Name: stereotaxic surgery for genetic manipulation in striatal cells of neonatal mouse brains
Uploaded: 2018-07-10T12:30:00.000+00:00
Duration: 9 min 44 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Stereotaxic Surgery for Genetic Manipulation in Striatal Cells of Neonatal Mouse Brains at JoVE.com

Bu eser Bilim Bakanlığı tarafından desteklenen ve teknoloji MOST104-2311-B-010-010-MY3, verir MOST106-2321-B-010-012, Ulusal Sağlık araştırma enstitüleri NHRI-EX106-10429NI ve seçme alanlarda araştırma merkezi programı hibe verin Eğitim Bakanlığı aracılığıyla beyin Araştırma Merkezi, Ulusal Yang Ming Üniversitesi Tayvan, ve doktora sonrası bursu MOST106-2811-B-010-031 (S.-Y.C.), MOST105-2811-B-010-036 ve MOST106-2811-B-010-030 (H.-Y.K.) verir.

Burada anlatılan hayvan iletişim kuralları hayvan bakımı ve kullanımı komiteler Ulusal Yang Ming Üniversitesi tarafından onaylanmıştır.
1. hazırlanması sahibi için yenidoğan Pups içinde stereotaksik aparatı
<ol><li>Baş tepsi olun: 1/5 Tüp duvarı kaldırarak yenidoğan pups Başkanı uygun şekil 1.5 mL santrifüj tüpü (15 mm uzun) alt kesti.</li>
	<li>Stereotaksik aparatı Kaide ile uygun doğru boyutta bir pipet ucu kutusu ve üst kapağı sökün. Adım 1.1 ve doku gömme kaset ipucu tepsi sıcak-erime yapıştırıcı ile temeli üzerine hazırlanan baş tepsi yapıştırmayın. 7 mm, PUPs boyun ve gövde baş-sabit konumda desteklemek için kullanılan doku gömme kaset yüksekliğidir.</li>
	<li>Tüm kurulum bir standart stereotaksik aparatı yerleştirin.</li>
</ol>2. 30G Enjeksiyon paslanmaz çelik iğneler hazırlanması
<ol><li>30 G şırınga iğneleri için 3 gün içinde kloroform ıslatarak önceden temiz.</li>
	<li>Forseps dikkatli ve yavaş bir kimyasal başlıklı Polipropilen hub üzerinden iğneyi çıkar için kullanın.</li>
	<li>Mutlak etanol iğnelerle bir shaker 50 RPM üzerinde % 70 etanol durular 3 × 10 dk ardından 20 dakika yıkayın. Kuru ve temiz bir kutu, oda sıcaklığında (RT) temizlenmiş iğneler depolamak iğneler hava kadar kullanmak izin.</li>
</ol>3. bir bağdaştırıcı mikroenjeksiyon boruları hazırlayın
<ol><li>Microliter şırınga 30 G Enjeksiyon iğne PE10 Polietilen boru (PE10 tüp) ile bağlayın. PE20 Polietilen boru (PE20 tüp) adaptör enjeksiyon iğne ve microliter şırınga köprülemesini için hazırlayın. PE10 tüp çapı 26 G microliter şırınga iğne daha küçük olduğu için adaptör kullanımı gereklidir.</li>
	<li>Microliter enjektör boruları hazırlayın: önceden temizlenmiş 30G Enjeksiyon iğne PE20 tüp ile 5 cm bağlanmak ve anlık tutkal ile birleşme mühür. Bu boru adaptörü yeniden kullanılabilir. Not: iğne mikroenjeksiyon şırınga 30 G ise, hazırlık (adım 3.1) ve bu adaptörü (adım 3.3) kullanımını gerekli değildir.</li>
	<li>(3.1 adımda hazırlanan) boru adaptörü microliter şırınga (10 µL) takın.</li>
	<li>PE10 (60 cm uzun) tüp PE20 boru adaptörü 30 G iğne üzerine bir ucunu bağlayın. Yeni 30 G Enjeksiyon iğne üzerine PE10 tüp diğer ucunu bağlayın.</li>
</ol>4. yük Autoclaved distile su, boya ve virüsler ile mikroenjeksiyon tüp
<ol><li>Microliter şırınga pistonu çıkarın. 25 G şırınga microliter şırınga ve onun bağlı PE boru boru gelen havayı çıkarmak için autoclaved distile su ile yüklemek için kullanın.</li>
