著者は、肥満細胞作製、培養での技術支援のジュリア Geminn を認識したいと思います。この作品は、イ共同研究センター (TR SFB) 152 によって支えられました。

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D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+of+a+mast-cell-specific+receptor+crucial+for+pseudo-allergic+drug+reactions.">Identification of a mast-cell-specific receptor crucial for pseudo-allergic drug reactions.</a> Nature. 519 (7542), 237-241 (2015).</li><li>Gaudenzio, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Different+activation+signals+induce+distinct+mast+cell+degranulation+strategies.">Different activation signals induce distinct mast cell degranulation strategies.</a> J Clin Invest. 126 (10), 3981-3998 (2016).</li><li>Solis-Lopez, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+TRPV+channel+activation+by+stimulation+of+FCepsilonRI+and+MRGPR+receptors+in+mouse+peritoneal+mast+cells.">Analysis of TRPV channel activation by stimulation of FCepsilonRI and MRGPR receptors in mouse peritoneal mast cells.</a> PLoS One. 12 (2), 0171366 (2017).</li><li>Enerback, L., Svensson, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+of+rat+peritoneal+mast+cells+by+centrifugation+on+density+gradients+of+Percoll.">Isolation of rat peritoneal mast cells by centrifugation on density gradients of Percoll.</a> J Immunol Methods. 39 (1-2), 135-145 (1980).</li><li>Bird, G. S., DeHaven, W. I., Smyth, J. T., Putney, J. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Methods+for+studying+store-operated+calcium+entry.">Methods for studying store-operated calcium entry.</a> Methods. 46 (3), 204-212 (2008).</li><li>Aronson, N. N., Kuranda, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lysosomal+degradation+of+Asn-linked+glycoproteins.">Lysosomal degradation of Asn-linked glycoproteins.</a> FASEB J. 3 (14), 2615-2622 (1989).</li><li>Moon, T. C., Befus, A. 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著者が明らかに何もありません。

MC モデルは、三菱商事の脱顆粒、走化性、接着、同様 MC 活性化に関与する細胞内のシグナル伝達経路を解明する研究を正常に使用できます。臍帯由来不死化線 (LAD2 および HMC1) など人間の MCs 使用人間 MCs のモデルいくつかの研究者は血 (CD133 陽性) 前駆細胞と末梢血前駆細胞 (CD34 陽性)。他の齧歯動物の不死化など、MC のモデル (ラット好塩基性白血病 RBL-2 H 3 MC ライン) またはプライマリ培養...

