この研究はオランダ組織科学的研究 (NWO) (イタリアヴェネツィア 016.146.079)、LUMC 研究フェローシップ AMS と LUMC Bontius スティヒティング (MJG) の両方でサポートされます。

人間の組織標本で実験にはライデン大学医療センター倫理委員会で承認され、ヘルシンキ宣言に準拠しています。細胞文化フロー キャビネットの滅菌装置のすべての手順が実行されます。
1. 準備
<ol><li>ダルベッコ変法イーグル培地 (DMEM 低グルコース) と中 199 (M199) を 1:1 の比率で混合することによって追求メディアを準備します。10% 熱不活化ウシ胎児血清 (FBS、56 ° C で 25 分の不活化熱) を追加 100 U/mL ペニシリンとストレプトマイシン 100 mg/mL を補足します。あらかじめ暖かい EPDC 37 ° C の水浴中。</li>
	<li>あらかじめトリプシンを暖かい 0.25%/EDTA (1:1) 37 ° C の水浴中。</li>
	<li>ゼラチンで井戸をコートします。各ウェルに 0.1% ゼラチン/PBS を追加し、37 ° C で少なくとも 15 分版を孵化させなさい必要な細胞培養プレートのためのガイドラインを表 1にまとめます。細胞をメッキする前にすべての流体を慎重に取り外します。</li>
	<li>ストック溶液 10 mM SB431542 (SB) DMSO (注意) を希釈を準備します。50 μ L の因数は、円錐の底のポリプロピレン製遠心チューブ、エッペン チューブのような-20 ° C で保存SB 因数を一度だけ解凍できることに注意してください。</li>
</ol>2. 検索や成人および胎児心臓標本の記憶
<ol><li>15 mL と 50 mL のチューブで手術中に除去に直接人間の大人心耳を保存 10 %fbs、100 U/mL ペニシリンおよび 4 ° C で 100 mg/mL ストレプトマイシンを含む高グルコース DMEMサンプル サイズで 3-5 cm は、一般的に、最大保存することができます郭清後 48 h。</li>
	<li>分離後 24 h 最大 4 ° C で EPDC 媒体で人工妊娠中絶材料から得られた胎児の心を格納します。このプロトコルの 12-22 週間の間の妊娠期間でサンプルを使用します。心外膜の隔離のため、心臓全体を使用できることを注意してください。</li>
</ol>3. 心外膜層の分離
<ol><li>流キャビネット、PBS の 100 mm 細胞培養皿を準備し、蓋に PBS の独立した液滴 (〜 200 μ L) を配置します。5 mL に予め温めておいた追求中 15 mL チューブを入力します。</li>
	<li>場所細胞培養皿にティッシュ PBS でいっぱい。組織はプロシージャの間によく湿らされたことを確認します。</li>
	<li>顕微鏡を使用して、多くの削除できるだけ組織サンプルから心外膜層鉗子を使用して剥がして。 注: 非常に薄い透明なレイヤー (図 1 a) 心臓の外側に密着、心外膜を認識できます。これは分離が阻害されますから心外膜脂肪組織と血管の混入を避けてください。</li>
	<li>蓋の上の PBS の液滴の心外膜組織の断片を収集します。</li>
	<li>メス (図 1 b) を使用してまたは小さな鉗子の先端が鋭いを使用して小さな断片 (0.5 mm3) に心外膜組織を切断します。作品が、P1 を渡すことに注意してください 000 ピペット先端部 (ステップ 3.6)。</li>
	<li>心外膜組織にトリプシンの 1 つの mL を追加し、作品と P1, 000 ピペット先端部とトリプシンを収集します。1.5 mL の円錐形遠心管 (図 1) に組織を転送します。</li>
	<li>〜 60 rpm で揺れながら 10 分の 37 ° C の水浴のチューブを孵化させなさい。</li>
	<li>風呂の水からチューブを外し、70% エタノールで管の外側を清掃します。</li>
	<li>(図 1) の管の底に沈むし、トリプシンを不活化する 5 mL EPDC 媒体を含んでいる 15 mL チューブに心外膜細胞を含む上清を慎重に転送する組織を許可します。</li>
	<li>1 mL のトリプシン、円錐形遠心分離機管の残りのティッシュを補充して上下に軽くピペッティングで混ぜます。</li>
	<li>3.7 に 3.10 の手順を 2 回繰り返します。最後のステップでトリプシン培養の 30 分の合計後上澄みと残りの心外膜組織に転送 EPDC 媒体を含んでいる管。</li>
	<li>追求中のすべてのセルが収集されると、優しく通過懸濁液 10 mL シリンジ 19 ゲージの針で機械的に細胞 (図 1E) を分離する新しい 15 mL チューブに。 注: を妨げ得ること針を防ぐために針をソリューションを通過する前に上下にピペッティングによる懸濁液を均一に確認します。</li>
	<li>さらに細胞を分離するには、21 g 針付き 3.12 手順を繰り返します。</li>