	<li>Geri microliter şırınga fırlatıcıya yerleştirin ve pistonu 2 µL distile su kalır varil kadar itin. 2 µL düşük hale distile su hacmi izin vermeyin.</li>
	<li>Dikkatle microliter şırınga mikro akış hızı şırınga pompa üzerine monte.</li>
	<li>Küçük miktarlarda (% 0,9 serum içinde hazırlanan ve 0,22 µm filtre ile filtre) %0.1 hızlı yeşil boya ve bir parça parafilm virüs sıvı pipet.</li>
	<li>Az miktarda hava bir hava kabarcığı mikroenjeksiyon tüp sıvı akışını sınamak için 30 G Enjeksiyon iğne ve tüpün içine süzülmüş hızlı yeşil 0.7 µL yükleyerek takip PE10 tüp arasındaki kavşakta görünür yapmak için geri alıyorum.</li>
	<li>Mikroenjeksiyon boru içine virüs sıvılar yükleyerek ardından ikinci bir hava kabarcığı yapmak hava küçük bir miktar geri alıyorum.</li>
	<li>Takın ve 30 G mikroenjeksiyon iğne kolu stereotaksik aygıtının güvenli.</li>
</ol>5. anestezi hipotermi tarafından yenidoğan farelerin
<ol><li>Yavru bir lateks eldiven kol koyun ve 5 min için boyun kadar ezilmiş buz bırakın.</li>
	<li>Pups ayak forseps ile para çekme yanıt onun ayak emin olmak için çimdik.</li>
	<li>Lateks eldiven kol ile yavru baş tepsisine yerleştirin ve hipotermi anestezi için soğuk tutmak için lateks kol çevresinde bazı ezilmiş buz koyun.</li>
	<li>Veteriner merhem pups gözünü anestezi altında iken kuruluk mümkünse önlemek için geçerlidir.</li>
</ol>6. mikroenjeksiyon
<ol><li>Steril Cerrahi stereotaksik araç % 70 etanol ile iyice silerek hazırlayın. Cerrahi alet % 70 etanol çeker tarafından sterilize.</li>
	<li>Pups kafa % 70 etanol ile fırçalayın. Kafatasında Simgesel Yapı lambda bulun ve lambda marker kalemle işaretlemek. Lambda için iğne ucu amaç ve ön-arka (AP) ve medial-lateral (ML) koordinatları sıfır ayarlayın.</li>
	<li>Enjeksiyon kol hedef site X ve Y koordinatlarını göre hedef siteye taşımak. Doğum sonrası gün (P) 2 striatum için pups, Koordinatlar: AP, 2,4 mm anterior lambda; ML, ±1.0 mm orta hat yanal; dorsal-ventral (DV), kafatası mm'den −1.7. PE10 tüp hızlı yeşil boya bulunduğu bir kalemle işaretlemek.</li>
	<li>30 G Enjeksiyon iğne yavaş yavaş deri ve kafatası nüfuz ve kafatası yüzeyde durana kadar iğne ucu kadar alın. DV konumu sıfır ayarlayın.</li>
	<li>Hedef site DV koordinatı ulaşıncaya kadar 30 G Enjeksiyon iğne yavaşça. Sürdürme normal şeklini parankimi izin vermek 1 dakika bekleyin. Mikroenjeksiyon çalıştırın (100 nL/dk).</li>
	<li>Hızlı yeşil boya işareti virüs sıvı beyne enjekte edilir emin olmak için PE tüp hareketli olduğundan emin olun.</li>
	<li>Mikroenjeksiyon fesih sonra 1 dakika bekleyin ve sonra yavaş yavaş ve aşamalı olarak iğneyi DV derinliği 30 içinde 1/2 yüksekliğine getirmek s. Sonra 30 s, yavaş yavaş iğne pups başından çekilme.</li>
	<li>Microinjections tüm hedeflenen sitelerin tamamlanıncaya kadar 6.2-6,7 adımları yineleyin.</li>
</ol>7. ameliyat sonrası kurtarma yavru
<ol><li>Yavru için 33 ° C kuluçka 20 dk kadar sıcak. Yavru fok sternal recumbency korumak için yeterli bilinci yerine geldi kadar yavru fok kurtarma hipotermi anestezi her 5 dk dan kontrol edin.</li>
	<li>Yavru fok tamamen iyileşti sonra yavru fok baraja geri dönün.</li>
</ol>

