Name: stereotaxic surgery for genetic manipulation in striatal cells of neonatal mouse brains
Uploaded: 2018-07-10T12:30:00.000+00:00
Duration: 9 min 44 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Stereotaxic Surgery for Genetic Manipulation in Striatal Cells of Neonatal Mouse Brains at JoVE.com

この作品は科学省によって支えられた、パワーオプティマイザーの技術は MOST104-2311-B-010-010-MY3、MOST106-2321-B-010-012、国家衛生研究院を与える NHRI-EX106-10429NI と注目領域研究センター プログラム助成脳研究センター、台湾国立陽明大学を通して教育省・員 MOST106-2811-B-010-031 (s ・ エンライテンメント)、MOST105-2811-B-010-036 MOST106-2811-B-010-030 (H. 社長交代)。

ここで説明した動物のプロトコルは、動物のケアと使用国立陽明大学委員会によって承認されています。
1. 新生仔脳定位固定装置のホルダーの準備
<ol><li>頭のトレイを作る: 管の壁の 1/5 を削除することによって新生児子犬の頭にフィットする形状に 1.5 mL 遠心チューブ (15 mm 長い) の下部をカットします。</li>
	<li>脳定位固定装置の台座に合った適切なサイズのピペット チップ ボックスを取るし、上部カバーを取り外します。手順 1.1 ・熱溶融接着剤で先端トレイのベースの上に組織の埋め込みカセットで頭のトレイに貼付します。組織の埋め込みカセットの高さは 7 mm、ヘッド固定位置で子犬の首と体をサポートするものです。</li>
	<li>標準的な脳定位固定装置の全体のセットアップを配置します。</li>
</ol>2. 30 G 注射ステンレス針の準備
<ol><li>3 日間のクロロホルムでそれらを浸すことによってクリーン前 30 G 注射針。</li>
	<li>慎重に、ゆっくりと引き出す針化学フードをポリプロピレン ハブから鉗子を使用します。</li>
	<li>無水エタノール 50 rpm でシェーカーの 3 × 10 分の 70% のエタノールの洗浄に続いて 20 分針を洗います。使用するまで針の空気乾燥し、室温 (RT) でクリーン ボックスの洗浄針を保存してみましょう。</li>
</ol>3. マイクロインジェクション チューブ用アダプターを準備します。
<ol><li>PE10 ポリエチレン管 (PE10 チューブ) 30 G 注射針 1 マイクロリットル注射器に接続します。1 マイクロリットルの注射器と注射針をブリッジの PE20 ポリエチレン チューブ (PE20 チューブ) アダプターを準備します。アダプターの使用は、PE10 チューブの直径は 26 G 1 マイクロリットル シリンジの針よりもかなり小さいため、必要です。</li>
	<li>1 マイクロリットル注射器にチューブを準備: PE20 チューブ 5 cm と事前にクリーンアップされた 30 G 注射針を接続し、瞬間接着剤との接合部をシールします。このチューブ アダプターは再利用です。 注: 場合のインジェクション注射器の針は 30 G、調製 (ステップ 3.1) とその利用 (ステップ 3.3) このアダプターの必要はありません。</li>
	<li>1 マイクロリットル注射器 (10 μ L) (3.1 の手順で準備) チューブ アダプターを接続します。</li>
	<li>PE20 チューブ アダプターの 30 G 針に (ない 60 cm 以上) PE10 チューブの一方の端を接続します。PE10 チューブのもう一方の端に新しい 30 G 注射針をマウントします。</li>
</ol>4. オートクレーブ蒸留水、染料とウイルスのインジェクション チューブをロードします。