MCs は、自然免疫と獲得免疫の間に顕著な役割を果たします。具体的には、MCs は細菌や寄生虫などの病原体の殺害に参加し、潜在的に有毒の内因性ペプチドや毒 (レビュー ガリら20081を参照) のためのコンポーネントも低下します。自然免疫と適応免疫の MCs の生理的役割激論の主題であります。したがって、異なる MC 欠損マウス モデルで実施された試験で多数のデータの不一致アレルギー2MCs の免疫学的機能の体系的な再評価が必要です。成熟した MCs は、大抵集中する組織や皮膚、肺、腸などの臓器で、通常血に小さな数字でのみ発見します。MCs は MC 前駆細胞などの造血前駆細胞に由来し、分化と成熟、微小でほぼすべての血管柄付きの組織1を完了します。T 細胞由来因子インターロイキン (IL)-3 は選択的にその造血前駆細胞3からの生存・増殖・分化多能性人口マウス MCs を促進します。幹細胞因子 (SCF) は、組織の構造細胞によって生成され、MC 開発、生存、移行、および関数4の重要な役割を果たしています。個々 の MCs の特性を合成して様々 なプロテアーゼやプロテオグリカンを格納する能力によって異なります。マウス、いわゆる結合組織型 MCs は解剖学的局在、形態、およびヘパリンおよびプロテアーゼの5の内容に従って粘膜 MCs と区別されます。
MCs の増加は無料のゾル性細胞質 Ca2 + ([Ca2 +]私) が脱顆粒とエイコサノイドの生産のためだけでなく、サイトカインの合成と抗原に対する応答における転写因子の活性化は不可欠ですし、様々 な分泌刺激6。これらの刺激の主要な下流ターゲットはジアシルグリセ ロール (DAG) とイノシトール 1,4,5 三リン酸ホスファチジルイノシトール 4, 5-ビスリン酸を加水分解するホスホリパーゼ C、です。DAG はプロテインキナーゼ C を活性化し、IP3 は、Ca2 +小胞体からのイオンを解放します。これらの店の枯渇は、原形質膜 Ca2 +チャネル作動させたカルシウム エントリ (SOCE) を格納するリードを介する Ca2 +流入をアクティブにします。このプロセスは Ca2 +との相互作用を誘発-センサー、一過性受容体電位標準 (TRPC) チャネルの活性化を介してだけでなく、Orai17と小胞体で間質相互作用分子-1 (Stim1)(レビューを参照してください Freichelらのタンパク質20148) 血しょう膜の。
勉強するには、いくつかの薬理学的これらのチャネルの生理的役割、(チャンネル遮断薬の適用) または遺伝的アプローチは通常使用されます。後者の場合、タンパク質発現の抑制がターゲット mRNA (ノックダウン) によって達成されるゲノム DNA が細孔の形成 (ノックアウト) チャネルのサブユニットをコードするエクソンのグローバルまたは組織固有の9削除と編集。これらのチャンネルに十分な特異的なブロッカーの可用性は制限されています。さらに、ノックダウンの方法は、例を使用して、その有効性の注意深い制御を必要があります。 西部、ブロット分析、および多くの場合対象となるチャネル蛋白質のための特定の抗体の使用不能によって妨げられています。したがって、ノックアウト マウス モデルの使用は、そのような分析のためのゴールド スタンダードとしてみなされます。MC の機能の調査のため最寄りの in vitroモデルは分離前のヴィヴォ完全に成熟した個体としては、Pmc の栽培 (MCs体外、例えばから差別化ではなく、骨髄細胞)10。.MC 関数体外受容と β ヘキソアミダーゼの刺激を研究にも使われている骨髄由来 MCs (BMMCs) に比べてリリース 8 倍と 100 倍に増資 Pmc、それぞれ。この記事では、純粋な結合組織の数が多いを培養 2 週間タイプ MCs、さらなる分析のための十分な後に取得することができますマウス Pmc の培養と分離のメソッドについて説明します。
開発及び遺伝的コード化カルシウム指標の適用の最近の進歩にもかかわらず、使用状況限られている標的細胞に遺伝子の配信の難しさによって具体的には、一次培養 MCs など専門性の高い細胞。さらに、[Ca2 +]私の測定のための蛍光プローブのこのグループには、レシオ メトリック染料と高ダイナミック レンジまだ欠けています。これらの理由から、最寄りレシオ メトリック [Ca2 +]私の測定法はまだ蛍光染料「Fura 2」11の使用です。
現在、MC 活性化の評価のために最も一般的に使用されるアプローチと脱顆粒が β-ヘキソアミダーゼ活性の測定。Β-ヘキソアミダーゼ、アレルギーの調停は、MCs12から一定の割合でヒスタミンが分泌される MC 顆粒コンポーネントの 1 つです。Β-ヘキソアミダーゼは、マイクロ プレートの比色定量法で容易に検出できるが colorigenic 製品の測定可能な量を生成する特定の基質との反応によって容易にかつ正確に測定できます。この資料では、この様々 な刺激への応答で Pmc の脱顆粒の解析手法の応用が報告されます。
高親和性の原形質膜 IgE 受容体 (FcɛRI) の集計は MCs の分泌顆粒周囲の細胞外領域のコンテンツのリリースにつながる多彩な細胞内シグナル伝達経路をアクティブにします。特異抗原に加えて、他の多くの刺激は免疫調節メディエーター、補体によりなどの多様な配列を解放する MCs をアクティブ化できます (e.g、C3a と C5a)13、血管収縮ペプチド エンドセリン 1 (ET1)14。、数々 のカチオン性物質と pseudoallergic 反応の刺激薬として (e.g。、icatibant)15 MRGPRX216へのバインド。MRGPR 誘起 MCs 脱顆粒反応に関与する細胞内シグナル伝達経路の FcɛRI を介した細胞内シグナル伝達; と比較して特徴は不十分これらの経路は、受容体同定16後最後の数年間17の間に集中的に調査される開始。主として、カルシウム項目の後に MRGPRX2 刺激に関与する細胞膜のイオン チャネルは、理解されるに残る。したがって、本稿はまた細胞内カルシウム シグナルに焦点を当て、MRGPR アゴニストと MCs の脱顆粒が刺激されます。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:943px;" width="943">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:291px;">RPMI Medium</td>
			<td style="width:273px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">21875034</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">DPBS</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>14190144</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">FCS</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>R92157</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">IL-3</td>
			<td>R&#38;D Systems</td>
			<td>403-ML</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">SCF</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>PMC2115</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Concanavalin A</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>C2272</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Fura-2 AM&#160;</td>
			<td>Thermo Fischer Scientific</td>
			<td>F1221</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Pluronic F-127</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P2443</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">DNP-HSA&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A6661</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Anti-DNP-Antibody&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>D-8406</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Penstrep</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>15140122</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Compound 48/80&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>C2313</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:291px;">4-(1,1,3,3-Tetramethylbutyl)phenyl-polyethylene glycol</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">X100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:291px;">4-Nitrophenyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-&#946;-D-glucopyranoside</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">N9376</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">CoverWell Imaging Chamber</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>GBL635051</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">96-Well plate, v-shaped bottom&#160;</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>3896</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">96-Well plates, flat bottom</td>
			<td>Greiner Bio-One</td>
			<td>655180</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Microtiter plate reader with &#34;i-control&#34; software&#160;</td>
			<td>Tecan</td>
			<td>Nano Quant, infinite M200 Pro</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Flat bottom plate&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:273px;">Greiner Bio-One</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">655180</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:291px;">Ionomycin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">I9657</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;">50 mL Plastic Centrifuge Tubes</td>
			<td>Sarstedt</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">62.547.254&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;">Culture Flasks (25 cm)</td>
			<td style="width:273px;">Greiner Bio-One</td>
			<td>69160</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;">Cover slips glasses round; &#248; 25 mm; No. 1</td>
			<td>Menzel</td>
			<td>CB00250RA1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;">Hemocytometer</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>631-0696</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;">Inverted Microscope</td>
			<td>Zeiss</td>
			<td>Observer Z1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;">Objectiv Fluar 40x/1.3 Oil</td>
			<td>Zeiss</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">440260-9900</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;">HC Filter Set Fura 2&#160;</td>
			<td>AHF</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">H76-521</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;">CCD Camera</td>
			<td>Zeiss</td>
			<td>AxioCam MRm&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;">Monochromatic Light Source</td>
			<td>Sutter Instruments</td>
			<td>Lambda DG-4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;">Imaging Acquisition Program</td>
			<td>Zeiss</td>
			<td>AxioVision 4.8.2&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;">Gravity fed solution application system</td>
			<td>Custom Made</td>
			<td>4-channel</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;">15 mL Plastic Centrifuge Tubes</td>
			<td>Sarstedt</td>
			<td>62,554,502</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:291px;">Bench Centrifuge</td>
			<td style="width:273px;">Heraeus</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">Megafuge 1.0R</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