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Bu da çalışmanın, yenidoğan fare beyni striatum AAV virüs enjekte için basit ve güvenilir stereotaksik yöntem gösterilmektedir. Biz P2, Ai14 muhabir farelerin striatum içine AAV-eGFP-Cre virüs microinjected ve muhabir gen ekspresyonu P14, analiz ettik. AAV GFP pozitif hücreler boyunca striatum, rostrocaudal düzeyde transduced bulduk. Ayrıca, neredeyse tüm GFP pozitif hücreler AAV aracılı ifade Cre faaliyet tarafından indüklenen başarılı bir Cre-loxP DNA rekombinasyon düşündüren tdTomato muhabi...

Modern çalışmalar yapısı ve beyin fonksiyonu genellikle belirli genler nöronal hücrelerdeki genetik manipülasyon gerektirir. Farklı genler, transgenik fareler de dahil olmak üzere mutant gen taşıyan fonksiyonlar soruşturma için nakavt ve çakma allelleri düzenli olarak yeniden üretilmedi. Stereotaksik beyin ameliyatı yetişkin kemirgen için yerel olarak uyuşturucu, virüsler, izleyiciler ve diğer kimyasalları kemirgen beyin1,2özel bölgeler için teslim etmek için standart bir yöntemdir. Stereotaksik beyin ameliyatı transgenik fareler için uygulama bir genetik olarak gen fonksiyon ve fare beynin belirli nöron popülasyonları nöronal aktivite işlemek için izin verir. Hücre türüne özgü işleme karmaşık sinir devreleri beyin3,4,5nöronal işlevlerinde deşifre etmek için güçlü bir yaklaşım sağlar.
Sinir sisteminin sinirsel gelişme aşamalarında erken embriyonik başlar ve gelişim süreçleri Juvenil dönemine kadar doğumdan sonra devam edin. Postnatal olgunlaşma sinir sistemi beyin6fizyolojik ve bilişsel işlevler için temel sinir devreleri, hassas sinaptik kablolama içerir. Bu nedenle, yenidoğan zaman pencerelerde oluşan gelişimsel olaylarını eğitim sadece normal sinirsel gelişim anlamak için önemlidir, ancak de nörogelişimsel ve Nöropsikiyatrik bozukluklar7 patogenezinde anlayışlar sağlayabilir ,8. Stereotaksik beyin ameliyatı yöntemleri yetişkin kemirgen için hazır2,9, olmasına rağmen birkaç protokolleri stereotaksik beyin ameliyatı yenidoğan fareler10,11' deki yönergeleri için Internet üzerinde kullanılabilir. Yenidoğan yavru Başkanı standart stereotaksik aparatı düzeltilmesi için çok kırılgan olduğu için aslında, reaktifler stereotaksik microinjections yenidoğan fare pups beyinlerinin içine, zordur. Yine de, stereotaksik beyin ameliyatı uygulamaya transgenik farelerde neonatal fareler12için mümkün olabilir. Burada, yeni doğmuş fare pups içinde stereotaksik beyin ameliyatı gerçekleştirmek için ev yapımı bir kurulum ile basit bir yöntem açıklanmaktadır. Bu teknik bir muhabir gen fareler ve koşullu olarak floxed transgenik fareler striatum AAV ifade Cre DNA recombinase microinjecting tarafından floxed genler koşullu olarak silmek izin verdiğini göstermektedir. Bu teknik aynı zamanda reaktifler vahşi tipi farelerin striatum yenidoğan sunmak için geçerlidir.

<table><tbody><tr><td>30G PrecisionGlide Needle</td><td>Becton Dickinson</td><td>REF 305106</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Chloroform</td><td>JT Baker</td><td>9180-03</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hamilton MICROLITER Syringe</td><td>Hamilton&amp;nbsp;</td><td>80300</td><td>30G needle fit for PE10 tube; 26G needle needs a PE20 adaptor</td></tr><tr><td>Polyethylene tubing PE20</td><td>Becton Dickinson</td><td>427406</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Polyethylene tubing PE10</td><td>Becton Dickinson</td><td>427401</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Micro Flow Rate Syringe Pump</td><td>Longer Precision Pump Co.</td><td>TJ-2A (Controller) and L0107-2A (Drive Unit)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>25G syringe</td><td>Becton Dickinson</td><td>REF 302105</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fast green</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>F-7252</td><td>0.1%</td></tr><tr><td>Standard Stereotaxic Instruments</td><td>RWD Life Science</td><td>68037</td><td>Without using 68030 Mouse/Neonatal Rat Adaptor</td></tr><tr><td>Anti-FOXP2 antibody</td><td>Abcam</td><td>ab16046</td><td>Rabbit polyclonal to FOXP2, 1:4,000</td></tr><tr><td>Anti-RFP antibody</td><td>Abcam</td><td>ab65856</td><td>Mouse monoclonal to RFP, 1:1,000</td></tr><tr><td>BX63 microscope</td><td>Olympus</td><td>BX63</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>LSM 880 confocal microscope</td><td>Zeiss</td><td>LSM 880</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Goat anti-rabbit conjugated Alexa fluor594</td><td>Jackson lmmunoReserch Laboratories Inc.</td><td>111-585-003</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>AAV9.hSynapsin.HI.eGFP-Cre.WPRE.SV40</td><td>Penn Vector Core</td><td>AV-9-PV1848</td><td>Lot # CS0987, 5.506x10&lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt; (GC/mL)</td></tr><tr><td>AAV9.chicken actin-eGFP</td><td>AAV core, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taiwan</td><td>N/A</td><td>1x10&lt;sup&gt;14&lt;/sup&gt; (GC/ml)</td></tr><tr><td>B6.Cg-Gt(ROSA)26Sortm14(CAG-tdTomato)Hze/J</td><td>The Jackson Labtorary&amp;nbsp;</td><td>007914</td><td>Ai14</td></tr><tr><td>B6(Cg)-Foxp2tm1.1Sfis/CfreJ</td><td>The Jackson Labtorary&amp;nbsp;</td><td>026259</td><td>Foxp2&lt;sup&gt;fl/fl&lt;/sup&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>Dulbecco&amp;rsquo;s phosphate buffered saline</td><td>Corning&amp;nbsp;cellgro</td><td>21-030-CVR</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

stereotaxic surgery for genetic manipulation in striatal cells of neonatal mouse brains

