著者はすべてのビデオ撮影とビデオ処理; 彼の素晴らしい仕事のためジェームズ ・ フォッシーを感謝したいです。デジタル化された牛のイメージの生成の彼の素晴らしい仕事のためのマイケル ・ マルティRNA の抽出と彼女の助けのリリア ヴァルターとバイオアナライザーの実行;ミッチ パーマーと彼らの役に立つレビューとリンパ節の画像上のフィードバックのカーリー Kanipe動物の世話とすべての彼らのハードワークと畜産の支援のための国立動物病センターで魚のための準備の獣医のスタッフ。

著者はある利益相反を開示します。すべての研究は、米国農務省農業研究サービスから学内資金資金を供給します。特定の製品に対するすべての参照は実験的再現性を目的として提供され、連邦政府によってこれらの製品の裏書を表さない。

トランスクリプトーム研究と関連プロトコルの大部分はマウス、ラット、または事後ひと試料に焦点を当てます。しかし、家畜や野生動物の調査は人間の公衆衛生獣医・人獣共通感染症については必要に応じて、両方の病気に免疫応答の評価の機会の広い範囲を提供します。このプロトコルは、牛、バイソン、ヤギ、羊などの大型動物から組織から整合性の高い RNA 抽出の重要な考慮事項の?...