	<li>50 mL チューブの上に 100 μ m セル ストレーナーを置き、10 mL のピペットを使用してすべての残りの塊 (図 1 f) を削除するストレーナーに心外膜細胞を含む培地を転送します。</li>
	<li>こし器に 5 mL EPDC 媒体をピペッティングして残留細胞を収集するストレーナーを洗浄します。</li>
	<li>15 mL チューブに 50 mL の管から細胞懸濁液をピペットで移しなさい。以来、細胞はチューブの底に沈む、ピペッティングする前にソリューションを軽く振る。 注: この手順は必要ではありません、小さい管は遠心分離後、ペレットの可視化を支援します。</li>
	<li>(図 1) 室温で 5 分間 200 × g で遠心分離機します。</li>
	<li>上澄みを除去し、追求中 (表 1) の必要量で (図 1 H) 細胞ペレットを再懸濁します。 注: 胎児 EPDCs EPDC 培 ALK5 キナーゼ阻害剤 (EPDC + SB) の 10 μ M を直接使用します。大人の細胞は、最初の通過中に SB なしメッキできます。</li>
	<li>ゼラチン コーティング培養皿 (図 1I) に細胞懸濁液をプレートします。井戸のサイズは、心外膜組織サンプル (表 1) のサイズによって決まります。低密度で EMT の発生を誘発することに注意してください。</li>
	<li>37 ° c、5% CO2細胞培養プレートにアタッチするを許可するように、少なくとも 48 時間のためのインキュベーターにセルを配置します。</li>
</ol>4. EPDCs の文化
<ol><li>少なくとも 3 日ごと EPDC + SB 媒体を補充します。</li>
	<li>顕微鏡を使用して、少なくとも 3 日間、細胞を検査します。細胞培養プレートが細胞で完全に覆われているとき密度、すなわちに到達、表面比 1:2 のセルを通路します。Confluency に達する 〜 5-10 日を取ることができますに注意してください。<ol>
<li>例えば、ガラス ピペット、ピペットまたは吸引システムを使用してメディアを吸い出しなさい。</li>
		<li>PBS をセルに追加することによって、細胞を丁寧に洗います。ゆっくり版は渦巻きし、PBS を吸引します。</li>
		<li>プレートにトリプシンを追加します。優しくトリプシン セルはすべてをカバーし、37 ° C で 1 分のプレートをインキュベートするプレートを回転します。 注意: 可能な限り小さなトリプシンとして使用 (表示: 200 μ L/6 ウェル ウェル プレート)</li>
		<li>プレートの底から細胞を機械的に切断するプレートをタップします。顕微鏡を使用して、細胞が切断したかどうかを視覚的に確認します。ない場合は、余分な分インキュベート細胞培養プレート。</li>
		<li>セルに追求 + SB 中の必要量を追加、上下、ピペッティングで再懸濁し、細胞懸濁液を新しいゼラチン コーティング培養プレートに転送します。 注: 一般的には、細胞に保存できます 8 の通路まで石畳形態。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>5. EPDCs で EMT の誘導
<ol><li>EMT を誘導して、トリプシンと転送新しいゼラチンにセル、4 で説明したように EPDC + SB 中に、表面比 1:2 の井戸をコーティングし、37 ° C、5% CO2で少なくとも 24 時間インキュベート細胞を分離します。</li>
	<li>チェック場合合流は 50-70% と EPDCs ある石畳の形態であるかどうかです。 注: の Confluency EMT を受ける EPDCs の能力に影響します。</li>
	<li>細胞から培地を吸引させ、慎重に PBS のセル (4.2.1 - の手順を参照してください 4.2.2)。</li>
	<li>1 ng/ml TGFβ3 EPDC 培地で細胞を刺激し、37 ° C、5% CO2の 5 日間でインキュベーターで配置します。刺激の中に TGFβ3 を含む追求中が持たない補充するに注意してください。</li>
	<li>セルを毎日監視します。5 日後、EMT を受けた細胞は紡錘形の形態 (図 2 a) によって認識されます。</li>
	<li>文化追求中に SB の TGFβ 添加せず 4 で説明されている方法に従って紡錘形 EPDCs。一般に、紡錘形 EPDCs 注は、20 の通路まで培養することができます。</li>
	<li>免疫蛍光染色と EMT の発生を検証ファロイジン、間葉系のマーカー αSMA またはビメンチンに対する抗体を使用して F-アクチン繊維の応力 (図 2 b) の形成を検出するまたは EMT 関連遺伝子 (の qRT PCR を使用して例えば、WT1, ペリオスチン Col1A1、αSMA、N-カドヘリン、MMP3、カタツムリ、ナメクジ) (図 2および表 2)。</li>
</ol>