Birçok genler embriyonik beyinlerinde ifade edilir ve bazıları sürekli doğumdan sonra beyinde ifade edilir. Israrla ifade böyle genler için gelişimsel süreci ve/veya neonatal beynindeki fizyolojik fonksiyon düzenlemek için çalışmayabilir. Beyindeki belirli genlerin nörobiyolojik işlevleri araştırmak için beyindeki genleri devre dışı bırakabilirsiniz esastır. Burada, striatum gen ifadesinde transgenik fareler yenidoğan zaman Windows devre dışı bırakabilirsiniz için basit bir stereotaksik yöntem açıklanmaktadır. AAV-eGFP-Cre virüs Ai14 muhabir gen fareler striatum Doğum sonrası gün (P) 2 stereotaksik beyin ameliyatı tarafından microinjected. TdTomato muhabir gen ekspresyonu P14 striatum, başarılı bir Cre-loxP DNA rekombinasyon AAV transduced striatal hücrelerdeki aracılı düşündüren tespit edildi. Daha fazla bu teknik AAV-eGFP-Cre virüs P2Foxp2fl/fl fareler microinjecting tarafından doğrulanmış. Çift etiketleme GFP ve Foxp2 GFP pozitif hücreler P9 striatum, AAV-eGFP-Cre transduced striatal hücrelerdeki Foxp2 protein kaybı düşündüren Foxp2 immunoreactivity yoksun gösterdi. Birlikte ele alındığında, bu sonuçlar yenidoğan beynindeki belirli nöron popülasyonları floxed transgenik fareler Stereotaxic microinjected AAV-eGFP-Cre virüsler tarafından etkili bir genetik silme işlemini göstermektedir. Sonuç olarak, bizim stereotaksik tekniği yenidoğan fare beynindeki genetik manipülasyon için kolay ve basit bir platform sağlar. Bu teknik sadece genler, yenidoğan beyinlerinin belirli bölgelerde silmek için kullanılamaz, ancak farmakolojik ilaçlar, nöronal izleyiciler, genetiği değiştirilmiş optogenetics ve chemogenetics proteinler, nöronal aktivite göstergelerini enjekte etmek için de kullanılabilir ve diğer reaktifler striatum, yenidoğan fare beyinlerinin içine.

Deney ilk kümesi için biz 200 microinjected nL Cre DNA recombinase hızlı AAV9.hSynapsin.HI.eGFP-Cre.WPRE.SV40 virüs (AAV-eGFP-Cre, Dulbecco'nın fosfat tamponlu tuz 1/10 seyreltme) erimiş GFP ile Ai14 farelerin P2 striatum. Ai14 fareler tdTomato muhabir gen Cre-aracılı silme (floxed) loxP çevrili STOP kaset (2F rakam) üzerine hızlı. Beyin P14 GFP ve tdTomato immunostaining için hasat edildi. Birçok AAV GFP pozitif hücreler transduced hediye (<s...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Stereotaxic Surgery for Genetic Manipulation in Striatal Cells of Neonatal Mouse Brains at JoVE.com

Stereotaxic Surgery for Genetic Manipulation in Striatal Cells of Neonatal Mouse Brains

Yenidoğan fare beyin Striatal hücrelerdeki genetik manipülasyon için stereotaksik cerrahi

Biz yenidoğan fare beyni striatum microinjecting reaktifler için ev yapımı bir baş-sabit aygıt ile bir protokol stereotaksik cerrahi açıklamak. Bu teknik, yenidoğan fare beyni, özel bölgelerin nöronal hücrelerin genetik manipülasyon sağlar.

Many genes are expressed in embryonic brains, and some of them are continuously expressed in the brain after birth. For such persistently expressed genes, ...

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JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

14.8K Görüntüleme.  National Yang-Ming University. Biz yenidoğan fare beyni striatum microinjecting reaktifler için ev yapımı bir baş-sabit aygıt ile bir protokol stereotaksik cerrahi açıklamak. Bu teknik, yenidoğan fare beyni, özel bölgelerin nöronal hücrelerin genetik manipülasyon sağlar.

Video: Stereotaxic Surgery for Genetic Manipulation in Striatal Cells of Neonatal Mouse Brains

Stable and Efficient Genetic Modification of Cells in the Adult Mouse V-SVZ for the Analysis of Neural Stem Cell Autonomous and Non-autonomous Effects

Relatively quiescent somatic stem cells support life-long cell renewal in most adult tissues. Neural stem cells in the adult mammalian brain are restricted to two specific neurogenic niches: the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus in the hippocampus and the ventricular-subventricular zone (V-SVZ; also called subependymal zone or SEZ) in the walls of the lateral ventricles. The development of in vivo gene transfer strategies for adult stem cell populations (i.e. those of the mammalian brain) resulting in long-term expression of desired transgenes in the stem cells and their derived progeny is a crucial tool in current biomedical and biotechnological research. Here, a direct in vivo method is presented for the stable genetic modification of adult mouse V-SVZ cells that takes advantage of the cell cycle-independent infection by LVs and the highly specialized cytoarchitecture of the V-SVZ niche. Specifically, the current protocol involves the injection of empty LVs (control) or LVs encoding specific transgene expression cassettes into either the V-SVZ itself, for the in vivo targeting of all types of cells in the niche, or into the lateral ventricle lumen, for the targeting of ependymal cells only. Expression cassettes are then integrated into the genome of the transduced cells and fluorescent proteins, also encoded by the LVs, allow the detection of the transduced cells for the analysis of cell autonomous and non-autonomous, niche-dependent effects in the labeled cells and their progeny.