<ol><li>1 マイクロリットル シリンジのプランジャーを取り外します。25 G の注射器を使用して、1 マイクロリットル注射器とオートクレーブ蒸留水、チューブから空気を削除するとその接続の PE 管を読み込みます。</li>
	<li>戻る 1 マイクロリットル シリンジのプランジャーを置き、プランジャー バレルのままに蒸留水の 2 μ L まで。2 μ L よりも低くなる蒸留水の量を聞かせてはいけません。</li>
	<li>マイクロ フロー レート シリンジ ポンプに 1 マイクロリットル注射器を慎重にマウントします。</li>
	<li>少量の 0.1% 高速グリーン色素 (0.9% 生理食塩水に用意され、0.22 μ m フィルターでフィルタ リング) とパラフィルムの部分にウイルス液をピペットします。</li>
	<li>マイクロインジェクション チューブで流体の流れをテストする 30 G 注射針とチューブへのフィルタ リングの高速グリーンの 0.7 μ L の読み込みに続いて PE10 チューブの間のジャンクションで気泡を表示するへの空気の少量を撤回します。</li>
	<li>空気を抜いてマイクロインジェクション チューブにウイルス液を読み込むことによって続いて第 2 気泡の別の少量を撤回します。</li>
	<li>添付し、脳定位固定装置のアームに 30 G マイクロインジェクション針を固定します。</li>
</ol>5. 低体温による新生児マウスの麻酔
<ol><li>ラテックス手袋スリーブに子犬を置き、5 分間の首まで砕いた氷に浸します。</li>
	<li>子犬の足を確認の足の撤退応答に鉗子でつまみます。</li>
	<li>頭のトレイにラテックス手袋スリーブと子犬を置き、低体温麻酔の寒さを維持するラテックス スリーブ周り砕いた氷を入れた。</li>
	<li>可能であれば麻酔中の乾燥を防ぐために子犬の目に獣医軟膏を適用します。</li>
</ol>6. マイクロインジェクション
<ol><li>70% エタノールで十分に脳定位固定装置を拭くことによって生殖不能手術を準備します。70% エタノールに浸漬した手術器具を滅菌します。</li>
	<li>70% エタノールで子犬の頭をごしごし洗いなさい。頭蓋のランドマーク ラムダを探し、マーカーペンでラムダをマークします。ラムダに針の先端を目指して、ゼロとして前後 (AP) と内側-外側 (ML) 座標を設定します。</li>
	<li>注射の腕をターゲット サイトの X および Y 座標によるとターゲット ・ サイトに移動します。生後一日 (P) 2 の線条体の子犬、座標は、: AP、ラムダ; 前方 +2.4 mmML、± 1.0 mm; 正中線から外側背腹軸 (DV)、頭蓋骨から −1.7 mm。PE10 管内高速グリーン色素の位置をペンでマークします。</li>
	<li>皮膚と頭蓋骨を貫通するゆっくりと 30 G の注射針をダウンさせるし、頭蓋骨の表面で停止するまで針の先端をもたらします。ゼロとして DV 座標を設定します。</li>
	<li>ターゲット ・ サイトの DV 座標に到達するまでゆっくりと 30 G の注射針をダウンさせます。実質通常の形状の再開を許可する 1 分待ちます。マイクロインジェクション プログラム (100 nL/min) を実行します。</li>
	<li>高速グリーンの色素のマークが脳にウイルス液を注入できるように PE 管で動いていることを確認します。</li>
	<li>マイクロインジェクションの終了後 1 分待つし、DV 深さ 30 以内の高さの 1/2 に針をゆっくりと徐々 に戻して s。30 後 s、子犬の頭から針をゆっくりと引き出します。</li>
	<li>すべてのターゲット サイトの薬剤が完了するまで、手順 6.2 に 6.7.</li>
</ol>7 子犬の手術後の回復
<ol><li>33 ° C の定温器で 20 分間子犬を暖かい。子犬は胸骨の横臥を維持するために十分な意識を取り戻したまで低体温麻酔 5 分ごとから子犬の回復を確認します。</li>
	<li>子犬は完全に回復した後、子犬をダムに戻ります。</li>
</ol>