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著者が明らかに何もありません。

ここで人間の成人および胎児心に由来する一次心外膜細胞を分離するための詳しいプロトコル文化について述べる。これらの細胞の広範な評価は、以前に公開された17をされています。我々 は両方のセルタイプを ALK5 キナーゼ阻害剤 SB431542 による培養上皮の石畳のような細胞として維持できることを示しています。EMT は開発およびポスト傷害応答中に体内の心外膜?...

心外膜、封筒、心は、極めて重要な心臓の開発と修理 (スミッツらの見直しのための単一細胞上皮層1). 発達、心外膜に起因 proepicardial 器官の開発の中心部の底部にある小さな構造。マウス、および 4 週間後の概念で、人間の発達の日 E9.5、周辺細胞はこのカリフラワー構造からの移行し、開発心筋2をカバーを開始します。単一の上皮細胞層が形成され、一度心外膜細胞の一部は上皮間葉転換 (EMT) に行われます。EMT、中に細胞は細胞接着斑などの上皮性特性を失うし、それらの発展途上の心筋に移行する能力を与える間葉系の表現型を得る。後者の 2 つのセルが形成された心外膜派生セル (EPDCs) が線維芽細胞、平滑筋細胞、および可能性のある心筋細胞、内皮細胞3を含むいくつかの心筋細胞タイプに区別できます。集団のまま (スミッツらの見直し議論の対象と4). さらに、心外膜、その成長と血管新生5,6,7、8を規制する心筋に有益なパラクリン シグナル。複数の研究は、障害の心外膜形成が心筋9,10, 血管11及び伝導システム12、強調、エッセンシャルで発育障害につながることを実証しています。心の形成に心外膜の貢献。
大人の心、心外膜は休眠層として存在が、それは虚血13の時に再開になります。心外膜再ポスト傷害のいくつかを繰り返すプロセス説明にもかかわらず増殖と EMT14などを含む心臓の開発の小さい効率的に。興味深いことに、正確なメカニズムは十分に理解されていないが修復への貢献を心外膜変更 VEGF-A mRNA16心の改善の結果、例えば、サイモシン β415と治療によって改善できるまたは心筋梗塞後の機能。心外膜は、傷ついた心臓の内因性修復を高めるために興味深い細胞ソースとみなされます。
心臓発生のメカニズムは頻繁に締めくくっているけが、中にあまり効率的な方法ではあるが。心外膜の活性化を求めて、それは決定し、胎児および大人の心外膜の全容量を比較できますは重要です。また、治療の観点から、動物実験だけでなく人間の心外膜の応答に関する知識を拡張、重要です。ここでは、分離し、細胞の培養ひと成人および胎児心外膜派生 (EPDCs) 上皮細胞の形態で、EMT を誘導する手法について述べる。このモデルでは、探索し、成人および胎児の心外膜細胞の挙動を比較を目指します。
このプロトコルの主な利点は、徹底的に検討されていない人間の心外膜材料の使用です。重要なは、説明の分離および細胞培養のプロトコルは、これらの 2 つのセルのソース間の直接比較を有効にする両方の胎児および大人の石畳 EPDCs を取得する単一の統一された方法を提供します。さらに、心外膜は分離の場所に基づいて、セルが実際に epicardially 派生17であることが保証されます。
人間の追求の分離メソッドが以前に確立されると、大抵伸長プロトコル細胞培養皿18,19に心臓や心外膜組織の部分をメッキパーツに依存してこれら。このアプローチは、部分的に彼らの上皮性の表現型を失うことが、移行するために、自発的な EMT を受けることになりやすい細胞用により選択します。現在のプロトコルの心外膜は最初の上皮の状態を維持するために分離の EPDCs を可能にする単一細胞液に処理されます。このメソッドは、したがって心外膜 EMT を勉強する固体の in vitroモデルを提供します。

