to the mammalian pathogen African swine fever virus. This virus is also specific to its amoebal host, Vermamoeba vermiformis, a protist common in health care water systems. It is crucial to continue isolating new Faustovirus genotypes in order to enlarge its genotype collection and study its pan-genome. We developed new strategies for the isolation of additional strains by improving the use of antibiotic and antifungal combinations in order to avoid bacterial and fungal contaminations of the amoeba co-culture and favoring the virus multiplication. We also implemented a new starvation medium to maintain V. vermiformis in optimal conditions for viruses co-culture. Finally, we used flow cytometry rather than microscopic observation, which is time-consuming, to detect the cytopathogenic effect. We obtained two isolates from sewage samples, proving the efficiency of this method and thus widening the collection of Faustoviruses, to better understand their environment, host specificity and genetic content.

A Rapid Strategy for the Isolation of New Faustoviruses from Environmental Samples Using Vermamoeba vermiformis

We describe here the latest advances in viral isolation for the characterization of new genotypes of Faustovirus, a new asfarvirus-related lineage of giant viruses. This protocol can be applied to the high throughput isolation of viruses, especially giant viruses infecting amoeba.

用いた環境サンプルから新規Faustovirusesの単離のための迅速な戦略<em&gt; Vermamoeba vermiformis</em

The isolation of giant viruses is of great interest in this new era of virology, especially since these giant viruses are related to protists. Giant ...

Isolation and Characterization of Extracellular Vesicles from Adult Schistosoma japonicum

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membranous vesicles released by a variety of cells into the extracellular microenvironment. EVs represent a population of heterogeneous vesicles, whose size range between 40 and 1,000 nm. Accumulated evidence indicated that EVs play important regulatory roles in pathogen-host interactions. A deep understanding of schistosome EVs should provide insights into the mechanisms underlying schistosome-host interactions, enabling development of novel strategies against schistosomiasis. Here, we aim to further study EVs functions in schistosomes by presenting a protocol for the isolation and characterization of EVs from adult Schistosoma japonicum (S. japonicum). EVs were isolated from in vitro culture medium using centrifugation combined with a commercial exosome isolation kit. The isolated S. japonicum EVs (SjEVs) typically possess a diameter of 100 - 400 nm, and are characterized by transmission electronic microscopy and western blotting. The usage of PKH67 dye-labeled SjEVs has demonstrated that SjEVs are internalized by the recipient cells. Overall, our protocol provides an alternative method for isolating EVs from adult schistosomes; the isolated SjEVs may be suitable for functional analysis.

Isolation and Characterization of Extracellular Vesicles from Adult Schistosoma japonicum

Here, we present a protocol to describe extracellular vesicles (EVs) isolation in in vitro cultured medium from adult Schistosoma japonicum.

分離と大人住血吸虫から細胞外小胞のキャラクタリゼーション

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membranous vesicles released by a variety of cells into the extracellular microenvironment. EVs represent a population of ...

Isolation And Dendritic Cell-Uptake of Small Extracellular Vesicles from Echinococcus granulosus

The secretion of extracellular vesicles by cestodes is crucial for enabling cellular communication not only among parasites but also with host tissues. In particular, small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) act as nano-carriers transferring natural antigens, which are critical in host immunomodulation and parasite survival. This article presents a step-by-step protocol to isolate sEVs from larval stage cultures of Echinococcus granulosus and analyzes their uptake by dendritic cells obtained from murine bone marrow, which acquire adhesion and antigen presentation capacity during their maturation after one week of in vitro culture. This article provides comprehensive information for generating, purifying, and quantifying sEVs using ultracentrifugation alongside parallel analyses of dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy. Additionally, a detailed experimental protocol is outlined for isolating and cultivating mouse bone marrow cells and driving their differentiation into dendritic cells using Flt3L. These dendritic cells can present antigens to na&#239;ve T cells, thereby modulating the type of immune response in vivo. Thus, alternative protocols, including confocal microscopy and flow cytometry analysis, are proposed to check the acquired maturational phenotype of dendritic cells previously exposed to parasitic sEVs. Finally, it is worth noting that the described protocol can be applied as a whole or in individual parts to carry out parasite in vitro culture, isolate extracellular vesicles, generate bone marrow-derived dendritic cell cultures, and perform uptake assays with these cells.