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本研究では新生児マウス脳の線条体に AAV ウィルスを注入するシンプルで信頼性の高い定位法を紹介します。我々 は P2 で Ai14 レポーター マウスの線条体に AAV eGFP Cre ウイルスを microinjected し、P14、レポーター遺伝子の発現を分析します。AAV 導入 GFP 陽性細胞は rostrocaudal レベルで線条体全体がわかった。さらに、ほぼすべての GFP 陽性細胞は共同 AAV による Cre 活性の発現によって誘導される?...

構造の近代的な研究と脳の機能が神経細胞の特定の遺伝子の遺伝的操作を通常要求します。完全、トランスジェニック マウスを含む突然変異体の対立遺伝子を運ぶの異なる遺伝子の機能を調べるため、ノックアウト、ノックイン対立遺伝子を定期的に生成されます。大人の齧歯動物の脳定位固定脳外科手術は、ローカル齧歯動物の頭脳1,2の特定の領域に薬物、ウイルス、トレーサーおよびその他の試薬を提供する標準的な方法です。トランスジェニック マウスに定位脳手術を適用することにより、遺伝子遺伝子機能およびマウス脳の特定の神経集団の神経活動を操作する 1 つ。セル型固有の操作は、脳の3,4、5の複雑な神経回路の神経機能を解読する強力なアプローチを提供します。
神経系の神経系の発達が初期胚の段階から始まり、幼齢期まで生後後発達プロセス続行します。神経系の成熟生後には6脳の生理学的および認知機能のために不可欠である正確なシナプス神経回路網の配線が含まれます。したがって、新生児のタイム ・ ウィンドウで発生する発達のイベントの勉強は通常の神経系の発達を理解するためだけではなく重要ですが、また神経発達や精神疾患7 の病因に洞察力を提供することがあります。 ,8。大人の齧歯動物の脳定位固定脳外科手術の方法がすぐに利用できる2,9, いくつかのプロトコルが新生児マウス10,11脳定位固定脳外科手術のためのインターネットで利用できます。実際には、マウスの新生仔ラットの脳に試薬の脳定位固定装置の薬剤は困難、新生児子犬の頭は非常に傷つきやすい標準脳定位固定装置で固定されるためです。それにもかかわらず、トランスジェニック マウスへの定位脳手術の適用は新生児マウス12可能です。ここでは、マウスの新生仔ラットの脳定位固定脳外科手術を実行する自家製セットアップと簡単な方法をについて説明します。このテクニックにより、レポーター遺伝子マウスおよび条件付きで floxed トランスジェニック マウスの線条体に Cre DNA の AAV 表現の recombinase マイクロインジェクションによる floxed 遺伝子を条件付きで削除する 1 つを示します。この方法は、野生型マウスの新生児の線条体に試薬を提供するも。

<table><tbody><tr><td>30G PrecisionGlide Needle</td><td>Becton Dickinson</td><td>REF 305106</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Chloroform</td><td>JT Baker</td><td>9180-03</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hamilton MICROLITER Syringe</td><td>Hamilton&amp;nbsp;</td><td>80300</td><td>30G needle fit for PE10 tube; 26G needle needs a PE20 adaptor</td></tr><tr><td>Polyethylene tubing PE20</td><td>Becton Dickinson</td><td>427406</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Polyethylene tubing PE10</td><td>Becton Dickinson</td><td>427401</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Micro Flow Rate Syringe Pump</td><td>Longer Precision Pump Co.</td><td>TJ-2A (Controller) and L0107-2A (Drive Unit)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>25G syringe</td><td>Becton Dickinson</td><td>REF 302105</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fast green</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>F-7252</td><td>0.1%</td></tr><tr><td>Standard Stereotaxic Instruments</td><td>RWD Life Science</td><td>68037</td><td>Without using 68030 Mouse/Neonatal Rat Adaptor</td></tr><tr><td>Anti-FOXP2 antibody</td><td>Abcam</td><td>ab16046</td><td>Rabbit polyclonal to FOXP2, 1:4,000</td></tr><tr><td>Anti-RFP antibody</td><td>Abcam</td><td>ab65856</td><td>Mouse monoclonal to RFP, 1:1,000</td></tr><tr><td>BX63 microscope</td><td>Olympus</td><td>BX63</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>LSM 880 confocal microscope</td><td>Zeiss</td><td>LSM 880</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Goat anti-rabbit conjugated Alexa fluor594</td><td>Jackson lmmunoReserch Laboratories Inc.</td><td>111-585-003</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>AAV9.hSynapsin.HI.eGFP-Cre.WPRE.SV40</td><td>Penn Vector Core</td><td>AV-9-PV1848</td><td>Lot # CS0987, 5.506x10&lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt; (GC/mL)</td></tr><tr><td>AAV9.chicken actin-eGFP</td><td>AAV core, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taiwan</td><td>N/A</td><td>1x10&lt;sup&gt;14&lt;/sup&gt; (GC/ml)</td></tr><tr><td>B6.Cg-Gt(ROSA)26Sortm14(CAG-tdTomato)Hze/J</td><td>The Jackson Labtorary&amp;nbsp;</td><td>007914</td><td>Ai14</td></tr><tr><td>B6(Cg)-Foxp2tm1.1Sfis/CfreJ</td><td>The Jackson Labtorary&amp;nbsp;</td><td>026259</td><td>Foxp2&lt;sup&gt;fl/fl&lt;/sup&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>Dulbecco&amp;rsquo;s phosphate buffered saline</td><td>Corning&amp;nbsp;cellgro</td><td>21-030-CVR</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

stereotaxic surgery for genetic manipulation in striatal cells of neonatal mouse brains

