Name: stereotaxic surgery for genetic manipulation in striatal cells of neonatal mouse brains
Uploaded: 2018-07-10T12:30:00.000+00:00
Duration: 9 min 44 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Stereotaxic Surgery for Genetic Manipulation in Striatal Cells of Neonatal Mouse Brains at JoVE.com

Quest'opera è stata sostenuta dal Ministero della scienza e tecnologia garantisce a MOST104-2311-B-010-010-MY3, MOST106-2321-B-010-012, gli istituti di ricerca nazionali di salute concede vi-EX106-10429NI e il programma di centro di ricerca aree consigliati sovvenzione da il Ministero dell'istruzione attraverso Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming University di Taiwan, e Postdoctoral Fellowship concede MOST106-2811-B-010-031 (S.-Y.C.), MOST105-2811-B-010-036 e MOST106-2811-B-010-030 (H.-Y.K.).

I protocolli degli animali descritti qui sono stati approvati dalla cura degli animali e uso comitati della National Yang-Ming University.
1. preparazione del supporto per cuccioli neonatali nell'apparato stereotassica
<ol><li>Rendere il vassoio testa: tagliare il fondo di una provetta da centrifuga da 1,5 mL (15 mm di lunghezza) nella forma che si adatta alla testa dei cuccioli neonatale rimuovendo 1/5 della parete del tubo.</li>
	<li>Una casella di punta della pipetta con la giusta dimensione che si adatta con il piedistallo dell'apparato stereotassiche e rimuovere il coperchio superiore. Apporre il vassoio testa preparato nel passaggio 1.1 e una cassetta di incorporamento di tessuto sulla base del vassoio di punta con adesivo hot-fusione. L'altezza della cassetta incorporamento del tessuto è di 7 mm, che viene utilizzato per supportare il pup collo e corpo in posizione di testa-fisso.</li>
	<li>Posto l'intero setup apparecchiature stereotassiche.</li>
</ol>2. preparazione di 30g iniezione aghi in acciaio inox
<ol><li>Aghi di siringhe 30g prepulizia immergendo in cloroformio per 3 giorni.</li>
	<li>Utilizzare pinze per lentamente e con cautela estrarre l'ago dal suo hub in polipropilene in una cappa chimica.</li>
	<li>Lavare gli aghi con etanolo assoluto per 20 min seguita da risciacqui di etanolo 70% per 3 × 10 minuti su un agitatore a 50 giri/min. Lasciare che l'aria di aghi asciugare e conservare gli aghi puliti in una scatola pulita a temperatura ambiente (TA) fino all'utilizzo.</li>
</ol>3. preparare un adattatore per tubo rame Microinjection
<ol><li>Collegare la siringa microliter di un ago per iniezione 30G con un tubo di polietilene PE10 (PE10 tubo). Preparare un adattatore per tubo (tubo PE20) polietilene PE20 per colmare l'inserimento dell'ago e la siringa di microliter. L'uso dell'adattatore è necessario, perché il diametro del tubo PE10 è molto più piccolo di quello dell'ago della siringa microliter 26G.</li>
	<li>Preparare la tubatura per microliter siringa: collegare l'ago per iniezione pre-pulito 30 G con 5 cm di tubo PE20 e sigillare la giunzione con colla istantanea. Questo adattatore della tubazione è riutilizzabile. Nota: Se l'ago della siringa di microiniezione è 30G, la preparazione (fase 3.1) e l'utilizzo (punto 3.3) di questo adattatore non è necessario.</li>
	<li>Collegare l'adattatore del tubo (preparata al punto 3.1) con una siringa di microlitro (10 µ l).</li>
	<li>Collegare un'estremità del tubo PE10 (non più di 60 cm) sull'ago 30g dell'adattatore tubo PE20. Montare un nuovo ago per iniezione 30G sull'altra estremità del tubo PE10.</li>
</ol>4. caricare il tubo di microiniezione con acqua distillata in autoclave, tintura e virus
<ol><li>Togliere lo stantuffo della siringa microliter. Utilizzare una siringa di 25G per caricare la siringa microliter e il suo tubo di PE connesso con acqua distillata in autoclave per eliminare l'aria dal tubo.</li>