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			<td height="26" style="height:27px;width:379px;">Dulbecco&#8217;s modified Eagle&#8217;s medium + GlutaMAX</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">21885-025</td>
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			<td height="26" style="height:27px;">Medium 199&#160;</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>31150-022</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:27px;">Fetal Bovine Serum&#160;</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">10270-106</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:27px;">Trypsin 0.25%</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">25200-056</td>
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			<td height="26" style="height:27px;">Penicillin G sodium salt</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">Roth</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">HP48</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="26" style="height:27px;">Streptomycin sulphate</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">Roth</td>
			<td>HP66</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:27px;width:379px;">Trypsin 1:250 from bovine pancreas</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">Serva</td>
			<td>37289</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:27px;width:379px;">EDTA</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">Sigma</td>
			<td>E4884</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="26" style="height:27px;">Gelatin from porcine skin</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>G1890</td>
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			<td height="26" style="height:27px;">Culture plates 6 well</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">Greiner bio-one</td>
			<td>657160</td>
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			<td height="26" style="height:27px;">Culture plates 12 well</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">Corning</td>
			<td>3512</td>
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			<td height="26" style="height:27px;">Culture plates 24 well</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">Greiner bio-one</td>
			<td>662160</td>
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			<td height="26" style="height:27px;">SB 431542</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">Tocris</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1614</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="26" style="height:27px;">Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO)</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">Merck</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">102931</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="26" style="height:27px;">100-1000&#181;L Filtered Pipet Tips</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">4809</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="26" style="height:27px;">10-ml pipet</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">Greiner bio-one</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">607180</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:27px;">5-ml pipet</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">Greiner bio-one</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">606180</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="26" style="height:27px;">Cell culture dish 100/20 mm</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">Greiner bio-one</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">664160</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:27px;">PBS</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">10010056</td>
			<td>Or home-made and sterilized</td>
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		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:27px;">Eppendorf tubes 1.5 mL</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">Eppendorf</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">0030120086</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:27px;">15-ml centrifuge tubes</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">Greiner bio-one</td>
			<td>188271</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:27px;">50-ml centrifuge tubes</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">Greiner bio-one</td>
			<td>227261</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:27px;">10 mL Syringe</td>
			<td>Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td>305959</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:27px;">Needles 19 Gauge</td>
			<td>Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td>301700</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:27px;">Needles 21 Gauge</td>
			<td>Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td>304432</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:27px;width:379px;">EASYstrainer Cell Sieves, 100 &#181;m</td>
			<td>Greiner bio-one</td>
			<td>542000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:27px;">TGF&#946;3&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">R&#38;D systems</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">243-B3</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
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		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:27px;width:379px;">Monoclonal Anti-Actin, &#945;-Smooth Muscle</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">Sigma</td>
			<td>A2547&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:27px;width:379px;">Anti-Mouse Alexa Fluor 555</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td>A31570</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:27px;width:379px;">Alexa Fluor 488 Phalloidin</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A12379</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:27px;width:379px;">Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:133px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="26" style="height:27px;width:379px;">Name</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
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			<td height="26" style="height:27px;">Pipet P1,000</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">Gilson</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">F123602</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:27px;">Pipet controller</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">Integra</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">155 015</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:27px;width:379px;">Stereomicroscope</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">Leica</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">M80</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:27px;width:379px;">Inverted Light Microscope</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">Olympus</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">CK2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:27px;">Centrifuge</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">Eppendorf</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">5702</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:27px;">Waterbath</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">GFL</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1083</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

the isolation and culture of primary epicardial cells derived from human adult and fetal heart specimens

心外膜, 心筋を覆う上皮細胞層は、虚血性損傷後、心臓の開発中に、心の修復反応での重要な役割にいます。アクティブになったとき、心外膜細胞は再生心筋細胞を提供するでは上皮間葉転換 (EMT) 知られているプロセスを経る。さらに、必須のパラクライン因子の分泌を介して、心外膜が貢献しています。心外膜の再生の可能性を完全に鑑賞するには、ひと細胞モデルが必要です。ここでは、人間の成人および胎児の心臓組織から一次派生心外膜細胞 (EPDCs) を導出する新規細胞培養モデルを概説します。EPDCs を分離するには、心外膜が心臓標本の外から解剖、単一細胞懸濁液に処理します。次に、EPDCs はメッキ、ALK 5-キナーゼ阻害剤の上皮性の表現型を維持するために SB431542 を含む追求培地で培養しました。EMT は TGFβ 刺激によって誘導されます。このメソッドは、制御された設定で人間の心外膜 EMT の過程の研究を有効にした最初の時間のため、心臓再生を助けることができる EPDCs の secretome でより多くの洞察を得ることが容易になります。さらに、この統一的なアプローチは、人間の成人および胎児心外膜挙動の直接比較のためことができます。

ここでは、我々 は人間成人および胎児心臓組織 (図 1) から EPDCs を分離するための単純なプロトコルを概説します。(図 1 a) 心臓の外側の心外膜の容易にアクセス可能な場所のこのプロトコルを活用します。心耳垂染色後郭清基になる下の細胞外マトリックスと心筋組織のままそのまま (図 1 j) WT1 + 心?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The Isolation and Culture of Primary Epicardial Cells Derived from Human Adult and Fetal Heart Specimens at JoVE.com