多くの遺伝子は萌芽期の脳で表されます、それらのいくつかは継続的に出生後、脳で表現されます。このような永続的に表現された遺伝子の彼らは、発達過程や新生児の脳の生理機能を調節する機能があります。脳の特定の遺伝子の神経生理機能を調べるためには、脳における遺伝子を不活化する不可欠です。ここでは、新生児のタイム ・ ウィンドウでトランスジェニック マウス線条体における遺伝子発現の不活化する簡便な脳定位固定装置について述べる。Microinjected AAV eGFP Cre ウイルスはあった生後日 (P) 定位脳手術による 2 Ai14 レポーター遺伝子マウスの線条体に。P14 線条体、成功の Cre loxP AAV 導入線条体細胞での DNA 組換えを介した示唆 tdTomato レポーター遺伝子発現が検出されました。さらに、P2Foxp2フロリダ州/フロリダマウスに AAV eGFP Cre ウイルス マイクロインジェクションによるこの技術を検証しました。GFP と Foxp2 の二重ラベル GFP 陽性細胞に導入 AAV eGFP Cre 線条体における Foxp2 蛋白質の損失を示唆、P9 の線条体の Foxp2 を免疫反応性が欠けていたことを示した。一緒に取られて、これらの結果は、floxed トランスジェニック マウスの新生児の脳の特定の神経細胞集団におけるてんかん microinjected AAV eGFP Cre ウイルスによって効果的な遺伝子欠失を示します。結論としては、私たちの脳定位固定装置の手法は、新生児マウス脳における遺伝子操作の簡単でシンプルなプラットフォームを提供します。テクニックだけが使えないことが新生児の脳の特定の領域に遺伝子を削除するが、それはまた、薬の薬理学的、神経トレーサー、遺伝子組み換えの研究と chemogenetics タンパク質、神経活動の指標を注入する使用ことができ、新生児マウス脳の線条体に他の試薬。

実験の最初のセットに我々 microinjected 200 Ai14 マウスの P2 線条体に GFP 融合エクスプレス DNA Cre リコンビナーゼ AAV9.hSynapsin.HI.eGFP Cre.WPRE.SV40 ウイルス (AAV-eGFP-Cre、ダルベッコ リン酸緩衝生理食塩水で 1/10 希釈) の nL。Ai14 マウスは、loxP 並ぶ (floxed) 停止カセット (図 2 f) の削除を Cre を介した tdTomato レポーターの遺伝子を表現します。脳は、GFP と tdT...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Stereotaxic Surgery for Genetic Manipulation in Striatal Cells of Neonatal Mouse Brains at JoVE.com

Stereotaxic Surgery for Genetic Manipulation in Striatal Cells of Neonatal Mouse Brains

新生児マウス脳の線条体細胞の遺伝的操作の定位手術

新生児マウス脳の線条体にマイクロインジェクション試薬は自家製頭固定デバイスに定位手術のプロトコルについて述べる。この手法では、新生児マウス脳の特定の領域の神経細胞で遺伝子操作ことができます。

Many genes are expressed in embryonic brains, and some of them are continuously expressed in the brain after birth. For such persistently expressed genes, ...

stereotaxic-surgery-for-genetic-manipulation-striatal-cells-neonatal

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

14.8K ビュー.  National Yang-Ming University. 新生児マウス脳の線条体にマイクロインジェクション試薬は自家製頭固定デバイスに定位手術のプロトコルについて述べる。この手法では、新生児マウス脳の特定の領域の神経細胞で遺伝子操作ことができます。

ビデオ: Stereotaxic Surgery for Genetic Manipulation in Striatal Cells of Neonatal Mouse Brains

Stable and Efficient Genetic Modification of Cells in the Adult Mouse V-SVZ for the Analysis of Neural Stem Cell Autonomous and Non-autonomous Effects

Relatively quiescent somatic stem cells support life-long cell renewal in most adult tissues. Neural stem cells in the adult mammalian brain are restricted to two specific neurogenic niches: the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus in the hippocampus and the ventricular-subventricular zone (V-SVZ; also called subependymal zone or SEZ) in the walls of the lateral ventricles. The development of in vivo gene transfer strategies for adult stem cell populations (i.e. those of the mammalian brain) resulting in long-term expression of desired transgenes in the stem cells and their derived progeny is a crucial tool in current biomedical and biotechnological research. Here, a direct in vivo method is presented for the stable genetic modification of adult mouse V-SVZ cells that takes advantage of the cell cycle-independent infection by LVs and the highly specialized cytoarchitecture of the V-SVZ niche. Specifically, the current protocol involves the injection of empty LVs (control) or LVs encoding specific transgene expression cassettes into either the V-SVZ itself, for the in vivo targeting of all types of cells in the niche, or into the lateral ventricle lumen, for the targeting of ependymal cells only. Expression cassettes are then integrated into the genome of the transduced cells and fluorescent proteins, also encoded by the LVs, allow the detection of the transduced cells for the analysis of cell autonomous and non-autonomous, niche-dependent effects in the labeled cells and their progeny.