	<li>Posizionare il pistone torna alla siringa microliter e spingere lo stantuffo fino a 2 µ l di acqua distillata rimane in canna. Non lasciare che il volume di acqua distillata diventano inferiore a 2 µ l.</li>
	<li>Montare con cura siringa microliter la pompa a siringa micro portata.</li>
	<li>Pipettare piccole quantità di colorante 0,1% veloce verde (preparato in soluzione fisiologica allo 0,9% e filtrato con filtro di 0,22 µm) e i liquidi di virus a un pezzo di parafilm.</li>
	<li>Prelevare una piccola quantità di aria per rendere visibile una bolla d'aria all'incrocio tra l'ago per iniezione 30g e PE10 tubo seguita da 0,7 µ l di filtrato verde veloce di carico nel tubo per verificare il flusso dei liquidi nelle tubazioni microiniezione.</li>
	<li>Ritirare un'altra piccola quantità di aria per rendere una bolla d'aria seconda seguita caricando i liquidi di virus nella tubazione microiniezione.</li>
	<li>Collegare e fissare l'ago per microiniezione 30g al braccio dell'apparecchiatura stereotassica.</li>
</ol>5. anestesia di topi neonatali di ipotermia
<ol><li>Collocare il cucciolo in un manicotto di guanto di lattice e immergerlo nel ghiaccio tritato fino al collo per 5 min.</li>
	<li>Un pizzico di piedi di pup con pinze per non assicurarsi che nessuna risposta di ritiro dei suoi piedi.</li>
	<li>Collocare il cucciolo con manica guanto di lattice nel vassoio di testa e metti del ghiaccio schiacciato attorno al manicotto in lattice per mantenere il freddo per anestesia di ipotermia.</li>
	<li>Applicare unguento veterinario sugli occhi del cucciolo per prevenire la secchezza mentre nell'ambito dell'anestesia se possibile.</li>
</ol>6. microiniezione
<ol><li>Preparare chirurgia sterile pulendo lo strumento stereotassica accuratamente con etanolo al 70%. Sterilizzare lo strumento chirurgico immergendole in etanolo al 70%.</li>
	<li>Strofinare la testa di pup con etanolo al 70%. Individuare la lambda pietra miliare sul cranio e contrassegnare la lambda con un pennarello. Dirigere la punta dell'ago per la lambda e impostare l'antero-posteriore (AP) e mediale-laterale (ML) Coordinate come zero.</li>
	<li>Spostare il braccio di iniezione al sito di destinazione, secondo le coordinate X e Y del sito di destinazione. Per il corpo striato di giorno postnatale (P) 2 cuccioli, le coordinate sono: AP, +2,4 mm in avanti facendo la lambda; ML, ± 1,0 mm laterale dalla linea mediana; dorso-ventrale (DV), −1.7 mm dal cranio. Segnare la posizione della tintura veloce verde in PE10 tubo con una penna.</li>
	<li>Portare giù l'ago per iniezione 30g lentamente a penetrare attraverso la pelle e il cranio e quindi portare la punta dell'ago finché non si ferma alla superficie del cranio. Impostare la coordinata DV come zero.</li>
	<li>Far cadere l'ago per iniezione 30g lentamente fino a raggiungere la coordinata DV del sito di destinazione. Attendere 1 minuto consentire il parenchima riprendendo la sua forma normale. Eseguire il programma di Microiniezione (100 nL/min).</li>
	<li>Assicurarsi che il marchio della tintura veloce verde si muove nel tubo PE affinché che il liquido di virus è iniettato nel cervello.</li>
	<li>Attendere 1 minuto dopo la cessazione della microiniezione e poi lentamente e progressivamente portare l'ago all'altezza di 1/2 di profondità DV entro 30 s. Dopo 30 s, estrarre lentamente l'ago dalla testa di pup.</li>
	<li>Ripetere il passaggio 6.2 a 6.7 finché non vengono completate le microiniezioni di tutti i siti mirati.</li>
</ol>7. post-chirurgica di recupero del cucciolo
<ol><li>Scaldare il pup per 20 min in un incubatore a 33 ° C. Controllare il recupero del cucciolo dall'ipotermia anestesia ogni 5 min fino a quando il cucciolo ha ripreso conoscenza sufficiente per mantenere decubito sternale.</li>
	<li>Riportare il cucciolo alla diga dopo il cucciolo è completamente recuperato.</li>
</ol>