isolation of peritoneum-derived mast cells and their functional characterization with ca2+-imaging and degranulation assays

肥満細胞 (MCs)、免疫システムの一部としていくつかの病原体に対するホストを守るために、アレルギーの免疫応答の開始に重要な役割を再生します。MCs の高親和性 IgE 受容体 (受容) だけでなく、他のいくつかの受容体の刺激による IgE がバインドされた表面のクロスリンクすることにより活性化無料の細胞内 Ca2 +濃度の上昇が開始されます ([Ca2 +]私)アレルギー炎症性メディエーターの放出を促進します。これらのシグナル伝達経路に関与する分子の同定は、MC の機能制御を理解するため重要です。この記事で腹膜 MCs (Pmc) のマウスの結合組織型腹膜灌流による MCs の分離と培養のためのプロトコルについて述べる。この方法による様々 なノックアウト マウス モデルから MCs の文化は、MC シグナル伝達経路に関与するタンパク質の同定に有用なアプローチを表しています。また、Ca2 +シグナル MCs。 蛍光ベース監視の [Ca2 +]私の定量化のための重要な技術は信頼性の高い単一セル Fura 2 するイメージングのためのプロトコルについても説明し、よくするアプローチを使用Ca2 +シグナル イベント、MC の活性化にとって重要であるストア作動性カルシウム エントリを含むを研究します。MC 脱顆粒の解析、β ヘキソアミダーゼ リリース アッセイをについて説明します。MCs β-ヘキソアミダーゼで説明されているすべての 3 つ異なる分泌のサブセットの脱顆粒マーカーはで colorigenic 基板との反応によって容易に定量化ことができますはとしての β-ヘキソアミダーゼの培養液中に放出される量を。マイクロタイター プレートの比色定量法。この再現性の高い技術、コスト効果の高い特殊な装置は必要ありません。指定されたプロトコルが高収率を示します全体的にみて、典型的な MC の表面マーカーを表現する MCs の MCs の典型的な形態および表現型特徴を表示して、Ca2 +- のところ再現性の高いレスポンスを発揮イメージングおよび脱顆粒の試金。