Here we describe a procedure based on the use of lentiviral particles for the long-term genetic modification of neural stem cells and/or their adjacent ependymal cells in the adult ventricular-subventricular neurogenic niche which allows the separate analysis of cell autonomous and non-autonomous, niche-dependent effects on neural stem cells.

神経の分析のための成体マウスのV-SVZにおける細胞の安定的かつ効率的な遺伝子改変幹細胞自律と非自律効果

Relatively quiescent somatic stem cells support life-long cell renewal in most adult tissues. Neural stem cells in the adult mammalian brain are ...

発生生物学

Stereotaxic Surgery for Excitotoxic Lesion of Specific Brain Areas in the Adult Rat

Many behavioral functions in mammals, including rodents and humans, are mediated principally by discrete brain regions. A common method for discerning the function of various brain regions for behavior or other experimental outcomes is to implement a localized ablation of function. In humans, patient populations with localized brain lesions are often studied for deficits, in hopes of revealing the underlying function of the damaged area. In rodents, one can experimentally induce lesions of specific brain regions.
Lesion can be accomplished in several ways. Electrolytic lesions can cause localized damage but will damage a variety of cell types as well as traversing fibers from other brain regions that happen to be near the lesion site. Inducible genetic techniques using cell-type specific promoters may also enable site-specific targeting. These techniques are complex and not always practical depending on the target brain area. Excitotoxic lesion using stereotaxic surgery, by contrast, is one of the most reliable and practical methods of lesioning excitatory neurons without damaging local glial cells or traversing fibers.
Here, we present a protocol for stereotaxic infusion of the excitotoxin, N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), into the basolateral amygdala complex. Using anatomical indications, we apply stereotaxic coordinates to determine the location of our target brain region and lower an injection needle in place just above the target. We then infuse our excitotoxin into the brain, resulting in excitotoxic death of nearby neurons. While our experimental subject of choice is a rat, the same methods can be applied to other mammals, with the appropriate adjustments in equipment and coordinates.
This method can be used on a variety of brain regions, including the basolateral amygdala1-6, other amygdala nuclei6, 7, hippocampus8, entorhinal cortex9 and prefrontal cortex10. It can also be used to infuse biological compounds such as viral vectors1, 11. The basic stereotaxic technique could also be adapted for implantation of more permanent osmotic pumps, allowing more prolonged exposure to a compound of interest.

Targeted ablation of specific brain region(s) by infusion of an excitotoxin using stereotaxic coordinates is described. This technique could also be adapted for infusion of other chemicals into the rat brain.

大人のラットの特定の脳領域の興奮毒性病変に対する定位手術

Many behavioral functions in mammals, including rodents and humans, are mediated principally by discrete brain regions. A common method for discerning the ...

神経科学

Expansion of Embryonic and Adult Neural Stem Cells by In Utero Electroporation or Viral Stereotaxic Injection

Somatic stem cells can divide to generate additional stem cells (expansion) or more differentiated cell types (differentiation), which is fundamental for tissue formation during embryonic development and tissue homeostasis during adulthood 1. Currently, great efforts are invested towards controlling the switch of somatic stem cells from expansion to differentiation because this is thought to be fundamental for developing novel strategies for regenerative medicine 1,2. However, a major challenge in the study and use of somatic stem cell is that their expansion has been proven very difficult to control.
Here we describe a system that allows the control of neural stem/progenitor cell (altogether referred to as NSC) expansion in the mouse embryonic cortex or the adult hippocampus by manipulating the expression of the cdk4/cyclinD1 complex, a major regulator of the G1 phase of the cell cycle and somatic stem cell differentiation 3,4. Specifically, two different approaches are described by which the cdk4/cyclinD1 complex is overexpressed in NSC in vivo. By the first approach, overexpression of the cell cycle regulators is obtained by injecting plasmids encoding for cdk4/cyclinD1 in the lumen of the mouse telencephalon followed by in utero electroporation to deliver them to NSC of the lateral cortex, thus, triggering episomal expression of the transgenes 5-8. By the second approach, highly concentrated HIV-derived viruses are stereotaxically injected in the dentate gyrus of the adult mouse hippocampus, thus, triggering constitutive expression of the cell cycle regulators after integration of the viral construct in the genome of infected cells 9. Both approaches, whose basic principles were already described by other video protocols 10-14, were here optimized to i) reduce tissue damage, ii) target wide portions of very specific brain regions, iii) obtain high numbers of manipulated cells within each region, and iv) trigger high expression levels of the transgenes within each cell. Transient overexpression of the transgenes using the two approaches is obtained by different means i.e. by natural dilution of the electroporated plasmids due to cell division or tamoxifen administration in Cre-expressing NSC infected with viruses carrying cdk4/cyclinD1 flanked by loxP sites, respectively 9,15.
These methods provide a very powerful platform to acutely and tissue-specifically manipulate the expression of any gene in the mouse brain. In particular, by manipulating the expression of the cdk4/cyclinD1 complex, our system allows the temporal control of NSC expansion and their switch to differentiation, thus, ultimately increasing the number of neurons generated in the mammalian brain. Our approach may be critically important for basic research and using somatic stem cells for therapy of the mammalian central nervous system while providing a better understanding of i) stem cell contribution to tissue formation during development, ii) tissue homeostasis during adulthood, iii) the role of adult neurogenesis in cognitive functions, and perhaps, iv) better using somatic stem cells in models of neurodegenerative diseases.