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Nello studio presente, dimostriamo un metodo semplice e affidabile stereotassica per iniettare il virus AAV nello striato del cervello di topo neonatale. Abbiamo microiniettati virus AAV-eGFP-Cre nello striato di topi reporter Ai14 a P2 e poi analizzata l'espressione del gene reporter presso P14. Abbiamo trovato che AAV trasdotte cellule GFP-positive in tutto il corpo striato a rostrocaudal livelli. Inoltre, quasi tutte le cellule GFP-positive co-espressi il gene reporter di tdTomato in cellule striatali, suggerendo una ...

Moderni studi sulla struttura e funzione del cervello di solito richiedono manipolazione genetica di specifici geni nelle cellule neuronali. Per sondare le funzioni dei geni differenti, topi transgenici portatori di alleli mutanti, tra cui knockout e knock-in alleli sono stati generati regolarmente. Chirurgia stereotassica cerebrale per roditori adulti è un metodo standard per fornire localmente farmaci, virus, traccianti e altri reagenti a specifiche regioni del cervello del roditore1,2. Applicando la chirurgia stereotassica cervello di topi transgenici permette di manipolare geneticamente la funzione del gene e l'attività neuronale in specifiche popolazioni neuronali del cervello del mouse. La manipolazione di specifici del tipo di cella fornisce un approccio potente per decifrare funzioni neuronali nei complessi circuiti neurali del cervello3,4,5.
Sviluppo neurale del sistema nervoso comincia alle prime fasi embrionali, e continuano i processi di sviluppo dopo la nascita fino al periodo giovanile. Postnatale maturazione del sistema nervoso include il cablaggio sinaptico preciso dei circuiti neurali, che è essenziale per le funzioni fisiologiche e cognitive del cervello6. Pertanto, è importante non solo per comprendere lo sviluppo neurale normale studiare eventi inerenti allo sviluppo che si verificano in finestre temporali neonatale, ma può anche fornire comprensioni nella patogenesi di neurodevelopmental ed i disordini neuropsichiatrici7 ,8. Sebbene i metodi di chirurgia stereotassica cerebrale per roditori adulti sono prontamente disponibili2,9, alcuni protocolli sono disponibili su internet per chirurgia stereotassica cerebrale in topi neonatali10,11. Infatti, microiniezioni stereotassiche dei reagenti nei cervelli dei cuccioli del mouse neonatale sono difficili, perché la testa di pup neonatale è troppo fragile per essere fissato nell'apparato stereotassica standard. Tuttavia, l'applicazione della chirurgia stereotassica cerebrale di topi transgenici è fattibile per topi neonatali12. Qui, descriviamo un metodo semplice con un setup fatti in casa per eseguire chirurgia stereotassica cerebrale nei cuccioli di neonato mouse. Dimostriamo che questa tecnica permette di eliminare condizionalmente floxed geni di microinjecting ricombinasi AAV-esprimendo Cre DNA nello striato di topi gene reporter e condizionalmente floxed topi transgenici. Questa tecnica è anche applicabile per fornire reagenti nello striato neonatale di topi wild-type.

<table><tbody><tr><td>30G PrecisionGlide Needle</td><td>Becton Dickinson</td><td>REF 305106</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Chloroform</td><td>JT Baker</td><td>9180-03</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hamilton MICROLITER Syringe</td><td>Hamilton&amp;nbsp;</td><td>80300</td><td>30G needle fit for PE10 tube; 26G needle needs a PE20 adaptor</td></tr><tr><td>Polyethylene tubing PE20</td><td>Becton Dickinson</td><td>427406</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Polyethylene tubing PE10</td><td>Becton Dickinson</td><td>427401</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Micro Flow Rate Syringe Pump</td><td>Longer Precision Pump Co.</td><td>TJ-2A (Controller) and L0107-2A (Drive Unit)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>25G syringe</td><td>Becton Dickinson</td><td>REF 302105</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fast green</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>F-7252</td><td>0.1%</td></tr><tr><td>Standard Stereotaxic Instruments</td><td>RWD Life Science</td><td>68037</td><td>Without using 68030 Mouse/Neonatal Rat Adaptor</td></tr><tr><td>Anti-FOXP2 antibody</td><td>Abcam</td><td>ab16046</td><td>Rabbit polyclonal to FOXP2, 1:4,000</td></tr><tr><td>Anti-RFP antibody</td><td>Abcam</td><td>ab65856</td><td>Mouse monoclonal to RFP, 1:1,000</td></tr><tr><td>BX63 microscope</td><td>Olympus</td><td>BX63</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>LSM 880 confocal microscope</td><td>Zeiss</td><td>LSM 880</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Goat anti-rabbit conjugated Alexa fluor594</td><td>Jackson lmmunoReserch Laboratories Inc.</td><td>111-585-003</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>AAV9.hSynapsin.HI.eGFP-Cre.WPRE.SV40</td><td>Penn Vector Core</td><td>AV-9-PV1848</td><td>Lot # CS0987, 5.506x10&lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt; (GC/mL)</td></tr><tr><td>AAV9.chicken actin-eGFP</td><td>AAV core, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taiwan</td><td>N/A</td><td>1x10&lt;sup&gt;14&lt;/sup&gt; (GC/ml)</td></tr><tr><td>B6.Cg-Gt(ROSA)26Sortm14(CAG-tdTomato)Hze/J</td><td>The Jackson Labtorary&amp;nbsp;</td><td>007914</td><td>Ai14</td></tr><tr><td>B6(Cg)-Foxp2tm1.1Sfis/CfreJ</td><td>The Jackson Labtorary&amp;nbsp;</td><td>026259</td><td>Foxp2&lt;sup&gt;fl/fl&lt;/sup&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>Dulbecco&amp;rsquo;s phosphate buffered saline</td><td>Corning&amp;nbsp;cellgro</td><td>21-030-CVR</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

stereotaxic surgery for genetic manipulation in striatal cells of neonatal mouse brains