Here, we describe in vitro culture conditions, isolation, and increased generation of extracellular vesicles (EVs) from Echinococcus granulosus. The small EVs were characterized by dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy. The uptake by bone marrow-derived dendritic cells and their phenotypic modulation were studied using confocal microscopy and flow cytometry.

Echinococcus granulosusからの小さな細胞外小胞の単離と樹状細胞の取り込み

The secretion of extracellular vesicles by cestodes is crucial for enabling cellular communication not only among parasites but also with host tissues. In ...

A Whole Mount In Situ Hybridization Method for the Gastropod Mollusc Lymnaea stagnalis

Whole mount in situ hybridization (WMISH) is a technique that allows for the spatial resolution of nucleic acid molecules (often mRNAs) within a &#39;whole mount&#39; tissue preparation, or developmental stage (such as an embryo or larva) of interest. WMISH is extremely powerful because it can significantly contribute to the functional characterization of complex metazoan genomes, a challenge that is becoming more of a bottleneck with the deluge of next generation sequence data. Despite the conceptual simplicity of the technique much time is often needed to optimize the various parameters inherent to WMISH experiments for novel model systems; subtle differences in the cellular and biochemical properties between tissue types and developmental stages mean that a single WMISH method may not be appropriate for all situations. We have developed a set of WMISH methods for the re-emerging gastropod model Lymnaea stagnalis that generate consistent and clear WMISH signals for a range of genes, and across all developmental stages. These methods include the assignment of larvae of unknown chronological age to an ontogenetic window, the efficient removal of embryos and larvae from their egg capsules, the application of an appropriate Proteinase-K treatment for each ontogenetic window, and hybridization, post-hybridization and immunodetection steps. These methods provide a foundation from which the resulting signal for a given RNA transcript can be further refined with probe specific adjustments (primarily probe concentration and hybridization temperature).

A Whole Mount In Situ Hybridization Method for the Gastropod Mollusc Lymnaea stagnalis

The goal of this protocol is to provide users with a set of methods for the high-throughput decapsulation of Lymnaea stagnalis embryos and larvae in preparation for whole mount in situ hybridization, and for subsequent pre- and post-hybridization treatments.

質量分離と人間住血吸虫マンソン住血吸虫の Intramolluscan の段階の体外培養

要約

さらに動画を探す

この動画の章

げっ歯類のマラリア原虫の遺伝的交雑の生産のためのプロトコル

セルカリア変換と in vitroで栽培マンソン住血吸虫* Schistosomules*

から卵を使用して、

エキノコッカス顆粒症のストロビレー化形態の一過性形質導入

設立し、研究するために、高スループットの設定の最適化

弱毒で皮内免疫後のマウスの皮膚及び排出リンパノードから骨髄性細胞の単離

用いた環境サンプルから新規Faustovirusesの単離のための迅速な戦略

分離と大人住血吸虫から細胞外小胞のキャラクタリゼーション

Echinococcus granulosusからの小さな細胞外小胞の単離と樹状細胞の取り込み

全体のマウント

質量分離と人間住血吸虫マンソン住血吸虫の Intramolluscan の段階の体外培養

要約

さらに動画を探す

この動画の章

げっ歯類のマラリア原虫の遺伝的交雑の生産のためのプロトコル

セルカリア変換と in vitroで栽培マンソン住血吸虫 Schistosomules

から卵を使用して、

エキノコッカス顆粒症のストロビレー化形態の一過性形質導入

設立し、研究するために、高スループットの設定の最適化

弱毒で皮内免疫後のマウスの皮膚及び排出リンパノードから骨髄性細胞の単離

用いた環境サンプルから新規Faustovirusesの単離のための迅速な戦略

分離と大人住血吸虫から細胞外小胞のキャラクタリゼーション

Echinococcus granulosusからの小さな細胞外小胞の単離と樹状細胞の取り込み

全体のマウント

セルカリア変換と in vitroで栽培マンソン住血吸虫* Schistosomules*