The Isolation and Culture of Primary Epicardial Cells Derived from Human Adult and Fetal Heart Specimens

心外膜細胞と心筋壁に成長因子を提供することによって開発し、中心部の修復に重要な役割を果たしています。ここでは、研究と彼らの発達と大人の特性の比較を可能にする培養ひと心外膜細胞に手法について述べる。

人間の成人および胎児心標本由来分離とプライマリの心外膜細胞の培養

The epicardium, an epithelial cell layer covering the myocardium, has an essential role during cardiac development, as well as in the repair response of ...

the-isolation-culture-primary-epicardial-cells-derived-from-human

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

7.7K ビュー.  Leiden University Medical Center. 心外膜細胞と心筋壁に成長因子を提供することによって開発し、中心部の修復に重要な役割を果たしています。ここでは、研究と彼らの発達と大人の特性の比較を可能にする培養ひと心外膜細胞に手法について述べる。

ビデオ: The Isolation and Culture of Primary Epicardial Cells Derived from Human Adult and Fetal Heart Specimens

Isolation and Quantitative Immunocytochemical Characterization of Primary Myogenic Cells and Fibroblasts from Human Skeletal Muscle

The repair and regeneration of skeletal muscle requires the action of satellite cells, which are the resident muscle stem cells. These can be isolated from human muscle biopsy samples using enzymatic digestion and their myogenic properties studied in culture. Quantitatively, the two main adherent cell types obtained from enzymatic digestion are: (i) the satellite cells (termed myogenic cells or muscle precursor cells), identified initially as CD56+ and later as CD56+/desmin+ cells and (ii) muscle-derived fibroblasts, identified as CD56&#8211; and TE-7+. Fibroblasts proliferate very efficiently in culture and in mixed cell populations these cells may overrun myogenic cells to dominate the culture. The isolation and purification of different cell types from human muscle is thus an important methodological consideration when trying to investigate the innate behavior of either cell type in culture. Here we describe a system of sorting based on the gentle enzymatic digestion of cells using collagenase and dispase followed by magnetic activated cell sorting (MACS) which gives both a high purity (&#62;95% myogenic cells) and good yield (~2.8 x 106 &#177; 8.87 x 105 cells/g tissue after 7 days in vitro) for experiments in culture. This approach is based on incubating the mixed muscle-derived cell population with magnetic microbeads beads conjugated to an antibody against CD56 and then passing cells though a magnetic field. CD56+ cells bound to microbeads are retained by the field whereas CD56&#8211; cells pass unimpeded through the column. Cell suspensions from any stage of the sorting process can be plated and cultured. Following a given intervention, cell morphology, and the expression and localization of proteins including nuclear transcription factors can be quantified using immunofluorescent labeling with specific antibodies and an image processing and analysis package.

The main adherent cell types derived from human muscle are myogenic cells and fibroblasts. Here, cell populations are enriched using magnetic-activated cell sorting based on the CD56 antigen. Subsequent immunolabelling with specific antibodies and use of image analysis techniques allows quantification of cytoplasmic and nuclear characteristics in individual cells.

ヒト骨格筋からの一次筋原細胞および線維芽細胞の単離および定量的免疫組織化学的特性評価

The repair and regeneration of skeletal muscle requires the action of satellite cells, which are the resident muscle stem cells. These can be isolated ...

発生生物学

Isolation of Neural Stem/Progenitor Cells from the Periventricular Region of the Adult Rat and Human Spinal Cord

Adult rat and human spinal cord neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) cultured in growth factor-enriched medium allows for the proliferation of multipotent, self-renewing, and expandable neural stem cells. In serum conditions, these multipotent NSPCs will differentiate, generating neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. The harvested tissue is enzymatically dissociated in a papain-EDTA solution and then mechanically dissociated and separated through a discontinuous density gradient to yield a single cell suspension which is plated in neurobasal medium supplemented with epidermal growth factor (EGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), and heparin. Adult rat spinal cord NSPCs are cultured as free-floating neurospheres and adult human spinal cord NSPCs are grown as adherent cultures. Under these conditions, adult spinal cord NSPCs proliferate, express markers of precursor cells, and can be continuously expanded upon passage. These cells can be studied in vitro in response to various stimuli, and exogenous factors may be used to promote lineage restriction to examine neural stem cell differentiation. Multipotent NSPCs or their progeny can also be transplanted into various animal models to assess regenerative repair.