Molti geni sono espressi nel cervello embrionale, e alcuni di loro sono continuamente espresso nel cervello dopo la nascita. Per tali geni espressi in modo persistente, possono funzionare per regolare il processo di sviluppo e/o funzione fisiologica nel cervello neonatale. Per indagare le funzioni neurobiologiche di specifici geni nel cervello, è essenziale che inattivano geni nel cervello. Qui, descriviamo un semplice metodo stereotassica per inattivare l'espressione genica nel corpo striato di topi transgenici alle finestre temporali neonatale. AAV-eGFP-Cre virus erano microiniettati nello striato di topi Ai14 reporter gene al giorno postnatale (P) 2 di chirurgia stereotassica cerebrale. L'espressione di gene reporter tdTomato è stata rilevata nello striatum P14, suggerendo che un successo Cre-loxP mediato ricombinazione del DNA in cellule trasdotte AAV striatali. Abbiamo validato ulteriormente questa tecnica da microinjecting virus AAV-eGFP-Cre nei topi P2Foxp2fl/fl . Doppia etichettatura di GFP e Foxp2 ha mostrato che le cellule GFP-positive mancavano immunoreactivity Foxp2 nello striatum P9, suggerendo la perdita della proteina Foxp2 in cellule striatali AAV-eGFP-Cre trasformata. Presi insieme, questi risultati dimostrano un'efficace eliminazione genetica da stereotassicamente iniettati virus AAV-eGFP-Cre in specifiche popolazioni neuronali nel cervello neonatale di topi transgenici floxed. In conclusione, la nostra tecnica stereotassica fornisce una piattaforma facile e semplice per manipolazione genetica in cervelli di topo neonatale. La tecnica non può essere utilizzata solo per eliminare geni in regioni specifiche del cervello neonatale, ma può essere utilizzato anche per iniettare droghe farmacologiche, traccianti neuronali, geneticamente optogenetica e proteine chemogenetics, indicatori di attività neuronale e altri reagenti nello striato del cervello neonatale del mouse.

Per il primo set di esperimento, abbiamo microiniettati 200 nL di AAV9.hSynapsin.HI.eGFP-Cre.WPRE.SV40 virus (AAV-eGFP-Cre, diluizione 1: 10 in soluzione salina tamponata con fosfato di Dulbecco) che esprimono la ricombinasi Cre DNA fusi con GFP in P2 striato di topi Ai14. I topi Ai14 rapidi tdTomato gene reporter all'omissione Cre-mediata di loxP-fiancheggiato (floxed) fermata cassetta (Figura 2F). I cervelli sono stati raccolti presso P14 per immunostaining...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Stereotaxic Surgery for Genetic Manipulation in Striatal Cells of Neonatal Mouse Brains at JoVE.com

Stereotaxic Surgery for Genetic Manipulation in Striatal Cells of Neonatal Mouse Brains

Chirurgia stereotassica per la manipolazione genetica in cellule striatali di cervelli di topo neonatale

Descriviamo un protocollo di chirurgia stereotassica con un dispositivo fisso testa fatti in casa per microinjecting reagenti nello striato del cervello neonatale del mouse. Questa tecnica permette la manipolazione genetica in cellule neuronali di specifiche regioni del cervello di topo neonatale.

Many genes are expressed in embryonic brains, and some of them are continuously expressed in the brain after birth. For such persistently expressed genes, ...

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Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

14.8K Views.  National Yang-Ming University. Descriviamo un protocollo di chirurgia stereotassica con un dispositivo fisso testa fatti in casa per microinjecting reagenti nello striato del cervello neonatale del mouse. Questa tecnica permette la manipolazione genetica in cellule neuronali di specifiche regioni del cervello di topo neonatale.

Video: Stereotaxic Surgery for Genetic Manipulation in Striatal Cells of Neonatal Mouse Brains

Stable and Efficient Genetic Modification of Cells in the Adult Mouse V-SVZ for the Analysis of Neural Stem Cell Autonomous and Non-autonomous Effects

Relatively quiescent somatic stem cells support life-long cell renewal in most adult tissues. Neural stem cells in the adult mammalian brain are restricted to two specific neurogenic niches: the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus in the hippocampus and the ventricular-subventricular zone (V-SVZ; also called subependymal zone or SEZ) in the walls of the lateral ventricles. The development of in vivo gene transfer strategies for adult stem cell populations (i.e. those of the mammalian brain) resulting in long-term expression of desired transgenes in the stem cells and their derived progeny is a crucial tool in current biomedical and biotechnological research. Here, a direct in vivo method is presented for the stable genetic modification of adult mouse V-SVZ cells that takes advantage of the cell cycle-independent infection by LVs and the highly specialized cytoarchitecture of the V-SVZ niche. Specifically, the current protocol involves the injection of empty LVs (control) or LVs encoding specific transgene expression cassettes into either the V-SVZ itself, for the in vivo targeting of all types of cells in the niche, or into the lateral ventricle lumen, for the targeting of ependymal cells only. Expression cassettes are then integrated into the genome of the transduced cells and fluorescent proteins, also encoded by the LVs, allow the detection of the transduced cells for the analysis of cell autonomous and non-autonomous, niche-dependent effects in the labeled cells and their progeny.