リンパ節のトランスクリプトームの RNA シーケンス解析は、様々 な病原体に動物の免疫応答を特徴付けるため機会を提供します。この方法は、マウスで広く利用されている、しながら解析最近大きい哺乳類1,2に拡大しています。ワクチンや遺伝的感受性の研究での使用、医薬品開発、人間の研究のモデル系としてもターゲットの同定だけでなく、感染する宿主反応を特徴付ける家畜・大型動物リンパ節を使用できます。人獣共通感染症。たとえば、ブルセラ症 (人畜共通細菌性疾患、影響 50万の人々 世界中毎年)、場合にもかかわらず大幅コスト、羊の研究の増加やヤギ、ヒトへの感染とワクチンに関連します。動物実験よりも開発。マウス感染モデル要約細網内皮のシステム感染がないの特徴的な臨床症状3.
実験動物学と比較して大規模な動物実験、必ずしも収穫組織のプロセスは、安楽死と保全の課題と潜在的な組織のコレクションとの間の遅延が長くなります高品質の RNA。そのまま RNA は生物学的に関連するトランスクリプトーム データの生成に不可欠です。組織サンプルからの高品質の RNA の生成は特に大きな動物病原体研究の重要で実施封じ込め設備。このような研究は施設を承認、高度訓練を受けた技術者を必要とするだけでなく、また、これは、作業に応じて、数百数千ドルの数十から範囲することができます重要な金融費用を運ぶように本質的により困難です。この種の研究は、分野横断的なコラボレーションと、完了すると、その複雑さに追加するための横断的知識もあります。したがって、トレーニングの開発とサンプル収集・保存のための合理化されたシステムへの付着大きなメリットをもたらします組織の下流の分子研究のため感染している動物から。
大きなリンパ節のコレクションは、マウスのリンパ節のようなサンプリングと比較して組織コレクションの追加課題を提示します。サンプルの切除のための準備は、関連する内部構造を含むリンパ節の解剖学の基本的な理解を必要とします。リンパ節の構造は、満ちているリンパ洞に囲まれたリンパ性小葉で構成されます。これらの構造は、堅い、繊維状のカプセルに含まれています。4リンパ性小葉は、「基本的な解剖学的および機能的な単位リンパ節」包、皮質深部ユニットと髄コードと副鼻腔4 (図 1 a) で構成されます。B および T リンパ球は、それぞれ卵胞と皮質深部の単位に家します。これらの構造は、3 D 足場を提供し、リンパ球と抗原抗原提示細胞の相互作用を容易にします。
肉眼的に, 卵胞と皮質深部単位上識別できること切断面と高密度細網の網目を含む副鼻腔はより繊細な細網網目から成るし、ライターが表示よりも暗く見えます (図 1 b)。慣例では、病理学者は浅野 (包), (皮質深部単位) 皮質髄質 (髄コードや副鼻腔) とリンパ節の領域を参照してください。すべての 3 つの地域の適切な検査はルーチン検査、病理組織学的リンパ節5指針の実践として最高と判断がされています。一貫性、サイズ、および 1 つの動物の中でも、リンパ節の色でかなり変動があることに注意してください。動物の年齢、サイズが小さくなり、若い動物のものより硬くなり、通常構造の結合組織と正常リンパ球の減少の増加のための6,7がちで、リンパ節。
<img alt="Figure 1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/57195/57195fig1.jpg"> 図 1.リンパ節の解剖学。(A) この漫画のイメージは、キー構造を描いたリンパ節の構造を示します。(B) この画像は、断面カット牛リンパ節を示しています。関連する構造/レイヤーは肉眼に目に見えるが強調表示されます。<a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/57195/57195fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">この図の拡大版を表示するのにはここをクリックしてください</a>。
実験的質問によって収集および分析のための興味の別のリンパ節になります。末梢のリンパ節は、皮下の組織に深くあります。牛は臨床的および実験的練習でよく使用されます周辺機器または表在性のリンパ節、耳下腺、顎下腺、咽頭、prescapular、prefemoral (precrural) と浅鼠径 (女性、男性の陰嚢に supramammary) (図 2)。テーブル 1、キーの表在リンパ節のプロパティ牛のシステム8に示すとおりです。以下、牛の伝染性の細菌性疾患のいくつかの潜在的なリンパ節のコレクションの計画が、調査の出発点として掲載されています。
ブルセラ abortus/ブルセラ melitensis:菌の標準 necropsies-感染牛およびB. melitensis-国立動物病センターで感染した山羊 supramammary、prescapular、耳下腺リンパ節組織を回復、研磨細菌の列挙とホスト RNA 発現プロファイリングのための RNA の準備のための両方。実験感染牛9.でこれらのリンパ節のそれぞれで菌を定期的にリカバリできます。B. melitensisでこれらのリンパ節の種類ごとの細菌の存在を検出できる-私たちの研究 (Boggiattoら、未発表) から RNA ベースの方法を使用して、少なくとも 9 ヶ月後感染までヤギを感染しています。サルモネラsp: prescapular、subiliac (prefemoral)、腸間膜リンパ節は、プロファイリングのサルモネラの有病率10、11,12の家畜の死骸の中に有用されていると、トランスクリプトーム研究の潜在的な利益のでしょう。エシェリヒア属大腸菌 o157: h7: (中間の小腸と遠位側小腸場所) で腸間膜のリンパ節が細菌感染牛 (ただし感染の成牛ではなく)13の時折回復のサイトをすることができます。レプトスピラ症 (レプトスピラ sp.): 乳腺14リンパ節で細菌の慢性持続性が観察されています。ウシ結核菌: 細菌は牛、子牛15縦隔や気管気管支リンパ節から回復した後実験感染をされています。さらに、リンパ節の RNA はウイルス、豚繁殖・呼吸障害症候群ウイルス2のように大きな動物宿主反応を調べるため利用されています。図 2は、牛の体のこれらの主要なリンパ節のサブセットの場所を示しています。
<img alt="Figure 2" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/57195/57195fig2.jpg"> 図 2:漫画で描いた内の選択したリンパ節の場所オオツノウシ. リンパ節の番号が付きます。<a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/57195/57195fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">この図の拡大版を表示するのにはここをクリックしてください</a>。
本稿および関連のビデオ、大型動物感染症のトランスクリプトーム研究に関与する分子生物学者のために有益であること、RNA 研究の大きな動物リンパ節の隔離のためのプロトコルを提案する.まず、我々 はリンパ節の例として牛、バイソンの組織からのサンプリングを使用して分離のプロシージャの概要を示します。ビデオに表示されるのこのデモでは、ペアになって、RNA の隔離のための再現可能な組織採取のワークフローです。次に、我々 は安全性、一貫性、および RNA の品質重視で、感染したリンパ節の処理のための重要な考慮事項をについて説明します。
酸性フェノール グアニジン イソチオ シアン酸性試薬による組織からの RNA の準備は、元 Chomczynski とサッキ16,17の存在下でのシリカ系スピン列浄化法に基づいてください。カオトロ Vogelstein、ガレスピーの18の原作に基づきます。トランスクリプトミクスの代替方式と保存牛リンパ節からのリカバリーの可能性も検討します。最後に、私たちは安楽死とバイソンから回復された RNA プロファイルのサンプリング時間の増加の影響を描いた代表的な実験を含む大規模な動物の魚で RNA の品質の時間変数の影響を探索し、牛のリンパ節。この記事は分子生物トランスクリプトーム研究を開始また、獣医学の研究にだけ役に立つでしょう。