Here we describe a procedure based on the use of lentiviral particles for the long-term genetic modification of neural stem cells and/or their adjacent ependymal cells in the adult ventricular-subventricular neurogenic niche which allows the separate analysis of cell autonomous and non-autonomous, niche-dependent effects on neural stem cells.

Nöral Analizi Yetişkin Fare V-SVZ&#39;una Hücre istikrarlı ve verimli Genetik Modifikasyon Kök Hücre Özerk ve Non-özerk Etkileri

Relatively quiescent somatic stem cells support life-long cell renewal in most adult tissues. Neural stem cells in the adult mammalian brain are ...

Gelişim Biyolojisi

Stereotaxic Surgery for Excitotoxic Lesion of Specific Brain Areas in the Adult Rat

Many behavioral functions in mammals, including rodents and humans, are mediated principally by discrete brain regions. A common method for discerning the function of various brain regions for behavior or other experimental outcomes is to implement a localized ablation of function. In humans, patient populations with localized brain lesions are often studied for deficits, in hopes of revealing the underlying function of the damaged area. In rodents, one can experimentally induce lesions of specific brain regions.
Lesion can be accomplished in several ways. Electrolytic lesions can cause localized damage but will damage a variety of cell types as well as traversing fibers from other brain regions that happen to be near the lesion site. Inducible genetic techniques using cell-type specific promoters may also enable site-specific targeting. These techniques are complex and not always practical depending on the target brain area. Excitotoxic lesion using stereotaxic surgery, by contrast, is one of the most reliable and practical methods of lesioning excitatory neurons without damaging local glial cells or traversing fibers.
Here, we present a protocol for stereotaxic infusion of the excitotoxin, N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), into the basolateral amygdala complex. Using anatomical indications, we apply stereotaxic coordinates to determine the location of our target brain region and lower an injection needle in place just above the target. We then infuse our excitotoxin into the brain, resulting in excitotoxic death of nearby neurons. While our experimental subject of choice is a rat, the same methods can be applied to other mammals, with the appropriate adjustments in equipment and coordinates.
This method can be used on a variety of brain regions, including the basolateral amygdala1-6, other amygdala nuclei6, 7, hippocampus8, entorhinal cortex9 and prefrontal cortex10. It can also be used to infuse biological compounds such as viral vectors1, 11. The basic stereotaxic technique could also be adapted for implantation of more permanent osmotic pumps, allowing more prolonged exposure to a compound of interest.

Targeted ablation of specific brain region(s) by infusion of an excitotoxin using stereotaxic coordinates is described. This technique could also be adapted for infusion of other chemicals into the rat brain.

Yetişkin Rat spesifik Beyin Alanlarının eksitotoksik Lezyon için Stereotaksik Cerrahi

Many behavioral functions in mammals, including rodents and humans, are mediated principally by discrete brain regions. A common method for discerning the ...

Nörobilim

Expansion of Embryonic and Adult Neural Stem Cells by In Utero Electroporation or Viral Stereotaxic Injection

Somatic stem cells can divide to generate additional stem cells (expansion) or more differentiated cell types (differentiation), which is fundamental for tissue formation during embryonic development and tissue homeostasis during adulthood 1. Currently, great efforts are invested towards controlling the switch of somatic stem cells from expansion to differentiation because this is thought to be fundamental for developing novel strategies for regenerative medicine 1,2. However, a major challenge in the study and use of somatic stem cell is that their expansion has been proven very difficult to control.
Here we describe a system that allows the control of neural stem/progenitor cell (altogether referred to as NSC) expansion in the mouse embryonic cortex or the adult hippocampus by manipulating the expression of the cdk4/cyclinD1 complex, a major regulator of the G1 phase of the cell cycle and somatic stem cell differentiation 3,4. Specifically, two different approaches are described by which the cdk4/cyclinD1 complex is overexpressed in NSC in vivo. By the first approach, overexpression of the cell cycle regulators is obtained by injecting plasmids encoding for cdk4/cyclinD1 in the lumen of the mouse telencephalon followed by in utero electroporation to deliver them to NSC of the lateral cortex, thus, triggering episomal expression of the transgenes 5-8. By the second approach, highly concentrated HIV-derived viruses are stereotaxically injected in the dentate gyrus of the adult mouse hippocampus, thus, triggering constitutive expression of the cell cycle regulators after integration of the viral construct in the genome of infected cells 9. Both approaches, whose basic principles were already described by other video protocols 10-14, were here optimized to i) reduce tissue damage, ii) target wide portions of very specific brain regions, iii) obtain high numbers of manipulated cells within each region, and iv) trigger high expression levels of the transgenes within each cell. Transient overexpression of the transgenes using the two approaches is obtained by different means i.e. by natural dilution of the electroporated plasmids due to cell division or tamoxifen administration in Cre-expressing NSC infected with viruses carrying cdk4/cyclinD1 flanked by loxP sites, respectively 9,15.
These methods provide a very powerful platform to acutely and tissue-specifically manipulate the expression of any gene in the mouse brain. In particular, by manipulating the expression of the cdk4/cyclinD1 complex, our system allows the temporal control of NSC expansion and their switch to differentiation, thus, ultimately increasing the number of neurons generated in the mammalian brain. Our approach may be critically important for basic research and using somatic stem cells for therapy of the mammalian central nervous system while providing a better understanding of i) stem cell contribution to tissue formation during development, ii) tissue homeostasis during adulthood, iii) the role of adult neurogenesis in cognitive functions, and perhaps, iv) better using somatic stem cells in models of neurodegenerative diseases.