Here we describe a procedure based on the use of lentiviral particles for the long-term genetic modification of neural stem cells and/or their adjacent ependymal cells in the adult ventricular-subventricular neurogenic niche which allows the separate analysis of cell autonomous and non-autonomous, niche-dependent effects on neural stem cells.

Stabile ed efficiente Modificazione genetica di cellule nel topo adulto V-SVZ per l&#39;analisi di cellule staminali neurali autonoma ed effetti non autonomi

Relatively quiescent somatic stem cells support life-long cell renewal in most adult tissues. Neural stem cells in the adult mammalian brain are ...

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Biologia dello sviluppo

Stereotaxic Surgery for Excitotoxic Lesion of Specific Brain Areas in the Adult Rat

Many behavioral functions in mammals, including rodents and humans, are mediated principally by discrete brain regions. A common method for discerning the function of various brain regions for behavior or other experimental outcomes is to implement a localized ablation of function. In humans, patient populations with localized brain lesions are often studied for deficits, in hopes of revealing the underlying function of the damaged area. In rodents, one can experimentally induce lesions of specific brain regions.
Lesion can be accomplished in several ways. Electrolytic lesions can cause localized damage but will damage a variety of cell types as well as traversing fibers from other brain regions that happen to be near the lesion site. Inducible genetic techniques using cell-type specific promoters may also enable site-specific targeting. These techniques are complex and not always practical depending on the target brain area. Excitotoxic lesion using stereotaxic surgery, by contrast, is one of the most reliable and practical methods of lesioning excitatory neurons without damaging local glial cells or traversing fibers.
Here, we present a protocol for stereotaxic infusion of the excitotoxin, N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), into the basolateral amygdala complex. Using anatomical indications, we apply stereotaxic coordinates to determine the location of our target brain region and lower an injection needle in place just above the target. We then infuse our excitotoxin into the brain, resulting in excitotoxic death of nearby neurons. While our experimental subject of choice is a rat, the same methods can be applied to other mammals, with the appropriate adjustments in equipment and coordinates.
This method can be used on a variety of brain regions, including the basolateral amygdala1-6, other amygdala nuclei6, 7, hippocampus8, entorhinal cortex9 and prefrontal cortex10. It can also be used to infuse biological compounds such as viral vectors1, 11. The basic stereotaxic technique could also be adapted for implantation of more permanent osmotic pumps, allowing more prolonged exposure to a compound of interest.

Targeted ablation of specific brain region(s) by infusion of an excitotoxin using stereotaxic coordinates is described. This technique could also be adapted for infusion of other chemicals into the rat brain.

La chirurgia stereotassica della lesione eccitotossico di specifiche aree cerebrali nel ratto adulto

Many behavioral functions in mammals, including rodents and humans, are mediated principally by discrete brain regions. A common method for discerning the ...

Neuroscienze

Expansion of Embryonic and Adult Neural Stem Cells by In Utero Electroporation or Viral Stereotaxic Injection

Somatic stem cells can divide to generate additional stem cells (expansion) or more differentiated cell types (differentiation), which is fundamental for tissue formation during embryonic development and tissue homeostasis during adulthood 1. Currently, great efforts are invested towards controlling the switch of somatic stem cells from expansion to differentiation because this is thought to be fundamental for developing novel strategies for regenerative medicine 1,2. However, a major challenge in the study and use of somatic stem cell is that their expansion has been proven very difficult to control.
Here we describe a system that allows the control of neural stem/progenitor cell (altogether referred to as NSC) expansion in the mouse embryonic cortex or the adult hippocampus by manipulating the expression of the cdk4/cyclinD1 complex, a major regulator of the G1 phase of the cell cycle and somatic stem cell differentiation 3,4. Specifically, two different approaches are described by which the cdk4/cyclinD1 complex is overexpressed in NSC in vivo. By the first approach, overexpression of the cell cycle regulators is obtained by injecting plasmids encoding for cdk4/cyclinD1 in the lumen of the mouse telencephalon followed by in utero electroporation to deliver them to NSC of the lateral cortex, thus, triggering episomal expression of the transgenes 5-8. By the second approach, highly concentrated HIV-derived viruses are stereotaxically injected in the dentate gyrus of the adult mouse hippocampus, thus, triggering constitutive expression of the cell cycle regulators after integration of the viral construct in the genome of infected cells 9. Both approaches, whose basic principles were already described by other video protocols 10-14, were here optimized to i) reduce tissue damage, ii) target wide portions of very specific brain regions, iii) obtain high numbers of manipulated cells within each region, and iv) trigger high expression levels of the transgenes within each cell. Transient overexpression of the transgenes using the two approaches is obtained by different means i.e. by natural dilution of the electroporated plasmids due to cell division or tamoxifen administration in Cre-expressing NSC infected with viruses carrying cdk4/cyclinD1 flanked by loxP sites, respectively 9,15.
These methods provide a very powerful platform to acutely and tissue-specifically manipulate the expression of any gene in the mouse brain. In particular, by manipulating the expression of the cdk4/cyclinD1 complex, our system allows the temporal control of NSC expansion and their switch to differentiation, thus, ultimately increasing the number of neurons generated in the mammalian brain. Our approach may be critically important for basic research and using somatic stem cells for therapy of the mammalian central nervous system while providing a better understanding of i) stem cell contribution to tissue formation during development, ii) tissue homeostasis during adulthood, iii) the role of adult neurogenesis in cognitive functions, and perhaps, iv) better using somatic stem cells in models of neurodegenerative diseases.