<table><tbody><tr><td>RNA preservation solution (we used RNALater for all experiments)</td><td>ThermoFisher</td><td>AM7020</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1.5 ml or 2 ml polypropylene microcentrifuge tubes&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>05-408-129</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Disposable scalpels</td><td>Daigger Scientific</td><td>EF7281</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tissue forceps, rat tooth</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>12-460-117</td><td>Other tissue forceps available including curved tip, tapered edge, etc. , depends on user preference</td></tr><tr><td>3 mm punch biopsy needles</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>NC9949469</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sharps container (small and transportable for necropsy)</td><td>Stericycle</td><td>8900SA</td><td>1 qt. size shown here</td></tr><tr><td>Cutting boards or disposable trays</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>09-002-24A</td><td>Available in a variety of sizes, depends on user preference</td></tr><tr><td>Personal protective equipment</td><td></td><td></td><td>Varies with pathogen (gloves, respirator masks, goggles, etc.)</td></tr><tr><td>Phenol-based RNA extraction reagent (we used TRIzol Reagent for all experiments)</td><td>ThermoFisher</td><td>15596026</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Silica column-based RNA extraction kit (we used the PureLink RNA Mini kit for all experiments)</td><td>ThermoFisher</td><td>12183018A</td><td>Designed for up to 100 mg tissue</td></tr><tr><td>100% Ethanol (200 proof for molecular biology)</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>E7023</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tissue homogenizer with enclosed homogenization tubes (we used the gentleMACS dissociator for all experiments)</td><td>Miltenyi Biotec</td><td>130-093-235</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Agarose (General, for gel electrophoresis)</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>A9539</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1X TBE</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>BP24301</td><td>Can also make from scratch in the laboratory</td></tr><tr><td>Deionized formamide</td><td>EMD Millipore</td><td>S4117</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sodium dodecyl sulfate</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>L3771</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Bromophenol blue</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>114391</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Xylene cyanol&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>X4126</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>EDTA (Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid)</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>EDS</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>UV-Vis Spectrophotometer (we used the NanoDrop Spectrophotometer)</td><td>ThermoFisher</td><td>ND-2000</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Device for quantitative RNA assessment (we used the Bioanalyzer, with associated components and protocols)</td><td>Agilent</td><td>G2939BA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>FFPE RNA extraction kit (we used the RecoverAll Total Nucleic Acid Isolation Kit for Formalin Fixed, Paraffin Embedded Tissue)</td><td>ThermoFisher</td><td>AM1975</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Plastic spreader (L-shaped spreader)</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>14-665-231</td><td>Only needed for sterility testing for samples from infected animals</td></tr><tr><td>Necropsy knives</td><td>Livestock Concepts</td><td>WI-0009209</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

collection and processing of lymph nodes from large animals for rna analysis: preparing for lymph node transcriptomic studies of large animal species

大動物 (家畜と野生動物の両方)ブルセラ、ウシ結核菌、サルモネラ菌、大腸菌を含む、人獣共通感染病原体の重要な貯水池として、機序の解明に便利です/または自然宿主の細菌の広がり。宿主の免疫応答におけるリンパ節のキー機能により、リンパ節組織は感染の過程で細胞における遺伝子発現の変化を評価するために下流のトランスクリプトーム解析のための RNA の潜在的なソースとして機能します。本稿ではリンパ節のコレクション、組織サンプリング、および下流の RNA、家畜処理モデルとしてウシ (Bos のトーラス) を用いた (バイソン バイソンのバイソンから提供されるその他の例のプロセスの概要).プロトコルには体内場所、識別、および複数の主要サイトからリンパ節の除去に関する情報が含まれます。また、生検の方法論が表示によりサンプリングの一貫性を保つのため、複数の動物の間でされます。RNA シーケンスと RT-PCR のような下流の手法に適した RNA の生成を含む、サンプル保存に関するいくつかの考慮事項を説明します。大動物対マウス時間コース研究に固有の長時間の遅延によりバイソンおよび牛リンパ節組織からの代表的な結果を表示してのレビューのコンテキストでこの組織型の劣化の経過を記述するには他の組織の RNA の分解の前の方法論的仕事。全体的に、このプロトコルは両方獣医研究者の大きな動物試料のトランスクリプトーム プロジェクトを開始し、分子生物学者組織サンプリング体内及び体外処理テクニックを学習に興味があるに役に立つでしょう。