Expansion of Embryonic and Adult Neural Stem Cells by In Utero Electroporation or Viral Stereotaxic Injection

Controlling the expansion of somatic stem cells is a major factor hampering their study and use in therapy. Here we describe a system to temporally control neural stem cells expansion during development and adulthood, which can be used to increase the number of neurons generated in the mouse brain.

によって胚および成体神経幹細胞の拡大<em&gt;子宮内</em&gt;エレクトロポレーションまたはウイルス定位注射

Somatic stem cells can divide to generate additional stem cells (expansion) or more differentiated cell types (differentiation), which is fundamental for ...

Stereotaxic Injection of a Viral Vector for Conditional Gene Manipulation in the Mouse Spinal Cord

Intraparenchymal injection of a viral vector enables conditional gene manipulation in distinct populations of neurons or particular regions of the central nervous system. We demonstrate a stereotaxic injection technique that allows targeted gene expression or silencing in the dorsal horn of the mouse spinal cord. The surgical procedure is brief. It requires laminectomy of a single vertebra, providing for quick recovery of the animal and unimpaired motility of the spine. Controlled injection of a small vector suspension volume at low speed and use of a microsyringe with beveled glass cannula minimize the tissue lesion. The local immune response to the vector depends on the intrinsic properties of the virus employed; in our experience, it is minor and short-lived when a recombinant adeno-associated virus is used. A reporter gene such as enhanced green fluorescent protein facilitates monitoring spatial distribution of the vector, and the efficacy and cellular specificity of the transfection.

Viral vectors allow for targeted gene manipulation. We demonstrate a method for conditional gene expression or ablation in the mouse spinal cord, using stereotaxic injection of a viral vector into the dorsal horn, a prominent site of synaptic contact between primary somatosensory afferents and neurons of the central nervous system.

マウス脊髄における条件遺伝子操作のためのウイルスベクターの定位注射

Intraparenchymal injection of a viral vector enables conditional gene manipulation in distinct populations of neurons or particular regions of the central ...

Genetic Manipulation of the Mouse Developing Hypothalamus through In utero Electroporation

Genetic modification of specific regions of the developing mammalian brain is a very powerful experimental approach. However, generating novel mouse mutants is often frustratingly slow. It has been shown that access to the mouse brain developing in utero with reasonable post-operatory survival is possible. Still, results with this procedure have been reported almost exclusively for the most superficial and easily accessible part of the developing brain, i.e. the cortex. The thalamus, a narrower and more medial region, has proven more difficult to target. Transfection into deeper nuclei, especially those of the hypothalamus, is perhaps the most challenging and therefore very few results have been reported. Here we demonstrate a procedure to target the entire hypothalamic neuroepithelium or part of it (hypothalamic regions) for transfection through electroporation. The keys to our approach are longer narcosis times, injection in the third ventricle, and appropriate kind and positioning of the electrodes. Additionally, we show results of targeting and subsequent histological analysis of the most recessed hypothalamic nucleus, the mammillary body.

Genetic Manipulation of the Mouse Developing Hypothalamus through In utero Electroporation

Despite the functional and medical importance of the hypothalamus, in utero genetic manipulation of its development has rarely been attempted. We show a detailed procedure for in utero electroporation into the mouse hypothalamus and show representative results of total and partial (regional) hypothalamic transfection.