Expansion of Embryonic and Adult Neural Stem Cells by In Utero Electroporation or Viral Stereotaxic Injection

Controlling the expansion of somatic stem cells is a major factor hampering their study and use in therapy. Here we describe a system to temporally control neural stem cells expansion during development and adulthood, which can be used to increase the number of neurons generated in the mouse brain.

Ampliamento della embrionali e cellule staminali neurali adulte per<em&gt; In Utero</em&gt; Elettroporazione o Viral iniezione stereotassica

Somatic stem cells can divide to generate additional stem cells (expansion) or more differentiated cell types (differentiation), which is fundamental for ...

Stereotaxic Injection of a Viral Vector for Conditional Gene Manipulation in the Mouse Spinal Cord

Intraparenchymal injection of a viral vector enables conditional gene manipulation in distinct populations of neurons or particular regions of the central nervous system. We demonstrate a stereotaxic injection technique that allows targeted gene expression or silencing in the dorsal horn of the mouse spinal cord. The surgical procedure is brief. It requires laminectomy of a single vertebra, providing for quick recovery of the animal and unimpaired motility of the spine. Controlled injection of a small vector suspension volume at low speed and use of a microsyringe with beveled glass cannula minimize the tissue lesion. The local immune response to the vector depends on the intrinsic properties of the virus employed; in our experience, it is minor and short-lived when a recombinant adeno-associated virus is used. A reporter gene such as enhanced green fluorescent protein facilitates monitoring spatial distribution of the vector, and the efficacy and cellular specificity of the transfection.

Viral vectors allow for targeted gene manipulation. We demonstrate a method for conditional gene expression or ablation in the mouse spinal cord, using stereotaxic injection of a viral vector into the dorsal horn, a prominent site of synaptic contact between primary somatosensory afferents and neurons of the central nervous system.

Iniezione stereotassica di un vettore virale per la manipolazione del gene condizionale nel midollo spinale del mouse

Intraparenchymal injection of a viral vector enables conditional gene manipulation in distinct populations of neurons or particular regions of the central ...

Genetic Manipulation of the Mouse Developing Hypothalamus through In utero Electroporation

Genetic modification of specific regions of the developing mammalian brain is a very powerful experimental approach. However, generating novel mouse mutants is often frustratingly slow. It has been shown that access to the mouse brain developing in utero with reasonable post-operatory survival is possible. Still, results with this procedure have been reported almost exclusively for the most superficial and easily accessible part of the developing brain, i.e. the cortex. The thalamus, a narrower and more medial region, has proven more difficult to target. Transfection into deeper nuclei, especially those of the hypothalamus, is perhaps the most challenging and therefore very few results have been reported. Here we demonstrate a procedure to target the entire hypothalamic neuroepithelium or part of it (hypothalamic regions) for transfection through electroporation. The keys to our approach are longer narcosis times, injection in the third ventricle, and appropriate kind and positioning of the electrodes. Additionally, we show results of targeting and subsequent histological analysis of the most recessed hypothalamic nucleus, the mammillary body.

Genetic Manipulation of the Mouse Developing Hypothalamus through In utero Electroporation

Despite the functional and medical importance of the hypothalamus, in utero genetic manipulation of its development has rarely been attempted. We show a detailed procedure for in utero electroporation into the mouse hypothalamus and show representative results of total and partial (regional) hypothalamic transfection.

La manipolazione genetica del topo sviluppo dell&#39;ipotalamo attraverso<em&gt; In utero</em&gt; Elettroporazione

Genetic  modification of specific regions of the developing mammalian brain is a very  powerful experimental approach. However, generating novel mouse ...