(プロトコルの手順 1-4) この記事で紹介した注意事項の使用は、下流におけるホスト遺伝子発現研究に適している大規模な動物サンプルからの RNA の回復に役立ちます。下流用 RNA の品質は、複数の標準的な措置によって評価されます。吸光光度法、A260/A280の比率は、蛋白質の汚染の測定を提供し、A260/A230比は、フェノールなどの化学汚染物質を検出する純度評...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Collection and Processing of Lymph Nodes from Large Animals for RNA Analysis: Preparing for Lymph Node Transcriptomic Studies of Large Animal Species at JoVE.

Collection and Processing of Lymph Nodes from Large Animals for RNA Analysis: Preparing for Lymph Node Transcriptomic Studies of Large Animal Species

コレクションと RNA 解析のための大型動物からリンパ節の処理: リンパ節トランスクリプトーム研究大型動物種のための準備

このプロトコルは、大型動物の同定と家畜、野生動物、アプローチをサンプリングからリンパ節の切除の手順を含むリンパ節組織のトランスクリプトームのプロファイルの RNA の隔離のための手順の概要を提供します回収後保存と RNA 解析の処理のため、複数の動物と考慮事項プラス代表の結果に一貫性を提供します。

Large animals (both livestock and wildlife) serve as important reservoirs of zoonotic pathogens, including Brucella, Mycobacterium bovis, Salmonella, and ...

collection-processing-lymph-nodes-from-large-animals-for-rna-analysis

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

26.2K ビュー.  U.S. Department of Agriculture. このプロトコルは、大型動物の同定と家畜、野生動物、アプローチをサンプリングからリンパ節の切除の手順を含むリンパ節組織のトランスクリプトームのプロファイルの RNA の隔離のための手順の概要を提供します回収後保存と RNA 解析の処理のため、複数の動物と考慮事項プラス代表の結果に一貫性を提供します。

ビデオ: Collection and Processing of Lymph Nodes from Large Animals for RNA Analysis: Preparing for Lymph Node Transcriptomic Studies of Large Animal Species

Non-surgical Intratracheal Instillation of Mice with Analysis of Lungs and Lung Draining Lymph Nodes by Flow Cytometry

Phagocytic cells such as alveolar macrophages and lung dendritic cells (LDCs) continuously sample antigens from the alveolar spaces in the 
lungs. LDCs, in particular, are known to migrate to the lung draining lymph nodes (LDLNs) where they present inhaled antigens to T cells initiating an 
appropriate immune response to a variety of immunogens1,2. To model interactions between the lungs and airborne antigens in mice, antigens can be 
administered intranasally1,3,4, intratracheally5 or as aerosols6. Delivery by each route involves distinct technical skills and limitations that need to be 
considered before designing an experiment. For example, intranasal and aerosolized exposure delivers antigens to both the lungs and the upper respiratory 
tract. Hence antigens can access the nasal associated lymphoid tissue (NALT)7, potentially complicating interpretation of the results. In addition, swallowing, 
sneezing and the breathing rate of the mouse may also lead to inconsistencies in the doses delivered. Although the involvement of the upper respiratory tract may 
be preferred for some studies, it can complicate experiments focusing on events specifically initiated in the lungs. In this setting, the intratracheal (i.t) 
route is preferable as it delivers test materials directly into the lungs and bypasses the NALT. Many i.t injection protocols involve either blind intubation of the 
trachea through the oral cavity or surgical exposure of the trachea to access the lungs. Herein, we describe a simple, consistent, non-surgical method for i.t 
instillation. The opening of the trachea is visualized using a laryngoscope and a bent gavage needle is then inserted directly into the trachea to deliver the 
innoculum. We also describe procedures for harvesting and processing of LDLNs and lungs for analysis of antigen trafficking by flow cytometry.