The adult mammalian spinal cord contains neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) that can be isolated and expanded in culture. This protocol describes the harvesting, isolation, culture, and passaging of NSPCs generated from the periventricular region of the adult spinal cord from the rat and from human organ transplant donors.

成体ラットおよびヒト脊髄の脳室周囲領域から神経幹/前駆細胞の単離

Adult rat and human spinal cord neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) cultured in growth factor-enriched medium allows for the proliferation of ...

Isolation and Culture of Adult Zebrafish Brain-derived Neurospheres

The zebrafish is a highly relevant model organism for understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in neurogenesis and brain regeneration in vertebrates. However, an in-depth analysis of the molecular mechanisms underlying zebrafish adult neurogenesis has been limited due to the lack of a reliable protocol for isolating and culturing neural adult stem/progenitor cells. Here we provide a reproducible method to examine adult neurogenesis using a neurosphere assay derived from zebrafish whole brain or from the telencephalon, tectum and cerebellum regions of the adult zebrafish brain. The protocol involves, first the microdissection of zebrafish adult brain, then single cell dissociation and isolation of self-renewing multipotent neural stem/progenitor cells. The entire procedure takes eight days. Additionally, we describe how to manipulate gene expression in zebrafish neurospheres, which will be particularly useful to test the role of specific signaling pathways during adult neural stem/progenitor cell proliferation and differentiation in zebrafish.

Here we provide a reproducible method to examine adult neurogenesis using a neurosphere assay derived from the whole brain or from either the telencephalic, tectal or cerebellar regions of the adult zebrafish brain. Additionally, we describe the procedure to manipulate gene expression in zebrafish neurospheres.

大人のゼブラフィッシュ脳由来神経球の単離および培養

The zebrafish is a highly relevant model organism for understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in neurogenesis and brain regeneration ...

Isolation of CD 90+ Fibroblast/Myofibroblasts from Human Frozen Gastrointestinal Specimens

Fibroblasts/myofibroblasts (MFs) have been gaining increasing attention for their role in pathogenesis and their contributions to both wound healing and promotion of the tumor microenvironment. While there are currently many techniques for the isolation of MFs from gastrointestinal (GI) tissues, this protocol introduces a novel element of isolation of these stromal cells from frozen tissue. Freezing GI tissue specimens not only allows the researcher to acquire samples from worldwide collaborators, biobanks, and commercial vendors, it also permits the delayed processing of fresh samples. The described protocol will consistently yield characteristic spindle-shaped cells with the MF phenotype that express the markers CD90, &#945;-SMA and vimentin. As these cells are derived from patient samples, the use of primary cells also confers the benefit of closely mimicking MFs from disease states-namely cancer and inflammatory bowel diseases. This technique has been validated in gastric, small bowel, and colonic MF primary culture generation. Primary MF cultures can be used in a vast array of experiments over a number of passage and their purity assessed by both immunocytochemistry and flow cytometry analysis.

Here, a protocol to isolate and establish primary fibroblast/myofibroblast (MF) cultures from frozen gastric, small intestinal, and colonic tissue-yielding cells with a MF phenotype-is presented. These cells express CD90, &#945;-SMA and vimentin. MFs can be used for a variety of functional assays including enzymatic activity and cytokine production.

人間の冷凍消化管標本からCD 90 +線維芽細胞/筋線維芽細胞の単離


Fibroblasts/myofibroblasts (MFs) have been gaining increasing attention for their role in pathogenesis and their contributions to both wound healing and ...

Epicardial Outgrowth Culture Assay and Ex Vivo Assessment of Epicardial-derived Cell Migration

A single layer of epicardial cells lines the heart, providing paracrine factors that stimulate cardiomyocyte proliferation and directly contributing cardiovascular progenitors during development and disease. While a number of factors have been implicated in epicardium-derived cell (EPDC) mobilization, the mechanisms governing their subsequent migration and differentiation are poorly understood. Here, we present in vitro and ex vivo strategies to study EPDC motility and differentiation. First, we describe a method of obtaining primary epicardial cells by outgrowth culture from the embryonic mouse heart. We also introduce a detailed protocol to assess three-dimensional migration of labeled EPDC in an organ culture system. We provide evidence using these techniques that genetic deletion of myocardin-related transcription factors in the epicardium attenuates EPDC migration. This approach serves as a platform to evaluate candidate modifiers of EPDC biology and could be used to develop genetic or chemical screens to identify novel regulators of EPDC mobilization that might be useful for cardiac repair.

Epicardial Outgrowth Culture Assay and Ex Vivo Assessment of Epicardial-derived Cell Migration

Here, we describe methods for isolating primary mouse epicardial cells by an outgrowth culture assay and assessing the functional migration of epicardial-derived cells (EPDC) using an ex vivo heart culture system. These protocols are suitable for identifying genetic and chemical modulators of epicardial epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and motility.