Expansion of Embryonic and Adult Neural Stem Cells by In Utero Electroporation or Viral Stereotaxic Injection

Controlling the expansion of somatic stem cells is a major factor hampering their study and use in therapy. Here we describe a system to temporally control neural stem cells expansion during development and adulthood, which can be used to increase the number of neurons generated in the mouse brain.

Tarafından Embriyonik ve Erişkin Nöral Kök Hücre Genişletme<em&gt; In Utero</em&gt; Elektroporasyon veya Viral Stereotaksik Enjeksiyon

Somatic stem cells can divide to generate additional stem cells (expansion) or more differentiated cell types (differentiation), which is fundamental for ...

Stereotaxic Injection of a Viral Vector for Conditional Gene Manipulation in the Mouse Spinal Cord

Intraparenchymal injection of a viral vector enables conditional gene manipulation in distinct populations of neurons or particular regions of the central nervous system. We demonstrate a stereotaxic injection technique that allows targeted gene expression or silencing in the dorsal horn of the mouse spinal cord. The surgical procedure is brief. It requires laminectomy of a single vertebra, providing for quick recovery of the animal and unimpaired motility of the spine. Controlled injection of a small vector suspension volume at low speed and use of a microsyringe with beveled glass cannula minimize the tissue lesion. The local immune response to the vector depends on the intrinsic properties of the virus employed; in our experience, it is minor and short-lived when a recombinant adeno-associated virus is used. A reporter gene such as enhanced green fluorescent protein facilitates monitoring spatial distribution of the vector, and the efficacy and cellular specificity of the transfection.

Viral vectors allow for targeted gene manipulation. We demonstrate a method for conditional gene expression or ablation in the mouse spinal cord, using stereotaxic injection of a viral vector into the dorsal horn, a prominent site of synaptic contact between primary somatosensory afferents and neurons of the central nervous system.

Fare Omurilik Koşullu Gen Manipülasyon için bir Viral Vector Stereotaksik Enjeksiyon

Intraparenchymal injection of a viral vector enables conditional gene manipulation in distinct populations of neurons or particular regions of the central ...

Genetic Manipulation of the Mouse Developing Hypothalamus through In utero Electroporation

Genetic modification of specific regions of the developing mammalian brain is a very powerful experimental approach. However, generating novel mouse mutants is often frustratingly slow. It has been shown that access to the mouse brain developing in utero with reasonable post-operatory survival is possible. Still, results with this procedure have been reported almost exclusively for the most superficial and easily accessible part of the developing brain, i.e. the cortex. The thalamus, a narrower and more medial region, has proven more difficult to target. Transfection into deeper nuclei, especially those of the hypothalamus, is perhaps the most challenging and therefore very few results have been reported. Here we demonstrate a procedure to target the entire hypothalamic neuroepithelium or part of it (hypothalamic regions) for transfection through electroporation. The keys to our approach are longer narcosis times, injection in the third ventricle, and appropriate kind and positioning of the electrodes. Additionally, we show results of targeting and subsequent histological analysis of the most recessed hypothalamic nucleus, the mammillary body.

Genetic Manipulation of the Mouse Developing Hypothalamus through In utero Electroporation

Despite the functional and medical importance of the hypothalamus, in utero genetic manipulation of its development has rarely been attempted. We show a detailed procedure for in utero electroporation into the mouse hypothalamus and show representative results of total and partial (regional) hypothalamic transfection.

Fare Genetik Manipülasyon yoluyla Hipotalamus geliştirilmesi<em&gt; Utero olarak</em&gt; Elektroporasyon

Genetic  modification of specific regions of the developing mammalian brain is a very  powerful experimental approach. However, generating novel mouse ...