We illustrate non-surgical delivery of test materials into the lungs of anesthetized mice via the trachea. This method permits lung exposure to bacterial and viral pathogens, cytokines, antibodies, beads, chemicals, or dyes. We further describe harvesting and processing of lungs and lung draining lymph nodes (LDLNs) for flow cytometry.

フローサイトメトリーによる肺および肺リンパ節の分析とマウスの非外科的気管内注入

Phagocytic cells such as alveolar macrophages and lung dendritic cells (LDCs) continuously sample antigens from the alveolar spaces in the 
lungs. LDCs, ...

免疫・感染学

Dissection and 2-Photon Imaging of Peripheral Lymph Nodes in Mice

Two-photon imaging has revealed an elegant choreography of motility and cellular interactions within the lymph node under basal conditions and at the initiation of an immune response 1. Here, we present methods for adoptive transfer of labeled T cells, isolation of lymph nodes, and imaging motility of CD4+ T cells in the explanted lymph node as first described in 2002 2. Two-photon imaging of immune cells requires that the cells are fluorescently labeled, either by staining with a cell tracker dye or by expressing a fluorescent protein. We demonstrate the adoptive transfer procedure of injecting cells derived from donor mice into the tail vein of a recipient animal, where they home to lymphoid organs within approximately 15-30 min. We illustrate the isolation of a lymph node and describe methods to ensure proper mounting of the excised lymph node. Other considerations such as proper oxygenation of perfused media, temperature, and laser power are discussed. Finally, we present 3D video images of naive CD4+ T cells exhibiting steady state motility at 37&deg;C.

Two-photon imaging has uncovered lymphocyte motility and cellular interactions within the lymph node under basal conditions and durring an immune response 1. Here, we demonstrate adoptive transfer of T cells, isolation of lymph nodes, and imaging motility of CD4+ T cells in the explanted lymph node.

解剖とマウスの末梢リンパ節の2 - フォトンイメージング

Two-photon imaging has revealed an elegant choreography of motility and cellular interactions within the lymph node under basal conditions and at the ...

生物学

Mouse Adipose Tissue Collection and Processing for RNA Analysis

Compared to other tissues, white adipose tissue has a considerably less RNA and protein content for downstream applications such as real-time PCR and Western Blot, since it mostly contains lipids. RNA isolation from adipose tissue samples is also challenging as extra steps are required to avoid these lipids. Here, we present a procedure to collect three anatomically different white adipose tissues from mice, to process these samples and perform RNA isolation. We further describe the synthesis of cDNA and gene expression experiments using real-time PCR. The hereby described protocol allows the reduction of contamination from the animal's hair and blood on fat pads as well as cross-contamination between different fat pads during tissue collection. It has also been optimized to ensure adequate quantity and quality of the RNA extracted. This protocol can be widely applied to any mouse model where adipose tissue samples are required for routine experiments such as real-time PCR but is not intended for isolation from primary adipocytes cell culture.

The purpose of this paper is to present a step-by-step procedure to collect different white adipose tissues from mice, process the fat samples and extract RNA.

マウス脂肪組織の採取と RNA 解析のための処理

Compared to other tissues, white adipose tissue has a considerably less RNA and protein content for downstream applications such as real-time PCR and ...