Pmc は腹腔内洗浄によって 3 の野生型マウス (C57BL/6 n) から隔離され RPMI 培でさらに培養 1% と 20% の FCS 滅菌下で成長因子 (IL-3 10 ng/ml) と 30 ng/mL で SCF の存在下でペン球菌加湿条件37 ° C と 5% の CO2。媒体は、細胞分離後 2 と 9 の日に変更されました。細胞の形態は、伝送を用いて解析した DIC イメージングの光 (図 1A, Bを参照)。...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation of Peritoneum-derived Mast Cells and Their Functional Characterization with Ca2+-imaging and Degranulation Assays at JoVE.com

Isolation of Peritoneum-derived Mast Cells and Their Functional Characterization with Ca2+-imaging and Degranulation Assays

ここでは、分離し、マウスの腹腔肥胖細胞を養うプロトコルを提案します。2 つのプロトコルの機能特性評価についても述べる: リリースされた β-ヘキソアミダーゼの比色定量に基づく細胞内 Ca2 +濃度を無料と脱顆粒試験の蛍光イメージング。

腹膜由来マスト細胞とその機能特性と Ca2 +の単離-イメージングと脱顆粒の試金

Mast cells (MCs), as a part of the immune system, play a key role in defending the host against several pathogens and in the initiation of the allergic ...

isolation-peritoneum-derived-mast-cells-their-functional

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

Isolation of Peritoneum-derived Mast Cells and Their Functional Characterization with Ca2+-imaging and Degranulation Assays

12.2K ビュー.  Ruprecht-Karls Heidelberg University. ここでは、分離し、マウスの腹腔肥胖細胞を養うプロトコルを提案します。2 つのプロトコルの機能特性評価についても述べる: リリースされた β-ヘキソアミダーゼの比色定量に基づく細胞内 Ca2 +濃度を無料と脱顆粒試験の蛍光イメージング。

ビデオ: Isolation of Peritoneum-derived Mast Cells and Their Functional Characterization with Ca2+-imaging and Degranulation Assays

Isolation of Functional Cardiac Immune Cells

Cardiac immune cells are gaining interest for the roles they play in the pathological remodeling in many cardiac diseases.1-5 These immune cells, which include mast cells, T-cells and macrophages; store and release a variety of biologically active mediators including cytokines and proteases such as tryptase.6-8 These mediators have been shown to be key players in extracellular matrix metabolism by activating matrix metalloproteinases or causing collagen accumulation by modulating the cardiac fibroblasts' function.9-11 However, available techniques for isolating cardiac immune cells have been problematic because they use bacterial collagenase to digest the myocardial tissue. This technique causes activation of the immune cells and thus a loss of function. For example, cardiac mast cells become significantly less responsive to compounds that cause degranulation.12 Therefore, we developed a technique that allows for the isolation of functional cardiac immune cells which would lead to a better understanding of the role of these cells in cardiac disease.13, 14
This method requires a familiarity with the anatomical location of the rat's xiphoid process, axilla and falciform ligament, and pericardium of the heart. These landmarks are important to increase success of the procedure and to ensure a higher yield of cardiac immune cells. These isolated cardiac immune cells can then be used for characterization of functionality, phenotype, maturity, and co-culture experiments with other cardiac cells to gain a better understanding of their interactions.

This method for isolating functional immune cells from the heart provides an alternative to the conventional methods of collagenase digestion, which causes unwanted immune cell activation, resulting in a decreased responsiveness of these cells. Our method of isolation yields functional cardiac immune cells by avoiding problems associated with enzymatic digestion.

機能心臓の免疫細胞の単離

Cardiac immune cells are gaining interest for the roles they play in the pathological remodeling in many cardiac diseases.1-5  These immune cells, which ...