マウスの遺伝子操作は、視床下部を介して開発<em&gt;子宮内</em&gt;エレクトロポレーション

Genetic  modification of specific regions of the developing mammalian brain is a very  powerful experimental approach. However, generating novel mouse ...

Intracerebroventricular Viral Injection of the Neonatal Mouse Brain for Persistent and Widespread Neuronal Transduction

With the pace of scientific advancement accelerating rapidly, new methods are needed for experimental neuroscience to quickly and easily manipulate gene expression in the mouse brain. Here we describe a technique first introduced by Passini and Wolfe for direct intracranial delivery of virally-encoded transgenes into the neonatal mouse brain. In its most basic form, the procedure requires only an ice bucket and a microliter syringe. However, the protocol can also be adapted for use with stereotaxic frames to improve consistency for researchers new to the technique. The method relies on the ability of adeno-associated virus (AAV) to move freely from the cerebral ventricles into the brain parenchyma while the ependymal lining is still immature during the first 12-24 hr after birth. Intraventricular injection of AAV at this age results in widespread transduction of neurons throughout the brain. Expression begins within days of injection and persists for the lifetime of the animal. Viral titer can be adjusted to control the density of transduced neurons, while co-expression of a fluorescent protein provides a vital label of transduced cells. With the rising availability of viral core facilities to provide both off-the-shelf, pre-packaged reagents and custom viral preparation, this approach offers a timely method for manipulating gene expression in the mouse brain that is fast, easy, and far less expensive than traditional germline engineering.

Here we demonstrate a technique for widespread neuronal transduction by intraventricular injection of adeno-associated virus into the neonatal mouse brain. This method provides a rapid and easy way to attain lifelong expression of virally-delivered transgenes.

永続かつ広範な神経伝達のための新生児マウス脳の脳室内ウイルス注射

With the pace of scientific advancement accelerating rapidly, new methods are needed for experimental neuroscience to quickly and easily manipulate gene ...

Cortex-, Hippocampus-, Thalamus-, Hypothalamus-, Lateral Septal Nucleus- and Striatum-specific In Utero Electroporation in the C57BL/6 Mouse

In utero electroporation is a widely used technique for fast and efficient spatiotemporal manipulation of various genes in the rodent central nervous system. Overexpression of desired genes is just as possible as shRNA mediated loss-of-function studies. Therefore it offers a wide range of applications. The feasibility to target particular cells in a distinct area further increases the range of potential applications of this very useful method. For efficiently targeting specific regions knowledge about the subtleties, such as the embryonic stage, the voltage to apply and most importantly the position of the electrodes, is indispensable.
Here, we provide a detailed protocol that allows for specific and efficient in utero electroporation of several regions of the C57BL/6 mouse central nervous system. In particular it is shown how to transfect regions the develop into the retrosplenial cortex, the motor cortex, the somatosensory cortex, the piriform cortex, the cornu ammonis 1-3, the dentate gyrus, the striatum, the lateral septal nucleus, the thalamus and the hypothalamus. For this information about the appropriate embryonic stage, the appropriate voltage for the corresponding embryonic stage is provided. Most importantly an angle-map, which indicates the appropriate position of the positive pole, is depicted. This standardized protocol helps to facilitate efficient in utero electroporation, which might also lead to a reduced number of animals.

Cortex-, Hippocampus-, Thalamus-, Hypothalamus-, Lateral Septal Nucleus- and Striatum-specific In Utero Electroporation in the C57BL/6 Mouse

This protocol describes in detail how to specifically transfect different regions in the C57BL/6 central nervous system via in utero electroporation. Included in this protocol are detailed instructions for transfections of regions that develop into the cortex, hippocampus, thalamus, hypothalamus, lateral septal nucleus and striatum.

Cortex-、Hippocampus-、Thalamus-、Hypothalamus-、横中隔Nucleus-と線条体固有<em&gt;子宮内</em&gt; C57BL / 6マウスでのエレクトロポレーション

In utero electroporation is a widely used technique for fast and efficient spatiotemporal manipulation of various genes in the rodent central nervous ...