生化学

Measurement of Cytosolic Ca2+ in Isolated Contractile Lymphatics

Lymphatic vessels comprise a multifunctional transport system that maintains fluid homeostasis, delivers lipids to the central circulation, and acts as a surveillance system for potentially harmful antigens, optimizing mucosal immunity and adaptive immune responses1. Lymph is formed from interstitial fluid that enters blind-ended initial lymphatics, and then is transported against a pressure gradient in larger collecting lymphatics. Each collecting lymphatic is made up of a series of segments called lymphangions, separated by bicuspid valves that prevent backflow. Each lymphangion possesses a contractile cycle that propels lymph against a pressure gradient toward the central circulation2. This phasic contractile pattern is analogous to the cardiac cycle, with systolic and diastolic phases, and with a lower contraction frequency4. In addition, lymphatic smooth muscle generates tone and displays myogenic constriction and dilation in response to increases and decreases in luminal pressure, respectively5. A hybrid of molecular mechanisms that support both the phasic and tonic contractility of lymphatics are thus proposed.
Contraction of smooth muscle is generally regulated by the cytosolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) plus sensitivity to Ca2+, of the contractile elements in response to changes in the environment surrounding the cell6. [Ca2+]i is determined by the combination of the movement of Ca2+ through plasma membrane ligand or voltage gated Ca2+ channels and the release and uptake of Ca2+ from internal stores. Cytosolic Ca2+ binds to calmodulin and activates enzymes such as myosin light chain (MLC) kinase (MLCK), which in turn phosphorylates MLC leading to actin-myosin-mediated contraction8. However, the sensitivity of this pathway to Ca2+ can be regulated by the MLC phosphatase (MLCP)9. MLCP activity is regulated by Rho kinase (ROCK) and the myosin phosphatase inhibitor protein CPI-17.
Here, we present a method to evaluate changes in [Ca2+]i over time in isolated, perfused lymphatics in order to study Ca2+-dependent and Ca2+-sensitizing mechanisms of lymphatic smooth muscle contraction. Using isolated rat mesenteric collecting lymphatics we studied stretch-induced changes in [Ca2+]i and contractile activity. The isolated lymphatic model offers the advantage that pressure, flow, and the chemical composition of the bath solution can be tightly controlled. [Ca2+]i was determined by loading lymphatics with the ratiometric, Ca2+-binding dye Fura-2. These studies will provide a new approach to the broader problem of studying the different molecular mechanisms that regulate phasic contractions versus tonic constriction in lymphatic smooth muscle.

Measurement of Cytosolic Ca2+ in Isolated Contractile Lymphatics

We introduce an approach to evaluate the cytosolic Ca2+ concentration in isolated lymphatics to study Ca2+-dependent and Ca2+-sensitizing mechanisms of lymphatic smooth muscle contraction.

細胞質のCaの測定 2 +絶縁収縮リンパ管における

Lymphatic vessels comprise a multifunctional transport system that maintains fluid homeostasis, delivers lipids to the central circulation, and acts as a ...

Murine Superficial Lymph Node Surgery

In the field of immunology, to understand the progression of an immune response against a vaccine, an infection or a tumour, the response is often followed over time. Similarly, the study of lymphocyte homeostasis requires time course experiments. Performing these studies within the same mouse is ideal to reduce the experimental variability as well as the number of mice used. Blood withdrawal allows performance of time course experiments, but it only gives information about circulating lymphocytes and provides a limited number of cells1-4. Since lymphocytes circulating through the body and residing in the lymph nodes have different properties, it is important to examine both locations. The sequential removal of lymph nodes by surgery provides a unique opportunity to follow an immune response or immune cell expansion in the same mouse over time. Furthermore, this technique yields between 1-2x106 cells per lymph node which is sufficient to perform phenotypic characterization and/or functional assays. Sequential lymph node surgery or lymphadenectomy has been successfully used by us and others5-11. Here, we describe how the brachial and inguinal lymph nodes can be removed by making a small incision in the skin of an anesthetised mouse. Since the surgery is superficial and done rapidly, the mouse recovers very quickly, heals well and does not experience excessive pain. Every second day, it is possible to harvest one or two lymph nodes allowing for time course experiments. This technique is thus suitable to study the characteristics of lymph node-residing lymphocytes over time. This approach is suitable to various experimental designs and we believe that many laboratories would benefit from performing sequential lymph node surgeries.

To follow the progression of an immune response over time within the same mouse, lymph nodes can be sequentially removed by surgery. Here, we describe how this technique can be performed.

マウスの表在性リンパ節手術

In the field of immunology, to understand the progression of an immune response against a vaccine, an infection or a tumour, the response is often ...