免疫・感染学

Isolation of Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells and Their Use in the Study of Neutrophil Transmigration Under Flow Conditions

Neutrophils are the most abundant type of white blood cell. They form an essential part of the innate immune system1. During acute inflammation, neutrophils are the first inflammatory cells to migrate to the site of injury. Recruitment of neutrophils to an injury site is a stepwise process that includes first, dilation of blood vessels to increase blood flow; second, microvascular structural changes and escape of plasma proteins from the bloodstream; third, rolling, adhesion and transmigration of the neutrophil across the endothelium; and fourth accumulation of neutrophils at the site of injury2,3. A wide array of in vivo and in vitro methods has evolved to enable the study of these processes4. This method focuses on neutrophil transmigration across human endothelial cells.
One popular method for examining the molecular processes involved in neutrophil transmigration utilizes human neutrophils interacting with primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC)5. Neutrophil isolation has been described visually elsewhere6; thus this article will show the method for isolation of HUVEC. Once isolated and grown to confluence, endothelial cells are activated resulting in the upregulation of adhesion and activation molecules. For example, activation of endothelial cells with cytokines like TNF-&alpha; results in increased E-selectin and IL-8 expression7. E-selectin mediates capture and rolling of neutrophils and IL-8 mediates activation and firm adhesion of neutrophils. After adhesion neutrophils transmigrate. Transmigration can occur paracellularly (through endothelial cell junctions) or transcellularly (through the endothelial cell itself). In most cases, these interactions occur under flow conditions found in the vasculature7,8.
The parallel plate flow chamber is a widely used system that mimics the hydrodynamic shear stresses found in vivo and enables the study of neutrophil recruitment under flow condition in vitro9,10. Several companies produce parallel plate flow chambers and each have advantages and disadvantages. If fluorescent imaging is needed, glass or an optically similar polymer needs to be used. Endothelial cells do not grow well on glass.
Here we present an easy and rapid method for phase-contrast, DIC and fluorescent imaging of neutrophil transmigration using a low volume ibidi channel slide made of a polymer that supports the rapid adhesion and growth of human endothelial cells and has optical qualities that are comparable to glass. In this method, endothelial cells were grown and stimulated in an ibidi &mu;slide. Neutrophils were introduced under flow conditions and transmigration was assessed. Fluorescent imaging of the junctions enabled real-time determination of the extent of paracellular versus transcellular transmigration.

This article first describes a procedure for isolating human endothelial cells from umbilical veins and then shows how to use these cells to examine neutrophil transmigration under flow conditions. By using a low-volume flow chamber made from a polymer with the optical characteristics of glass, live-cell fluorescent imaging of rare cell populations is also possible.

フローの状況下で好中球移住研究におけるヒト臍帯静脈内皮細胞とそれらの使用の分離

Neutrophils are the most abundant type of white blood cell. They form an essential part of the innate immune system1. During acute inflammation, ...

Isolation and Characterization of Dendritic Cells and Macrophages from the Mouse Intestine

Within the intestine reside unique populations of innate and adaptive immune cells that are involved in promoting tolerance towards commensal flora and food antigens while concomitantly remaining poised to mount inflammatory responses toward invasive pathogens1,2. Antigen presenting cells, particularly DCs and macrophages, play critical roles in maintaining intestinal immune homeostasis via their ability to sense and appropriately respond to the microbiota3-14. Efficient isolation of intestinal DCs and macrophages is a critical step in characterizing the phenotype and function of these cells. While many effective methods of isolating intestinal immune cells, including DCs and macrophages, have been described6,10,15-24, many rely upon long digestions times that may negatively influence cell surface antigen expression, cell viability, and/or cell yield. Here, we detail a methodology for the rapid isolation of large numbers of viable, intestinal DCs and macrophages. Phenotypic characterization of intestinal DCs and macrophages is carried out by directly staining isolated intestinal cells with specific fluorescence-labeled monoclonal antibodies for multi-color flow cytometric analysis. Furthermore, highly pure DC and macrophage populations are isolated for functional studies utilizing CD11c and CD11b magnetic-activated cell sorting beads followed by cell sorting.

Here, we detail a methodology for the rapid isolation of mouse intestinal dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages. Phenotypic characterization of intestinal DCs and macrophages is performed using multi-color flow cytometric analysis while magnetic bead enrichment followed by cell sorting is used to yield highly pure populations for functional studies.

マウスの腸からの樹状細胞およびマクロファージの単離とキャラクタリゼーション

Within the intestine reside unique populations of innate and adaptive immune cells that are involved in promoting tolerance towards commensal flora and ...