Intracerebroventricular Viral Injection of the Neonatal Mouse Brain for Persistent and Widespread Neuronal Transduction

With the pace of scientific advancement accelerating rapidly, new methods are needed for experimental neuroscience to quickly and easily manipulate gene expression in the mouse brain. Here we describe a technique first introduced by Passini and Wolfe for direct intracranial delivery of virally-encoded transgenes into the neonatal mouse brain. In its most basic form, the procedure requires only an ice bucket and a microliter syringe. However, the protocol can also be adapted for use with stereotaxic frames to improve consistency for researchers new to the technique. The method relies on the ability of adeno-associated virus (AAV) to move freely from the cerebral ventricles into the brain parenchyma while the ependymal lining is still immature during the first 12-24 hr after birth. Intraventricular injection of AAV at this age results in widespread transduction of neurons throughout the brain. Expression begins within days of injection and persists for the lifetime of the animal. Viral titer can be adjusted to control the density of transduced neurons, while co-expression of a fluorescent protein provides a vital label of transduced cells. With the rising availability of viral core facilities to provide both off-the-shelf, pre-packaged reagents and custom viral preparation, this approach offers a timely method for manipulating gene expression in the mouse brain that is fast, easy, and far less expensive than traditional germline engineering.

Here we demonstrate a technique for widespread neuronal transduction by intraventricular injection of adeno-associated virus into the neonatal mouse brain. This method provides a rapid and easy way to attain lifelong expression of virally-delivered transgenes.

Intracerebroventricular Iniezione virale del cervello neonatale mouse per persistente e diffusa trasduzione neuronale

With the pace of scientific advancement accelerating rapidly, new methods are needed for experimental neuroscience to quickly and easily manipulate gene ...

Cortex-, Hippocampus-, Thalamus-, Hypothalamus-, Lateral Septal Nucleus- and Striatum-specific In Utero Electroporation in the C57BL/6 Mouse

In utero electroporation is a widely used technique for fast and efficient spatiotemporal manipulation of various genes in the rodent central nervous system. Overexpression of desired genes is just as possible as shRNA mediated loss-of-function studies. Therefore it offers a wide range of applications. The feasibility to target particular cells in a distinct area further increases the range of potential applications of this very useful method. For efficiently targeting specific regions knowledge about the subtleties, such as the embryonic stage, the voltage to apply and most importantly the position of the electrodes, is indispensable.
Here, we provide a detailed protocol that allows for specific and efficient in utero electroporation of several regions of the C57BL/6 mouse central nervous system. In particular it is shown how to transfect regions the develop into the retrosplenial cortex, the motor cortex, the somatosensory cortex, the piriform cortex, the cornu ammonis 1-3, the dentate gyrus, the striatum, the lateral septal nucleus, the thalamus and the hypothalamus. For this information about the appropriate embryonic stage, the appropriate voltage for the corresponding embryonic stage is provided. Most importantly an angle-map, which indicates the appropriate position of the positive pole, is depicted. This standardized protocol helps to facilitate efficient in utero electroporation, which might also lead to a reduced number of animals.

Cortex-, Hippocampus-, Thalamus-, Hypothalamus-, Lateral Septal Nucleus- and Striatum-specific In Utero Electroporation in the C57BL/6 Mouse

This protocol describes in detail how to specifically transfect different regions in the C57BL/6 central nervous system via in utero electroporation. Included in this protocol are detailed instructions for transfections of regions that develop into the cortex, hippocampus, thalamus, hypothalamus, lateral septal nucleus and striatum.

Cortex, Hippocampus-, Thalamus-, Hypothalamus-, laterale del setto Nucleus- e Striatum specifici<em&gt; In Utero</em&gt; Elettroporazione in C57BL / 6 del mouse

In utero electroporation is a widely used technique for fast and efficient spatiotemporal manipulation of various genes in the rodent central nervous ...

Adaptable Angled Stereotactic Approach for Versatile Neuroscience Techniques

Stereotactic surgery is an essential tool in the modern neuroscience lab. However, the ability to precisely and accurately target difficult-to-reach brain regions still presents a challenge, particularly when targeting brain structures along the midline. These challenges include avoiding of the superior sagittal sinus and third ventricle and the ability to consistently target selective and discrete brain nuclei. In addition, more advanced neuroscience techniques (e.g., optogenetics, fiber photometry, and two-photon imaging) rely on targeted implantation of significant hardware to the brain, and spatial limitations are a common hindrance. Presented here is a modifiable protocol for stereotactic targeting of rodent brain structures using an angled coronal approach. It can be adapted to 1) mouse or rat models, 2) various neuroscience techniques, and 3) multiple brain regions. As a representative example, it includes the calculation of stereotactic coordinates for targeting of the mouse hypothalamic ventromedial nucleus (VMN) for an optogenetic inhibition experiment. This procedure begins with the bilateral microinjection of an adeno-associated virus (AAV) encoding a light-sensitive chloride channel (SwiChR++) to a Cre-dependent mouse model, followed by the angled bilateral implantation of fiberoptic cannulae. Using this approach, findings show that activation of a subset of VMN neurons is required for intact glucose counterregulatory responses to insulin-induced hypoglycemia.