Isolation of Murine Lymph Node Stromal Cells

Secondary lymphoid organs including lymph nodes are composed of stromal cells that provide a structural environment for homeostasis, activation and differentiation of lymphocytes. Various stromal cell subsets have been identified by the expression of the adhesion molecule CD31 and glycoprotein podoplanin (gp38), T zone reticular cells or fibroblastic reticular cells, lymphatic endothelial cells, blood endothelial cells and FRC-like pericytes within the double negative cell population. For all populations different functions are described including, separation and lining of different compartments, attraction of and interaction with different cell types, filtration of the draining fluidics and contraction of the lymphatic vessels. In the last years, different groups have described an additional role of stromal cells in orchestrating and regulating cytotoxic T cell responses potentially dangerous for the host. 
Lymph nodes are complex structures with many different cell types and therefore require a appropriate procedure for isolation of the desired cell populations. Currently, protocols for the isolation of lymph node stromal cells rely on enzymatic digestion with varying incubation times; however, stromal cells and their surface molecules are sensitive to these enzymes, which results in loss of surface marker expression and cell death. Here a short enzymatic digestion protocol combined with automated mechanical disruption to obtain viable single cells suspension of lymph node stromal cells maintaining their surface molecule expression is proposed.

Isolation of lymph node stromal cells is a multistep procedure including enzymatic digestion and mechanical disaggregation to obtain fibroblastic reticular cells, lymphatic and blood endothelial cells. In the described procedure, a short digestion is combined with automated mechanical disaggregation to minimize surface marker degradation of viable lymph node stromal cells.

ネズミリンパ節間質細胞の単離

Secondary lymphoid organs including lymph nodes are composed of stromal cells that provide a structural environment for homeostasis, activation and ...

Identification of Coding and Non-coding RNA Classes Expressed in Swine Whole Blood

The advent of innovative and increasingly powerful next generation sequencing techniques has opened new avenues into the ability to examine the underlying gene expression related to biological processes of interest. These innovations not only allow researchers to observe expression from the mRNA sequences that code for genes that effect cellular function, but also the non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecules that remain untranslated, but still have regulatory functions. Although researchers have the ability to observe both mRNA and ncRNA expression, it has been customary for a study to focus on one or the other. However, when studies are interested in both mRNA and ncRNA expression, many times they use separate samples to examine either coding or non-coding RNAs due to the difference in library preparations. This can lead to the need for more samples which can increase time, consumables, and animal stress. Additionally, it may cause researchers to decide to prepare samples for only one analysis, usually the mRNA, limiting the number of biological questions that can be investigated. However, ncRNAs span multiple classes with regulatory roles that effect mRNA expression. Because ncRNA are important to fundamental biologic processes and disorder of these processes in during infection, they may, therefore, make attractive targets for therapeutics. This manuscript demonstrates a modified protocol for the generation mRNA and non-coding RNA expression libraries, including viral RNA, from a single sample of whole blood. Optimization of this protocol, improved RNA purity, increased ligation for recovery of methylated RNAs, and omitted&#160;size selection, to allow capture of more RNA species.

Here, we present a protocol optimized for the processing of coding (mRNA) and non-coding&#160;(ncRNA) globin reduced RNA-seq libraries from a single whole blood sample.

全血豚で表されるコーディングおよび非コーディングの RNA クラスの識別

The advent of innovative and increasingly powerful next generation sequencing techniques has opened new avenues into the ability to examine the underlying ...

Laparoscopic Technique for Serial Collection of Liver and Mesenteric Lymph Nodes in Macaques

The mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) and the liver are exposed to microbes and microbial products from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, making them immunologically unique. The GI tract and associated MLN are sites of early viral replication in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and the MLN are likely important reservoir sites that harbor latently-infected cells even after prolonged antiretroviral therapy (ART). The liver has been shown to play a significant role in immune responses to lentiviruses and appears to play a significant role in clearance of virus from circulation. Nonhuman primate (NHP) models for HIV and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) closely mimic these aspects of HIV infection and serial longitudinal sampling of primary sites of viral replication and the associated immune responses in this model will help to elucidate critical events in infection, pathogenesis, and the impact of various intervention strategies on these events. Current published techniques to sample liver and MLN together involve major surgery and/or necropsy, which limits the ability to investigate these important sites in a serial fashion in the same animal. We have previously described a laparoscopic technique for collection of MLN. Here, we describe a minimally invasive laparoscopic technique for serial longitudinal sampling of liver and MLN through the same two port locations required for the collection of MLN. The use of the same two ports minimizes the impact to the animals as no additional incisions are required. This technique can be used with increased sampling frequency compared to major abdominal surgery and reduces the potential for surgical complications and associated local and systemic inflammatory responses that could complicate interpretation of results. This procedure has potential to facilitate studies involving NHP models while improving animal welfare.