Flow Cytometric Isolation of Primary Murine Type II Alveolar Epithelial Cells for Functional and Molecular Studies

Throughout the last years, the contribution of alveolar type II epithelial cells (AECII) to various aspects of immune regulation in the lung has been increasingly recognized. AECII have been shown to participate in cytokine production in inflamed airways and to even act as antigen-presenting cells in both infection and T-cell mediated autoimmunity 1-8. Therefore, they are especially interesting also in clinical contexts such as airway hyper-reactivity to foreign and self-antigens as well as infections that directly or indirectly target AECII. However, our understanding of the detailed immunologic functions served by alveolar type II epithelial cells in the healthy lung as well as in inflammation remains fragmentary. Many studies regarding AECII function are performed using mouse or human alveolar epithelial cell lines 9-12. Working with cell lines certainly offers a range of benefits, such as the availability of large numbers of cells for extensive analyses. However, we believe the use of primary murine AECII allows a better understanding of the role of this cell type in complex processes like infection or autoimmune inflammation. Primary murine AECII can be isolated directly from animals suffering from such respiratory conditions, meaning they have been subject to all additional extrinsic factors playing a role in the analyzed setting. As an example, viable AECII can be isolated from mice intranasally infected with influenza A virus, which primarily targets these cells for replication 13. Importantly, through ex vivo infection of AECII isolated from healthy mice, studies of the cellular responses mounted upon infection can be further extended.
Our protocol for the isolation of primary murine AECII is based on enzymatic digestion of the mouse lung followed by labeling of the resulting cell suspension with antibodies specific for CD11c, CD11b, F4/80, CD19, CD45 and CD16/CD32. Granular AECII are then identified as the unlabeled and sideward scatter high (SSChigh) cell population and are separated by fluorescence activated cell sorting 3.
In comparison to alternative methods of isolating primary epithelial cells from mouse lungs, our protocol for flow cytometric isolation of AECII by negative selection yields untouched, highly viable and pure AECII in relatively short time. Additionally, and in contrast to conventional methods of isolation by panning and depletion of lymphocytes via binding of antibody-coupled magnetic beads 14, 15, flow cytometric cell-sorting allows discrimination by means of cell size and granularity. Given that instrumentation for flow cytometric cell sorting is available, the described procedure can be applied at relatively low costs. Next to standard antibodies and enzymes for lung disintegration, no additional reagents such as magnetic beads are required. The isolated cells are suitable for a wide range of functional and molecular studies, which include in vitro culture and T-cell stimulation assays as well as transcriptome, proteome or secretome analyses 3, 4.

We describe the rapid isolation of primary murine type II alveolar epithelial cells (AECII) by flow cytometric negative selection. These AECII show high viability and purity and are suitable for a wide range of functional and molecular studies regarding their role in respiratory conditions such as autoimmune or infectious diseases.

機能と分子生物学的研究のためのプライマリマウスII型肺胞上皮細胞のフローサイトメトリ分離

Throughout  the last years, the contribution of alveolar type II epithelial cells (AECII)  to various aspects of immune regulation in the lung has been ...

Peptide-based Identification of Functional Motifs and their Binding Partners

Specific short peptides derived from motifs found in full-length proteins, in our case HIV-1 Nef, not only retain their biological function, but can also competitively inhibit the function of the full-length protein. A set of 20 Nef scanning peptides, 20 amino acids in length with each overlapping 10 amino acids of its neighbor, were used to identify motifs in Nef responsible for its induction of apoptosis. Peptides containing these apoptotic motifs induced apoptosis at levels comparable to the full-length Nef protein. A second peptide, derived from the Secretion Modification Region (SMR) of Nef, retained the ability to interact with cellular proteins involved in Nef's secretion in exosomes (exNef). This SMRwt peptide was used as the "bait" protein in co-immunoprecipitation experiments to isolate cellular proteins that bind specifically to Nef's SMR motif. Protein transfection and antibody inhibition was used to physically disrupt the interaction between Nef and mortalin, one of the isolated SMR-binding proteins, and the effect was measured with a fluorescent-based exNef secretion assay. The SMRwt peptide's ability to outcompete full-length Nef for cellular proteins that bind the SMR motif, make it the first inhibitor of exNef secretion. Thus, by employing the techniques described here, which utilize the unique properties of specific short peptides derived from motifs found in full-length proteins, one may accelerate the identification of functional motifs in proteins and the development of peptide-based inhibitors of pathogenic functions.

Techniques to dissect the mechanisms underlying the secretion of HIV-1 Nef in exosomes are described. Specific short peptides derived from Nef and protein transfection were exploited to determine the structure, function, and binding partners of Nef&#x2019;s Secretion Modification Region. These procedures have general relevance in many mechanistic studies.

機能的モチーフとその結合パートナーのペプチドベース識別

Specific short  peptides derived from motifs found in full-length proteins, in our case HIV-1  Nef, not only retain their biological function, but can ...