Described here is a stereotactic procedure that can target challenging and difficult-to-reach brain regions (due to spatial limitations) using an angled coronal approach. This protocol is adaptable to both mouse and rat models and can be applied to diverse neuroscientific applications, including cannula implantation and microinjections of viral constructs.

Approccio stereotassico angolato adattabile per tecniche di neuroscienze versatili

Stereotactic surgery is an essential tool in the modern neuroscience lab. However, the ability to precisely and accurately target difficult-to-reach brain ...

Stereotaxic Intracranial Delivery of Chemicals, Proteins or Viral Vectors to Study Parkinson's Disease

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive disorder traditionally defined by resting tremor and akinesia, primarily due to loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Affected brain areas display intraneuronal fibrillar inclusions consisting mainly of alpha-synuclein (asyn) proteins. No animal model thus far has recapitulated all characteristics of this disease. Here, we describe the use of stereotaxic injection to deliver chemicals, proteins, or viral vectors intracranially in order to mimic various aspects of PD. These methods are well-established and widely used throughout the PD field. Stereotaxic injections are incredibly flexible; they can be adjusted in concentration, age of animal used for injection, brain area targeted and in animal species used. Combinations of substances allow for rapid variations to assess treatments or alter severity of the pathology or behavioral deficits. By injecting toxins into the brain, we can mimic inflammation and/or a severe loss of dopaminergic neurons resulting in substantial motor phenotypes. Viral vectors can be used to transduce cells to mimic genetic or mechanistic aspects. Preformed fibrillar asyn injections best recapitulate the progressive phenotype over an extended period of time. Once these methods are established, it can be economical to generate a new model compared to creating a new transgenic line. However, this method is labor intensive as it requires 30 minutes to four hours per animal depending on the model used. Each animal will have a slightly different targeting and therefore create a diverse cohort which on one hand can be challenging to interpret results from; on the other hand, help mimic a more realistic diversity found in patients. Mistargeted animals can be identified using behavioral or imaging readouts, or only after being sacrificed leading to smallercohort size after the study has already been concluded. Overall, this method is a rudimentary but effective way to assess a diverse set of PD aspects.

We describe how to successfully inject solutions into specific brain areas of rodents using a stereotaxic frame. This survival surgery is a well-established method used to mimic various aspects of Parkinson's disease.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive disorder traditionally defined by resting tremor and akinesia, primarily due to loss of dopaminergic neurons in ...

Rodent Stereotaxic Surgery

Stereotaxic (or stereotactic) surgery is a method used to manipulate the brain of living animals. This technique allows researchers to accurately target deep structures within the brain through the use of a stereotaxic atlas, which provides the 3D coordinates of each area with respect to anatomical landmarks on the skull. After the skull is exposed, anesthetized animals are mounted on a specialized instrument known as a stereotaxic frame, which enables the precise placement of experimental tools at the defined coordinates. Stereotaxic surgery is a versatile approach that can be used to generate lesions, manipulate gene expression, or deliver experimental agents to the brain.This video-article provides a general overview of the principles behind stereotaxic surgery, including instructions for using a stereotaxic atlas and the stereotaxic frame, and an introduction to reading the Vernier scale for measurement of probe movements. The subsequent discussion outlines the steps required to perform the surgical procedure. Lastly, a broad range of technical applications are presented, such as the insertion of electrical probes to measure brain activity and genetic manipulation of brain tissue.

Chirurgia stereotassica dei roditori

Stereotaxic (or stereotactic) surgery is a method used to manipulate the brain of living animals. This technique allows researchers to accurately target ...

Chirurgia stereotassica per la manipolazione genetica in cellule striatali di cervelli di topo neonatale

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La chirurgia stereotassica della lesione eccitotossico di specifiche aree cerebrali nel ratto adulto

Ampliamento della embrionali e cellule staminali neurali adulte per

Iniezione stereotassica di un vettore virale per la manipolazione del gene condizionale nel midollo spinale del mouse

La manipolazione genetica del topo sviluppo dell'ipotalamo attraverso

Intracerebroventricular Iniezione virale del cervello neonatale mouse per persistente e diffusa trasduzione neuronale

Cortex, Hippocampus-, Thalamus-, Hypothalamus-, laterale del setto Nucleus- e Striatum specifici

Approccio stereotassico angolato adattabile per tecniche di neuroscienze versatili

Stereotaxic Intracranial Delivery of Chemicals, Proteins or Viral Vectors to Study Parkinson's Disease

Chirurgia stereotassica dei roditori