Intracerebroventricular Viral Injection of the Neonatal Mouse Brain for Persistent and Widespread Neuronal Transduction

With the pace of scientific advancement accelerating rapidly, new methods are needed for experimental neuroscience to quickly and easily manipulate gene expression in the mouse brain. Here we describe a technique first introduced by Passini and Wolfe for direct intracranial delivery of virally-encoded transgenes into the neonatal mouse brain. In its most basic form, the procedure requires only an ice bucket and a microliter syringe. However, the protocol can also be adapted for use with stereotaxic frames to improve consistency for researchers new to the technique. The method relies on the ability of adeno-associated virus (AAV) to move freely from the cerebral ventricles into the brain parenchyma while the ependymal lining is still immature during the first 12-24 hr after birth. Intraventricular injection of AAV at this age results in widespread transduction of neurons throughout the brain. Expression begins within days of injection and persists for the lifetime of the animal. Viral titer can be adjusted to control the density of transduced neurons, while co-expression of a fluorescent protein provides a vital label of transduced cells. With the rising availability of viral core facilities to provide both off-the-shelf, pre-packaged reagents and custom viral preparation, this approach offers a timely method for manipulating gene expression in the mouse brain that is fast, easy, and far less expensive than traditional germline engineering.

Here we demonstrate a technique for widespread neuronal transduction by intraventricular injection of adeno-associated virus into the neonatal mouse brain. This method provides a rapid and easy way to attain lifelong expression of virally-delivered transgenes.

Kalıcı ve yaygın Nöronal İletim için Yenidoğan Fare Beyin intraserooroventriküler Viral Enjeksiyon

With the pace of scientific advancement accelerating rapidly, new methods are needed for experimental neuroscience to quickly and easily manipulate gene ...

Cortex-, Hippocampus-, Thalamus-, Hypothalamus-, Lateral Septal Nucleus- and Striatum-specific In Utero Electroporation in the C57BL/6 Mouse

In utero electroporation is a widely used technique for fast and efficient spatiotemporal manipulation of various genes in the rodent central nervous system. Overexpression of desired genes is just as possible as shRNA mediated loss-of-function studies. Therefore it offers a wide range of applications. The feasibility to target particular cells in a distinct area further increases the range of potential applications of this very useful method. For efficiently targeting specific regions knowledge about the subtleties, such as the embryonic stage, the voltage to apply and most importantly the position of the electrodes, is indispensable.
Here, we provide a detailed protocol that allows for specific and efficient in utero electroporation of several regions of the C57BL/6 mouse central nervous system. In particular it is shown how to transfect regions the develop into the retrosplenial cortex, the motor cortex, the somatosensory cortex, the piriform cortex, the cornu ammonis 1-3, the dentate gyrus, the striatum, the lateral septal nucleus, the thalamus and the hypothalamus. For this information about the appropriate embryonic stage, the appropriate voltage for the corresponding embryonic stage is provided. Most importantly an angle-map, which indicates the appropriate position of the positive pole, is depicted. This standardized protocol helps to facilitate efficient in utero electroporation, which might also lead to a reduced number of animals.

Cortex-, Hippocampus-, Thalamus-, Hypothalamus-, Lateral Septal Nucleus- and Striatum-specific In Utero Electroporation in the C57BL/6 Mouse

This protocol describes in detail how to specifically transfect different regions in the C57BL/6 central nervous system via in utero electroporation. Included in this protocol are detailed instructions for transfections of regions that develop into the cortex, hippocampus, thalamus, hypothalamus, lateral septal nucleus and striatum.

Korteks, Hippocampus-, Thalamus-, Hypothalamus-, Lateral Septal Nucleus- ve Striatum özgü<em&gt; In Utero</em&gt; C57BL / 6 Fare Elektroporasyon

In utero electroporation is a widely used technique for fast and efficient spatiotemporal manipulation of various genes in the rodent central nervous ...

Adaptable Angled Stereotactic Approach for Versatile Neuroscience Techniques

Stereotactic surgery is an essential tool in the modern neuroscience lab. However, the ability to precisely and accurately target difficult-to-reach brain regions still presents a challenge, particularly when targeting brain structures along the midline. These challenges include avoiding of the superior sagittal sinus and third ventricle and the ability to consistently target selective and discrete brain nuclei. In addition, more advanced neuroscience techniques (e.g., optogenetics, fiber photometry, and two-photon imaging) rely on targeted implantation of significant hardware to the brain, and spatial limitations are a common hindrance. Presented here is a modifiable protocol for stereotactic targeting of rodent brain structures using an angled coronal approach. It can be adapted to 1) mouse or rat models, 2) various neuroscience techniques, and 3) multiple brain regions. As a representative example, it includes the calculation of stereotactic coordinates for targeting of the mouse hypothalamic ventromedial nucleus (VMN) for an optogenetic inhibition experiment. This procedure begins with the bilateral microinjection of an adeno-associated virus (AAV) encoding a light-sensitive chloride channel (SwiChR++) to a Cre-dependent mouse model, followed by the angled bilateral implantation of fiberoptic cannulae. Using this approach, findings show that activation of a subset of VMN neurons is required for intact glucose counterregulatory responses to insulin-induced hypoglycemia.