A Microplate Assay to Assess Chemical Effects on RBL-2H3 Mast Cell Degranulation: Effects of Triclosan without Use of an Organic Solvent

Mast cells play important roles in allergic disease and immune defense against parasites. Once activated (e.g. by an allergen), they degranulate, a process that results in the exocytosis of allergic mediators. Modulation of mast cell degranulation by drugs and toxicants may have positive or adverse effects on human health. Mast cell function has been dissected in detail with the use of rat basophilic leukemia mast cells (RBL-2H3), a widely accepted model of human mucosal mast cells3-5. Mast cell granule component and the allergic mediator &#946;-hexosaminidase, which is released linearly in tandem with histamine from mast cells6, can easily and reliably be measured through reaction with a fluorogenic substrate, yielding measurable fluorescence intensity in a microplate assay that is amenable to high-throughput studies1. Originally published by Naal et al.1, we have adapted this degranulation assay for the screening of drugs and toxicants and demonstrate its use here.
Triclosan is a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent that is present in many consumer products and has been found to be a therapeutic aid in human allergic skin disease7-11, although the mechanism for this effect is unknown. Here we demonstrate an assay for the effect of triclosan on mast cell degranulation. We recently showed that triclosan strongly affects mast cell function2. In an effort to avoid use of an organic solvent, triclosan is dissolved directly into aqueous buffer with heat and stirring, and resultant concentration is confirmed using UV-Vis spectrophotometry (using &#949;280 = 4,200 L/M/cm)12. This protocol has the potential to be used with a variety of chemicals to determine their effects on mast cell degranulation, and more broadly, their allergic potential.

Mast cell degranulation, the release of allergic mediators, is important in allergy, asthma, and parasite defense. Here we demonstrate techniques1 for assessing effects of drugs and toxicants on degranulation, methodology recently utilized to exhibit the powerful inhibitory effect of antibacterial agent triclosan2.

RBL-2H3マスト細胞脱顆粒に対する化学的影響を評価するために、マイクロプレートアッセイ：有機溶剤を使用せずに、トリクロサンの影響

Mast cells play important roles in allergic disease and immune defense against parasites. Once activated (e.g. by an allergen), they degranulate, a ...

Detecting Glycogen in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells with Periodic Acid Schiff Staining

Periodic acid Schiff (PAS) staining is an immunohistochemical technique used on muscle biopsies and as a diagnostic tool for blood samples. Polysaccharides such as glycogen, glycoproteins, and glycolipids stain bright magenta making it easy to enumerate positive and negative cells within the tissue. In muscle cells PAS staining is used to determine the glycogen content in different types of muscle cells, while in blood cell samples PAS staining has been explored as a diagnostic tool for a variety of conditions. Blood contains a proportion of white blood cells that belong to the immune system. The notion that cells of the immune system possess glycogen and use it as an energy source has not been widely explored. Here, we describe an adapted version of the PAS staining protocol that can be applied on peripheral blood mononuclear immune cells from human venous blood. Small cells with PAS-positive granules and larger cells with diffuse PAS staining were observed. Treatment of samples with amylase abrogates these patterns confirming the specificity of the stain. An alternate technique based on enzymatic digestion confirmed the presence and amount of glycogen in the samples. This protocol is useful for hematologists or immunologists studying polysaccharide content in blood-derived lymphocytes.

Periodic acid Schiff staining is a technique that visualizes the polysaccharide content of tissues. This article demonstrates periodic acid Schiff staining protocol adapted for use on peripheral blood mononuclear cells purified from human venous blood. Such samples are enriched for lymphocytes and other white blood cells of the immune system.

過ヨウ素酸シッフ染色で末梢血単核細胞中のグリコーゲンの検出

Periodic acid Schiff (PAS) staining is an immunohistochemical technique used on muscle biopsies and as a diagnostic tool for blood samples. ...

Analyzing the Functions of Mast Cells In Vivo Using 'Mast Cell Knock-in' Mice

Mast cells (MCs) are hematopoietic cells which reside in various tissues, and are especially abundant at sites exposed to the external environment, such as skin, airways and gastrointestinal tract. Best known for their detrimental role in IgE-dependent allergic reactions, MCs have also emerged as important players in host defense against venom and invading bacteria and parasites. MC phenotype and function can be influenced by microenvironmental factors that may differ according to anatomic location and/or based on the type or stage of development of immune responses. For this reason, we and others have favored in vivo approaches over in vitro methods to gain insight into MC functions. Here, we describe methods for the generation of mouse bone marrow-derived cultured MCs (BMCMCs), their adoptive transfer into genetically MC-deficient mice, and the analysis of the numbers and distribution of adoptively transferred MCs at different anatomical sites. This method, named the &#8216;mast cell knock-in&#8217; approach, has been extensively used over the past 30 years to assess the functions of MCs and MC-derived products in vivo. We discuss the advantages and limitations of this method, in light of alternative approaches that have been developed in recent years.