心外膜の伸長文化検定と<em&gt; ex vivoで</em&gt;心外膜由来の細胞移動の評価

A single layer of epicardial cells lines the heart, providing paracrine factors that stimulate cardiomyocyte proliferation and directly contributing ...

Isolation and Characterization of Single Cells from Zebrafish Embryos

The zebrafish (Danio rerio) is a powerful model organism to study vertebrate development. Though many aspects of zebrafish embryonic development have been described at the morphological level, little is known about the molecular basis of cellular changes that occur as the organism develops. With recent advancements in microfluidics and multiplexing technologies, it is now possible to characterize gene expression in single cells. This allows for investigation of heterogeneity between individual cells of specific cell populations to identify and classify cell subtypes, characterize intermediate states that occur during cell differentiation, and explore differential cellular responses to stimuli. This study describes a protocol to isolate viable, single cells from zebrafish embryos for high throughput multiplexing assays. This method may be rapidly applied to any zebrafish embryonic cell type with fluorescent markers. An extension of this method may also be used in combination with high throughput sequencing technologies to fully characterize the transcriptome of single cells. As proof of principle, the relative abundance of cardiac differentiation markers was assessed in isolated, single cells derived from nkx2.5 positive cardiac progenitors. By evaluation of gene expression at the single cell level and at a single time point, the data support a model in which cardiac progenitors coexist with differentiating progeny. The method and work flow described here is broadly applicable to the zebrafish research community, requiring only a labeled transgenic fish line and access to microfluidics technologies.

This protocol describes a method for isolating single cells from zebrafish embryos, enriching for cells of interest, capturing zebrafish cells in microfluidic based single cell multiplex systems, and assessing gene expression from single cells.

ゼブラフィッシュ胚からの単一細胞の単離とキャラクタリゼーション

The zebrafish (Danio rerio) is a powerful model organism to study vertebrate development. Though many aspects of zebrafish embryonic development have been ...

Isolation and Expansion of Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells Derived from Human Placenta Tissue

Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSC) are promising candidates for use in cell-based therapies. In most cases, therapeutic response appears to be cell-dose dependent. Human term placenta is rich in MSC and is a physically large tissue that is generally discarded following birth. Placenta is an ideal starting material for the large-scale manufacture of multiple cell doses of allogeneic MSC. The placenta is a fetomaternal organ from which either fetal or maternal tissue can be isolated. This article describes the placental anatomy and procedure to dissect apart the decidua (maternal), chorionic villi (fetal), and chorionic plate (fetal) tissue. The protocol then outlines how to isolate MSC from each dissected tissue region, and provides representative analysis of expanded MSC derived from the respective tissue types. These methods are intended for pre-clinical MSC isolation, but have also been adapted for clinical manufacture of placental MSC for human therapeutic use.

Herein we describe methods for the dissection of fetal and maternal tissues from human term placenta, followed by isolation and expansion of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSC) from these tissues.

単離およびヒト胎盤組織由来の間葉系幹/間質細胞の増殖

Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSC) are promising candidates for use in cell-based therapies. In most cases, therapeutic response appears to be cell-dose ...

Large-Scale Production of Cardiomyocytes from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells Using a Highly Reproducible Small Molecule-Based Differentiation Protocol

Maximizing the benefit of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) for research, disease modeling, pharmaceutical and clinical applications requires robust methods for the large-scale production of functional cell types, including cardiomyocytes. Here we demonstrate that the temporal manipulation of WNT, TGF-&#946;, and SHH signaling pathways leads to highly efficient cardiomyocyte differentiation of single-cell passaged hPSC lines in both static suspension and stirred suspension bioreactor systems. Employing this strategy resulted in ~ 100% beating spheroids, consistently containing &#62; 80% cardiac troponin T-positive cells after 15 days of culture, validated in multiple hPSC lines. We also report on a variation of this protocol for use with cell lines not currently adapted to single-cell passaging, the success of which has been verified in 42 hPSC lines. Cardiomyocytes generated using these protocols express lineage-specific markers and show expected electrophysiological functionalities. Our protocol presents a simple, efficient and robust platform for the large-scale production of human cardiomyocytes.

Here, we present a robust, fast and scalable cardiomyocyte differentiation protocol for human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs). Cardiomyocytes derived using this large-scale method can provide sufficient cell numbers for their effective use in human cardiovascular disease modeling, high-throughput drug screening, and potentially clinical applications.

再現性の高い小分子ベースの分化プロトコルを使用したヒト多能性幹細胞から心筋細胞の大規模生産

Maximizing the benefit of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) for research, disease modeling, pharmaceutical and clinical applications requires robust ...