Described here is a stereotactic procedure that can target challenging and difficult-to-reach brain regions (due to spatial limitations) using an angled coronal approach. This protocol is adaptable to both mouse and rat models and can be applied to diverse neuroscientific applications, including cannula implantation and microinjections of viral constructs.

Çok Yönlü Nörobilim Teknikleri için Uyarlanabilir Açılı Stereotaktik Yaklaşım

Stereotactic surgery is an essential tool in the modern neuroscience lab. However, the ability to precisely and accurately target difficult-to-reach brain ...

Stereotaxic Intracranial Delivery of Chemicals, Proteins or Viral Vectors to Study Parkinson's Disease

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive disorder traditionally defined by resting tremor and akinesia, primarily due to loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Affected brain areas display intraneuronal fibrillar inclusions consisting mainly of alpha-synuclein (asyn) proteins. No animal model thus far has recapitulated all characteristics of this disease. Here, we describe the use of stereotaxic injection to deliver chemicals, proteins, or viral vectors intracranially in order to mimic various aspects of PD. These methods are well-established and widely used throughout the PD field. Stereotaxic injections are incredibly flexible; they can be adjusted in concentration, age of animal used for injection, brain area targeted and in animal species used. Combinations of substances allow for rapid variations to assess treatments or alter severity of the pathology or behavioral deficits. By injecting toxins into the brain, we can mimic inflammation and/or a severe loss of dopaminergic neurons resulting in substantial motor phenotypes. Viral vectors can be used to transduce cells to mimic genetic or mechanistic aspects. Preformed fibrillar asyn injections best recapitulate the progressive phenotype over an extended period of time. Once these methods are established, it can be economical to generate a new model compared to creating a new transgenic line. However, this method is labor intensive as it requires 30 minutes to four hours per animal depending on the model used. Each animal will have a slightly different targeting and therefore create a diverse cohort which on one hand can be challenging to interpret results from; on the other hand, help mimic a more realistic diversity found in patients. Mistargeted animals can be identified using behavioral or imaging readouts, or only after being sacrificed leading to smallercohort size after the study has already been concluded. Overall, this method is a rudimentary but effective way to assess a diverse set of PD aspects.

We describe how to successfully inject solutions into specific brain areas of rodents using a stereotaxic frame. This survival surgery is a well-established method used to mimic various aspects of Parkinson's disease.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive disorder traditionally defined by resting tremor and akinesia, primarily due to loss of dopaminergic neurons in ...

Rodent Stereotaxic Surgery

Stereotaxic (or stereotactic) surgery is a method used to manipulate the brain of living animals. This technique allows researchers to accurately target deep structures within the brain through the use of a stereotaxic atlas, which provides the 3D coordinates of each area with respect to anatomical landmarks on the skull. After the skull is exposed, anesthetized animals are mounted on a specialized instrument known as a stereotaxic frame, which enables the precise placement of experimental tools at the defined coordinates. Stereotaxic surgery is a versatile approach that can be used to generate lesions, manipulate gene expression, or deliver experimental agents to the brain.This video-article provides a general overview of the principles behind stereotaxic surgery, including instructions for using a stereotaxic atlas and the stereotaxic frame, and an introduction to reading the Vernier scale for measurement of probe movements. The subsequent discussion outlines the steps required to perform the surgical procedure. Lastly, a broad range of technical applications are presented, such as the insertion of electrical probes to measure brain activity and genetic manipulation of brain tissue.

Stereotaxic (or stereotactic) surgery is a method used to manipulate the brain of living animals. This technique allows researchers to accurately target ...

Yenidoğan fare beyin Striatal hücrelerdeki genetik manipülasyon için stereotaksik cerrahi

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Bu videodaki bölümler

Nöral Analizi Yetişkin Fare V-SVZ'una Hücre istikrarlı ve verimli Genetik Modifikasyon Kök Hücre Özerk ve Non-özerk Etkileri

Yetişkin Rat spesifik Beyin Alanlarının eksitotoksik Lezyon için Stereotaksik Cerrahi

Tarafından Embriyonik ve Erişkin Nöral Kök Hücre Genişletme

Fare Omurilik Koşullu Gen Manipülasyon için bir Viral Vector Stereotaksik Enjeksiyon

Fare Genetik Manipülasyon yoluyla Hipotalamus geliştirilmesi

Kalıcı ve yaygın Nöronal İletim için Yenidoğan Fare Beyin intraserooroventriküler Viral Enjeksiyon

Korteks, Hippocampus-, Thalamus-, Hypothalamus-, Lateral Septal Nucleus- ve Striatum özgü

Çok Yönlü Nörobilim Teknikleri için Uyarlanabilir Açılı Stereotaktik Yaklaşım

Stereotaxic Intracranial Delivery of Chemicals, Proteins or Viral Vectors to Study Parkinson's Disease

Rodent Stereotaxic Surgery