Analyzing the Functions of Mast Cells In Vivo Using 'Mast Cell Knock-in' Mice

We describe a method for the generation of in vitro derived mast cells, their engraftment into mast cell-deficient mice, and the analysis of the phenotype, numbers and distribution of engrafted mast cells at different anatomical sites. This protocol can be used to assess the functions of mast cells in vivo.

「マスト細胞ノックイン」マウスを用いた生体内肥満細胞の機能解析

Mast cells (MCs) are hematopoietic cells which reside in various tissues, and are especially abundant at sites exposed to the external environment, such ...

Isolation and Characterization of Neutrophils with Anti-Tumor Properties

Neutrophils, the most abundant of all white blood cells in the human circulation, play an important role in the host defense against invading microorganisms. In addition, neutrophils play a central role in the immune surveillance of tumor cells. They have the ability to recognize tumor cells and induce tumor cell death either through a cell contact-dependent mechanism involving hydrogen peroxide or through antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). Neutrophils with anti-tumor activity can be isolated from peripheral blood of cancer patients and of tumor-bearing mice. These neutrophils are termed tumor-entrained neutrophils (TEN) to distinguish them from neutrophils of healthy subjects or na&#239;ve mice that show no significant tumor cytotoxic activity. Compared with other white blood cells, neutrophils show different buoyancy making it feasible to obtain a &#62; 98% pure neutrophil population when subjected to a density gradient. However, in addition to the normal high-density neutrophil population (HDN), in cancer patients, in tumor-bearing mice, as well as under chronic inflammatory conditions, distinct low-density neutrophil populations (LDN) appear in the circulation. LDN co-purify with the mononuclear fraction and can be separated from mononuclear cells using either positive or negative selection strategies. Once the purity of the isolated neutrophils is determined by flow cytometry, they can be used for in vitro and in vivo functional assays. We describe techniques for monitoring the anti-tumor activity of neutrophils, their ability to migrate and to produce reactive oxygen species, as well as monitoring their phagocytic capacity ex vivo. We further describe techniques to label the neutrophils for in vivo tracking, and to determine their anti-metastatic capacity in vivo. All these techniques are essential for understanding how to obtain and characterize neutrophils with anti-tumor function.

Neutrophils play an important role not only in host defense against invading microorganisms, but are also involved in the immune surveillance of tumor cells. Here, we describe techniques related to the isolation of neutrophils with anti-tumor properties and methods for monitoring anti-tumor neutrophil function in vitro and in vivo.

抗腫瘍特性を有する好中球の単離とキャラクタリゼーション

Neutrophils, the most abundant of all white blood cells in the human circulation, play an important role in the host defense against invading ...

Isolation, Characterization and Functional Examination of the Gingival Immune Cell Network

Immune cell networks in tissues play a vital role in mediating local immunity and maintaining tissue homeostasis, yet little is known of the resident immune cell populations in the oral mucosa and gingiva. We have established a technique for the isolation and study of immune cells from murine gingival tissues, an area of constant microbial exposure and a vulnerable site to a common inflammatory disease, periodontitis. Our protocol allows for a detailed phenotypic characterization of the immune cell populations resident in the gingiva, even at steady state. Our procedure also yields sufficient cells with high viability for use in functional studies, such as the assessment of cytokine secretion ex vivo. This combination of phenotypic and functional characterization of the gingival immune cell network should aid towards investigating the mechanisms involved in oral immunity and periodontal homeostasis, but will also advance our understanding of the mechanisms involved in local immunopathology.

We have established a technique for the isolation, phenotypic characterization and functional analysis of immune cells from murine gingiva.

単離、特徴付けおよび歯肉免疫細胞ネットワークの機能検討

Immune cell networks in tissues play a vital role in mediating local immunity and maintaining tissue homeostasis, yet little is known of the resident ...

腹膜由来マスト細胞とその機能特性と Ca^{2 +}の単離-イメージングと脱顆粒の試金

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