Preparation and Culture of Myogenic Precursor Cells/Primary Myoblasts from Skeletal Muscle of Adult and Aged Humans

Skeletal muscle homeostasis depends on muscle growth (hypertrophy), atrophy and regeneration. During ageing and in several diseases, muscle wasting occurs. Loss of muscle mass and function is associated with muscle fiber type atrophy, fiber type switching, defective muscle regeneration associated with dysfunction of satellite cells, muscle stem cells, and other pathophysiological processes. These changes are associated with changes in intracellular as well as local and systemic niches. In addition to most commonly used rodent models of muscle ageing, there is a need to study muscle homeostasis and wasting using human models, which due to ethical implications, consist predominantly of in vitro cultures. Despite the wide use of human Myogenic Progenitor Cells (MPCs) and primary myoblasts in myogenesis, there is limited data on using human primary myoblast and myotube cultures to study molecular mechanisms regulating different aspects of age-associated muscle wasting, aiding in the validation of mechanisms of ageing proposed in rodent muscle. The use of human MPCs, primary myoblasts and myotubes isolated from adult and aged people, provides a physiologically relevant model of molecular mechanisms of processes associated with muscle growth, atrophy and regeneration. Here we describe in detail a robust, inexpensive, reproducible and efficient protocol for the isolation and maintenance of human MPCs&#160;and their progeny&#160;&#8212; myoblasts and myotubes from human muscle samples using enzymatic digestion. Furthermore, we have determined the passage number at which primary myoblasts from adult and aged people undergo senescence in an in vitro culture. Finally, we show the ability to transfect these myoblasts and the ability to characterize their proliferative and differentiation capacity and propose their suitability for performing functional studies of molecular mechanisms of myogenesis and muscle wasting in vitro.

This protocol describes a robust, reproducible and simple method of isolation and culture of myoblast progenitor cells from the skeletal muscle of adult and aged people. The muscles used here include foot and leg muscles. This approach enables the isolation of an enriched population of primary myoblasts for functional studies.

成人および高齢人間の骨格筋から筋原性前駆細胞/一次筋芽細胞の調製と文化

Skeletal muscle homeostasis depends on muscle growth (hypertrophy), atrophy and regeneration. During ageing and in several diseases, muscle wasting ...

Isolation and Characterization of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells from Human Umbilical Cord and Fetal Placenta

The human umbilical cord (UC) and placenta are non-invasive, primitive and abundant sources of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) that have increasingly gained attention because they do not pose any ethical or moral concerns. Current methods to isolate MSCs from UC yield low amounts of cells with variable proliferation potentials. Since UC is an anatomically-complex organ, differences in MSC properties may be due to the differences in the anatomical regions of their isolation. In this study, we first dissected the cord/placenta samples into three discrete anatomical regions: UC, cord-placenta junction (CPJ), and fetal placenta (FP). Second, two distinct zones, cord lining (CL) and Wharton&#39;s jelly (WJ), were separated. The explant culture technique was then used to isolate cells from the four sources. The time required for the primary culture of cells from the explants varied depending on the source of the tissue. Outgrowth of the cells occurred within 3 - 4 days of the CPJ explants, whereas growth was observed after 7 - 10 days and 11 - 14 days from CL/WJ and FP explants, respectively. The isolated cells were adherent to plastic and displayed fibroblastoid morphology and surface markers, such as CD29, CD44, CD73, CD90, and CD105, similarly to bone marrow (BM)-derived MSCs. However, the colony-forming efficiency of the cells varied, with CPJ-MSCs and WJ-MSCs showing higher efficiency than BM-MSCs. MSCs from all four sources differentiated into adipogenic, chondrogenic, and osteogenic lineages, indicating that they were multipotent. CPJ-MSCs differentiated more efficiently in comparison to other MSC sources. These results suggest that the CPJ is the most potent anatomical region and yields a higher number of cells, with greater proliferation and self-renewal capacities in vitro. In conclusion, the comparative analysis of the MSCs from the four sources indicated that CPJ is a more promising source of MSCs for cell therapy, regenerative medicine, and tissue engineering.

Here, we present a protocol for the dissection of human umbilical cord (UC) and fetal placenta sample into cord lining (CL), Wharton&#39;s jelly (WJ), cord-placenta junction (CPJ), and fetal placenta (FP) for the isolation and characterization of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) using the explant culture technique.

ヒト臍帯及び胎児胎盤由来間葉系間質細胞の単離および特徴付け

The human umbilical cord (UC) and placenta are non-invasive, primitive and abundant sources of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) that have increasingly ...