Adaptable Angled Stereotactic Approach for Versatile Neuroscience Techniques

Stereotactic surgery is an essential tool in the modern neuroscience lab. However, the ability to precisely and accurately target difficult-to-reach brain regions still presents a challenge, particularly when targeting brain structures along the midline. These challenges include avoiding of the superior sagittal sinus and third ventricle and the ability to consistently target selective and discrete brain nuclei. In addition, more advanced neuroscience techniques (e.g., optogenetics, fiber photometry, and two-photon imaging) rely on targeted implantation of significant hardware to the brain, and spatial limitations are a common hindrance. Presented here is a modifiable protocol for stereotactic targeting of rodent brain structures using an angled coronal approach. It can be adapted to 1) mouse or rat models, 2) various neuroscience techniques, and 3) multiple brain regions. As a representative example, it includes the calculation of stereotactic coordinates for targeting of the mouse hypothalamic ventromedial nucleus (VMN) for an optogenetic inhibition experiment. This procedure begins with the bilateral microinjection of an adeno-associated virus (AAV) encoding a light-sensitive chloride channel (SwiChR++) to a Cre-dependent mouse model, followed by the angled bilateral implantation of fiberoptic cannulae. Using this approach, findings show that activation of a subset of VMN neurons is required for intact glucose counterregulatory responses to insulin-induced hypoglycemia.

Described here is a stereotactic procedure that can target challenging and difficult-to-reach brain regions (due to spatial limitations) using an angled coronal approach. This protocol is adaptable to both mouse and rat models and can be applied to diverse neuroscientific applications, including cannula implantation and microinjections of viral constructs.

多目的神経科学技術のための適応可能な角度付き定位アプローチ

Stereotactic surgery is an essential tool in the modern neuroscience lab. However, the ability to precisely and accurately target difficult-to-reach brain ...

Stereotaxic Intracranial Delivery of Chemicals, Proteins or Viral Vectors to Study Parkinson's Disease

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive disorder traditionally defined by resting tremor and akinesia, primarily due to loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Affected brain areas display intraneuronal fibrillar inclusions consisting mainly of alpha-synuclein (asyn) proteins. No animal model thus far has recapitulated all characteristics of this disease. Here, we describe the use of stereotaxic injection to deliver chemicals, proteins, or viral vectors intracranially in order to mimic various aspects of PD. These methods are well-established and widely used throughout the PD field. Stereotaxic injections are incredibly flexible; they can be adjusted in concentration, age of animal used for injection, brain area targeted and in animal species used. Combinations of substances allow for rapid variations to assess treatments or alter severity of the pathology or behavioral deficits. By injecting toxins into the brain, we can mimic inflammation and/or a severe loss of dopaminergic neurons resulting in substantial motor phenotypes. Viral vectors can be used to transduce cells to mimic genetic or mechanistic aspects. Preformed fibrillar asyn injections best recapitulate the progressive phenotype over an extended period of time. Once these methods are established, it can be economical to generate a new model compared to creating a new transgenic line. However, this method is labor intensive as it requires 30 minutes to four hours per animal depending on the model used. Each animal will have a slightly different targeting and therefore create a diverse cohort which on one hand can be challenging to interpret results from; on the other hand, help mimic a more realistic diversity found in patients. Mistargeted animals can be identified using behavioral or imaging readouts, or only after being sacrificed leading to smallercohort size after the study has already been concluded. Overall, this method is a rudimentary but effective way to assess a diverse set of PD aspects.

We describe how to successfully inject solutions into specific brain areas of rodents using a stereotaxic frame. This survival surgery is a well-established method used to mimic various aspects of Parkinson's disease.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive disorder traditionally defined by resting tremor and akinesia, primarily due to loss of dopaminergic neurons in ...

Rodent Stereotaxic Surgery

Stereotaxic (or stereotactic) surgery is a method used to manipulate the brain of living animals. This technique allows researchers to accurately target deep structures within the brain through the use of a stereotaxic atlas, which provides the 3D coordinates of each area with respect to anatomical landmarks on the skull. After the skull is exposed, anesthetized animals are mounted on a specialized instrument known as a stereotaxic frame, which enables the precise placement of experimental tools at the defined coordinates. Stereotaxic surgery is a versatile approach that can be used to generate lesions, manipulate gene expression, or deliver experimental agents to the brain.This video-article provides a general overview of the principles behind stereotaxic surgery, including instructions for using a stereotaxic atlas and the stereotaxic frame, and an introduction to reading the Vernier scale for measurement of probe movements. The subsequent discussion outlines the steps required to perform the surgical procedure. Lastly, a broad range of technical applications are presented, such as the insertion of electrical probes to measure brain activity and genetic manipulation of brain tissue.

齧歯類を用いた定位脳手術

Stereotaxic (or stereotactic) surgery is a method used to manipulate the brain of living animals. This technique allows researchers to accurately target ...

新生児マウス脳の線条体細胞の遺伝的操作の定位手術

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