Here, we describe a minimally invasive laparoscopic technique for serial sampling of liver and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) in macaques that allows for increased sampling frequency, and reduces the potential for surgical complications when compared to performing a laparotomy.

マカクにおける肝臓及び腸間膜リンパ節のシリアル収集のための腹腔鏡技術

The mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) and the liver are exposed to microbes and microbial products from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, making them ...

医学

A Strategy for the Study of IL-9-Producing Lymphoid Cells in the Nippostrongylus brasiliensis Infection Model

IL-9 is a pleiotropic cytokine associated with various processes, including antitumor immunity, induction of allergic pathologies, and the immune response against helminth infections, where it plays an important role in the expulsion of the parasite. In a murine model of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis infection, IL-9 is produced mainly by CD4+ T lymphocytes and innate lymphoid cells found in the lung, small intestine, and draining lymph nodes. Given the technical difficulties involved in the intracellular staining of IL-9, as well as the complexity of isolating hematopoietic cells from the small intestine upon infection, there is a pressing need for a comprehensive but straightforward protocol to analyze the expression of IL-9 in different lymphoid and non-lymphoid tissues in this model. The protocol described here outlines the kinetics of IL-9 produced by CD4+ T cells and innate lymphoid cells in the lung and small intestine, the main organs targeted by N. brasiliensis, as well as in the mediastinal and mesenteric lymph nodes, throughout the infection. In addition, it details the number of larvae needed for infection, depending on the cell type and organ of interest. This protocol aims to assist in the standardization of assays to save time and resources by offering the opportunity to focus on the specific cells, organs, and disease stages of interest in the N. brasiliensis infection model.

A Strategy for the Study of IL-9-Producing Lymphoid Cells in the Nippostrongylus brasiliensis Infection Model

IL-9-expressing T and ILC2 cells are induced during N. brasiliensis infection, yet their characterization has been largely overlooked in the infected intestine due to their low frequency and differential kinetics. This protocol describes the isolation of these cells from different target organs and confirmation of their identity via flow cytometry at different infection stages.

ニッポストロンギルス・ブラジリエンシス感染モデルにおけるIL-9産生リンパ系細胞研究戦略

IL-9 is a pleiotropic cytokine associated with various processes, including antitumor immunity, induction of allergic pathologies, and the immune response ...

Microscopic Observation of Lymphocyte Dynamics in Rat Peyer's Patches

Na&#239;ve lymphocytes recirculate from the blood to the lymphoid tissues under physiological condition and it is commonly recognized as an important phenomenon in the gut immunity. The stroma of secondary lymphoid organs, such as Peyer&#8217;s patches (PPs) or mesenteric lymph nodes, are where na&#239;ve lymphocytes sense antigens. Na&#239;ve lymphocytes circulate through the bloodstream to reach high endothelial venules, the portal of entry into PPs. Some immunomodulators are estimated to influence lymphocyte migration, but the precise evaluation of microcirculation dynamics is very difficult, and establishing a method to observe lymphocyte migration in vivo can contribute to the clarification of the precise mechanisms. We refined the method of collecting lymphocytes from the lymph duct and observing the detailed dynamics of gut-tropic lymphocytes in rat PPs. We chose confocal laser scanning microscopy to observe rat PPs in vivo and recorded it using time-lapse photography. We can now obtain clear images that can contribute to the analysis of lymphocyte dynamics.

Here, we describe a precise method for collecting thoracic duct lymphocytes and observing the migration of gut-tropic lymphocytes in rat Peyer&#8217;s patches for 3 hours using time-lapse photography. This technique can clarify how the dynamics of lymphocytes are affected under inflammatory conditions.

ラット・ペイアーのパッチにおけるリンパ球ダイナミクスの顕微鏡観察

Na&#239;ve lymphocytes recirculate from the blood to the lymphoid tissues under physiological condition and it is commonly recognized as an important ...